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126


DY

-Ri
char
dHSi
ll
it
oe

Gr
ani
tesandme
talde
pos
its
Granit
icrocks
,spanni
ngabr oa
dr angeofcompos i
ti
ons ap
peartobeproductsoft
wobroa
di ntr
usi
ves
uit
eswi
th
andsil
icaconte
nts,ar
erel
atedgeneti
call
ytoaspe c
trum di
feren
tredoxs
tates
, a
sre
le
f ct
edbya nass
oci
ati
onwi
th
ofpre
cious-,
chalco
phile-
andlit
hophile-
metaldeposit
s. ei
the
rchalco
phileorli
tho
phi
lemetals

Theme talsprese
ntar edic
tat
edb yt hec omposit
ion,

egr
eeo
ffr
act
io
nat
ionan
dre
doxs
tat
eso
fth
eas
soc
i-
at
edi nt
rusi
ons .Thefert
il
eintru
s i
onsandas s
o ci
ate
d I
ntroduct
ion
metalde
po si
tsoc cu
pyman ytect
onicsett
ing
s,b utarc
andback-a
rce nvir
onment
sarethemostimport
ant.Wit
h Gran
iti
crocks( s
e n
sul at
o),incl
udi
nga ss
o c
iat
edpo rp
hyryin t
ru-

呻deP(『Uafin,!stoc
th
ee xcept
ion o fsome rar
e-metalconcent
rat
ionsin si
ons,a
rerel
ate
ds pat
ial
ly,t
empo r
all
yandgeneti
call
ytoma n
yo fthe

ld osrel 洲Sc 派
I'spr
emierme tal
deposit
s.Near
lyal
ltheworld'
sMo, Sr
iandW
hi
ghl
yev
olv
edgr
ani
te
san
dre
lat
edpe
gmat
it
es,t
he s
it
s,ma
nyr
areme
tal(
Ta,Nb,
Li,Be
,Zr
,Ga
,REE)de
pos
it
s,
deposit
sar
efor
me dbyprec
ipi
tati
onfromme tal
-beari
ng )
retha
n6 0%ofCur e
sour
ces
,upto10%o fFe,An,Zn Agand
lu
f idthats
epar
atesduri
ngmagmat i
cc ryst
alli
sat
ion.A a
swe lla
sallormuchofmanyminorme t
als(Bi
,Cd, Te,Re,

n,S c)a
represen
tinandaroun
dlate
-topos t
-t
ect
onicplut
onsand
vari
et
yo fdepo
sitty
pesisrec
o gni
sedwi de
ly.Thepor - s
tocksemplacedmainl
yintheepi
zonale
nv i
ronment,s
ayb et
ween
ph
yryt
ypea
cco
unt
sfora
llo
fthewor
ld'
smol
ybde
num oneandf
iveki
lom e
tresbeneat
htheEart
h'ssurf
ace.

andmuchoft hec oppe


rVe in,skar
nan dcarbonat
e- Furthermo re,concealedgr an
iti
ci n
strusi
ons ,
ma yh avesupplied
me talstoo thero reenv i
ronme nts,includinge pitherma ldepos i
ts
re
pla
cementty
pess uppl
yallthetinandt ung
sten,wi
th associatedwi ths u
ba e
rialvolcanicrocks,volcano ge n
icma ssivesul-
di
sse
minat
edgr e
isensbeingthesourceformuc hall
u- phided e positsgenerate
dona ndimme di
a t
elyb en eat
ht heseafloor
vi
alt
in.Peg
mat i
tesdominat
el i
thi
uma ndtant
alumpro- anddi sse minatedreplaceme nt(Carlin-
type)And epositshostedby

uct
io
n.Lar
gego
ldde
pos
it
s,t
hemai
nfoc
uso
fcur
rent sedime ntaryr ocks(Sawk ins,1990;Si l
li
toe,1 995) .Howev er,these
threede posittypesa r
ebe yondt hescopeo fthisrevi e
w.

xplorati
onact
ivi

y,incl
udeporphyr
y,bre
ccia,sk
arn, Thef irstpartofthisa rt
icleisar evi
e wofme ta
lc oncentr
ation

arbon at
e-r
epl
acementand shee
ted-s
toc
kwo rkvei
n proce ss
e srelate
dt ograniti
ci n
trusions,i
nc l
udingt her oleofma gma

ypes.Gol dde
posit
s,unli
kethoseof othe
rme tal
s, chemi stry,thete c
tonicsetti
ngsofmi nerali
sat
ion,t hep roduct
iono f

吞补认 .

FORTKNOX

RUN
AV勺A
--
-j

二 今M
ACT
UNG 沙
a 、 人

NDA
KOV T
ANC
O田
0ZORTMAN-
LANDUSKY
热 嘿豁鉴H
LE
MA
口0MOKRSKO
VASI
LKOVSKOYE


ERMONTOV,


ORT

Tu
UD

叹 犷肠

IN
GHA
性黔 HENDER S
O N了
PANASQUEI
RA
KAMI
OKA

AND
EL
ARI
A SANTA EULALI

DACHANC 矽S
HI
ZH
UYU
AN
飞愁。 〔
旧UASHAN

Fe v




NO



AI TI
NTAYA 、
SBERG/

GERA

CU 0

AD 令
MARCONA 从S
AN
RA
FA
EL
.)

6S


NG
ZnPb O
丫飞 L
LAL
LAG
笋 STON
CHUOUI
CAMATA 勺

Ag 0
_



CH


AU


A,




IL
LO
CANDELARI
A DDI
W 令
Sn ▲ ELTENI
ENTE
、.
赢 N
CO-

:BR
ONC
E GREENBUSH
Rare 田
met
als
U 曰
Au 0

gureI Loc
Fi ati
onso
fthegr
ani
te-
rel
ate
dme
talde
pos
it
shi
ghl
ight
edi
nthi
sre
vie
w.

December1996
127


ha tSnan dW de posit
sma yb ethep rod
uctsofeitherI-orS- t
ype
granit
essol o
nga sthereisappreciablefra
ctio
na t
ionbypl agi
ocla
s e


cryst
all
isa
tiond uri
ngco nsoli
dationoft herelate
d ma gmas ui
te.
Cu-
Au Ex t
remefracti
o nati
ono feit
herI-o rS-typema gmasun dert
heinlu-

Au CU-
MO Mo enceo fhighv olati
le(F,B,P)c ontentsma yleadtotopa z
-an dLi
祠川】

Au mi ca
-bear
ingg ranit
esa ndgrani
ticpe gma t
it
esthatcontai
nc omme r-
sxoPe

ci
alconcent
rat
ionsoft
her
aremet
als

Alee .
M -

誉一W


---

W-M
o-
--

Sn-
, Theo verallcorrel
a ti
onbe twe enme talra t
iosind epos i
tsa ndt he

、、
me
compo s
ition so fthei
ra ssoc i
a tedg ran
iticro cksp rovidess t
ronge vi

J助u一

t dencet
embod
ha

edi
tt
nt
hema
hel o


ma
g- s

swe
and i


et
gma
hedi
gma
re



c-
ts
hy
ou
dr
rc
ot
eoft
hermal
heme
theor
ta
yo

s ,a
for


Sn-
W for
ma ti
on( e.g.Li n
dg r
e n,1 933 ).Theme t
ald eposit
sc anbeg ene r

门e

ate
dbyno rma lma gma ticpr ocessesa nd,n ote veni nth ecas eofSn
J。

(Lehma n n,1 99 0),i


sa ni nit
ia l
lyme t
al-enriche dme ltrequired .Ne v-
ul

ert
he les
s,l ow- orderme t
ale n ri
chme ntsi nmag ma ticsou r
cer e gions
canno tbee asil
yd iscounteda nda reinvo kedt oe xplainthep re -emi-
nenceo fs omeme tal
loge nicp rovinces,su c
ha stho s
eo fSna ndW i n

ncr
easi
ngf
rac
tion
ati
on southernCh ina( e.
g.Pe ia n
dHon g,1995) .Ac orolla
ryof ama gma t
ic
Fi
gur
e2 Di
agr
ams
ummar
isi
ngt
heco
ntr
olo
fse
lec
tedme
tal sourcef ormet alsistha toref orma t
iondoe sn otno rmallyr esul tby
de
pos
it
s勿t
hed
egr
eeo
ffr
act
ionat
io
nandr
edo
xst
ateo
f lea
c hinga ndr econcentr a
tionofme talsf rom t heh ostr ocksot
genet
ical
lyrel
ate
dgrani
ti
cr o
c ks
.Pri
nci
palandsub
sidi
arymetal graniti
ci ntrusionsbyh eatedg r
ou nd-orf orma t
ionwa t
er.
concent
rati
onsarere
pre
sented妙 lar
geandsmalle
lement Red uc edi ntr
usionsf av ourh yd r
othe r
ma lc oncentrat
ionofSn,
symbols
,respe
cti
vel
y.Modiie
f dfromBle
vinandChappel
l(19
96 )
. whic hisun ablet oe nterthema gma t
ics ulp hidesa ndi lmeni t
et h
at
crystall
isee arl
yi nt heco olinghi stor
yo fs uchma gmac ha mb e
rs
(Is
hiha r
a ,1 981) .
Inc ontrast,ox i
disedma gma sinhibitma gma tics ul

metal-
enri
chedma gma ti
cflui
da ndtheegresso fthi
sf
luidtosi
tesof phi
depr
eci
pit
at
iona
ndt
hec
ons
eque
nts
equ
est
ra
ti
onofc
oppe
ran

metaldeposit
ion.Th esecondpa r
tc o
mpr i
s esas umma r
yofma jor gol
d,wh
icht
her
efor
ere
mai
nava
ila
blef
orp
art
it
ion
ingi
ntohyd
ro-

hermalf
lui
d(Candel
a,1
989)

deposi
ttypesand,fore achpri
nc i
palmetal,theo ut
sta
ndingdepos
it
ty
pe susi
ngwor ld-
classexamplesaredeine
f d(Figur
e1 ).
Te
ctoni
cse
tti
ngs
Magmat
ype
sandcor
res
pondi
ngme
tal

Thema j
ori
tyofgranit
e-r
elat
edme t
aldeposi
tsoc c
upyarcorback-
ar
csett
ings
,alt
houghcoll
isi
onandintr
a-p
lat
es e
tti
ngsar
ea l
sore
pre-
Mos tme talde po si
tsc onsid er
e dh erea rer ela tedt ogr aniticr o ckso f se
nted(Table1;Sawkins,1990).Ext
ensio
nalre g
imes,oratl
east
low-t ohi gh- Kc alc-a l
ka lmeo ralka linec ha racter ,whi c hr ang ef rom di
lat
antsit
esinbroadl
yc ompres
siveset
ti
ngs,favouri
ntr
usi
ona nd
me talumi nou st ope ralumi no usi nc ompo sitiona ndc ov erawi de met
alconcent
rat
ion.
rangeofs i
licac onte nts( dioritetog ranite,s en sus t
ricto) .Thec om- Ma nyintr
usion-
rela
tedFe,Cua ndAude posi
tsar
ef oundin
pos it
ion,d egr eeoff raction at
iona ndr ed oxs ta teofma gma sar et he Cordi
lle
ranori sl
anda rcsge
nerat
eddu r
ingsubducti
onofoc eani

fun dame ntalco ntrolsont heme talc onte ntsofa ssocia t
e dor es( Fig- l
it
ho s
phere.Indee
d,subc r
ust
alcont
ri
buti
ons,incl
udingH20,Cl ,S
ure2;Bl ev ina ndCh a pp ell
,1 9 92) .Fr action ationi nmi n eralised andme t
als,t
othepa r
entalmagmasma yberequir
edforthegenera

gra nit
ics uitesi nvol vedava ri
etyofi gn eousp roc esse s,o fwh ich t
iono fma jo
rde posi
ts.Sever
allar
geAna ndCu -Aud eposit
sin
fractionalc rystall
isations eemst obet hemos ti mp or t
a nt( Le hma nn, west
ernPa
ciici
f sla
ndar
cs(
Tabl
e1)andel
sewher
ewe
ref
ormed
19 93).Thec lassiic
f a ti
onofg ranitesintoe it
he rI -a ndS- typ es, wh ich f
romintr
usion
se mp
lac
edimmedi
atel
yf o
llowin
gcol
li
sio
nevent

relec
f t
st hec ompos it
ionsofs our cer egio ns( e.g.Bl evi na ndCha p- t
hatr
esul
tedinre
ver
sal
sofsu
bduc
tio
np ol
arit
yandpo
ssi
blee
xte
n-
pe ll
,1 992) ,orma g ne t
ite-a ndi lme ni t
e -series,whi c hde scr i
be st he
redo xstatesof ther o ckst he ms el
ve s(I s
hi hara ,1981 ),ma yb eus eda s
aba si
sf org rossme talloge nics ubd ivision.Es sentiallya llS- t
yp e
intrusionsb elon gtot hei lme nite-series,whe rea sI -
typ esi nc lud ebo th (
DEPTH
km)



of
u溉d



ac



ca

ge
ma gn etit
e-a nd,l es sc ommon l
y ,i lme nite-se ri
esr oc k s( Ishiha ra
, 1to 2 一

1981 ).A- t
yp eg ran it
es( Col l
inse ta l.
,1 982 )g e nera t
e dl itho ph il
e- 印c
use
ddi
s佗
护ar
gOA
dmi

tur
eof ,人_
夕 , ,

met almi ne rali
sation, bu tfe wma jorde p os i
ts.

















md











飞c






uv


















r,

靡Li







Li tt
le-fractiona ted1 -t
ype /mag netite-ser iesqua rtzdi o rit
es ,
gra nodioritesa ndqua rtzmo nz onites, aswe lla st heira lka linec oun- 2 to 4

terparts,ma yg iver iset oma jorCu,Moa nd /o rAnd epos i


ts .Th e
Cu/ Mor atioo fde po sit
st ypi cal
lyd ecrea seswi thd eg reeoff raction- , I 、 _ Ji
-,
'4
A r
--"

.-
ation.Th isr eachesa ne xtremei nt heCu- deic
f ient Cl ima x-typepo r

ph
as
ph
me
ti

ve
yr
oc

lt

yMod

ss
yr

yneso


dwi



fa
mt
uc


pos

ka
of

hhi

d1






ts

ou

,h
gh
nepa

yp




rhy
gh


egr
ic
nt
dr


yen
a(



ge(


he
ti

cr

ic
>75wt
Ca
ma

he




di

ene
Auc
ksa
nW ,Sn
.%)me
ta

pp
l.
nc
ea
ta
,1

rt



99
tr
,Ta
mi


nou
3)

obea

..
on
,Nba

Hi
sr

,a


hy
hl



ndFa
ol
yox
hou
cia t


tepo

ghr
di

dwi


nd










3t
o6



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+r









-a






贡臀i



yc











d Upwar
dchannel
ofvol
ati

magmati
e-
cf





ui
ng
ch

somede posittyp es( e .
g.Au- richs kams ;Me ine rt,1 993; Figu re2) .
Th emo ree volv ed,fe ls
ica ndr educ edI -typei nt rus i
on s, exe mp li
ie
f d Figure3 Sc hemati
csect
iontoshowtheacc
umul at
ionand
byt hos eint heLa chla nFo ldBe ltofs outh-e astem Aus traliaa ndt he focus
edr el
eas
eofma gmati
c加 idduringc
ryst
all
isat
ionofgrani
ti

Ca ledon i
a nterrane so fBr i
tain,ten dt obepo orlymi n eralise d. int
rusio
ns .
Notetheupwardadmixtur
ewit
hde e
plyconvect
ing
In co n t
ras t
,f ra cti
on a t
eda nd r elativelyr educ ed S- ty pe o r gr
oundwat
er.
Met
alpr
eci
pi
ta
ti
onf
romt
hema
gma
ti
cf
lui
dis
il
me ni
te -
seriesgr an itesa rea ssocia t
e dtypi ca ll
ywi t
hSn士W ( wo l
- c
onc
ent
rate
dinthemixi
ngzone
spr o
videdb
ythecyl
indr
ica

frami t
e)d epos its.Bl evina ndCha pp ell( 1995 )e mp ha sise, ho we ve r
, c
upo
奴t herea
cti
vel
imest
onehoti
zona ndt
hedil
ata
ntfaul
tzo
ne.

Fni
sodps-VnI
_19 nn 4
128


ivepa
rti
almel
ti
ngo
fth
eox
idi
sedup
perpa
rtsofs
tal

eds
labs
(McI
nnesand Camer
on,1
994)
.Never
thel
ess,a f
ew Feand Cu 邑 SI
DEROPHI
LE

@分T

-O


Au
depos
it
srel
ate
dtogra
n i
tesal
sofo
rmedinin
tra
-pl
at
ee xt
ens
iona
lset



(RH
PROXI
MAL
ti
ngs,
asexempli

fedbyOl y
mpicDam,Sout
hAustra
lia(
Reeveeta
l., (
wit
hin DI
STAL






990)
. (
wit
hin
nea CHALCOPHI
LE wal
l-
Major,
grani
te-
rel
a t
edZn-Pb-Agde p
ositsaretypical
lypresent
⑩、O
grani
te r
ock
s)
whe

nne
rei
rsi

de

ru
so
si
onsc
fCor
utmi
dill
er
o-


na
oc
rc




nalse
dime
Mo1Cude
nta


os
ys


equ
sar
enc
eals

sa
opr



ngt
sen
he
tin

ntrusi
on)

i"' nA

ar
cterr
anes,butt
helargeCu-deici
f entporphyryMo( 士W)de posit
s V LI
THOPHI
LE I

otClimaxtypewe rege ne
ratedinb a
ck-ar
ce nv i
ronme nt
sdur ing
modestextens
ionofcont
inent
alcrust(
Cartenetal..1993). Figure4 Sc hemat i
cr epresentati
onofthetwoprinci
palme t
al
Crust
alcontami
nati
on,deducedfrom suchfeaturesasel
evat
ed zonings equences,si
d er
ophilet ochalco
phil
eandl i
thophil
eto

nit
ial
Srisot
opera
ti
osandinhe
rite
dzircons
,ismoree
viden
tingr
an- chalcophile
,displayed勿 o r
ede posit
sanddist
ric
tsrelat
ed

tesass
ocia
tedwit
hSn,W,U a ndrare
-metaldep
osi
ts,he
ncethei
r genetical
lytogr a
ni t
icintrusi
o ns.ZnandPbar epresentinbot


ssoci
ati
onwi t
hback-
arcc
omp ressi
ve(fol
d-t
hrus
tbel
t)se
tti
ngs
.as sequenc e
s,ase mphas is
eds che mati
call
ybythecross-
overpoi
nt.

nBol
ivi
aandPer
u(Sr
i)andt
heNor
thwes
tTer
rit
ori
es-Yukoni
n 材o diie
f dfromRundq uist(1982).
Canad a(W),orzo n
esofc ont
inent
alcoll
isi
on,a
si ntheHercy ni
an
bel
to fEurope(Sri
,U),southernChina(Sri
,W)andt heDama rabel

ofNa mibi
a( U).I
ntr
a-pl
ateg ra
niti
cniagmati
sm,tr
iggeredbyman t
le ma rginalgr ound wa t
er( Fi gure3;Bur nha m,1 979) .Se quentialp re-
plumea cti
vity
,a sinBr azilandNi ger
ia,isal
soa ssoci
ate
dwi th cipit
a t
iono fme talsgi vesr iset oz oni nga tthede p osita n
ddi st
r i
ct
li
thophil
e-e
lementinine
ralisat
ion. scales( Emmo ns ,1 927 ).Exa mp lesi nclud e:outwa rdi n c
rea s
esi n
Mo/ C_ua ndMo/ Auan du pwa rdd ecrea s
esi nAu/ Cui nma nyAu- rich
porp hyryCud epos it
s( Sill
itoe .1993 );a ndZn -Pb 1Agc on centra-
M et
alconcent
rat
ion ionso
f nt hep eri
ph erieso fCu, Mo ,W a ndSr idepos it
san ddi str
ic t

(Figu r
e4; Run dquist,198 2) .
Gen erall
y,theextr
act
ionofme t
a l
san do t
h e
releme ntsfromi na gma s Stud i
e sofpr i
ma r
yf lui di nclus i
onsi nq uart
za ndas soc iated
takesplacebyme ansofex s
olu t
ionofa na queousfluidpha s
e. Exc ep- mine ralsf r
om g r
ani t
e -
re lat
e dor ede positsrevealt hatmos to ft he
ti
on sareso meoftheraremet als,es
pe ci
allyTaan dLi,whi cha tt
ain me talswe reintrodu ceda sc ompon entsofNa -,K-a ndC -
a -
ri
c hc hlo-
comme rci
alconcentr
ati
onsb ydi r
ectcrystall
isa
tionofmi ne r
a l
sf rom ri
deb ri
nesa ttempe rat
ur esint he5 50 -300' Cr ange, withmo redi lute
highlye volvedme l
ts(Ce rn
y ,1 9
91 ;Po ll
ard,1 995).Thet ra nsport andc oolerf luidsge nera ll
yb eingr espons i
bleo nl yf orl atea nd
effi
c i
encyo fmostinet
alsiscon t
roll
edb yt hechloridecon t
en to fthe periph er
a lmi n er
alisations tages( Roe dde r,1984) .Mi cr
oa nalys i

lui
f dpha s
eb eca
usetheme talsconce r
ne darec omp lexe
dwi thc hlo- revea l
st hattheh yp ersalinel i
qu idco ntainss everalh undredt ot hou-
ri
d ei ons.Thel ikel
ye xceptionsa reW a nd Mo.t ranspor t
e das sandsofp pino ftheo reme t
a l
s( Heinr i
chet al
.,1992; Bo dnar,1 995) .
hydr oxyacidcomplexes.Partit
ionin
go tme tal
s,s ucha sCu,i ntoa Ox yg ena n dH i sotopics tudiesc onfirmt hatthee arl
yf luidswer e
ma gma ti
cfluid(
bothvapour andh ypersalin
el i
qu i
d) i
smos te ffi
c i
ent ma gma t
icallyde ri
v ed,whe rea sthel aterf
lui dsint hes hallowe ra nd
atsha l
lowc r
ust
aldepth
s ,sa
y3 -4km,f r
om we tma gma swi thhi gh mo redi stalpartsofd e positso rd i
strict
ss howe vid
e ncef ormi xingof
Cl
/H20 r
ati
os(
Candel
aandPi
ccol
i,1
995)
. thema gma ti
cc ompo nentwi thu pt o5 0% g roundwa ter(Ta yl
or ,1979) .
Inorderforame ta
lde posi
ttof ormi nora r
oundthea pica
lp art

ofag r
ani
tepl ut
on,met al-b
ea ri
ngfluidmu s
tf
irstunderg
oc oncentr
a-
ti
onintheu pperpartsoft h
ec hambe r,possi
blybyp r
ocessessuc has De
pos
itt
ypes
convect
iveov er
turna nds i
de-wa l
lc rystal
is
f ati
on.Flui
din tr
oduc t
ion
als
oma yr e
s ul
tfromi n
trusi
ono fma icma
f gmai n
tothelowe rp art
s Mo stintrusion-relatedme t
al dep os i
tsge n eratedfromma gma ticfluid
offels
icchamb ers(e.g.Ca r
tene ta].,1 99
3).1hefluidthenmu stbe canbea ssi
gn edt os ixbroadt yp es ,wh i
chma yoc cura loneori nv ar-
channel
ledu pwardse ff
ec t
ivelythrou ghthema gmac ol
umn( Figure i
ousc ombi na t
ions .Thel a
rge stoft he sed eposit
s ,a tt
aini
n gs everal
3).Thisrequir
esp erme abil
ityint hec rys
tall
isi
ngmag mac hamb er, thousandmi ll
iont onnes,a reo ft hep orph yryt yp e,whe r
e ast he
wh
ichi
sfa
vou
redbyhi
ghi
ni
ti
alwa
teran
dot
herv
olat
il
econ
cen
tra
- sma l
lest,n orma llyl esstha nt enmi lli
ont onn es,a rev eins.La r
ge.
ti
ons,l owd e
greesofc ryst
alli
sati
ona ndlowp ress
ures,i
.e.shall
ow skarn,c arbon ate-replaceme nt.gr e isena ndbr ec
c i
a -hoste
dd epos it

depths( Candela,1991 )
.I ntr
usivec on t
acts
,f aul
tsandpe r
meable aretyp i
ca l
lyofi ntermediates izes .
li
thologiesareeff
ecti
vei nfocusingt hea s
centofthema gma t
icf
luid Por phyr ydep os i
ts.con t
ai ningma inlyCu, Moa nd/orAu,a re
beyon dthema gmach amb er(Figu r
e3) . centredoncy l
ind ri
c a
lp orphyrys toc ks,from l essth an1 00mt os ev-
So r
ti
eoftheme ltandf lui
da r
ev entedfrom theparentmagma era]kilome tresi ndi ameter-t h ec u po l
aso nth etop sofgr aniti
cpl u-
chambe r
sthroughcup olas.whic hinp or
phyrys yst
emsc ommon ly tons( Figure5) .Thes tocksar emul ti
-ph asei nc ha ract
er,wi tht he
havet heformofs t
eepc yli
n der
st hata r
etall
er(>2k m)thantheyare highe s
tg radeor ebe i
nghos te db ye arly,co mmon lyt hee arl
iest,por-
wi
de.Ma
gmac
hambe
rswi
thv
olume
sass
mal
las1
5km3a
ree
sti
- phyryi ntrusionsa nd.ins omed ep os i
ts,a ls
obyt h ewa l
lrocks. Less
Ma t
edt ol i
be rat
es uffi
cientma gma ticfluidt oge nerat
emo d erat
e- well-mi neralis
e dpo r
phyr i
esi ntrud edu ri
ng ,anda te
f rthema ina lt
e r

si
sedp orphy ryCude posi
tsint h ei
rc up ola
s( Cline,1995) ,al
th ough atio
nan dr netali ntro
du cti
one ve nts( Figur e5; Gus taf
sona ndHun t

ini
tia
lma gmavo l
ume ssome2 0-time sgr eat
era rebe li
e vedt ob e 1975 ,Ca
- rt
ene tA,1 988;Si ll
itoe ,1 993) .Mu choft heme talinpo r

requi
redt og enerat
eaSr idep os i
t( Leh mann,1 990).Ma jorme ta
l phyry de pos i
tsoc cursi nmul ti-
di rectiona ls t
oc kwor ks ulph ide1
deposit
sa refa v
ou redbyth efoc useda scentofflu i
dt hr
ougho neo ra quartzve i
nl et
st hata ccompa nyK- si
licatea l
teration,typi ie
f dby
fewc upolas( Fi
gu re3).Que nchingo fma gmai nt hesecupo lasgives post-ma gma ti
cbi otit
ea ndK- f
e l
ds pa r.Se rici
ticalterati
on, dein
f edby
ri
setot hed evelopme ntofthech ar
ac t
eristi
cpo rphyryt e
xtu r
e( BUrn- qu a
rtz,se r
icitea ndp yrite,
c ommo nl yov erpr i
n t
sa llorpa r
tsof ’K-sil

hain,197 9).Rel easeofme cha nicale nergydu ringes cape01 'lui
f d icat
ez onesa nd,i nma nyc ases .gi vesr is
et opa rtialorc ompl e t

generatesfracturenetworks,inc l
udin ghy drotherma lbre
cci as
, which r
emovalofmet
als.
provi
des i
tesforme t
aldepo s
ition( Bu rnham,1 979 ). Skar nde positsdevelopbyc onver
sionma i
nlyofca r
bonate
Met alde pos i
ti
on,inthefor mo fs ulphides(Cu. Mo, Pb, Zn, Ag, r
ockstome tal-
bearingc a
lci
co rma gnesi
ans il
ic
ateassemblages
Bi,Sb ),oxides( F
e,Sr i
,W) ,flu orcarbonate( REE)orn a ti
veme tal al
ongsi
deorn eargranit
icint
rusi
ons.Thei n
trus
ionsmayh ostpor-

An)
,isc
aus
edbyde
sta
bil
is
ati
onoft
hei
raqu
eou
s,mos
tco
mmonl
y phyr
yde posi
ts( Fi
gur e5)orb elar
gelyu nminera
lis
ed(Figure7)
ch
lori
decompl
exe
s.Des
tabi
li
sati
oni
sind
uce
dbyc ooli
ng,r
eac
tion Earl
yprogradesili
cateasse
mblages,
p r
inc
ipall
yg ar
netan
dpyr oxene
wit
hrockinorar
oundthecupolaa
nd,i
npart
icul
ar,mixi
ngwi t
h i
nc a
lci
cs ys
tems ,ar
en ormall
ydeic
f ienti
nme tal
s,where
aslaterr
e t

December1996
129

Hydr
other
mal and6).Ma jo
rv ei
nse xt
endforuptosevera
lkilometr
esalongstri
ke

砒才 巍 姗
Ser

cit
ic br
ecci
a andak i
lome t
redowndi p.Veinsmaya c
comp anytheotherdeposi

Car
bonat
e-r
epl
acement
I deposi t t
ype s
,bu tma nylargeon esoccu
ralone.Histori
cal
ly,high-g
rade
veindeposit
swe r
et hema i
nsourceofme t
als
,s u
chasCui nnort
h-


Zn
Vei
ns
_._


二/(
or


-P


Ag

pnyr
yuu-mo /


rnChi
mport


ea
nc

dSr
ei
sd i

mi
inCor
ni s
he

wa
d.

l,Engl
and,buttodaytheireconomic

a.epos,
Iwi

h I/
乍s
il

caI
e 口/

Cu

ner
at

on J护 一尸吃二
Pr
inc
ipl
eme
talde
pos
its

Iron


.弓

skal



ltr
usi
on-r
elat
edFede posi
tsaredwa rf
edb ythoseformedsyn-



们 们 51 心





sn



Pl

s-


au



Ad

e-


ou


it g
eneti
cal
lyinPrec
ambr i
anb andedironformati
ons.Thelarg
est
t ‘


ntr
usi
on-r
elat
edde
posits
,consi
stin
gma inl
yofma gnet
it
e,mayb e
、夕


Sil
ici
clast
ic a
ssi
gnedt otwo,possi
blyt r
ansit
ion
alc a
tegori
es:conve
nti
onal
Granodi
ori
te hostrocks
丰 s
karns
,suchasMarco
nai nPe r
u,andigneousroc
k-host
edbodi
es,

orphyr

了 s
uchasKi
ro
un

dst
runavaar
heo r

ai
gi
nSweden(
nofthela
Ta

te
bl
e1)
rca
.Muchdi

egory,
scus
alt

ho
ionsur
ug ht

hebala
n c
eofe vi-

dCDCes eemst ofavourma gnet
it
ei nt
roductionb yr epl
ac e
me nt
+ \!
了 产1

200
ra
the rt hanma gmati
cs egregat
ion( Hit
zma ne tal,1992 ).Th e





es i
gne ousr ock-host
edFede posit
stypi
call
yc ontainacti
nol
ite,wit
ho r


上十


withou tpyroxene,garneta
nds capol
ite,
anda rea c
comp a
niedbyK-

nter
-mi
ner
al
200
si
licatea l
tera
tion.Albit
isa
tionisade e
p, p
re-orea l
ter
ati
onins ome
gr
anodi
ori

epor
phyr
y di
stricts(Hitzma netal.
,1992 )
,asitisinthep orphyrycopperand

rei
sene
nvi
ron
ment
s(e
.g.
Fig
ure6)

Fi
gu r
e5 Sc hemati
csecti
ontoshowspatialint
er-
rela
tionshi
ps Th ei gneou srock-host
ed Fede posit
sma yc onti
nuet hei

be
tweenporphyr
yCu, s
ka r
n,car
bonate-
replacement,brecc
iaand hydrothermale volut
ionand,givena dequateSa vai
labil
it
y,undergo
ve
indeposi
tsinandaroundaporphyr
yc upolaaboveag ranit
ic parag
e neti
callylateaddi
tionsofCua ndAu( e.g.Candelar
ia,Chil
e)
pl
uton.Al
lthedepos
itt
ypesdonotneces
sar i
lyoccurinas i
ngle ande ve ntransformati
onofma gn eti
te-beari
ngK- s
ili
cat
ea ssem-

yst
em. bla
gest oha e
ma t
it
e-dominatedscr
ic i

isa t
ion.In
de e
d, t
hehaematit
e-
ri
chCu- U-Au -Agbr ecci
ade positatOl ympicDa m( Ta bl
e1 )is

o gr
a des ta
gesi nt
roducemos toftheme tal
si nc o n
junctio
nwi t
h commo nl
yc ons i
deredasa nend-memb erofthisgranit
e-r
elate
dFe
hydrousa ssemblagescontai
nings u
chmi ne
ralsa sacti
no l
it
e,biot
ite, oxide
-Cu -Aucl a
n( Hit
zma netal.,1992; Willi
amse tal.
,1995).
mu s
c ovit
e,c hl
or i
te,tal
c,qu art
za ndc ar
bona tes(Einaudie ta l.

1981).Al lmetal
sc oncent
rate
dbyma gmati
cfluida refoundins k
arn Coppe

deposits.
Ska m deposit
sarelocali
sedbycombi nati
onsoff avourable

ithologiesandf aul
ts,andtheref
orecommo nlya res t
rat
abound,bu t Int
rusi
on-r
ela
tedcopperdeposi
tsaredominat
edbyt hoseofpo r

part
iallyvein-andf r
act
ure-contr
oll
ed. phyrytype
,thela
rgestbei
ngtheCu- (
Mo)d epos
itsa
tElTe ni
ente
Ca rbona t
e- r
eplacementde posi
tsar
ege neratedwh er
ec ar
bon- andChu qu
icamat
ainCh il
e(Table1).
Th ela
tt
erowesitspr
e -
erm-
at
er ocksb e
yondt heskamf ro
nt i
ntera
ctwit
hdi lute
dmag mati
cfluid, nencetothegenera
tionofsuperge
neo xi
dis
edan denri
che
dor es
du
rin
gmi
d-Te
rt
ia
rywe
ath
eri
ng.
Anot
here
xtr
eme
lyl
arg
epo
rph
yry

heho stli
mes t
oneorma rbl
ebe ingrepl
aceddi rec
tlybys emi-ma s-

ivet
omas
si
ves
ulph
ide
s.Ti
n(F
igu
re6
)andZn
-Pb-
Ag(
Figu
re5)

rec
ommo
nlyh
ost
edi
nca
rbon
ate
-re
pla
ceme
ntde
pos
its
,whi
chma
y 产、
occural
oneorasdi
stalext
ensi
onst
oskar
nbodi
es(
Einaudietal
., Vei
ns 习


981).Int
erc
onnect
edstrat
aboundma nt
oa n
ds t
eepchimneyconf
ig-

rat
ionstypi
fyca r
bonate-
replac
ementdeposi
ts.Sourceint
rusi
ons
夯、
过、
Carbonate-
rep
lacemen


ommo nlydono toc curwi t
hin500im ofcarbon
ate-r
epl
acement deposit(
cassi

erit
e+
sul
phi
des


eposit
s,alt
houg
hp or
phyrydy kescommon l
yoc cupycontr
oll
ing

aul
ts. Met
a-s
edi
men
tar

__S'hostr
ocks
Gr eisende pos i
tscontainSri
, W(aswol f
ramite)ands ome t
ime s
Mo,BiorBe ,a ccomp aniedb ypa r
ageneti
call
ylateb aseme tals,as
diss
emi nat
e dmi ne r
ali
sationinp e
rvasiv
elya l
ter
edc upolasandt he i
r G 玫: ;
}'
- Dol
omi
te

conti
guo uswa ll
ro cks(Figure6).Thereiscommonl yac loserelation
吮叩ma
ti
ti
c塑 呈_
toqu a
rtz-domina tedshee t
edo rstockworkv ei
ns yst
ems( Figu r
e6) . Sk
arndepos
it




oc

ce

汾 (
cassi
tente+
Gr e
isena l
tera
tioni scompo sedofquart
za ndwhi temi c
a,a ccomp a- magnet

te)
niedbyt opa z,f
lu orit
ea nd/ortourma l
ine.Greis
en sdisplaytra nsi
- 毛 十
ti
onstopor phy r
y, skarna ndc a
rbonate-
repla
ceme ntdeposits
. 十
+ 十
Br eccia de positsc ommo nlyc omp ri
seve rti
call
ye xtensive 十 +

// +
pipesthatde velope it
herwi thing r
anit
icintr
usionsori no verlying . _ r
-,
,。};
#} + 、 200
+ ura + 丫 \ 一了
/ 十 + \ I
wal
lrocks.M os
toft
heor
emi
ner
alsei
thercementt
hebr
ecci
acl
ast
s / , + 1
/ + + ‘ 1
orimpregnatebrecciama tri
cescomp osedofc omminutedr ockma t

er
ial.Ma r
ginalpart
so fbrecci
apipes ,
abutt
ingz one
sofs heetedfrac- + + ‘ .
』二日
tu
res,arefavouredsitesfororeconc e
ntrat
ion.Copper-beari
ngb rec- 200 0
ci
aso ccurwi t
hina nda roundp orphyryCud epos
its(Figure5 )o r
al
one,b utbr
ec ci
asalsoma ycontai
non eo rmor eottheothe rma g- Fi
gur
e6 Sc hemati
csecti
ontoshowspati
alint
er-
relati
orshi
ps
mati
callyconcen t
rat
edme ta
ls(Sil
li
toe,1985). be
twe
engrei
sen
,skarn,car
bonate-
repl
acement,s
tockworkandvei

Ve i
nsa renorma ll
yc ontr
olle
dbys t
eept omod erat
elyd ipping de
pos
it
sinaSn-dominat
edsystemcent
redonagr anit
iccopol
a.Al

fa
ultsthatcutg ra
niti
ci ntr
usionsan d
/ortheirwa l
lr
ocks( Figu r
es5 de
pos
itt
ype
sdon otnece
ssari
lyocc
urin“s i
nglesys
tem.

Epi
sodes,Vol
.19,no.4
Cu-(Mo) deposi
t,RioBl anco-Lo sBroncesinChi le,i
sdo minatedby andGe ji
u,Yunnanprovin
c e,China;Renis
onBellinTa smania,
Au s-
ah ydrot
hermalbre cci
ac omp l
extha tdest
ro yedmu c ho fthep fe- tra
lia)
,formedinassoci
ationwi t
he i
therS-orI-t
yp eperal
ummous
exi
stingsto
ckworkmi neral
isati
on(Ta bl
eI ;Se rr
anoe tal.
,1996) . granit
es(Tabl
eI )
.Ne v
ertheles
s,thewor l
d'sl
argestSrideposi
twas
Th eonlyot
he rg rani
te-rela
tedCude pos i
tthatapproachesthe thestockworkandve i
ns yst
em ins ubvol
cani
cS- typeq ua
rtzlat
it

st
atureoftheporphyr ycoppe rsisth
ebr eccia-host
edOl ympi cDa m porphyrya tLlal
lag
ua,Bol i
via( Si
ll
it
oee ta l
.,1 975),whichi s
deposit(
TableI;Re eveetal.,1990).SeveralCus karns,not
ablyTi n- exploi
tedcurr
entl
yononl yas mallscal
eb yalocalmi n
ingc o-
oper-
tay
ai nPeruandEr tsberginI ndonesi
a,arei mpo r
tanteconomi cal
ly, at
ive.

alt
houghtheyarea nor de
rofma gnit
udesmal lerthanthelargestpor-
phyryCude posi
ts. Raremet
als

Mol
ybde
num Rareme tal
s(1Sri
)a r
epr esentinma gma t
icmi ne
ralsformeda spart
ofthecryst
all
is
ati
ons equence,rat
herthana shydr
ot he
rma li
ntr
odu c-
Mo r
ethanhal
fthewor l
d'sMoi ssuppli
eda saby-p
ro duc
tf r
omp or- ti
ons,insomee xt
reme lyfract
ionat
edt opaz-andLimi c
a-beanngI -
phyr
yCuor es,main
lyinthewe st
ernAme ricas
.Mos toftheremain- andS- typ
ea l
bit
eg ranite
sa ndg r
an i
ticpe gmati
tes.GiantPrecarn-
dercome sfr
om p orphyry Mo d eposi
ts,ma i
nlyt he Henders
o n bri
anpe g
ma t
it
esa tGr eenbushes,We s
ternAus tral
iaandTan ko,
deposi
tinColora
do.USA.ho st
edb yhigh-sil

carhy ol
it
ep orphyry Ma nit
oba,Canadaa c
co untformu choft heworld'sLisupplya nda
andthelower-
gradeEn dakodepositinBr i
ti
shColu mbia,Canada. lar
ges har
eofTapr oduc t
ion(TableI;Pol l
ard,1995).
host
edb yqua
rtzmonzonite(Tabl
e1 ).
Ur
ani
um
Zi
ncand l
ead
Vein -
typeU deposi
ts,notabl
ythos
eo ftheAue-Obers
chlemadi s

Thelarge s
tint
rusi
on-rel
atedZn-Pb-(Ag)d eposit
sareeit
hercalci
c tr
ict,Germany(IableI )
,arewid
espr
eadinandaroundfra
c t
ionat
ed
skar
ns,likeKamiok a
,Japan,orcar
bonate-
replacementmanto-c
him-
granit
e s
.Howe v
er.t
he yarecommonlyforme
dl o
nga terma
f gmati

neydep osit
sli
keS antaEulali
a,Me xi
co(Ta bleI).Inbothdeposit lui
f de xsol
uti
onceased(TableI)beca
useofthehighhydrot
he r
mal
typ
es,orei sfo
rme ddist
all
ywi t
hrespectt
of e l
si
cI -
typ
eintrus
ions,
mo
bil
it
yofU6
1ine
venl
ow-
te
mpe
rat
ureg
roun
dwa
ter(
Lehman
n,
commonl yi nass
oc i
ati
onwi t
hdy kes,andsh owsp rox
imalenrich
- 1
993)
mentinCu.Nev ert
heles
s,suchdeposit
sareov ers
hadowedbys edi-
mentar
y- exhal
ati
ve(sedex)Zn-Pb-(Ag)depos i
tsunrel
ate
dt oma g
- Theon l
yi naJori nt
rusi
on-
rela
tedU d ep ositinproduc t
ioni s
m ati
sm .
Rossing,Na mibi a,whi chcompris
esfine
-graine ddiss
emi nati
onsof
mainlyu r
an i
nitei nS- t
ypepegmati
ti
calaskit
e( Table1).Th ealas
kite

stho ughtt
obet hepr oductofan
atecti
cmeltingofg neiss
icb as
eme nt
Si
lver
roc
ks( Berni
ng,1 986).Ne v
ert
heless
.theby- productpitchble
nde
Mos tofthewo rld'
sAgs upplyisderiveda saby -productfrom cont
en toft heOl y
mpi cDa m Cud eposit(Ta bleI )ma kesitt he
epi
thermalAua nds edexZn -Pbde p
os i
ts
.La rgeg ranit
e-r
elated world'slar
ge stUr esource

deposi
tsexploi
tedprin
cipal
lyforAga rerar
e,a ndonlyCa ndelari
a,
Neva d
a,USAi sinin
edc urr
ent
ly(Tabl
eI )Ca ndela
riaisabu l
k-lon- G ol

naged is
seminat
edan ds t
ockworkde p
os i
th ost
edbys edimentary
roc
ksl ocat
edd i
stal
lywi t
hr e
specttoa ninferr
edpl ut
ona tde pth Mos toft hepremieri n
trusion-r
ela
tedAnd eposit
sa reofpo rph yry

Thomsonetal
.,1
995)
. type(Silli
toe,1991),andi ncludeAu- onl
ye xampl eslik
eRe fug i
o,
Thesuper
geneo xi
dise
da nden ri
chedz onesofvein-
typeAg Chilebesidesthosecontainingminor(Ca d
iaHi l
l,NewSo uthWa le
s,
de
pos i
ts
,manyinIi
inest
one-
bearingvolcan
o-sediment
aryse
q ue
nces Au st
ral
ia;Bod dingt
on,We ster
nAus tr
alia)aswel lasma jor(Gr as-
al
ongsided
iori

eorg ranodi
orit
eintr
usions,wereexpl
oit
edinChile berg,Indonesia)amo untsofex pl
oit
ableCu( Ta bl
e1 ).AtBod di ng-
dur
ingthel
astcenl
ui
ry}t
helargestwasCha harc
ill
o(TableI
). ton,ana uri
ferousla
te r
it
e ,devel
opedb yPh aneroz
oicwe atheringof
theporphy r
y-typemi ner
a li
sati
on,i
smi nedcu r
rentl
y( Symon se tal.


990)

几ngs
ten
Ina ddition, t
h er
ea res i
ngl ema jore xampl es( Ta ble1 )ofac a r

Drama t
icfall
sinthewo r
ldpriceofW inthe1 980sresult
e dinc l
o- bona t
e -
repla ceme ntAnde p ositatTel f
e r,Wes t
ernAus tralia(Goe ll

sureofmos toft
hewe st
ernwor l
d'sW mines.Th elar
g es
ta ndhigh- nichte tal.,1 989) ,as e dime nt-hos t
eds toc k
wo rkAud epos it
,ove r

estgradedeposi
tsarewolfr
amite-
domma te
d,gr ei
sen-borderedvein printedb yhi gh-gr ade,f ault-control l
ede pitherma lAnmi n e
rali
sa-
systemsands ch
eeli
te-
beari
ngc al
cicska
rns(Ta bl
eI ).Thep r
emier ti
on.a tPo rge ra,Pa p
uaNe w Gu ine a( Ric hardsa ndKe rr
ich,1 993)
Ws kar
n( andasso
ciat
edgr ei
sen)depos
itisSliizh
Lly
ua ninHu nan andas heeted- veinAnd epos itatVa sil
kov skoye, Ka zakhs t
a n.
pr
ovi
nce,Chi
na(
Maoetal
.,1
995)
.Mor
ethan75% oft
hewor
ld'
s Th ep orph yryde po si
ts,a l
on gwi thTel ferandPor gera,area l

minedW c ome sf r
omn umerousg r
eis
en-bor
deredve i
ndeposit
s, rel
a t
edt ooxi disedI -typei ntrus i
on sofe itherc ale-alkalineora l
ka-
not
ab l
y Xil
ma s
ha n,a s
sociat
ed with S-t
ype grani
tesinJ i
angxi lin
ea finity( Ta bleI ).Ot h eri mp ortant,bu tsmal lerb ulk-tonnage,
pro
vince,China(Wua ndMc i.1982).Nevert
hel
ess,theext
ensi
ve, intrusion-related Au d epos its,l ike t hebr ecc i
a- hosted Ki dston
sha
llowlydippi
nggi vi
senv einsyst
em atPa nasqueir
a,Port
ugal depo si
ti nQu eensland .Au st
ralia,as soc iatedwi thMo- mi nerali
sed
(Ta
bl eI)
,andtheLe rni
on t
ovs k
arnanda s
soci
atedgreis
endeposi
ts
rhyolitepo rp hyry,a ndt heF-a ndTe -be ari
ngs t
o ckwo rkZor tman-
int
heRu ssi
anFa rEastareals
oc ur
rentpr
oducers

La ndusk yde p osit
, Mon tana,USA,i ns ye nit
ep orp hyry, ma ya ls
ob e
assignedt ot hes ameox idi
se dI-typec ateg ory.
Ti
n Inma rkedc ont rast,theVa s i
lkov skoy eAnd ep osit(Ta bleI )
,along
Si
ncet he' cras
h'oft heSnp ric
ei n1 986,onl yhigh-gradeSn withot hers he et
edqu artzv einan ds tockwor kde po sits
,c haracteri
sed
de
pos i
ts,besidesd e
ep l
ywe ath
erede ll
uvial
,alluvi
ala nd ma rine by K- s
ilicatea nds e ri
citica l
teration,atMok rskoi nt heCz ech
pl
acerd eposi
ts,ha vebe enc omme rc
iall
yv ia
ble.Large,low- grade Re public,For tKnoxi nAl aska ,USA a ndOma iinGu ya nas eemt o
gr
eis
e na nds tockwor kd eposit
sha vel a
rgelyc eas
edp rodu ct
ion. beas soc i
atedwi ths ome wha tmor er edu ced,1 -t
yp e,ca l
c -
alk a
in
f eto
al

hou ghwea theringofs uchma t
eria
lga veris
et oama j
ora llu
vial alkali
nei ntrus i
ons( e.g.Thomps one tal .
,1 995;Cr 6p eaue tal.
an
ds aprolit
eSn- (Ia -Nb)d eposi
ta tPiin
f gai nBr azi
l( Tab l
eI ; 1 9
96) .Asa na ppa rentc ons equ enc e,thes ed epos itsco ntainW ( as

cheel
it
e).Bi
,Asand/
orSbr
athert
hanCu,Znand/
orPh.Moder

Horbeeta l
.,1991 ).
Cu rrentl
y.th ei naJordeposit
sa reofv eintype( SanRa fael
. a
tel
yre
duc
edI
-t
ypei
ntr
usi
onsa
rea
lsor
ela
tedt
oAn(
-As
-Bi
-Te

Per
u)a ndc ar
b o
na te-
rep la
ceme n
ttype( Dachang,Guangxip rovince s
kar
ns,suchasFor
tit
udei
nNevada,USA (
Memer
t,1
993)

December1996
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