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ng

Analysi
sandFor
ecastofShaanxiGDPBasedont
he
ARIMAModel

WEINi
ng,BI
ANKuan
jang ,YUANZhi
i f

Col

egeofSc
ience,Nor
thwestA&FUni
ver
sit
y,Yangl

ng712100,Chi
na

Abst ract  Bas edont he2008Shaanx iStatist


icalYearbookandt herelevantdat aofShaanx iGDPi nthey ears1952-2007,SPSSs tat

sticals oft

war eandt i
mes er
iesanalysisareus edtoes t
abli
shARI MA(1, 2,1)times eriesmodel ,ac cor
dingtot hefours teps,r ecogni
ti
onr ul
esands tationary
testoft i
mes eriesunderAI Cc r
it
erion.ACFgr aphandPACFgr aphar eus edt oconduc ttheappl i
cabi l

tytestonmodel .Then,t heac t
ualvalueand
predictedv aluei nthey ears2002-2007ar ec omparedi nor dertoforecasttheGDPofShaanx iProv i
nceint henex ts i
xyearsbas edonthismodel .
Res ultshowst hattherelati
veer r
orofac tualv alueandpr edict
edv al
uei swithinther angeof5%,andt hef orecas t
ingeffectofthi
smodelisr elati
vely
good.I tisforec ast
edt hattheGDPofShaanx iProvi
ncei s647.750,765. 662,905. 866,1073. 510,1274. 469and1515. 820bi l

ionYuani nt he
yearf rom 2008t o2013,r es pect
ively.Accor di
ngt otheres ul
t,GDPofShaanx iProvinces howsahi ghergrowt ht r
endi nthey ear
s2008-2013.The
forecas t
ingres ultofthi
smodeli sonl yapr edictedvalue.Butt henat i
onalec onomyi sac omplexanddy nami cs yst
em.Wes houldpayattentiont o
ther i
skoft headj ust
menti nec onomi coper ati
onandadj us tthecorrespondingt ar
getv alueac cordingt otheac tualsi
tuati
on.
Keywor ds GDP,ARI MAmodel ,ACFgr aph,PACFgr aph,Times eri
esanal ysis,Chi na

  Gr ossDomes t
icPr oduc tist heul ti
mat epr oduc tpr oduc ed andbyus ingEVIEWSs oft
war eARI MA(1, 1,
1)modelwases 
byal ltheuni tsinac ount ryoranar eawi thi
nac ertainper iodof tabli
shed, whi chr evealed t he v ar i
ati
on ofGui Zhou GDP
ti
me.GDPc annotonl ywei ght henat i
onalpr oduc tsandi nc ome growt h[4].Howev er,thes t
at i
sticalresearchonShaanx iGDPi s
sizeasawhol e,butal sowei ght heec onomi cf l
uc t
uat i
onand sti
llrelativelysmall
.Upont his,byus ingSPSSs tati
st
icalsoft

theper i
odi cs t
atusoft heec onomyi ngener al .Thust hedat aof war e,t heappr opri
atemodelwasobt ainedbasedont heACF
GDPhasbec omet hemos tc onc er nedec onomi cs tatisti
c si n graphandPACFgr aphandr epeat edlyf i
tt

ngunderAI Cc rit
eri

mac roec onomyandi sr egar dedasani mpor tanti ndexf oras  on.Andt hentheapplic
abili
tyt estont hemodelwasc onducted
ses singt henat ionalec onomi cdev el
opmentandf orj udgi ngt he acc ordingt otheres i
duals equenc eoft heACFgr aphandt he
oper ati
ngs t
atusofmac roec onomy.Bes i
des,i tisal s ot hev i
tal PACFgr aph,thust heGDP dat aofShaanx iProvinceint he
bas i
sf orgov ernmentt os etdown ec onomi c dev el opment al year s1952-2007i sanal y
z edandt heGDPofShaanx iProv
strat
egi esand ec onomi cpol i
c i
es.Ther efore,ac c urat e GDP i
nc ei nt henex tsi
xy earsispr edicted.Ther es
ult
shav eref
er
analy si
sandpr edictionar eofgr eatt heor eti
c alandr eal i
sticv al enc ev alue.
uef ori mpr ov i
ngt heec onomi cgr owt hofShaanx iPr ov ince.
Inr ec enty ears,manys chol ar sbot hathomeandabr oad 1 Dat
esour
cesandr
esear
chmet
hod
hav es tudiedt hedev elopment alpat t
er nsofGDPandt hemet h 1.1  Dat aSour ces  Bas edont he2008Shaanx iStati
s t
ical
odsofpr edicti
ngi t.Byappl i
cat i
onofSPSSs tatisti
c als oftwar e, Yearbookandt her elevantdat aofShaanx iGDP i nthey ears
LiangXi nandot hers chol arses t
abl ishedt heARI MA(1,2,1) 1952-2007.
modelunderAI Cc riterion.Af tert heappl icabi l
it
yt es tont he 1.2 Resear chmet hod Ti mes eri
esanal ys
isi st
hemet hod
modelbynon paramet ri
cs tatisticalmet hods,t heyempi ricall
y forstudyi
ngthel awsofs tochasti
cdatas eri
esbyt heus eofs t
o
analy zedandf orecas tedt hedat aofGuangx iGDPi nt hey ears chasticpr
oces st heoryandmat hematicalst
atisti
calmethod,s o
1950-2006[1].Bas edonChi nes eGDP dat ar ec or dsi nt he ast omak eforec astont her eali
ssues.Ther ear ealotoft i
me
years1954-2004,ZhaoYi nges tabl i
shedARI MA(1,1,1) seri
esdat ai
ns oc i
alec onomi csystem whos elawsneedt obe
modelbyBox Jenk i
ns met hod.Themodelr ev eal edt hec han foundoutbyes tabli
shingappr opri
atemodelt hroughti
mes eri
es
gesi nt hel awsofChi nes eGDP gr owthandempi ri
c all
yana analysissoast of orecastthef ut
ureoft hephenomenon.
lyzedt her egres s
iver es ults[2].What 
smor e,bas edont heda
taofMongol i
anGDPf rom1952t o2005,LIZhan j
iangandot h 2  Theest
abl
ishmentofARI
MA(p,d,q)
ers chol arses t
ablishedARI MA(0,2,1)modelbyus ingSAS
softwar e.Andt hen,t heGDP ofMongoli nt hey earof2006
model
[3] ARIMA(p,d,q)modelwasf irs
tr ai
sedbyU.S.s tat
is
ti

wasf orec astedbyus ingt hismodel .I naddi t
ion,J IN Shan
ci
ansG. E.P.BoxandG. M.J enki
nsin1970.Themodeli san
analy zedt hedat aofGui ZhouGDP i nt hey ear s1950-2006
analysi
smet hodwidel
yusedi nvari
oust y
pesofti
mes eri
esda
taanalysi
sandas hor
tt
ermf or
ecasti
ngmet hodwit
hhighpre
Recei
ved:December21,2009  Ac cept
ed:Januar
y13,
2010 dict

v eaccuracy.I
tsessenc ei
sac ombinati
onofdi
ff
erenceop
[5]
Correspondi
ngaut
hor
.E mai
l:bi
ankj@163.com erat
ionandARI MAmodel .
WEINi
ngetal
.Anal
ysi
sandFor
ecas
tofShaanx
iGDPBas
edont
heARI
MAModel 35

2.1  Thest ationaryt estoft imeser ies  Ac c ordingt othe t


ertaki
ngl ogar
it
hm andmakingas ec
ondorderdi
ff
erenc
e.I n
sc atterdi agr am,ACFgr aphandPACFgr aphoft het imes eri
es t
hisend,themodelwasr ecogniz
edandor deredbytheloga
andi tsv arianc e,trends,l awsofs eas onalv ariationt es t
edby r
it
hmictransfor
medandsecondorderdi
ff
erencedata.
theuni tr ootofADF,t hes moot hoft het i
mes er i
esc ouldbe
rec ogniz ed.I fthedat ai suns t
ableandt herei sac ertaindegr ee
ofgr owthordec li
ne,t hedat asdi fferenc etreatmenti sneeded
tomak ei ts t
able.I ft hedat ac ontainshet eros kedas ti
city,the
tec hnicalpr oces si
ngoft hedat aisneededunt iltheaut oc orrel
ati
on
func ti
onv al ueandt hepar t
ialaut oc orrelationfunc ti
onv alueoft he
proc es seddat ai swi t
houts i
gnifi
cantdi f
fer encef rom z ero[6].
2. 2 Accor dingt ot her ecogni tionr ulesoft het imeser ies
modelt oest abl i
sht her el evantmodel  Es ti
mat ingt henum
berofor derpandqoft heARMAmodelt hroughACFgr aph
andPACFgr aphandc hoos ingt hepar amet ersasl it
tleaspos 
sibleatt hei niti
ales t
imat e.Thr oughes ti
mat ingt hev alueoft he
aut oc orrelat i
onor derpandt hemov i
ngav er
ageor derqt hrough Fi
g.1 GDPt i
meser
iesofShaanxiPr
ovi
ncef
rom 1952t

ACFandPACFt os elec tt heappr opr i
at emodelt of it.Thes e 2007

ec t i
onc riteri
aofmodelor deri ss hownonTabl e1.Themodel 3.2 Ther ecogni ti
onandor deroft hemodel  I nor derto
orderp,qs houldbedet er minedbyt hebes tc r
iter i
onf uncti
on fi
ndt hebes tor der,t hewayofc ombi ni
ngt heACFgr aph,t he
met hod.Gener all
y,t hes mal l
estAI CandBI Cc riteriaar ec ho PACFgr aph,AI CandBI Ctogetherwer eappl iedtodet ermine
senasgui delinesforor derdet ermi nationc r
iteria. thebes tor deroft hemodel .Thev alueofAI C andBI C under
eachmodelwasc alculatedbys elect
ingdi ff
er entpar amet ersfor
Tabl
e1 Sel
ect
ioncr
it
eri
aofmodelor
der
ref
it
ting.Byc ompar isonwi t
htheirv alues,wek nowt hati nthe
Modelequat

ons AR(p) MA(q) ARMA(p,
q) caseoft hec onv ergenc ec ri
ter
iac omest oamax mum of10,

qs tep l
ag (q-p) s t
ep l
ag thepar amet erc hangesof0. 001% and s quar esc hangesof
ACF Tai
li
ng

runcat
ion t
runc
ati
on 0.001%,whent he(p, d,q)equal s(1, 2,1),t hev alueofAI C
ps tep l
ag (p-q) s t
ep l
ag andBI Cc ome t ot he mi ni
mum of -74. 141 and -68. 174
Par
ti
alACF Tai
li
ng

runcat
ion t
runc
ati
on
respec t
ively.
3.3 Par amet erest imat i
on Whent he(p, d,q)equal s(1, 2,
2.3 Modelchecki ng Tes t
ingthemodeli stos eewhet her 1),t hepar amet er 
ses t

mat i
onoft hemodelar e:AR1=0. 209,
theparametersi
ss ignif
icantandtodiagnosewhet herther esi
d MA1=0.974,c ons t
ant=0.002.Uponex ami nati
on,t hees ti

ualsequenceisthewhi tenoisesequenc e.I
fs o,themodelc an matedv aluesoft hepar ametersar eal lsignific
ant .
beus edforpracti
calforecast

2.4 Modelf orecasting Byt heus eoft het est
edmodelt o
forec
as t
.Aftert
es t
ingthemodelwek nowthatt heresidualse
quencei sthewhi t
enoi ses equence,whi c
hc anbeus edfor
pract
icalpr
edict

on,s ot heGDP ofShaanx iProvi
ncec anbe
forec
as t
ed.

3 Resul
tsandanal
ysi

3.1 Theanal ysisofShaanxiGDP Af t
eranal yzi
ngt hedata
ofShaanx iGDPi nt hey ear s1952-2 007[7] byus ingSPSS1 3.0,
thetimes er i
esoft hedat awasobt ained(Fi g. 1).Fr om Fig.1
wek nowt hatwitht her eform andopeni nguppol icyandt hein
creas eofpeopl esl i
vings tandards,t heov eral
lGDPofShaanx i Fi
g.2  Timeseriesaft
erlogar
ithmi
ctr
ansf
ormat
ion and
Provinc eint hepas tfift
ys i
xy earshass hownt het rendofex po second
orderdi
ffer
ence
nentialgr owth,es pec i
allys i
nc et her eform andopeni ngup. 3.4  Theappl icabili
tyt estoft hemodel   Theappl icabi
lit

Theref ore,weof tenr egar dedi tasnon stati
onar yt i
mes eri
es. testi
stot estt heor i
ginaldat aandtheerrors equenc eofthef it

Thisk i
ndofnon stati
onar yt i
mes er i
eswhi chc ontainsex ponen ti
ngdata(r esiduals equenc e)t oseewhet heritisc onsist
ent
ti
altrendc anoftenbec arri
edoutbyl ogar it
hmi ct ransformati
on. wit
ht hef acts,whet heri tisagoodr espons et ot her eali
ty.
Ther esultisthatt heex ponentialtrendwi l
lbet r
ans formedinto Whi l
ethet estoft imes eri
esmodeli stotestwhet hert heres i
du

ineart rend.Andt hen,t hroughdi fferenc eoft hel ineartrend, alsequenc ei sthewhi tenoi sesequence,ifs o,thatmeanst he
thelineart rendc anbeel iminated.Ther ef ore,t het i
mes er
iesof modelc anbeus edforf orecast
ing.Ifnots o,t hatmeanst he
Shaanx iGDPdat awasobt ai
nedbyt ak i
ngt hel ogar i
thm ofthe modelneedsi mproving.I nthi
spaper ,the ACF gr aph and
dataandmak i
ngas econd orderdi f
ferenc e(Fi g. 2).Fr om the PACFgr aphofr es i
duals equenceareadopt edt ot estwhet her
Fig.2,wec ans eet hatt het i
mes erieshasac hiev eds moothaf theresi
duals equenc ei st hewhitenoises equenc e.TheACF
36 As
ianAgr
icul

uralRes
ear
ch 2010

graphandPACFgr aphofr
esidualsequenceareshownonFig. 765.
662,905.866,1073.510,1274.469,and1515.
820bi


3andFi g.4.Acc
ordi
ngtothefi
gureswel ear
nedthatt
heres
id li
onYuaninthey earf
rom2008to2013,res
pect

vel
y.
ualsequenceist
hewhit
enoises equence,sotheARIMA(1,2,
Tabl
e2 Compar
isonofShaanxiGDPf
rom 2002t
o2007
1)f i

sthet i
meseri
esofShaanxiGDPwel l

Act
ual Pr
edi
cted Rel
at
iv
e Ac
tual Pr
edi
cte
d Re
lati
ve
Ye
ar Yea

val
ue v al
ue er
ror val
ue v al
ue er
ror


00222
53.
3923
17.
96 0.
0282
5 2
00537
72.
6937
53.
98 0.
0049


00325
87.
7226
02.
43 0.
0056
7 2
00645
23.
7444
36.
82 0.
0194


00431
75.
5830
07.
67 0.
0543
3 2
00754
65.
7953
41.
18 0.
0230

4 Concl
usi
onanddi
scussi
on
Thr ought imes eriesanal ysisofShaanx iGDPi nt hey ears
1952-2007,t he ARI MA(1,2,1) modelwases tabl i
s hed.
Tr ans format i
onoft hes eri
esbyt hemodelpar amet erst urned
ther esidual sequenc ei ntowhi tenois es equenc e.Thef i
ttingr esul

Fi
g.3 ACFofr
esi
dualsequence oft hemodeli sc onvincingandpr ac t
icalbyus i
ngSPSS1 3. 0.The
GDPofShaanx ipr ovinc ef r
om 2008t o2013i sf orec as t
edby
themodel .Ther esults howst hatther el
ati
v eer rori swi t
hint he
rangeof5%,whi c
hi sr el
ativelyideal .Ac c ordingt ot her esul

pr edicted,GDP ofShaanx ipr ovinc es howsa hi ghergr owth
trendi nt henex ts i
xy earsf r
om 2008t o2013.Howev ert he
for ecas ti
ngr es ultoft hismodeli sonl yapr edictedv alue,t he
nat ionalec onomyi sac ompl exanddy nami cs y stem.Thead
jus tment sofnat ionalmac r
opol i
c yandt hec hangesoft hede
v elopmentenv ironmentwi l
lc aus ether elati
v ec hangeofmac r
o
ec onomi ci ndicators.Ther efore,wes houl dpayat tenti
ont ot he
riskofadj ustmenti nec onomi coper ati
onandmai ntaint hes t
a
bilityandc ontinuityoft hemi croec onomi cr egul ationandc on
trols oast opr eventt heeconomyf rom s ever efluc tuationsand
Fi
g.4 PACFofr
esi
dualsequence adj us tthecor res pondingt argetv al ueac cordingt ot heact ual
3.5 Theest abli
shmentofARI MA(1, 2,1)model  Es t
abl
is situat i
on.
hi
ngoft hetimes eri
esmodelARI MA(1,2,1)ofShaanx iGDP:
(1-0. 209B)(1-B)2l nXt=(1+0. 974B)εt+0.002 Ref
erences
3.6 Thef orecastofGDP Thet i
mes eri
esofthepr edi
ct
ed [1]LIANG X,XI EJ L,LIC.Thes tatis t
icalforecas tmodelont heGDP
valueandac tualvalueofShaanxiGDP wer eobtai
nedbyt he ofGuangx iand i t
sappl i
cation[J].Mat hemat icsin Ec onomi cs,
useofARI MA(1, 2,1)(Fig.5).
Thef i
gureshowsthatthefi
tt

ng 200 8,2 5( 3):28 9-2 93.(inChi nes e).
eff
ectisrel
ativel
ygood.Ther esul
tsofthecomparisonwitht
he [2]ZHAOY.Thees t
abl i
shmentandanal ys i
soft het i
mes er iesmodelof
Chi na’sGDP[J].J our nalofXi anI ns t
it
uteofFi nance&Ec onom
ics,2 0
0 6,1 9(3): 1 1-1 4. (inChi nes e).
[3]LIZJ ,CAOHY.Model ingandpr edi cti
ngoft i
mes eri
esdat aofI nner
Mongol ianGDPus ingARI MAmodel [J].J our nalofInnerMongol ia
Agr icul
turalUni vers i
ty:Nat uralSc ienc eEdi tion,2 008,2 9(2): 17 3-
175. (inChi nese).
[4]JINS.Theappl i
cat i
onofARI MAmodeli nforec asti
ngofGui zhou’s
GDP[J ].TheSc i
enc eEduc ati
onAr t
icleCol l
ec t
s,2 007(2 9):1 5 4-
155. (inChi nese).
[5]HESY.Appl i
edt imes eriesanal y sis[M].Bei j
ing:Pek ingUni versi
ty
Pres s,2 003.(inChi nes e).
[6]WENMG,YANBS.Theappl icationofARI MAmodeli nHebeiGDP
forec ast[J].Pi oneer i
ngwi thSc ienc e&Tec hnologyMont hly,2 007
(11):1 76-1 7 7.(inChi nes e).
[7]Stat i
sti
c alBur eauofShaanx iPr ov ince,Shaanx iSurveyOr ganiza
Fi
g.5 GDPt i
meser
iesofShaanxiPr
ovi
ncef
rom 1952t

ton,Nat
i i
onalBur eauofSt ati
s t

c sofChi na.Shaanx istatis
ticalyear
2007 bookof2 00 8[M].Bei j
ing:Chi naSt ati
s t
icsPr ess,2 008:5 6-5 6.(in
act
ualval
ueandpr edict
edv al
uef r
om 2002t o2007ar es hown Chi nes e).
onthefol
lowingTable2.TheTabl e2indic
atest hattherel
ati
ve [8]XUEW.SPSS s tati
sti
c alanal ys ismet hodsandappl ications[M].
er
rorofactualval
ueandpr edi
ctedv al
ueiswi thi
nther angeof Beijing:El ec t
ronicI ndus tryPr es s,2 004.(inChi nese).
5%,s otheforecast

ngef f
ectofthi
smodeli srelat
ivel
ygood.It (Topage4
1)

sforec
as t
edt hatt
heGDP ofShaanx iProvinceis647.750,
ZHANG Tong
sheng.ASt
udyEv
aluat

onModelandI
ndexSy
stem ofI
ndus
tri
alRes
our
ceandEner
gyCons
umpt

oni
nSmal
lTowns 41

tudinalc ompar ablebutal someas uret hedegr eeofi mprove [


4]ZHANGJJ.Fuzzyanaly
tic
alhier
arc
hyproc
ess[J].Fuz
zySy
stems
mentordet eri
or i
ati
onofener gyr esourcesandemi ssi
onofdi f
 andMat
hemati
cs,2000(2):8
0-8 8.(i
nChines
e).
ferentindus tr
iesi ndiff
erentr egi ons.

5]CHENG DW.Dev el
opmentpat hons mal lt owni nunder dev eloped
(4)Tot hos epubl i
sheds tati
sti
csnowaday sabouts mall areas———ac as eofGanz houCi tyinJ iangx iPr ovince[J ].As ianAg
townsandc i
tes,manyk
i i
ndsofdat aint heev al
uati
oni ndex ri
cult
uralRes ear ch,2 009,1( 5): 10-1 5.
sys t
em maynotbegai neddi rec t
ly,mos tofwhi chs houldbe [
6]ZHUA,ZHAOQM,YUYH,etal .Anal ys i
sont hef eas i
bil
it
yanden
gainedt hroughpr act
icalresear chors amples urvey.Butt here vir
onment albenef it
soft heappl icationofs ewages our ceheatpump
sultsgainedt hr ought hi
sk indofr esearchar enotc omprehen inGuiyangCi ty[J].J our nalofAnhuiAgr i
cul turalSc iences,2 010,3 8
(5):324-3 2 6.(i nChi nes e).
siveands yst
emat i
cenough,orev ennotr epresentati
ve.Be

7]WANGM.Sus tainabledev elopmentofr ur alec onomybas edonr e
caus ethei ndus tri
aldevelopmentofs malltownsandc i

iesplays sourceendowment ———ac as eofr uralar easofPengz houCi tyin
ani mpor tantroleint henationali ndus t
ri
aldev el
opments yst
em, China[J].As i
anAgr icultur alRes ear ch,2 00 9,1( 3):1-4,1 7.

thi ntst hatint hepubl i
sheds tati
sti
cs,s omer elateddepar t
 [
8]YAOGR,ZHANGZM,CHENNL,etal .St udyont hev eri
fi
c ati
onof
ment ss houldpaymor eat t
ent iont ot hoses t
atis
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