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01 Jul, 2020
Çalışması yıldızlar
Ülker
Ülker'deki parlak bulutsu (M45, NGC 1432), uzaklık 490 ışıkyılı. Küme yıldızlar ışığı sağlar ve çevreleyen toz bulutları yıldızlardan
gelen ışınları yansıtır ve saçar.
Palomar Gözlemevi / California Teknoloji Enstitüsü'nün izniyle
Büyüklük ölçeği bir grup standart yıldızın üzerine sabitlenmiştir. Radyant gücün mutlak bir
ölçüsü,parlaklık mutlak büyüklüğü ile ilgilidir ve genellikle ikinci (erg / sn) başına erg olarak ifade
33
edilir. (Bazen parlaklık, 3.86 × 10 ergs / sn , güneş parlaklığı cinsinden ifade edilir .)
Parlaklık, m ve r bilindiğinde hesaplanabilir . Yıldız ışığının yıldızlararası soğurulması için
düzeltme gerekli olabilir.
Bir ölçümün birkaç yöntemi vardır. star’s diameter. From the brightness and distance, the
luminosity (L) can be calculated, and, from observations of the brightness at different
wavelengths, the temperature (T) can be calculated. Because the radiation from many stars can
be well approximated by a Planck blackbody spectrum (see Planck’s radiation law), these
measured quantities can be related through the expression L = 4πR2σT4, thus providing a
means of calculating R, the star’s radius. In this expression, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant,
5.67 × 10−5 ergs/cm2K4sec, in which K is the temperature in kelvins. (The radius R refers to the
star’s photosphere, the region where the star becomes effectively opaque to outside
observation.) Stellar angular diameters can be measured through interferometry—that is, the
combining of several telescopes together to form a larger instrument that can resolve sizes
smaller than those that an individual telescope can resolve. Alternatively, the intensity of the
starlight can be monitored during occultation by the Moon, which produces diffractiondeseni
yıldızın açısal çapına bağlı olan saçaklar. Birkaç milisaniyelik yıldız açısal çapları ölçülebilir.
Birçok yıldız meydana gelir binary systems (see binary star), in which the two partners orbit their
mutual centre of mass. Such a system provides the best measurement of stellar masses. The
period (P) of a binary system is related to the masses of the two stars (m1 and m2) and the
orbital semimajor axis (mean radius; a) via Kepler’s third law: P2 = 4π2a3/G(m1 + m2). (G is the
universal gravitational constant.) From diameters and masses, average values of the
stellar density can be calculated and thence the central pressure. With the assumption of
an equation of state, the central temperature can then be calculated. For example, in
the Sun the central density is 158 grams per cubic cm; the pressure is calculated to be more
than one billion times the pressure of Earth’s atmosphere at sea level and the temperature
around 15 million K (27 million °F). At this temperature, all atoms are ionized, and so the solar
interior consists of a plasma, an ionized gas with hydrogen nuclei (i.e., protons), helium nuclei,
and electrons as major constituents. A small fraction of the hydrogen nuclei possess sufficiently
high speeds that, on colliding, their electrostatic repulsion is overcome, resulting in the
formation, by means of a set of fusion reactions, of helium nuclei and a release
of energy (see proton-proton cycle). Some of this energy is carried away by neutrinos, but most
of it is carried by photons to the surface of the Sun to maintain its luminosity.
Other stars, both more and less massive than the Sun, have broadly similar structures, but the
size, central pressure and temperature, and fusion rate are functions of the star’s mass and
composition. The stars and their internal fusion (and resulting luminosity) are held stable against
collapse through a delicate balance between the inward pressure produced by gravitational
attraction and the outward pressure supplied by the photons produced in the fusion reactions.
For a given temperature, there are stars that are much more luminous than main-sequence
stars. Given the dependence of luminosity on the square of the radius and the fourth power of
the temperature (R2T4 of the luminosity expression above), greater luminosity implies larger
radius, and such stars are termed giant stars or supergiant stars. Conversely, stars with
luminosities much less than those of main-sequence stars of the same temperature must be
smaller and are termed white dwarf stars. Surface temperatures of white dwarfs typically range
from 10,000 to 12,000 K (18,000 to 21,000 °F), and they appear visually as white or blue-white.
The strength of spectral lines of the more abundant elements in a star’s atmosphere allows
additional subdivisions within a class. Thus, the Sun, a main-sequence star, is classified as G2
V, in which the V denotes main sequence. Güneş'in yaklaşık yarısı kadar yüzey sıcaklığına
sahip, ancak yaklaşık 10.000 güneş birimi parlaklığa sahip kırmızı bir dev olan Betelgeuse , M2
Iab olarak sınıflandırılır. Bu sınıflandırmada, spektral tip M2'dir ve Iab, HR diyagramındaki ana
dizinin çok üstünde bir devi gösterir .
Betelgeuse
Betelgeuse, Hubble Uzay Teleskobu tarafından ultraviyole ışıkta görüntülendi.
Andrea Dupree (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA), Ronald Gilliland (STScI), NASA ve ESA