Exponents and Powers Notes

KENALILY SCHOOL FOR CHILDREN
Std. VIII – Maths (2022-23)

Ch.12: Exponents & Powers Notes
Very large and very small numbers can be written in exponential form.
104 is read as “10 raised to the power of 4”
where ‘10’ is known as base and ‘4’ is known as exponent/power/index/degree
104 means 10 multiplied with itself 4 times i.e. 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 10000
CONVERTING NEGATIVE EXPONENTS TO POSITIVE
54 = 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 = 625
53 = 5 x 5 x 5 = 125 [previous answer ÷ base]
52 = 5 x 5 = 25 [125 ÷ 5]
51 = 5 [25 ÷ 5]
50 = 1 [5 ÷ 5]
1 1
5-1 = 5 = 51 [1 ÷ 5]
1 1 1 1 1
5-2 = ÷ 5 = x = =
5 5 5 25 52
1 1 1 1 1
5-3 = 25 ÷ 5 = 25 x 5 = 125 = 53
1 1 1 1 1
5-4 = 125 ÷ 5 = 125 x 5 = 625 = 54
1 1 1
∴ We observe that 5-1 = 51 ; 5-2 = 52 ; 5-3 = 53 ;
1
5-4 =
54
1
Therefore, we say that for any number, a-n = 𝑎𝑛
Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 1 of 18
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1 1 2 −4 3 4
Similarly, we can say that 52 = −2 ; 53 = −3 ; (3) =( )
5 5 2
2 −4 -4 -4 1 1 1 4 34 3 4
(3) = 2 ÷ 3 = (24 ) ÷ (34 ) =24 x 3 = 24 = (2)
Find the equality in exponential form:

1
i) 83 = …….. (8−3 )
1
ii) 1010 = ……( )
10−10
1
iii) -7-7 = −77
4 6 5 −6
iv) (5) = …….. (4)
8 −8 9 8
v) (9 ) = ……..(8)
MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE OF NUMBERS WITH EXPONENTS

For any non – zero integer ‘a’ the multiplicative inverse of am is a-m
Eg : For 2-4 the multiplicative inverse is 24
For 10-5 the multiplicative inverse is 105
For 7-2 the multiplicative inverse is …….72
For 53 the multiplicative inverse is …….5–3
5 −4 5 4 7 −4
For ( ) the multiplicative inverse is ( ) or ( )
7 7 5
−8 −7 −8 7
For ( ) the multiplicative inverse is ( )
11 11
13 5 13 −5
For ( ) the multiplicative inverse is …….( )
9 9
1 3 1 −3
For ( ) the multiplicative inverse is ……..( ) or 83
8 8

EXPANDED FORM OF NUMBERS USING EXPONENTS
5632 = 5 x 1000 + 6 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 2 x 1
= 5 x 103 + 6 x 102 + 3 x 101 + 2 x 100
1 1
834.92 = 8 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 4 x 1 + 9 x 10 + 2 x 100
= 8 x 102 + 3 x 101 + 4 x 100 + 9 x 10-1 + 2 x 10-2
1 1
14006.708 = 1 x 10000 + 4 x 1000 + 0 + 0 + 6 x 1 + 7 x +0+8x
10 1000
= 1 x 104 + 4 x 103 + 0 + 0 + 6 x 100 + 7 x 10-1 + 0 + 8 x 10-3
1425.36 = ………………
1025.63 = …………….
1256.249 = ……………
20507.3206 = ………….
Answers
1 1
1425.36 = 1 x 1000 + 4 x 100 + 2 x 10 + 5 x 1 + 3 x 10 + 6 x 100
= 1 x 103 + 4 x 102 + 2 x 101 + 5 x 100 + 3 x 10-1 + 6 x 10-2

1 1
1025.63 = 1 x 1000 + 0 x 100 + 2 x 10 + 5 x 1 + 6 x 10 + 3 x 100
= 1 x 103 + 0 + 2 x 101 + 5 x 100 + 6 x 10-1 + 3 x 10-2

1256.249
1 1 1
=1 x 1000 + 2 x 100 + 5 x 10 + 6 x 1 + 2 x +4x +9x
10 100 1000
= 1 x 103 + 2 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 6 x 100 + 2 x 10-1 + 4 x 10-2 + 9 x 10-3

20507.3206
1 1 1 1
= 2 x 10000 + 0 x 1000 + 5 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 7 x 1 + 3 x 10 + 2 x 100 + 0 x 1000 + 6 x 10000
= 2 x 104 + 0 + 5 x 102 + 0 + 7 x 100 + 3 x 10-1 + 2 x 10-2 + 0 + 6 x 10-4
EXERCISE 12.1
Q1. Evaluate:
i) 3-2
1
=
32
1
= 3x3
1
=9
ii) (−4)−2
1
=
−42
1
= −4 x −4
1
= 16
1 −5
iii) (2)
= 25
=2x2x2x2x2
= 32

Laws of Exponents
Example Rule
72 × 73 = 72+3 = 75 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
57 ÷ 54 = 57−4 = 53 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
54 ÷ 57 = 54–7 = 5-3
(25 )4 = 25×4 = 220 ([𝑎𝑚 ]𝑛 ) = 𝑎𝑚 x𝑛
(3 × 11)6 = 36 × 116 (𝑎 × 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑏𝑛
(4 ÷ 9)2 = 42 ÷ 92 (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 ÷ 𝑏𝑛
20 = 1, 30 = 1 𝑎0= 1
(−1)2 = (−1) × (−1) (−1)𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1

=1
(−1)3 = (−1) × (−1) (−1)𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = (-1)

× (−1) = −1
00 00 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

Exercise 12.1
Q 2. Simplify: (answer in positive exponents)
i) (−4)5 ÷ (−4)8
= (−4)5−8
= (−4)−3
1
= (−4)3
1 2
ii) (23 )
12
= (23 )2
1
= 23×2
1
= 26
iii) ( 3−7 ÷ 3−10 ) × 3−5

= 3(−7)−(−10) × 3−5
= 3−7+10 × 3−5
= 33 × 3−5
= 33+(−5)
= 3−2
1
= 32

iv) 2−3 × (−7)−3
= [2 × (−7)]−3
= (−14)−3
1
= (−14)3
4 5 4
v) (−3) × (3)
54
= [(−1) × 3 ]4 × 34
4 4 54
= (−1) × 3 × 34
= 1 x 54
= 54
Q 3. Find the value of:

(i) (30 + 4−1 ) × 22
1
= (1 + 4) × 4
4 1
= (4 + 4) × 4
5
= ×4
4
=5

(ii) (2−1 × 4−1 ) ÷ 2−2
1 1 1
= (2 × ) ÷
4 22
1
= 8 × 22
1
=8 × 4
1
=2
1 −2 1 −2 1 −2
(iii) (2) + (3) + (4)
2 2 3 2 4 2
= (1) + (1) + (1)
= 22 + 32 + 42
= 4 + 9 + 16
=29
(iv) (3−1 + 4−1 + 5−1 )0

=1
2
−2 −2
(v) {( 3 ) }
−2 −2×2
=(3)
−2 −4
=(3)

−3 4
=( 2 )
81
= 16
Q 4. Evaluate:
8−1 × 53
(i) 2−4
24 × 53
= 81
24 × 53
= 23
= 24−3 × 53
=21 × 53
= 2 × 125
= 250
(ii) (5−1 × 2−1 ) × 6−1
= (5 × 2)−1 × 6−1
= 10−1 × 6−1
= (10 × 6)−1
= 60−1
1
= 60

Q 5. Find the value of m: 5𝑚 ÷ 5−3 = 55
∴ 5𝑚−(−3)
= 55
∴ 5𝑚+3 = 55
Since the powers have same bases on both sides, their
respective exponents must be equal.
𝑚+3=5
∴𝑚 =5−3
∴𝑚=2
Q 6. Evaluate:
(i)
−1
1 −1 1 −1
= {(3) − (4) }
−1
3 1 4 1
= {(1) − (1) }
= {31 − 41 }−1
= {3 − 4}−1
= {−1}−1
1
= (−1)
= (–1)
5 −7 8 −4
(ii) (8) × (5)
5 −7 5 4
= (8) × (8)
5 −7+4
= (8)
5 −3
= (8)
8 3
= (5)
512
= 125
Q 7. Simplify:
(i)
52 × 𝑡 −4
= 5−3 ×2 ×5 ×𝑡 −8
52 ×53 × 𝑡 8
= 2 ×5 ×𝑡 4
52+3 × 𝑡 8
=
2 ×5 ×𝑡 4
55 × 𝑡 8−4
= 2 ×5
55−1 × 𝑡 4
= 2
54 × 𝑡 4
= 2
(5𝑡)4
= 2

(ii)
57 × 65 ×125
= 35 ×105
57 × (2×3)5 ×53
= 35 ×(2×5)5
57 × 25 ×35 ×53
= 35 ×25 ×55
57 ×53 × 25−5 × 35−5
= 55
57+3 × 20 × 30
= 55
= 510−5
= 55
❖ EXPRESSING VERY LARGE / VERY SMALL NUMBERS IN STANDARD

FORM
Very large or very small numbers need to be expressed in

standard form so as to read them easily.
Standard form numbers are written in the format of a x 10n where
‘a’ is a natural number less than 10 and ‘n’ is an integer
i.e. 1 ≤ a < 10
Eg: i) The height of Mount Everest is 8848 m

→ 8.848 x 1000 = 8.848 x 103 m
ii) Thickness of Class VII Mathematics book is 20 mm.

→ 2 x 10 = 2 x 101 mm
iii) The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1,49,600,000,000m
→ 1496 x 100000000
→ 1496 x 108
→ 1.496 x 103 x 108
→ 1.496 x 1011 m
OR
149600000000 = 1.496 X 1011 m
iv) Thickness of a piece of paper is 0.0016 cm

16 1.6 x 10 1.6
→ 0.0016 = 10000 = = 1000 = 1.6 x 10-3 cm
10000
OR
0.0016 = 1.6 x 10-3 cm
v) Diameter of a wire on a computer chip is 0.000003m

→0.000003 = 3 x 10-6 m
H.W. Write the following numbers in standard form:

i) 21600000 =
ii) 15240000 =
iii) 0.000000564 =
iv) 0.0000021 =

❖ EXPRESSING STANDARD FORM NUMBERS IN USUAL
FORM
Eg: i) 3 x 108 = 300000000

ii) 1.5 x 1011 = 150000000000
iii) 1.6 x 10-3 = 0.0016
iv) 1.275 x 10-5 = 0.00001275
H.W. Write the following numbers in usual form:

i) 7 x 10-6 =
ii) 3.77 x 109 =
iii) 5.036 x 102 =
EXERCISE 12.2
Q1. Express the following numbers in standard form

i) 0.0000000000085 = 8.5 x 10-12
ii) 0.00000000000942 = 9.42 x 10-12
iii) 6020000000000000 = 6.02 x 1015
iv) 0.00000000837 = 8.37 x 10-9
v) 31860000000 = 3.186 x 1010
Q2. Express the following numbers in usual form:

i) 3.02 x 10-6 = 0.00000302
ii) 4.5 x 104 =
iii) 3 x 10-8 =
iv) 1.0001 x 109 = 1000100000
v) 5.8 x 1012 =
vi) 3.61492 x 106 =
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
H.W. Write the following numbers in standard form:

i) 21600000 = 2.16 x 105
ii) 15240000 = 1.524 x 107
iii) 0.000000564 = 5.64 x 10-7
iv) 0.0000021 = 2.1 x 10-6
H.W. Write the following numbers in usual form:
i) 7 x 10-6 = 0.000007
ii) 3.77 x 109 = 3770000000
iii) 5.036 x 102 = 503.6
Ex.12.2
Q1. Express the following numbers in standard form

ii) 0.00000000000942 = 9.42 x 10-12
iv) 0.00000000837 = 8.37 x 10-9
v) 31860000000 = 3.186 x 1010
Q2. Express the following numbers in usual form:

ii) 4.5 x 104 = 45000
iii) 3 x 10-8 = 0.00000003

v) 5.8 x 1012 = 5800000000000
vi) 3.61492 x 106 = 3614920
Q3. Express the number appearing in the following statement in

standard form:
1
i) 1 micron is equal to 1000000 m.
= 1 x 10-6 m
ii) Charge of an electron is 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,16

coulomb
= 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb
iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 m

= 5.0 x 10-7 m
iv) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m

= 1.275 x 10-5 m
v) Thickness of a thick paper is 0.07 mm

= 7 x 10-2 mm
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

Q3. Express the number appearing in the following statement in
standard form:
ii) 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb
iii) 5 x 10-7 m
iv) 1.275 x 10-5 m

❖ COMPARISON OR COMPUTATION OF NUMBERS IN
STANDARD FORM
Comparison involves ratio and Computation involves addition or

subtraction
Eg: Size of Red Blood Cell is 0.000007m and Size of plant cell is
0.00001275 m
Compare the sizes.
→Size of Red Blood cell = 0.000007 m = 7 x 10-6m

Size of Plant cell = 0.00001275 m = 1.275 x 10-5 m
Size of plant cell 1.275 x 10−5 1.275 x 10−5−(−6)
Ratio = Size of blood cell = =
7 x 10−6 7
1.275 x 10−5+6 1.275 x 101 12.75

= = = = 1.8214…. = 2 times
7 7 7
(approx.)
Size of Plant cell is approximately twice the red blood cell.
Eg: Mass of Earth is 5.97 x 1024kg and mass of moon is 7.35 x 1022kg.
What is the total mass?
→ Mass of Earth = 5.97 x 1024kg

Mass of moon = 7.35 x 1022kg
Total Mass = Mass of Earth + Mass of Moon

= 5.97 x 1024kg + 7.35 x 1022kg
= 5.97 x 102 x 1022 + 7.35 x 1022
= 597 x 1022 + 7.35 x 1022
= 1022 (597 + 7.35)
= 604.35 x 1022kg
= 6.0435 x 1024kg
Total Mass is 6.0435 x 1024 kg.
Ex.12.2
Q4. In a stack there are 5 books each of thickness 20mm and 5 paper
sheets each of thickness 0.016 mm. What is the total thickness of
the stack?
→ Thickness of 1 book = 20 mm
∴ Thickness of 5 books = 5 x 20 = 100 mm
Thickness of 1 paper sheet = 0.016 mm
∴ Thickness of 5 paper sheets = 5 x 0.016 = 0.08 mm
Total thickness = Thickness of 5 books + Thickness of 5 paper sheets
= 100 mm + 0.08 mm
= 100.08 mm
= 1.0008 x 102 mm
Total thickness of the stack is 1.0008 x 102 mm.


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KENALILY SCHOOL FOR CHILDREN

Std. VIII – Maths (2022-23)

CONVERTING NEGATIVE EXPONENTS TO POSITIVE

Find the equality in exponential form:

MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE OF NUMBERS WITH EXPONENTS

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 2 of 18

= 1 x 104 + 4 x 103 + 0 + 0 + 6 x 100 + 7 x 10-1 + 0 + 8 x 10-3

= 1 x 103 + 4 x 102 + 2 x 101 + 5 x 100 + 3 x 10-1 + 6 x 10-2

= 1 x 103 + 0 + 2 x 101 + 5 x 100 + 6 x 10-1 + 3 x 10-2

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 3 of 18

= 1 x 103 + 2 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 6 x 100 + 2 x 10-1 + 4 x 10-2 + 9 x 10-3

= 2 x 104 + 0 + 5 x 102 + 0 + 7 x 100 + 3 x 10-1 + 2 x 10-2 + 0 + 6 x 10-4

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 4 of 18

(25 )4 = 25×4 = 220 ([𝑎𝑚 ]𝑛 ) = 𝑎𝑚 x𝑛

(3 × 11)6 = 36 × 116 (𝑎 × 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑏𝑛

(−1)2 = (−1) × (−1) (−1)𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1

(−1)3 = (−1) × (−1) (−1)𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = (-1)

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 5 of 18

iii) ( 3−7 ÷ 3−10 ) × 3−5

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 6 of 18

Q 3. Find the value of:

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 7 of 18

(iv) (3−1 + 4−1 + 5−1 )0

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 8 of 18

(ii) (5−1 × 2−1 ) × 6−1

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 9 of 18

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 11 of 18

❖ EXPRESSING VERY LARGE / VERY SMALL NUMBERS IN STANDARD

Very large or very small numbers need to be expressed in

Eg: i) The height of Mount Everest is 8848 m

ii) Thickness of Class VII Mathematics book is 20 mm.

iv) Thickness of a piece of paper is 0.0016 cm

v) Diameter of a wire on a computer chip is 0.000003m

H.W. Write the following numbers in standard form:

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 13 of 18

Eg: i) 3 x 108 = 300000000

H.W. Write the following numbers in usual form:

Q1. Express the following numbers in standard form

Q2. Express the following numbers in usual form:

CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

H.W. Write the following numbers in standard form:

Q1. Express the following numbers in standard form

Q2. Express the following numbers in usual form:

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 15 of 18

Q3. Express the number appearing in the following statement in

ii) Charge of an electron is 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,16

iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 m

iv) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m

v) Thickness of a thick paper is 0.07 mm

CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 16 of 18

Comparison involves ratio and Computation involves addition or

→Size of Red Blood cell = 0.000007 m = 7 x 10-6m

1.275 x 10−5+6 1.275 x 101 12.75

→ Mass of Earth = 5.97 x 1024kg

Total Mass = Mass of Earth + Mass of Moon

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 17 of 18

Std.-VIII / Maths / Ch. 12/ Notes / 2022-23 Page 18 of 18

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