Structural Analysis and Design of Residential Building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi at Bakunbahal, Lalitpur, Nepal

Structural Analysis and Design
Of
Residential Building Of Mr. Bhaskar
Raj Joshi
At
Bakunbahal, Lalitpur, Nepal
Prepared By: Subeen Man Joshi

NEC no.: 1836
December 2021
Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................4
Introduction.....................................................................................................4
Functional, Aesthetic and cost requirement...................................................4
Building Performance objective......................................................................5
Special Requirement of Geotechnical Investigation, Material Test................6
Preliminary Design Concept of Structural System..........................................6
2 Design of Primary Structural System....................................................................8
Structural Design Criteria................................................................................8
Primary Structural scheme, system, elements and material..........................8
3 Structural analysis and definition of design parameters.......................................8
Desired design parameters.............................................................................8
Deflection of slab and beams...................................................................8
Lateral drift................................................................................................9
Crack control............................................................................................9
Foundation settlement..............................................................................9
Permanent deformation allowed..............................................................9
Calculation of loads.........................................................................................9
Dead loads..............................................................................................10
Live loads................................................................................................10
Seismic loads......................................................................................... 10
Load cases and combinations...................................................................... 11
Load Cases.............................................................................................11
Load Combinations.................................................................................12
Vertical (gravity) load analysis...................................................................... 12
Floor Finish.............................................................................................12
Live load................................................................................................. 12
Wall load.................................................................................................13
Static Lateral load analysis........................................................................... 14
Check for applicability of equivalent lateral load (ELF) analysis............14
Torsion check at each floor.................................................................... 15
Description of Modal analysis....................................................................... 16
Modes and their characteristic............................................................... 16
Axial loads, SF, BM, OTM......................................................................16
4 Presentation of Computer Analysis Result..........................................................17
5 Design of Structural Members.............................................................................18
2
Design of slab................................................................................................18
Design of Beam.............................................................................................20
Design of Column..........................................................................................22
Design of foundation..................................................................................... 24
6 Checks.................................................................................................................29
Check for Strong column weak beam:..........................................................29
7 CONCLUDING REMARKS..................................................................................29
8 REFERENCE.......................................................................................................30
3
1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The basic aim of the structural design is to build a structure, which is safe, fulfilling the
intended purpose during its estimated life span, economical in terms of initial and
maintenance cost, durable and also maintaining a good aesthetic appearance.
A building is considered to be structurally sound, if the individual elements and the building
as a whole satisfy the criteria for strength, stability and serviceability and in seismic areas
additional criteria for ductility and energy absorption capabilities. The overall building must
be strong enough to transfer all loads through the structure to the ground without collapsing
or losing structural integrity by rupture of the material at the critical sections, by
transformation of the whole or parts into mechanisms or by instability.
Functional, Aesthetic and cost requirement

The designed building will be used for residential purpose. As per the client’s need it will be
used on rental basis by the occupants. This building is designed as a five storied building.
Aesthetic Requirement:
The building is a five storied RC frame with infill masonry walls and the floor height being
9’5”. The building is laid out on a rectangular grid pattern with a maximum span of 25’ c/c in
X-direction and 19’4” in Y-direction. The thickness of peripheral, internal and partition walls
are 9”, 9” and 4 ½” respectively.
Building owner Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Location Bakunbahal, Lalitpur, Nepal
Terrain type Plain terrain
Type of structure Reinforced concrete frame building
No of stories Four stories with stair cover
Plan configuration Regular, Rectangular
Vertical configuration Regular
Building dimension Refer attached drawing
Storey height 9’4”
Plinth Area 507.88 sq. ft.

Foundation Isolated and combined footing with straps
Column size 9 numbers of columns at all floor of size 14”x14”
Wall thickness 9” and 4” brick walls
Floor/ Roof structure RCC 5” thick flat slabs
Local hazard No possibilities of rock fall on the site.

Not built on infill soil.
Location of Stair case Edge of building
Figure 1 shows the ground floor plan of the building.
4
Figure 1: Plan of Building
Building Performance objective

In any earthquake resistant building, particularly, their main elements need to be built with
required degree of ductility. Such buildings have the ability to sway back-and-forth during an
earthquake and to withstand the earthquake effects with only minor damage but without
collapse.
1. Structure should remain essentially elastic in frequent minor ground shaking.
2. Structure should be able to resist occasional moderate ground shaking without
significant damage.
3. Structure should be able to resist major earthquakes without collapse.
As per client requirement the performance level of building for its life time should be with in
life safety limit level at the design earthquake of MMI IX shaking. The overall performance of
the building is considered likely to suffer moderate Structural damage at MMI IX intensity
of earthquake with possibility of cracks in columns and beams, joints of frames at the base
and at joints of coupled walls, spalling of concrete cover, buckling of reinforced bars, large
cracks in partition and infill walls and failure of individual infill panels.
For this building ductility and overstrength factors is taken as follows for ductile moment-
resisting frame as per NBC 105: 2020 (Table 5.2).
Ductility and Over stress Factors
Ductility factor at ultimate limit state Ru
4
Ductility factor at serviceability limit state Rs
1
Over stress factor at ultimate limit state Ωu
1.5
Over stress factor at serviceability limit state Ωs
1.25
5
Special Requirement of Geotechnical Investigation,

Material Test
If the soil type is medium regular methods of foundation construction shall be applied as in
this building. Nevertheless, it would be wise to tie the foundations with foundation beams to
minimize possible differential settlement in near future due to imminent condition.
For this building the category of soil as per NBC 105: 2020 (cl. 4.1.3.4 Table 4.4) is:
Site Soil Category
Soil Type Soil type D (For
Kathmandu valley)
Preliminary Design Concept of Structural System

For the analysis, dead load is necessary which depends upon the size of member itself. So it
is necessary to pre-assume logical size of member which will neither overestimate the load
nor under estimate the stiffness of the building. So, the tentative sizes of the structural
elements are determined through the preliminary design so that the pre-assumed
dimensions may not deviate considerably after analysis thus making the final design both
safe and economical. Tentative sizes of various elements have been determined as follows:
Slab:
Preliminary design of slab is done as per the deflection criteria as directed by code Clause
23.2.1 of [IS 456: 2000]. The cover provided is 20 mm and the grade of concrete used in the
design is M20.
According to which,
Span ≤ (Mft x Mfc) x Basic Value
Eff. Depth
Where, the critical span is selected which is the maximum shorter span among the all slab
element. This is done to make uniformity in slab thickness. The amount of reinforcement will
be varied slab to slab but the thickness will be adopted corresponding to the entire slab.
Beam:
Preliminary design of the beam is done as per the deflection criteria as directed by code
Clause 23.2.1 of [IS 456: 2000]. The cover provided is 30 mm and the grade of concrete
used in the design is M20.
According to which,
Span ≤ (Mft x Mfc) x Basic Value x Correction Factor
Eff. Depth for span x Correction Factor for Flange

But,
According to Ductility code, Spacing of Stirrups in beam should not exceed d/4 or 8 times
diameter of minimum size of bar adopted and should not be less than 100 mm. So, for
considering construction difficulties in actual field, it is logical to use d/4 as spacing as per
the construction practice in Nepal.
Column:
Preliminary design of column is done from the assessment of approximate factored gravity loads
and live loads coming up to the critical section. To compensate the possible eccentric loading
and earthquake loads the size is increased by about 25% in design. For the load acting in the
column, live load is decreased according to IS 875: 1978. Initially a rectangular column is
adopted in this building project so as to provide internal aesthetics required from architecture
6
point of view but the column size and shape will vary as per the requirement for the analysis,
design and aesthetic value. The cover provided is 40 mm and the grade of concrete used in
the column design is M20.
Slab:
Span of slab = 3.63m
Percentage of steel = 0.1 % (assume)
From Clause 23.2.1 of [IS 456: 2000]
Using deflection criteria for combination of continuous and simply supported slab,
= Mft x basic value
Where,
Basic value = 26
Mft = 1.8 for 0.1 % tension steel
Therefore,
d =2370/(26 x 1.8) = 50.7 mm
Adopt,
Effective depth d = 105 mm
Overall depth D = 105+ 20 = 125 mm
Beam:
Effective length of beam = 4.572 m
Assuming percentage of steel = 2 %
Now,
Where,
Mft = 0.7
Mfc = 1.25 for 1% steel
Correction factor for span = 1
Correction factor for flange = 1
Therefore,
d =4572/ (0.7 x 1.25 x 26) = 201 mm
Adopt
Effective depth d = 310mm
Overall depth D = 350 mm
Width of beam b = 230 mm
Similarly, from the total weight of building, the tentative size of columns is assumed to make
the finite element model.
7
2 Design of Primary Structural System

Structural Design Criteria
The seismic design parameters have been considered in reference with NBC 105: 2020.
Primary Structural scheme, system, elements and material

Form:
Plan Shape: Rectangular shaped
Plan Configuration: Regular
Vertical Configuration: Regular
Structural system:
Material: Reinforced Cement Concrete
Frame System: Special Moment Resisting Frame
Floor System: Two-Way Solid Slab
Foundation System: Isolated and combined footing with straps
Material Strengths:
Member Concrete Grade
Columns M20
Beams M20
Slabs M20
Foundations M20
Steel Type Steel Grade

TMT bars Fe500
3 Structural analysis and definition of design parameters

Desired design parameters
Deflection of slab and beams
Deflection Slab:
Deflection criteria as directed by code Clause 23.2.1 of [IS 456: 2000]. The cover provided is
20 mm and the grade of concrete used in the design is M20.
According to which,
Span ≤ (Mft x Mfc) x Basic Value
Eff. Depth
Where, the critical span is selected which is the maximum shorter span among the all slab
element. This is done to make uniformity in slab thickness.
Beam Deflection:
8
Deflection criteria as directed by code Clause 23.2.1 of [IS 456: 2000] and ductility criteria of ACI
code. The cover provided is 30 mm and the grade of concrete used in the design is M20.
According to which,
Lateral drift
The deformation of the buildings is also determined and found that the drift limit is
compliance with the provision of NBC 105. According to NBC 105, the ratio of the inter-
storey deflection to the corresponding storey height shall not exceed 0.010 nor shall the
inter-storey deflection exceed 60 mm.
Crack control
Concrete is weak in tension and hence cracks when subjected to flexure, as flexure results
in tensile forces in the bottom fibers (assuming loads are applied on top-when load is
reversed, the tension will be at top) and also compression in top fibers, above NA. Hence we
check for crack widths, for durability as well as in cases where excessive crack widths are
not permitted. The surface width of the cracks should not, in general, exceed 0.3 mm in
members. As per IS 456 Annex F, the crack width is calculated.
Foundation settlement
Foundation settlement may be caused by some or a combination of the following reasons:
Elastic compression of the foundation and the underlying soil.
Inelastic (or plastic) compression of the underlying soils, which is much larger than
the elastic compression. The inelastic compression can be predicted by the theory of
consolidation.
Ground water lowering: Repeated lowering and raising of water level in loose
granular soil tends to compact the soil and cause settlement of the ground surface.
Vibrations due to pile driving, blasting and oscillating machineries may cause
settlement in deposits of granular soils.
Seasonal swelling and shrinkage of expansive clays.
Ground movement on earth slopes, such as surface erosion, slow creep or landslide.
Permanent deformation allowed
The deformation of the buildings is also determined and found that the drift limit is
compliance with the provision of NBC 105.
Calculation of loads
Load calculation is done using the NBC 102:1994 as reference. At first type of material is
selected and value of unit weight of the materials is taken from the above mentioned code.
Thickness of the material is selected as per the design requirement. Knowing area,
thickness and unit weight of materials, loads on each section is found.
The following are assumed for detail load calculation.
R.C.C Slab, Beam and Column = 25.0 KN/m3
Screed (25mm thick) = 19.2 KN/m3
Cement Plaster (20mm thick) = 20.40 KN/m3
Marble Dressed = 26.50 KN/m3
9
Brick = 19.2 KN/m3

Dead loads
Floor Finish:
Floor Finish Load is calculated as Simple Marble Finishes. With load calculation
Depth of Finishes = 1.5” = 0.0375 m
Unit weight of Marble = 26.5 KN/m3
Weight per Square meter = 0.0375 * 26.5 = 0.994 KN/m2 (Assume 1.1 KN/m2)
Live loads
Live load for the floor and roof is taken from IS 875 part 2 as referred by National building
code. For residential Building, Following load has be taken (Table 1, IS 875 Part 2)
All rooms and kitchens- 2 KN/m2
Toilet and bath rooms- 2 KN/m2
Corridors, passages, staircases including tire escapes and storerooms- 3 KN/m2
Balconies- 3 KN/m2
For Roof Load, Table 2 of IS 875 part 2 has been taken for the estimation. Flat,
sloping or curved roof with slopes up to and including 10 degrees
Access provided- 1.5 KN/m2
Access not provided except for maintenance- 0.75 KN/m2
Seismic loads
Lateral loads on the building frames are caused primarily by wind pressure. In addition;
earthquake shocks produce horizontal sway, which results in inertia forces acting
horizontally on the structure. But in a seismically active area like Nepal and particularly in RC
frame buildings wind load is not so vital so, only the lateral load due to earthquake shock is
considered in this case. For the analysis and design of earthquake action following method
has been applied in this building.
a) The seismic co-efficient method
Following calculations have been made to estimate the total base shear in the
buildings:
Determination of seismic load as per NBC 105: 2020
Seismic Parameter Notation Reference Value Unit Remarks
Site sub soil cl. 4.1.3.4 Table 4-4 Soil Type D Kathmandu valley
condition
Height of the building H 14.22 m
from foundation
T1=1.25*kt*H^(3/4)
where, kt=0.075 for
RC moment
Time period T1 cl. 5.1.2 & 5.1.3 0.69 sec resisting frame
Ch(T)= α as
Spectral shape factor Ch(T) cl. 4.1.2 2.25 Ta<T<Tc
Seismic zoning 0.35 Kathmandu valley
factor Z cl. 4.1.4
Importance Factor I cl. 4.1.5 Residential building
1.00 (Other structure)
Over Stress Factor Ωu cl. 5.4 Table 5-2 1.50
10
Over Stress Factor Ωs cl. 5.4 Table 5-2 1.25 Reinforced

Concrete Moment
Ductility Factor Rμ cl. 5.3.1 Table 5-2 4.00 Resisting Frame
Ductility Factor Rs cl. 5.3.2 1.00
Elastic Site Spectra
for horizontal loading C (T) cl. 4.1 0.79 C (T) = Ch(T) Z I
Elastic Site Spectra
for Seviceability cl. 4.2 0.158
Limit State Cs (T) Cs (T) = 0.20 C (T)
Horizontal Base Cd(T1) -
Shear Coefficient - 0.132
ULS
ULS
Horizontal Base Cd(T1) -
Shear Coefficient - 0.126
SLS
SLS
Distribution of lateral forces at different storey
Time period (T) = 0.69 sec

So, k= 1.095
TABLE: Auto Seismic - User Coefficients

Weight Base
Load Eccen. Ecc. Top Bottom Used Shear
Pattern Type Direction % Overridden Story Story C K kN kN
EQx-uls Seismic X Story5 Base 0.132 1.095 2517.75 332.34
EQx-uls Seismic X + Ecc. Y 10 No Story5 Base 0.132 1.095 2517.75 332.34
EQx-uls Seismic X - Ecc. Y 10 No Story5 Base 0.132 1.095 2517.75 332.34

EQy-uls Seismic Y Story5 Base 0.132 1.095 2517.75 332.34
EQy-uls Seismic Y + Ecc. X 10 No Story5 Base 0.132 1.095 2517.75 332.34
EQy-uls Seismic Y - Ecc. X 10 No Story5 Base 0.132 1.095 2517.75 332.34
EQx-sls Seismic X Story5 Base 0.126 1.095 2517.75 317.24
EQx-sls Seismic X + Ecc. Y 10 No Story5 Base 0.126 1.095 2517.75 317.24
EQx-sls Seismic X - Ecc. Y 10 No Story5 Base 0.126 1.095 2517.75 317.24
EQy-sls Seismic Y Story5 Base 0.126 1.095 2517.75 317.24
EQy-sls Seismic Y + Ecc. X 10 No Story5 Base 0.126 1.095 2517.75 317.24
EQy-sls Seismic Y - Ecc. X 10 No Story5 Base 0.126 1.095 2517.75 317.24
Load cases and combinations

Load Cases
Load cases are the independent loadings for which the structure is explicitly analyzed.
Earthquake forces occur in random fashion in all directions. For buildings whose lateral load
resisting elements are oriented in two principal directions, it is usually sufficient to analyze in
these two principal directions (X – and Y – direction) separately one at a time with 30 % of other
due to one face doesn’t lies on orthogonal . Thus, the load cases adopted are as follows:
11
i. Dead Load (DL)

ii. Live Load (LL)
iii. EQx
iv. EQy
Load Combinations
Load combinations are the loadings formed by the linear combination of the independent
loading conditions. The different load cases have been combined as per NBC 105: 2020.
Earthquake load in ultimate limit state has been taken for design of the building. The load
combinations are as follows:
i. 1.2 DL + 1.5 LL
ii. DL + 0.3 LL +- EQ (+X)
iii. DL + 0.3 LL +- EQ (-X)
iv. DL + 0.3 LL +- EQ (+Y)
v. DL + 0.3 LL +- EQ (-Y)
Vertical (gravity) load analysis

Floor Finish
This load is applied all over the slab. Load application is shown in figure below.
Figure 2: Assignment of Floor Finish Load
Live load
Application of live load is shown in figure below.
12
Figure 3: Assignment of Live Load
Wall load
Load coming from the weight of wall is applied on the beam underneath the wall if there is
not any beam below the wall load is applied to nearby beam in the direction of wall.
Application of wall load is shown in figure below.
Figure 4: Assignment of Wall Loads
13
Static Lateral load analysis

Check for applicability of equivalent lateral load (ELF) analysis
Table 1: Floor displacement and interstorey drift) (Storey drift)
TABLE: Story Response for Eqx (ULS)

Drift
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Displ Y-Dir Drift Limit as
per NBC
Drift 105: Drift
m mm mm Ratio*Ru 2020 Check
Story5 14.224 Top 53.15 -0.16 0.007867 0.025 OK
Story4 11.3792 Top 47.555 -0.011 0.012953 0.025 OK
Story3 8.5344 Top 38.343 0.036 0.019037 0.025 OK
Story2 5.6896 Top 24.804 0.016 0.021548 0.025 OK
Story1 2.8448 Top 9.479 0.002 0.013328 0.025 OK
Base 0 Top 0 0 0 0
TABLE: Story Response for Eqy (ULS)

Drift
Limit as
Story Elevation Location Y-Dir Displ Y-Dir Drift per NBC
Drift 105: Drift
m mm mm Ratio*Ru 2020 Check
Story5 14.224 Top 0.136 48.439 0.00927 0.025 OK
Story4 11.3792 Top -0.235 41.846 0.012483 0.025 OK
Story3 8.5344 Top -0.274 32.968 0.016229 0.025 OK
Story2 5.6896 Top -0.188 21.426 0.018248 0.025 OK
Story1 2.8448 Top -0.071 8.448 0.011879 0.025 OK
Base 0 Top 0 0 0 0
TABLE: Story Response for Eqx (SLS)

X-Dir Y-Dir Drift Limit
as per
Story Elevation Location Displ Drift Drift NBC 105: Drift
m mm mm Ratio*Rs 2020 Check
Story5 14.224 Top 50.734 -0.153 0.001877 0.006 OK
Story4 11.3792 Top 45.393 -0.01 0.003091 0.006 OK
Story3 8.5344 Top 36.6 0.034 0.004543 0.006 OK
Story2 5.6896 Top 23.676 0.015 0.005142 0.006 OK
Story1 2.8448 Top 9.048 0.002 0.003181 0.006 OK
Base 0 Top 0 0 0 0
14
TABLE: Story Response for Eqy (SLS)

Y-Dir Y-Dir Drift Limit
as per
Story Elevation Location Displ Drift Drift NBC 105: Drift
m mm mm Ratio*Rs 2020 Check
Story5 14.224 Top 0.13 46.237 0.002212 0.006 OK
Story4 11.3792 Top -0.224 39.944 0.002979 0.006 OK
Story3 8.5344 Top -0.262 31.47 0.003873 0.006 OK
Story2 5.6896 Top -0.179 20.452 0.004355 0.006 OK
Story1 2.8448 Top -0.067 8.064 0.002835 0.006 OK
Base 0 Top 0 0 0 0
The maximum drift under extreme as well as serviceability load condition (EQy and EQx) is
in the permissible value as prescribed by the code NBC 105: 2020.
Torsion check at each floor
Table 2: Torsion check for building
TABLE: Story Max/Avg Drifts

Ratio
Load Max Avg Limit as
Story Case/Combo Direction Drift Drift Ratio per NBC
105:
mm mm 1994 Check
Story5 EQx 1 X 53.602 53.152 1.008 1.2 Torsionally Regular
Story5 EQy 1 Y 53.269 48.53 1.098 1.2 Torsionally Regular
Story5 EQy-sls 1 Y 50.847 46.324 1.098 1.2 Torsionally Regular
Story4 EQy-sls 1 Y 46 38.64 1.19 1.2 Torsionally Regular
Story5 EQx-sls 1 X 51.165 50.736 1.008 1.2 Torsionally Regular
15
Description of Modal analysis

Modes and their characteristic
Free vibration analysis was performed to determine the natural periods and mode shapes of
the buildings. The number of modes, corresponding natural periods and mass participation
ration of the building is tabulated in Table 1.
Table 3: Mode numbers, natural periods and mass participation
TABLE: Modal Participating Mass Ratios

Sum Sum
Case Mode Period UX UY UX UY
sec
Modal 1 0.99 0.8245 0.0008 0.8245 0.0008
Modal 2 0.947 0.0013 0.712 0.8258 0.7128
Modal 3 0.725 0.0002 0.1191 0.826 0.8319
Modal 4 0.303 0.0961 0.0003 0.9221 0.8322
Modal 5 0.289 0.0003 0.0867 0.9225 0.9189
Modal 6 0.225 1E-05 0.0124 0.9225 0.9312
Modal 7 0.178 0.0428 0.0001 0.9653 0.9313
Modal 8 0.166 5E-05 0.038 0.9654 0.9694
Modal 9 0.142 3E-05 1E-05 0.9654 0.9694
Modal 10 0.122 0.0228 0.0001 0.9882 0.9695
Modal 11 0.116 0.0002 0.0203 0.9884 0.9899
Modal 12 0.102 2E-05 0.0004 0.9884 0.9902
Axial loads, SF, BM, OTM
Figure 5: Axial Force Along the grid 1-1
16
Figure 6: Shear Force Along the grid 1-1
Figure 7: Bending Moment along grid 1-1
4 Presentation of Computer Analysis Result

The FE model of building is developed in ETABS v16.2.1, a general purpose FE analysis
and design software. The size of beams and columns as obtained from preliminary analysis
are adjusted according to architectural need. Beam and columns are modeled as frame
element. Slabs are also modeled as shell element.
17
Beam and column are assumed to be line element having six degree of freedom at each node
and slab is assumed to be shell element having six degree of freedom at each node. Floor
diaphragm is used in the structure to reduce degree of freedom to three for each floor level.
Imposed loads have been modeled as uniform distributed loads. Similarly, wall loads are
modeled as uniformly distributed line loads. The columns and walls were “fixed” at their
base. The beam-column joints were modeled as rigid.
The 3D model is assumed to be fixed at tie beam level. Suitable assumptions are made and
FE model as shown in Figure 8 is developed.
Figure 8: Finite Elemental Modeling
5 Design of Structural Members

Design of slab
The slabs are kept in such a way that ly/lx is kept less than 2 such that it can be designed as
two way slab. The slab is designed manually on excel sheet based on IS 456:2000 and is
presented below. Where, type of panel 4 indicates that the 2 adjacent edges are
discontinuous and 2 indicate that the one shorter edge is discontinuous. Similarly other slab
were also analyzed and designed as per IS 456:2000.
18
Support Factored
Slab Panel Condition W Effective Span Ratio Moment Coefficients Moments fy fck d' dreqd DProvided
Lx Ly Ly/Lx
2 m m KNm 2 2 mm mm mm
KN/m N/mm N/mm
First Floor
Slab
Two adjacent 9.34 2.670 3.320 1.24 Short Span -Ve 0.047 3.13 415 20 19 33.67 125
1 edges Short Span +Ve 0.035 2.33 415 20 19 29.05 125
discontinuous
Long Span -Ve 0.060 3.99 415 20 27 38.04 125
Long Span +Ve 0.045 3.00 415 20 27 32.94 125
Bar Spacing Spacing Spacing
AstRequired Astmin Dia Required Limit: Provided AstProvided Deflection Check

Minm of
3d
or 300
2 2 2
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm a b g d l abgdl L/d Check
83.1 150.00 8 335.10 150 335.10

61.6 150.00 8 335.10 294.00 150 335.10 23 1 2 1 1 46 25.2 OK
115.7 150.00 8 335.10 150 335.10
86.2 150.00 8 335.10 150 335.10
19
Design of Beam
Longitudinal reinforcement in beams is also based on critical load combination. It is calculated
from the envelope of bending moment diagram. Lap splices are provided at locations where
flexural yielding due to earthquake forces does not occur.
20
Figure 9: Beam Analysis Results
Table: Beam Design Summary

Beam Design Based on ETABS Output
Beam Flexural Design
Required Provided
Beam Reinforcement Provided Reinforcement
Size (mm2) Reinforcement area (mm2) Remarks
Grid B D
Along mm mm
Story n1 d1 n2 d2
Top Thr. 248 2 16 402.1238597 OK
Story 1 X-X/ Y-Y 230 350 Top Extra 166.87 1 16 201.0619298 OK
and 2 Bottom
Thr. 506 2 16 1 12 515.2211952 OK
Top Thr. 173 2 16 402.1238597 OK
Story X-X 230 350 Top Extra 22.87 1 12 113.0973355 OK
3,4,5 Bottom
Thr. 350 2 16 1 12 515.2211952 OK
All Secondary 230 230 Top Thr. 114 2 12 226.1946711 OK
beam Bottom
Thr. 114 2 12 226.1946711 OK
Beam Shear Design

Provided shear Provided Provided shear Provided
Reinforc
Required reinforcement Reinforce reinforcement
Check ement/ Check
Reinforcement/ ment/ Sv
Sv
Sv (mm2/m) (mm2/m)
(mm2/m)
Mid Joints
Mid Joints leg d Sv Mid leg d Sv Mid
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
651 644 2 8 150 670.21 OK 2 8 100 1005.31 OK
Provide 2-legged 8mm vertical stirrups @4" c/c at near the joints and @6" c/c at the middle
portion of all the beams as shear reinforcement.
21
Design of Column
The rectangular columns are designed with the help of ETABS and checked manually. The
method carried out during the structural analysis is verified with other possible methods. There
is not significant change in the design values. The interaction curve provided in literature is then
used to design these columns.
22
Figure 10: Column Analysis Results
Table: Column Design Data:

Ground Floor First Floor Second Floor Third Floor Top Floor Colm.
Size Provided Rebars Provided Rebars Provided Rebars Provided Rebars Provided Rebars ID
Grid B, D,
ID mm mm n1 d1 n2 d2 n1 d1 n2 d2 n1 d1 n2 d2 n1 d1 n2 d2 n1 d1 n2 d2
B1 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 C1
A-
B2 350 350 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 12 C2
A3 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 C1
C1 350 350 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C2
C2 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C1
C3 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C1
D1 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C1
D2 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C1
D3 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C1
Design
Data
fck 20 N/mm2
2
fy TOR 500 N/mm
Cl.
Cover 40 mm
23
Type b D Re -Bar
mm mm Ground First Second Third Top

4-16 φ +4-20 4-16 φ +4- 4-12 φ +4-16 4-12 φ +4-16
C1 350 350 4-16φ +4-20 φ φ 20 φ φ φ
4-12 φ +4-16 4-12 φ +4-16
C2 350 350 8-16 φ 8-16 φ 8-16 φ φ φ
Design of foundation
The foundations used in the building are of isolated and combined type as per the requirements.
The depth of the footing is governed by one way and two way shear (punching shear).The soil
type is assumed to be of medium type. So the allowable bearing capacity of soil is assumed to
be 150 KN/m2. The dimension of footing has been fixed based on manual preliminary
calculation and checked for soil pressure in SAFE 2016. Joint Reaction is given in below:
Figure 11: Joint Reaction under service load (DL+LL)
24
Figure 12: SAFE Model for the foundation
Figure 13: Soil Pressure Contour on the Raft < 150 kN/m2 (Bearing Capacity Check)
25
Figure 14: Deformation of Raft in Service Load < 25mm (Settlement Criteria Check)
Figure 15: Reinforcement contour along critical direction (Max = 2082 mm2/m)
26
Figure 16: Required Longitudinal Reinforcement in the Strap Beam
Figure 17: Required Transverse Reinforcement in the Strap Beam
27
Design Summary of Foundation:

Foundation:
Reinforcements Reinforcements provided
required
Dimensions Depth Top
Grid Type along Bottom Top along long. Bottom
ID long.
Ast top Ast bot d s Ast top d s Ast
B ft D ft d mm Check bottom Check
mm2/m mm2/m mm mm mm2/m mm mm
mm2/m
B1 Isolated 5' 5' 350 900 12 125 1017.88 OK
A- Isolated 5' 6' 350 900 12 125 1017.88 OK
B2
A3 Isolated 5' 5' 350 900 12 125 1017.88 OK
C1 Combined 5' 16'2" 400 1458 1770 16 150 1541.4 OK 16 125 1809.56 OK
D1 1458 1770 16 150 1541.47 OK 16 125 1809.56 OK

C2 Combined 6' 16'2" 400 1458 1770 16 150 1541.47 OK 16 125 1809.56 OK
D2 1458 1770 16 150 1541.47 OK 16 125 1809.56 OK

C3 Combined 5' 16'2" 400 1458 1770 16 150 1541.47 OK 16 125 1809.56 OK
D3 1458 1770 16 150 1541.47 OK 16 125 1809.56 OK
Combined footing:
Depth =400 mm
Longitudinal reinforcements= Top – 16mm@ 150mm c/c spacing
Bottom -16mm@125mm c/c spacing
Transverse reinforcements= Top – 12mm@ 125mm c/c spacing
Bottom -12mm@125mm c/c spacing
Conceal beam is kept along longitudinal grid lines of dimension 400 x 400 mm with 2 legged -
8mm stirrups binding reinforcements of combined footing at 400 mm width.
Isolated footing:
Depth =350 mm
Reinforcements= 12mm@125mm c/c spacing bothways
Strap Beam:
Size: 250x450 mm
Required Provided Reinforcement Provided Stirrups
Reinforcement Reinforc
(mm2) ement
area
(mm2)
no Dia. no Dia.
(mm) (mm)
Top 583 2 20 1 16(extra) 829 2 legged 8mm dia. @ 150mm c/c
Bottom 1097 2 20 3 16(extra) 1232 at mid and @100mm c/c at joints
28
6 Checks
Check for Strong column weak beam:
Check for Strong column weak beam is done defining column sections with provided
reinforcements is the SAP model with section to be checked analysis option. The analysis
results in the form of column/beam ratio are shown in a figurative format below which is well
above 1.4 as specified by IS 13920.
Figure 18: Check for Strong Column- Weak Beam
7 CONCLUDING REMARKS
Reinforced concrete construction is common all over the world. It is used extensively for
construction of variety of structures such as buildings, bridges, dams, water tanks, stadium,
towers, chimneys, tunnels and so on.
Experiences from past earthquakes and extensive laboratory works have shown that a well-
designed and detailed reinforced concrete structure is suitable for earthquake resistant structure.
29
Ductility and strength required to resist major earthquake can be achieved by following the
recommendations made in the standard codes of practice for earthquake resistant design.
Detailing of steel reinforcement is an important aspect of structural design. Poor reinforcement
detailing can lead to structural failures. Detailing plays an important role in seismic resistant
design. In seismic resistant design, actual forces experienced by the structure are reduced and
reliance is placed on the ductility of the structure. And, ductility can be achieved by proper
detailing only. Thus, in addition to design, attention should be paid on amount, location and
arrangement of reinforcement to achieve ductility as well as strength.
Design and construction of the structure are inter – related jobs. A building behaves in a manner
how it has been built rather than what the intensions is during designing. A large percentage of
structural failures are attributed due to poor quality of construction. Therefore, quality assurance
is needed in both design and construction.
In earthquake resistant construction quality of materials and workmanship plays a very
important role. It has been observed that damages during earthquakes are largely dependent on
the quality and workmanship. Hence, quality assurance is the most important factor in the good
seismic behavior of the structure.
8 REFERENCE
NBC 110: 1994 Plain and Reinforced Concrete

NBC 102: 1994 Unit Weights of Materials
NBC 103: 1994 Occupancy Load (Imposed Load)
NBC 104: 1994 Wind Load
NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal
NS: 501-2058 Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces
SP: 16-1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456-1978
SP: 34-1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing
IS: 456-2000 Plain and reinforced concrete code
IS: 1893-2002 Earthquake resistant design of structure
IS: 13920 Ductility code
30

Structural Analysis and Design of Residential Building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi at Bakunbahal, Lalitpur, Nepal

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Structural Analysis and Design of Residential Building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi at Bakunbahal, Lalitpur, Nepal

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Structural Analysis and Design

Prepared By: Subeen Man Joshi

Functional, Aesthetic and cost requirement

Plinth Area 507.88 sq. ft.

Wall thickness 9” and 4” brick walls

Floor/ Roof structure RCC 5” thick flat slabs

Local hazard No possibilities of rock fall on the site.

Location of Stair case Edge of building

Figure 1 shows the ground floor plan of the building.

Figure 1: Plan of Building

Building Performance objective

Special Requirement of Geotechnical Investigation,

Preliminary Design Concept of Structural System

Eff. Depth for span x Correction Factor for Flange

2 Design of Primary Structural System

Primary Structural scheme, system, elements and material

Steel Type Steel Grade

3 Structural analysis and definition of design parameters

Brick = 19.2 KN/m3

Over Stress Factor Ωs cl. 5.4 Table 5-2 1.25 Reinforced

Time period (T) = 0.69 sec

TABLE: Auto Seismic - User Coefficients

EQx-uls Seismic X - Ecc. Y 10 No Story5 Base 0.132 1.095 2517.75 332.34

Load cases and combinations

i. Dead Load (DL)

Vertical (gravity) load analysis

Figure 2: Assignment of Floor Finish Load

Figure 3: Assignment of Live Load

Figure 4: Assignment of Wall Loads

Static Lateral load analysis

Table 1: Floor displacement and interstorey drift) (Storey drift)

TABLE: Story Response for Eqx (ULS)

TABLE: Story Response for Eqy (ULS)

TABLE: Story Response for Eqx (SLS)

TABLE: Story Response for Eqy (SLS)

Torsion check at each floor

Table 2: Torsion check for building

TABLE: Story Max/Avg Drifts

Description of Modal analysis

Table 3: Mode numbers, natural periods and mass participation

TABLE: Modal Participating Mass Ratios

Axial loads, SF, BM, OTM

Figure 5: Axial Force Along the grid 1-1

Figure 6: Shear Force Along the grid 1-1

Figure 7: Bending Moment along grid 1-1

4 Presentation of Computer Analysis Result

Figure 8: Finite Elemental Modeling

5 Design of Structural Members

Bar Spacing Spacing Spacing

AstRequired Astmin Dia Required Limit: Provided AstProvided Deflection Check

83.1 150.00 8 335.10 150 335.10

Figure 9: Beam Analysis Results

Table: Beam Design Summary

Beam Shear Design

Figure 10: Column Analysis Results

Table: Column Design Data:

mm mm Ground First Second Third Top

Figure 11: Joint Reaction under service load (DL+LL)

Figure 12: SAFE Model for the foundation

Figure 16: Required Longitudinal Reinforcement in the Strap Beam

Figure 17: Required Transverse Reinforcement in the Strap Beam

Design Summary of Foundation: