10/1/2018

Lecturer No. 2
Building Construction and
Drawings, CE-213

Dr. Mohammad Ashraf, Associate Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar

Lecturer Outlines

 Selection of Site for a Building

 Orientation of a Building
 Ventilation of Building

Site Selection for a Building

General:

 Before planning and construction it is essential to select a suitable site for

the building
 Selection of site for a building plays an important role as it has a direct
affect on the cost of construction, its maintenance and the living condition
after its construction
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Site Selection for a Building

Factors Affecting Site Selection

 Purpose of Building (Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Educational,

Health, etc.)
 Friendly neighborhood
 Available facilities (Electricity, Gas, Water supply and sanitation system,
Hospitals, Roads, School, Market, Recreational Facilities, community
services)
 Building Bylaws
 Orientation, Shape and size of plot
 Topography of area
 Sub-soil condition

Site Selection for a Building

Factors Affecting Site Selection

 Natural Light and Air

 Legal and Financial Aspects
 Exposure to Natural and Manmade Hazards
 Ground water Condition
 Climate of the region
 Availability of Construction Materials
 Drainage of the Area

Orientation of Building
Principles :

 Orientation is the positioning of various features (front, windows, kitchen,

etc.) of a building in relation to the seasonal variation of sun's path as well
as prevailing wind patterns.
 Good orientation, combined with other energy efficiency features, can
reduce or even eliminate the need for auxiliary heating and cooling, thus
increase the energy efficiency of your home, making it more comfortable to live in
and cheaper to run.
 Orientation of a building, besides other factors, mainly depends on climate
zone of the region.
 In hot humid climates and hot dry climates with no winter heating
requirements, aim to exclude direct sun by using trees and adjoining
buildings to shade every façade year round while capturing and funnelling
cooling breezes.
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Orientation of Building (Cont..)

Principles (Cont..):

 South orientation(in northern hemisphere) is

generally desirable in climates requiring winter
heating, because the position of the sun in the
sky allows you to easily shade southern façades
and the ground near them in summertime with
simple horizontal devices such as eaves, while
allowing full sun penetration in winter.
 South-facing walls and windows receive more
solar radiation in winter than in summer as
summer sun is high in the sky and eaves on
house prevent direct sun light from entering
windows.

Orientation of Building (Cont..)

Purpose:

 To reduce energy requirements of a building

 To provide natural comfort and privacy to the residence
 To protect inmates from dust and noise nuisance
 To take maximum benefits from the surrounding of the building and existing
landscape

Orientation of Building (Cont..)

Factors affecting Orientation:

 Climate of the region (temperature

ranges, both seasonal and diurnal (day–
night) humidity ranges
 Direction of cooling breezes, hot winds,
cold winds, wet winds
 Impact of adjacent existing buildings
 Impact of existing landscape
 Position of road/street
 Passive and Active Heating/Cooling
System
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Orientation of Building (Cont..)

Residential Building:
N

Stair, Store, etc.

Kitchen

W E

Beds

Verandah Drawing and

Living
Dinning Room S

Ventilation of a Building
General:

 A mechanism for supply of fresh air into the

building and removal of foul air from the building
is known as ventilation.
 Proper ventilation reduces accumulation of
moisture, odours, bacteria, dust, carbon dioxide,
smoke and other contaminants that can build up
during occupied periods.
 The general purpose of ventilation in buildings is to
provide healthy air for breathing by both diluting
the pollutants originating in the building and
removing the pollutants from it

Reference: WHO Publication/Guidelines: Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings

Ventilation of a Building (Cont..)

Basic Elements of Ventilation:

 Ventilation rate
 Airflow direction
 Air distribution and air flow direction

Reference: WHO Publication/Guidelines: Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings
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Ventilation of a Building (Cont..)

Methods of Ventilation:

 Natural Ventilation: Natural forces drive outdoor air through windows, doors,
solar chimneys, wind towers and trickle ventilators. This natural ventilation of
buildings depends on climate, building design and human behaviour.
 Mechanical Ventilation: Mechanical fans drive mechanical ventilation.
Fans can either be installed directly in windows or walls, or installed in air
ducts for supplying air into, or exhausting air from, a room.
 Hybrid or Mixed-mode Ventilation: Hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation relies
on natural driving forces to provide the desired (design) flow rate. It uses
mechanical ventilation when the natural ventilation flow rate is too low
 Assignment No.1: Write a note on natural ventilation requirements (size and
location of ventilators, etc.) for a building

Reference: WHO Publication/Guidelines: Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings