HYDROELECTRIC POWER

PLANT

Instructor: Engr. John Roland M. Arcallana

 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Turbine type selection base on head, ft.

Net Head Type of Turbine

Up to 70 feet Propeller type
70 ft. to 110 ft. Propeller type or Francis
110 ft. to 800 ft. Francis Turbine
800 ft. to 1300 ft. Francis or Impulse
1300 ft. and above Impulse Turbine
Types of Hydraulic Turbine
1. Impulse turbine (use for high head)
A. Pelton wheel B. Jonval Turbine C. Turbo Turbine
D. Girard Turbine E. Banki Turbine

2. Reaction turbine
A. Francis Turbine (use for medium head)
B. Propeller Turbine (short head)
1. Fixed Blade 2. Adjustable Blade(Kaplan)
C. Deriaz Turbine
Basic Parts of Storage Type Hydroelectric Plant
Formulas:
1. Gross head, hg
hg = Head Water Elevation - Tail Water Elevation
hg = H.W. Elev. - T. W. Elev.
2. Friction head loss, hf

a. Using Darcy’s Equation:

𝒇𝑳𝒗𝟐
hf =
𝟐𝒈𝑫
b. Using Morse Equation:
𝟐𝒇𝑳𝒗 𝟐
hf =
𝒈𝑫
where:
f = coefficient of friction
L = length of penstock, m
v = velocity, m/sec
g = 9.81 m/sec
D = inside diameter, m

3. Net head, h

h = hg - hf
𝒉
4. Penstock efficiency =
𝒉𝒈
5. Volume flow of water, Q
Q=Axv
where:
A = area
v = velocity
6. Water Power, Pw
Pw = w Q h
where:
w = density of water
= 9.81 KN/m3
= 1000 kg/m3
= 62.4 lb/ft3
 7. Turbine efficiency:
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
ηT = 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
8. Generator efficiency:
Generator Output
nG =
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

9. Turbine Output:
WT = Q w h T
where:
T = turbine efficiency
10. Generator output =
where: Q w h t G
G = Generator Efficiency
13. Head of Pelton (Impulse) turbine:

𝑷 𝒗𝟐
h= +
𝒘 𝟐𝒈
14. Head of Reaction (Francis and Kaplan) turbine:

𝑷 (𝑽𝒂𝟐 −𝑽𝒃𝟐 )
h= + +𝒛
𝑾 𝟐𝒈
15. Peripheral coefficient, 
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
 =
𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑱𝒆𝒕
𝝅𝑫𝑵
=
𝟐𝒈𝒉
where:
D = diameter of runner, m
N = speed of runner, rps
g = 9.81 m/sec2 = 32.2 ft/s2

17. Total efficiency, t

t = h m v
where: m = mechanical efficiency
v = volumetric efficiency
h = hydraulic efficiency
16. Specific speed of hydraulic turbine:
English Unit:
𝑵 𝑯𝑷
a. Ns = , rpm
𝒉𝟓/𝟒
where:
N = speed, rpm
h = head, ft.
SI Unit:
𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑𝑵 𝑲𝑾 , rpm
b. Ns =
𝒉𝟓/𝟒
where:
N = speed, rpm
h = head, m
Sample Problems:
1. In a hydro-electric power the tail water level fixes at 480 m. The net head is 27 m and head loss
is 4% of the gross head. What is the head water elevation?
2. For a proposed hydro-electric plant, the tail water and head water elevation is 160 m and 195
m, respectively. If available flow is 10 m3/sec and head loss of 5% of water available head. What
is the water power?
3. A pelton type turbine was installed 30 m below the head gate of the penstock. The head loss
due to friction is 15 percent of the given elevation. The length of penstock is 80 m and coefficient
of friction is 0.00093. Determine the power output in KW.
3. In a hydro-electric plant the brake power is 1800 KW running at 450 rpm and net head of 30 m.
Determine the specific speed of the turbine.