COMPARE AND CONTRAST

DIFFERENT MUSCLES

Human physiology
20368038
V. Nishanthi
BCMB
STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE TISSUES
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle
Characteristic Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Muscle Cell Large, elongate cell, 10- Short, narrow cell, 10- Short, elongate, fusiform
100µm in diameter, upto 15µm in diameter, 80- cell, 0.2-2µm in diameter,
100cm in length. 100µm in length. 20-200µm in length.

Location Muscles of Skeletal Heart, superior and inferior Vessels, organs and
visceral striated (eg: venacava, pulmonary viscera.
tongue, esophagus and veins.
diaphragm).
Connective tissue Epimysium, perimysium, Endomysium Endomysium, sheaths and
components endomysium. (subendocardial and bundles.
subpericardial connective
tissue)
Fiber Single skeletal muscle Linear branched Single smooth muscle cell.
cell. arrangement of several
cardiac muscle cell.
Striation Present Present None
Nucleus Many peripheral Single central, Single central
surrounded by
juxtanuclear region
Sarcoplasmic Abundant Present Scanty
reticulum
T tubules Present at A-I junction Present at Z lines None, well-developed
(triad; with two (diad; with small sER, many
terminal cisternae), two terminal cisternae), invagination and
T tubules/ sarcomere. one T vesicles similar to
tubules/Sarcomere caveolae.
Cell to Cell None Intercalated dics Gap junctions
junctions
Types Slow and Fast Unitary and -
Multiunit
Special features Well developed sER Intercalated discs Dense bodies,
and T tubules. caveolae and
cytoplasmic vesicles.
Types of Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
innervation
Efferent of Somatic Autonomic Autonomic
innervation
Types of All or None (type I and All or None; rhythmic Slow, partial,
Contraction type II fibers) (pacemakers, rhythmic
conductive system of spontaneous
the heart) contractions
(pacemaker of
stomach)
Nervous Excitation-contraction Excitation or Excitation or inhibitoy
stimulation inhibitory
Duration of Few milliseconds (5ms) Variable: from 10ms spike Hundreds of milliseconds
action potentials to prolonged with with plateau (300ms)
potential a plateau phase.
Action AP triggered by Ach release Conduction velocity through The upstroke is mediated
potentials at the NMJ and occurs by a the different regions of the by L-type Ca²⁺ channels
process excitation- heart is related to the shape and it initiates
contraction coupling. of the AP. Contractile contraction and opens
myocytes and Purkinje fibers large conductance Ca²⁺
express fast APs and nodal activated K⁺ channels.
cells express slow APs.
Relaxation Once the α-motor neuron Repolarization which occurs Relaxation of smooth
stops firing and also at 3rd and 4th phase of muscle occurs when Ca²⁺
relaxation requires Pacemaker potential and levels and MLCK
crossbridge cycle to be Ventricular potential causes deactivates.
broken. relaxation of atrium and
ventricules respectively.
Resting -80mV -90mV -50mV
membrane
Potential
Regulation of By binding of Ca²⁺ to By binding of Ca²⁺ to By phosphorylation of
contraction TnC, causes tropomyosin TnC, causes tropomyosin myosin light chain by
movement and exposes movement and exposes myosin light chain kinase
myosin-binding sites on myosin-binding sites on in the presence of Ca²⁺,
actin filaments actin filaments calmodulin complex.

Ca²⁺ Source Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasmic reticulum Mainly extracellular fluid

and extracellular fluid
Preload and Afterload Maximum contraction The muscle of the -
velocity occurs when a cardiac chambers follow
muscle is unloaded and the Frank Starling law
increasing afterloads and contract with a force
decrease contraction proportionate to the
velocity preload and inversely
proportionate to the
afterload
Response to rapid Tetanization Cannot be tetanized Cannot be tetanized
multiple stimuli
Suscepetibility to High Resistant to fatigue Resistant to fatigue
fatigue
Response to Small Large Large
hormone

Properties Extensibility, Automaticity, Length adaptation,

Elasticity, Rhythmicity, Plasticity.
Contractility, Excitability,
Excitability, conductivity and
conductivity. contractility.
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