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Chapter 4 – Notes and Workbook 1

The renaissance worldview encouraged making direct observations and
experimenting to learn about the world.
What discoveries were made as a result of this attitude?
Use the chart below to organize your ideas.

Discipline/ Inventor/innovator Discovery Impact

Astronomy Copernicus Built telescopes, Challenged Church

(pg. 81) Kepler discovered objects in teachings and changed
Galileo the sky. the ways people
Discovered that the understood the world
sun was the center of
the universe and not
the Earth

Medicine/ Dissections Know more about the Scientific Method

Anatomy human body -
(pg. 82-83) structure + function Impacted art

Mathematics Leonardo Da Vinci Perspective Influence art and

(pg. 86) Architecture
Innovating and An understanding of
adding on to the mathematics began
knowledge of being important for
ancient Geometry trade and commerce
and Algebra

Politics Religion was starting “You don’t have to be a

(pg. 90) Machiavelli to be separate from good person to lead”
politics
Isabella d’Este You use scientific
approach to leadership

Religion Bible should be Religion more

(pg. 92 & 93) Savonarola spiritual guide accessible
Objects of wealth take
Luther away from the ideas of Affective Action
religion
Use of the bible in
vernacular
 Universities People in Students went back to
(pg. 97) Medici family universities could their own cities and
donating libraries access more shared what they had
knowledge because learned furthering
Vesalius books were written in education and the
the vernacular humanist agenda

Early humanists Greek & Roman,

taught in Humanist and
Universities Christian books
included in libraries
and universities

Printing Replicate and Greater access to

Press Gutenberg produce texts, books information, books,
(pg. 99-101) 1450 and images by using ideas, images
the printing press.
Education/spread of
Early version of a ideas to the masses.
photocopier

Galileo, Science and Medicine

Use the introductory Galileo video to answer the following questions:

1. Who is considered the Father of Modern Science and is responsible for

developing modern astronomy?
 2. True or False: Galileo proved that the Earth was not the center of the
Universe.

Based on the story of Galileo’s trial on page 79 in your textbook, answer the
following questions:

1. What is heresy?

2. Why was Galileo charged with heresy?

3. What was the outcome of his trial?

4. Why did Galileo take back his writings on a Sun-centered universe?

5. Up until the Renaissance what did people believe about the Earth and its
placement in the universe? Why?

6. Fill in the blanks using the slides presented in class or page 80 of your

textbook.

The scientific method promoted the process of making ____________ and drawing
conclusions based on __________________.

7. In what 3 areas experienced scientific advances during the Renaissance?

8. The early renaissance used many medicinal remedies based on ___________,

____________, bloodletting and applying leeches.
9. Doctors began to ________ human bodies to understand how they worked, which
eventually influenced how the human form was shown in ____.

Use pages 81-82 to answer the following questions:

For thousands of years, most people believed that the ______ went around the
Earth. __________ a Greek astronomer who lived during the first century CE,
introduced this idea of the __________. Europeans believed that God had placed
the Earth at the __________ of the universe.

New theories presented by ___________ and astronomers who came before him
threatened the _____________ of their time.

A Polish astronomer named Nicolaus ________________, got his ideas from ancient
________ astronomers. He believed that the __________ moved around a
stationary Sun.

A German mathematician named Johannes _________________, got his ideas

about the universe from both Ptolemy and Copernicus’ ideas. He concluded that the
planets moved in an ____________ orbit.

9. What is astronomy?

10. What is astrology?

Use these videos to learn more about Galileo:

Galileo and his Big Ideas: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REUdlA44vuY

Galileo – Physicist – Mini Bio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J0-ZbbrD6U

Galileo – Fun Facts: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5vezYaOpC4

Learn more about the scientific method here:
http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/scientific-inquiry/scientific-
methods.htm

Mathematics, Leadership & Machiavelli

1. Thinkers such as Leonardo da Vinci believed that mathematics was the

basic tool for understanding the ______________.

2. Mathematics was used by painters, sculptors, engineers, architects and

musicians. Renaissance artists used the rules of _________________ which
makes the images in the paintings look 3D.

Use Page 86-91 to answer the following questions:

1. Explain why Mathematics was considered so important in the Renaissance.

2. Merchants and bankers as well as humanists believed that _________

____________ would bring peace and stability to city-states and allow
business and the arts to prosper.

3. Who was Isabella D’Este and what was her leadership style?

4. Who was Niccolo Machiavelli and what did he observe?

5. What are the two reasons as to why Machiavelli’s ideas were revolutionary?
Explain.

6. What does it mean to be Machiavellian? How might this be a good thing?

How might it be a bad thing?

7. Describe the leadership style of Niccolo Machiavelli.

8. Who do you think is more likely to say the following? Write E for Isabella
D’Este and M for Niccolo Machiavelli

____ People are basically evil, but they can do good things

____ People are basically good, but they can do evil things

____ A good leader must be a good listener

____ I want to make decisions based on what the people tell me they need

____ A good leader has to do what is necessary to get the desired result, even
if it might seem cruel

____ I don’t care what the bishop says or does, I will do things my own way

____ You do what you have to do to keep control. Sometimes that means
doing some pretty nasty things

____ A good ruler respects the people he or she rules

Just for fun & not for marks: Find out how Machiavellian you are!
Learn more about Machiavelli here:
https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/Niccolò_Machiavelli

Savonarola, Luther & the Reformation

Abusing Power and Authority
As it happens sometimes today and throughout history, people in positions of ________ do
not always behave appropriately.

Savonarola
Girolamo Savonarola decided to take _______ against the ________
he observed in the Catholic Church during the Renaissance.

Many priests and Church leaders took advantage of their authority to gain power and
money for themselves and members of their family. Some Bishops and Cardinals
“bought” their titles. Which family did we learn about which “bought” their way
into the Church for power and wealth?

Luther
Luther was influenced by _______ methods and began to study the ______ very
carefully.

The Church made money by selling _______, which were certificates that reduced
the time people would be punished for their sins after they died.

In 1517, Luther nailed his __________ on the Church door in Wittenberg criticizing
the selling of indulgences.

Use pages 92-95 to answer the following questions:

1.What does it mean to be excommunicated?

2. Savonarola’s activities led to his excommunication from the Catholic

Church. In what kinds of activities was he involved?

3.What is an indulgence?

4.What is a bull? What did Luther do with the pope’s bull?

5.How were the ideas in Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses able to spread so

quickly?
6.How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?

7. In what country did the Protestant Reformation begin?

8. What contributed most to the spread of the Protestant Reformation across

Europe?

9. List 3 of the consequences of the Protestant Reformation

The Catholic Counter-Reformation & Printing Press

The Catholic Church lost much of its authority and membership because of the
Protestant Reformation. Pope Paul III called a series of meetings called
__________________which was the beginning of the Counter-Reformation.

As a result of these meetings, _______________among the

Church was cleaned up and priests were given a better education.

Use pages 99-103 to answer the following questions.

1.What was the Catholic Counter Reformation?

2.Examine the map on page 95 to answer the following questions:

a) Where was the Catholic Church most common?

b) Where was the Protestant Church most common?

c) Where were Protestant centers most common?

3. Answer the following questions about the Printing Press:

a) Who?
b) What?
c) When?
d) Where?
 e) Why?
f) How?

4. How did the Printing Press affect:

a) the speed at which ideas were exchanged?
b) the language used in books?
c) the number of people who read books?

8. How is information spread today?