Good day, everyone!

We are group 3 and we’re going to discuss the historical perspective of nursing and
computers as well as the standard initiatives.

So without further ado, let’s get started!

On the matter of nursing’s historical perspective and computers, I will provide highlights or significant
events and discoveries related both in the field of health care and technological advancements.

To be specific, I will be talking about the six-time period in nursing informatics, which is prior to the
1960s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and post-2000.

To begin with, prior to the 1960s. This was a time in which punch cards and teletypewriters are used.

The punch card is a stiff sheet of paper that carries digital data that is represented by the presence or
absence of holes at predetermined positions. Punched cards were historically widely used in data
processing and to operate automated machines directly.

While the teletypewriter is an electromechanical device that can be used to send and receive typed
messages through various communications channels, in both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
configurations.

Moreover, during that time, second-generation computers based on the transistor are developed. It
mainly works for computation and this is based on the transistor. The transistor is the main component
of computers before, it is because it’s a basic building block of modern electronics. It is used to amplify
or switch electronic signals or electrical power.

Prior to the 1960s, the use of computers in healthcare is being questioned. Why? because computers
are for business functions and the public’s vision of “giant brains” was to out-think humans and
eliminate their jobs. Before, industry companies with computers were usually just engaged in coming to
business. The work of computers before is only to compute mathematical problems and it was called
giant brains. Until now it is still our dilemma or problem that many are afraid of losing their jobs and
being replaced by computers. Those are the reasons why computers are not that acceptable before
when it comes to health care.

In the 1960s, one of the discoveries was the mouse invented by Douglas Engelbart. During that time, the
mouse is not that popular or recognized because its use has not been seen yet. At that time, the third
generation of computers was introduced. The third generation computers distinguish from second-
generation computers was the use of the integrated circuit or IC. The integrated circuit or
microelectronic circuit, and the microchip is an assemblies of electronics components fabricated as a
single. So it has a transistor, diode, capacitor, and resistor inside. It means the major components of the
computer before were compressed into this one particular component the integrated component.

During that time, the abilities of computers had been recognized by some health care institutions.
“Hospital Information Systems” was developed primarily for billing and accounting systems. However,
the government and industry have difficulty in the installation of a computer because the hospital
market was not well understood by the computer manufacturer.
By the late 1960s, some hospital information systems include patient diagnoses and other patient
information, and care plans based on physician and nursing orders. Another thing during the late 1960s
was an ambulatory care system, Computer Stored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR) system is developed.
Ambulatory care refers to medical services performed on an outpatient basis, without admission to a
hospital or other facility. It is provided in settings such as Offices of physicians and other health care
professionals, hospital outpatient departments, ambulatory surgical centers.

Moreover, during the 1970s. Fourth-generation computers are seen. Although it is almost the same size
as the third generation, the difference is that it is equipped with a microprocessor. A microprocessor is a
computer processor where the data processing logic and control are included on a single integrated
circuit or a small number of integrated circuits. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and
control circuitry required to perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit. Having the
invention of the microprocessor, the manufacturer of “home computers” or microcomputers is also
becoming quite popular. Before, the computers during the first, second, and third generations they are
all intended for business. But during the fourth generation, the market for home use was somewhat
seen, it means it could be at home only for entertainment or other functions that computers could to
then.

The first apple II is delivered. The Apple II is an 8-bit home computer and one of the world's first highly
successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It was designed primarily by Steve Wozniak; Steve
Jobs oversaw the development of Apple II's foam-molded plastic case and Rod Holt developed the
switching power supply.

In addition in the 1970s, nurses began to see the values of computers in their profession. For instance,
documentation of nursing practices, quality of patient care, and repetitive aspects of managing patients.
Also in the 1970s, computers are perceived as cost-saving technologies. Computer-based MIS in public
health was developed. A management information system (MIS) is a computerized database of financial
information organized and programmed in such a way that it produces regular reports on operations for
every level of management in a company. It is usually also possible to obtain special reports from the
system easily. And HIS (Health Information System) further advanced. Because of its advancement, the
development of the PROMIS and Omaha system began. The PROMIS (Problem-Oriented Medical
Information System) is a patient care oriented. It was originally implemented in gynecology then it
developed in a medical unit. PROMIS provided a wide ray of information to all professions involved in
health care such as to cause of procedures and laboratory tests. Furthermore, it made it possible to see
the relationship between the conditions, the treatment, the cause, and then the outcomes. While the
development of the Omaha system is a clinical database capable of being included in a fully integrated,
automated, management information system. The Omaha System is a research-based, comprehensive
practice and documentation standardized taxonomy designed to describe client care. The Omaha
System is summarized in the Overview and includes an assessment component (Problem Classification
Scheme), a care plan/services component (Intervention Scheme), and an evaluation component
(Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes).
In the late 1970s, hospital information systems other than large teaching medical centers started to use
online data communications technology to provide instant access to computerized databases.

In the 1980s, IBM shipped its personal computer (PC) It has an intel 8088 and only has 64 kilobytes of
RAM. Before that 64 kilobytes of RAM was already pretty fast. The OS or operating system he has is
Microsoft Disk Operating System or MS-DOS by Bill gates. IBM is an international business machines
corporation and best known for producing and selling computer hardware and software, as well as cloud
computing and data analytics

Furthermore, the apple computer introduces the first Macintosh. Macintosh is an operating system that
uses a floppy cal user interface and also here they discover the use of the mouse.

In addition, Microsoft introduces word by the 1980s.

Next, nursing informatics emerged in the 1980s. It is formally accepted as a new nursing specialty. We
already have nurses who are good in the field of information technology. And also by the 1980s, we
already have also computer-based patient record system. It is an electronic patient record that resides in
a system specifically designed to support users by providing access to complete and accurate data,
alerts, reminders, clinical decision support systems, links to medical knowledge, and other aids.

HIS or hospital information system emerged with nursing subsystems. The features of the subsystem are
Order Entry (like KARDEX), Results reporting, Vital signs, Narrative nursing notes, and Discharge
planning systems.

During the 1980s also, the Cleveland Freenet came out. The first free public community computer
system. It included access to nurses and doctors for information on health-related questions. Moreover,
the first International Medical Informatics Association working conference on the impact of computers
on Nursing is held. This is in London, England. As of today, IMIA holds a conference every 3 years