1/15/2019

Lecture No. 15
Building Construction and
Drawings, CE-213

Dr. Mohammad Ashraf, Associate Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar

Lecturer Outlines
Development of Building Construction Projects:

 Project stakeholders
 Client (Traditional Client, Developer Client, Turnkey Client, Design/Built Client)
 Consultants (Architects and Engineering Consultants, Other Consultants, Joint Venture)
 Contractors and Sub-contractors
 Building Design
 Architectural Design
 Structural Design
 Electrification Design
 Water Supply and Sanitation Design
 Mechanical System Design
 Drawings, Specifications and Quality Controls
 Types of drawings
 Types of Specifications

1
 1/15/2019

Project Stakeholders
Role of Client

 The client has important role before and during construction

 Before Construction
 To establish project goals and determine the economic feasibility of the project.
 To develop a building program (list of requirements), budget, and time schedule
 To make preliminary arrangements to finance construction.
 To select a construction program manager or an architect for design of the building.
 To give approval of design to the designer at various stages
 To make arrangement for selection of suitable site for construction

Project Stakeholders
Role of Client (Cont..)

 During Construction
 To approve schematic drawings, rough cost estimates, preliminary drawings, outline
specifications, preliminary cost estimates, contract documents, and final cost estimate; pays
designers’ fees in installments as design progresses; and obtains a construction loan.
 To award contract to a contractor selected through competitive procedure
 To make arrangement to get construction permit
 To inspect the work during construction
 To make necessary payment to the contractor according to the contract agreement

2
 1/15/2019

Project Stakeholders
Types of Client

 Traditional client
 Developer client
 Turnkey client
 Design/build client

Project Stakeholders
Role of Consultants

 Building consultant is responsible for:

 Design of the building
 Construction supervision of the building according to drawings and specifications
 Sometime different consultants are involved by the client for design and supervision
 Consulting firm should comprise, as required, the following experts:
 Architects (land scape architects)
 Engineers (Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, etc. with required qualification/specialization and
experience)
 Construction Managers

3
 1/15/2019

Project Stakeholders
Role of Consultants (Cont..)

 The major distinctions between architects and engineers run along generalist and
specialist lines. The generalists are ultimately responsible for the overall planning.
 It is for this reason that an architect is generally employed as the prime professional
by a client.
 On some special projects, such as dams, power plants, wastewater treatment, and
research or industrial installations, where one of the engineering specialties becomes the
predominant feature, a client may select an engineering professional to assume
responsibility for design and construction and taken on the lead role.
 On certain projects, it is the unique and imaginative contribution of the engineer that
may make the most significant total impact on the architectural design.

Project Stakeholders
Role of Consultants (Cont..)

 Following are the responsibilities of a consultants

 To act as a bridge between client and contractor
 To prepare conceptual drawings, rough cost estimate, preliminary design and cost estimate,
working drawings, final cost estimate, tender/bid documents, etc.
 To seek approval of client during the design phase.
 To assess the client in selection of contractor.
 To supervise work according to drawings and specifications.
 To give approval to contractor for different activities during construction
 To verify bill submitted by the contractor and forward it to client for payment.

4
 1/15/2019

Project Stakeholders
Role of Contractor

 Physical construction of a building project is performed by contractor

 Contractor would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the
main objective of making a profit.
 General contractor is responsible to:
 prepare the financial and technical proposals according to the tender documents
 prepare construction schedule after award of project.
 furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for construction.
 assumes overall responsibility for construction of a building. The contractor may engages, after
approval of client/consultant, subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades
required for construction.
 prepare interim payment certificate (IPC) and final bill for submission to the client/consultant for
payment at various stages of the project.
 seek approval of consultant/client at various stages
 To manage and complete the project with in time.

Building Design

 Building design is the process of providing all information necessary for construction of a
building that will meet its owner’s requirements and also satisfy public health, welfare, and
safety requirements.
 Design should:
 be constructed to serve the purpose specified by the client
 be constructable by known techniques and with available labor and equipment, within an
acceptable time.
 be capable of withstanding the elements and normal usage for a period of time specified by the
client.
 be visually pleasing both inside and outside
 not pose a hazard to the safety or health of its occupants under normal usage, and the building
should provide for safe evacuation or refuge in emergencies.
 provide shelter against the weathering actions
 be constructed to minimize adverse impact on the environment.
 be such that to keep the costs of construction, operation, maintenance, repair, and anticipated
future alterations within the limit specified by the client

5
 1/15/2019

Traditional VS System Design

 Traditional Design:
 The traditional design usually starts when a client recognizes the need for and economic
feasibility of a building
 The client engages an architect, a professional with a broad background in building design.
 The architect, in turn, engages consulting engineers and other consultants.
 System design comprises a logical series of steps that leads to the best decision
for a given set of conditions. The procedure requires:
 Analysis of a building as a system.
 Synthesis, or selection of components, to form a system that meets specific objectives while
subject to constraints, or variables controllable by designers.
 Appraisal of system performance, including comparisons with alternative systems.
 Feedback to analysis and synthesis of information obtained in system evaluation, to improve
the design.

Traditional Design Procedure

 The basic traditional design procedure is executed in several stages.

 List of the client’s requirements.
 The schematic or conceptual phase,
 Rough estimate of construction cost.
 Design development, (preliminary construction drawings and outline specifications)
 Preliminary cost estimate
 Working or construction drawings and specifications
 Final cost estimate
 Tender documents
 Contract documents

6
 1/15/2019

Architectural Design

 Architectural design refer the shape, the building enclosure, and the way the building
appears and functions.
 The architectural design must be compatible with the structural design and the design
of electrical and mechanical systems in the building.
 Architectural design of a building includes the following:
 Plans of the building
 Elevations of the building
 Sections of the building
 Geometric details of various components, floors, roof, roof shed, window shed, plinth
protection, fire places, joinery, cupboards, exterior and interior finishes, damp proofing, etc.

Structural Design

 Structural design refer to the design of all structural and non-structural elements to resist
all loads to which the building is subjected to including gravity (dead and live) ,
earthquake, wind, water pressure, earth pressure , etc. without failure.
 The structural design must be compatible with the architectural design and the design
of electrical and mechanical systems in the building.
 The structural design should be safe and economical.
 The structural design includes the following:
 Design of foundation and retaining walls.
 Design of beams, columns, structural walls, floor, roof and other structural components
 Connection of non-structural components with the structural components

7
 1/15/2019

Other System Designs

 Design of water supply and sanitation system which include water tank, network of
water supply pipe, septic tank, soakage pit, sanitation pipe system, manholes, etc.
 Design of mechanical systems which include, heating and cooling, pumping, lift,
escalators, etc.
 Design of electrical systems which include electrical wiring, main boards, switch boards,
fans, lights, power and light plugs, etc.

Drawings and Specifications

 The out of a building design is in the form of drawings and specifications.

 Different types of drawings are:
 Schematic or conceptual drawings which may be in the form of plans and elevations which
are prepared to convey the basic concept of design. Very little details are provided in
conceptual drawings.
 Preliminary drawings which include all details of the design. Theses drawings are mainly used for
approval purposes and for preparation preliminary cost estimate.
 Working/construction drawings are used for the construction at site which include complete
details required for the construction
 Specifications: Drawing must be accompanied by specifications of all materials used in
the construction. Specifications include:
 Properties of all materials used in the construction
 Quality control measures
 Measurement and billing methods

8
 1/15/2019

Project Phases

 Feasibility Studies.
 Environmental Impact Studies.
 Programming.
 Conceptual Design.
 Schematic Design.
 Design Development.
 Construction Documents.
 Construction Phase Services.
 Post-construction Services.