BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

PRESENTED BY : AR. MATIAS H. BARING

SPIDER GLAZING SYSTEM
STANCHION
TOPICS:

 CONCRETE
 MASONRY
 METAL REINFORCEMENT
 LUMBER
 ROOFING MATERIALS
 TILEWOK
 PAINTING
 ESTIMATES
QUESTION:

Which is NOT a component of

concrete?

A. Cement
B. Aggregates
C. Soil
D. Water
CONCRETE

 An artificial, stonelike building

material made by mixing cement and
various mineral aggregates with
sufficient water to cause the cement
to set and bind the entire mass.

(A Visual Dictionary of Architecture,

Francis D. K. Ching)
 PRECAST CAST-IN-PLACE
CONCRETE
The term cast-in-place means that the
concrete is poured (cast) at the job site (in
place) into forms that are either
constructed or assembled at the site.
The precast concrete is transported to
the construction site, lifted and positioned
at the predetermined place.
 PLAIN
CONCRETE

PRESTRESSED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
CONCRETE
 MAJOR PARTS OF A BUILDING
The major parts of a building are:
1. Superstructure – the portion of the building above the ground.
2. Substructure – the habitable portion of the building found below the
ground.
3. Foundation – the structural portion of the building that transfer the
buildings load into the soil.
 FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

The foundation system

transfers the lateral
loads on the
superstructure to the
ground.

Foundation systems
are classified into two
broad categories ---
shallow foundations
and
deep foundations.
 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow or spread foundations are employed when
stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively
near the ground surface.

1. Individual or
isolated footings –
are spread footings
supporting free-
standing columns and
piers.
 2. Strip footings – are the continuous spread footings of
foundation walls.
Stepped footings are strip footings that change levels
to accommodate a sloping grade and maintain the
required depth at all points around a building.

STRIP FOOTINGS

STEPPED FOOTINGS
3. Combined Footings
b. Cantilevered footings. the
a. Combined footings. footings of the exterior and
supporting two or more interior columns are connected
columns. by a tie-beam or strap which is so
extended to support the exterior
column.
c. Continuous footings.

These may be:

1. supporting a line of columns
2. supporting all of the columns by strips at right
angles to each other.

L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4

L/5 L/5
4. Mat or Raft Foundations

It is a thick, slab-like footing of reinforced concrete

supporting a number of columns or an entire building.
 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
A foundation system that extends down through an unstable soil to
transfer building loads to a more appropriate building stratum.

1. PILE FOUNDATIONS
– A system of end
bearing or friction piles, COLUMN LOAD

pile caps, and tie beams

for transferring building LOAD BEARING WALL

loads down to a suitable REINFORCED CONCRETE

TIE BEAM

bearing stratum.

REINFORCED CONCRETE
PILE CAP
2. CAISSON FOUNDATIONS
Caissons are cast-in-place, plain or reinforced concrete
piers formed by boring with a large auger or excavating
by hand a shaft in the earth to a suitable bearing
stratum and filling the shaft with concrete. For this
reason they are also referred to as drilled piles or piers.
QUESTION:

What equipment is used for pile

driving?

A. Rotary Drill
B. Auger
C. Pile Driver
D. Pile hammer
A pile driver is a device used to drive piles
(poles) into soil to provide foundation
support for buildings or other structures.

Types
 Diesel hammer
 Vertical Travel Lead Systems
 Hydraulic hammer
 Hydraulic press-in
 Vibratory pile driver/extractor
 Piling rig
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

Column – a rigid, relatively slender structural member

designed primarily to support compressive loads applied
at the member ends.

There may be short columns or long columns.

Short columns – occur when the unsupported height is

not greater than twelve (12) times the shortest lateral
dimension of the cross section.

Long columns – occur when the unsupported height is

more than twelve (12) times the shortest lateral
dimension of the cross section.
TYPES OF RC COLUMNS

Reinforced-concrete columns may

be classified into five types:
2. Spiral Columns. These are
1. Tied Columns. These are
columns with longitudinal bars and
columns with longitudinal bars
closely spaced continuous spiral
and lateral ties.
hooping.
3. Composite Columns – where
structural steel columns are
embedded into the concrete core
of a spiral column.
4. Lally Columns – has a steel
pipe on the outside and concrete
or grout on the inside. Usually
cylindrical in shape.
 REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
Floor – The level, base surface of a room or hall
upon which one stands or walk.

In general, there are six types of reinforced-

concrete floors systems:

 One-way solid slab and beam

 Two-way solid slab and beam
 Two-way flat plate
 Two-way flat slab
 One-way joist slab or Ribbed slab
 Two-way joist slab or Waffle slab
1. One-way solid slab and
beam – a concrete slab of
uniform thickness reinforced in
one direction and cast integrally
with parallel supporting beams.
2. Two-way solid slab and
beam – a concrete slab of
uniform thickness reinforced in
two direction and cast integrally
with supporting edge beams or
bearing walls on four sides.
According to IS-456/2000 a slab which is
equal to or less than 2 are treated as
two way slab
while which are more than 2 are treated
as one way slab
3. Two-way flat plate – a 4. Two-way flat slab – a flat
concrete slab of uniform plate thickened at its column
thickness reinforced in two supports to increase its shear
direction and supported directly strength and moment-resisting
by columns without beams or capacity.
girders.
3. One-way joist slab or
Ribbed slab – a reinforced
concrete slab cast integrally with
a series of closely spaced joists,
which in turn are supported by a
parallel set of beams.
4. Two-way joist slab or Waffle
slab – is a two way concrete
slab reinforced by ribs in two
directions.
Beam – a rigid structural member designed to carry and
transfer transverse across space to supporting
elements.

A girder is a term applied to a beam that supports one or

more smaller beams, as concentrated loads.
Beams may be classified as:

a. Simple beams. These are beams having a single span

with a support at each end.

b. Cantilever beams. These are beams that are supported at

one end only.

c. Continuous beams. These are beams resting on more

than two supports.
QUIZ 1
 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of cement
to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate are as follows:

CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls

Class “A” 1: 2 :4 For suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches,

stairs, walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings,
steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill.
Class “C” 1: 3 :6 For concrete plant boxes, and any non-critical
concrete structures.
Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7 For mass concrete works.

The proportion is to be read:

Class A : 1 part cement is to 2 parts sand is to 4 parts gravel.
Each „part‟ is equivalent to one cubic foot which is the measure
of the box constructed to be 1 foot (12 inches) on each of the
three sides.
Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately one cubic
foot.
ILLUSTRATION

A concrete column is 7.00 meters high with a

cross sectional dimensions of 20 by 20
inches. Determine the quantity of cement,
sand and gravel content of the column if
there are 8 columns in the row using class
“A” concrete.
SOLUTION (By Volume Method)

1. Convert all dimensions from inches to meters

20 inches = 0.50 m.
2. Solve for the volume of one square column.
V = 0.50 x 0.50 x 7.00
V = 1.75 cu. m.
3. Find the volume of the 8 columns.
V = 1.75 x 8
V = 14 cubic meters
4. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class “A”
concrete, multiply:
Cement : 14 x 9.0 = 126 bags
Sand : 14 x 0.50 = 7.0 cu. m.
Gravel : 14 x 1.0 = 14.0 cu. m.
QUIZ 1

A concrete post 4.00 meters high

with cross sectional dimensions of
40 cm. x 40 cm. is supported by a
footing slab 20 cm. thick by 1.20 x
1.20 m. Using class “A” concrete,
find the quantity of cement, sand
and gravel if there are 12 posts of
the same size.
SOLUTION

1. Find the volume of the 12 posts

Volume = Sectional area x Height x No. of post
Volume = 12 posts x (0.40 x 0.40) x 4.00 m. ht.
V = 7.68 cubic meters
2. Solve for the volume of 12 footing slab
V = 12 (0.20 x 1.20 x 1.20)
V = 3.456 cubic meters
3. Find the total volume. Add 1 and 2
Total Volume = 7.68 + 3.456
V = 11.136 cu. m.
4. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class “A”
concrete, multiply:
Cement : 11.136 x 9.0 = 100.2 bags / 101 bags
Sand : 11.136 x 0.50 = 5.56 cu. m.
Gravel : 11.136 x 1.0 = 11.136 cu. m.
Masonry

 A building with units of various natural or

manufactured products such as stone, brick or
concrete block.

 The most common types of masonry units are bricks,

which are heat-hardened clay units, and concrete
hollow blocks (CHB), which are chemically hardened
units. Other types of masonry units include structural
clay tile, structural glass block, and natural or cast
stone.
QUESTION:

How many void cells in a standard

hollow blocks?

A. Two(2)
B. Three(3)
C. Four(4)
D. Five(5)
ILLUSTRATION

A concrete hollow block wall has a general

dimension of 3.00 meters high by 4.00
meters long. Determine the number of CHB.

SOLUTION

1. Area of the fence; 3.00 m x 4.00 m = 12 sq. m

2. Multiply : 12.00 sq. m x 12.5 = 150 pieces

METAL REINFORCEMENT
 A system of steel
bars, strands, or wires
for absorbing tensile,
shearing and
sometimes the
compressive stresses
in a concrete member
or structure.
STRUCTURAL STEEL

 Steel that is hot-rolled or cold-formed in a

variety of standard shapes and fabricated for
use as load-bearing members or elements.

A long, solid piece of

metal, esp. one having
a square, round,
rectangular or other
cross sectional area

BARS
A flat, rectangular section
with square edges varying
in sizes.

PLATE BARS (FLAT BAR)

A hot-rolled structural
steel section havung an L
shape followed by the
length of each leg and their
thickness.
ANGLE BAR
Having a rectangular C-
shape with sloped inner
flange surfaces
CHANNEL

A hollow structural steel

shape of square, rectangle,
or circular cross section.

STRUCTURAL TUBING
A rolled or extruded metal
beam having a cross
section resembling an I.
I-BEAM

A structural beam of rolled

steel having a shape
whose cross section
resembles the letter H; has
wider flanges than an I-
beam.

WIDE FLANGE
METAL DECKING

Metal decking are corrugated steel panels used as a

working platform during construction and eventually as
formwork for sitecast concrete slab.
QUESTION:

What is the common reinforcement for

CHB?

A. Deformed Bar
B. Round Bar
C. Flat Bar
D. Angular Bar
LUMBER

 A term applied to wood after it has been sawed or

sliced into boards, planks, timber.

Rough Lumber
 rough surface
 unplaned or undressed
lumber

Dressed Lumber
 smooth surface
 Planed lumber
S2S – SURFACED TWO (2) SIDES
S4S – SURFACED FOUR (4) SIDES

Timber – is a piece of lumber five (5) inches or larger in a

smallest dimension.

Plank – is a wide piece of lumber from 4 to 5 inches

thick.

Board – is a piece of lumber less than 4 centimetres thick

with at least 10 centimeters wide.
UNIT MEASURE OF LUMBER

 Board Foot - unit of measure used in

computing the volume of lumber.
- found by dividing by the
product of the thickness, the
width and the length by 12.

Thickness x Face Width x Length

BF =
12
ILLUSTRATION

Find the total board feet of 5 pieces 2” x 6” x

14 ft. lumber

SOLUTION

Board Foot = [ ]
2” x 6” x 14 ft 5
12

Board Foot = 70 bd. ft.

QUIZ 2

How much will it cost to slice a 6” x 6” x 3.00 meters

wood to produce a 2 x 6 lumber if the unit price is P2.00
per board ft.

SOLUTION

1. Find the total board foot of lumber

6” x 6” x 10 ft = 30 bd. ft.
12

2. Multiply by the unit price say P2.00

30 x 2.00 = P60.00
 TYPES OF WOOD FRAMING

1.) Balloon Frame

 This the lightest form
of framing, in which
the studding and
corner posts are set up
in continuous lengths
from first floor line or
sill to roof plate.
 Platform Frame.

2.) Platform Frame

 A system of framing
for a building of
wood construction
several stories high,
in which the studs
are only one story
high. Also called
Western Framing.
TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS
1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint).
 made by lapping one
piece over the other and
nailing then together. It
is not a very strong joint.
PLAIN LAP LAP JOINT
2. Butt or Square Joint
(End Joint)
 The butt joint is made
by placing full thickness
of wood directly against
the second piece.
3. Oblique Joint
 This type of joint is made
when the two pieces do not
meet at right angles, e.g.
bracings. One piece is cut
at an angle to fit the other
and the two pieces nailed
securely together.
4. Scarf Joint
 A joint by which the
ends of two pieces of
timber are united to form
a continuous piece.
5. Mortise and Tenon Joint
 made by cutting a hole or
mortise in one piece and a
tenon or tongue in the
second piece to fit the hole
in the other.
6. Halved Joint
 made by cutting half the
thickness of the wood
from each piece at the
ends to be joined so as
to bring the sides flush.
7. Rabbet Joint 8. Dado Joint.
 made by cutting a shoulder  made in one piece at
or edge from one piece to right angles to the grain
receive the other piece. It is of the other board.
used in window or door
frames, or in shelf and Dado
drawer construction.
Stopped Dado

Rabbet
9. Miter Joint.
 joint between two pieces
which come together at a
corner. It is made by cutting
the two ends at angles
complementary to each
other, usually 45 deg. and
then butting them together.
10. Dovetail Joint
 made by cutting a pin in
the shape of a dovetail
in one piece to fit a
groove similarly shaped
in the other piece.
QUESTION:

What lengthening joint is formed by

interlocking finger-like projections on
the end of the joined members?

A. Scarf Joint
B. Rabbet Joint
C. Finger Joint
D. Square Splice
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING
 The wood floor framing system consists of the common floor
joists, cross bridging, solid bridging, and other members
which provide support for the flooring, as follows:
Floor Joist - one of a series of parallel beams used
to support floor and ceiling loads, and supported in
turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls.

Header – a framing member crossing and supporting

the ends of joists, rafters or studs.

Trimmer – a beam, joist, or rafter supporting the end

of a header at the edge of an opening in a floor
frame.

Bridging – a brace, or a system of braces, placed

between joists to stiffen them, to hold them in place,
and to help distribute the load.
WOOD WALL FRAMING SYSTEM

A partition wall is a dividing wall within a building; may be

bearing or non-load bearing. Parts of the partition are:

Stud – an upright post or support, esp. one of a series of

vertical structural members which act as the supporting
elements in a wall or partition.

Soleplate – a horizontal timber which serves as a base for the

studs in a stud partition.

Cripple – a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a

stud above a door opening or below a window sill.
TRUSS FRAMING AND PARTS OF A TRUSS

Chord – A principal member of a truss which extends from

one end to the other, primarily to resist bending; usually
one of a pair of such members. The two types of chord
members are the upper or top chord and the lower or
bottom chord.

Web – In a truss, any member which joins the top and

bottom chords. There are two types of web members: the
vertical web members and the diagonal web members.

Collar beam – A horizontal member which ties together

(and stiffens) two opposite common rafters, usually at a
point about halfway up the rafters.
 Panel Length
Peak

Truss Plate Continuous Lateral Brace

Top Chord
Slope
Heel Pitch
Web

Bottom Chord Splice

Wedge Block
Bearing Point Panel Point

Span (Out to Out of Bearings)

Cantilever

Overhang Bottom Chord Length

Vernacular term for truss is Kilo

TYPES OF TRUSSES
QUESTION:
What truss is commonly used in long
span building ranging from 20 to 100
meters in span.

A. Pratt truss
B. Scissors truss
C. Hip truss
D. Belgian truss
ROOFING MATERIALS

 GALVANIZED IRON SHEET

CORRUGATED G.I.

The thickness are measured in terms of “Gauge” from ga. 30.

Ga. 26 is the most commonly used for roofing. It has a
commercial size width of 0.80m or 32”. With lengths ranging
from 1.50 to 3.60m.

Minimum side lapping

Clay tiles
Roofing for rest house near the beach