UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 2 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

2.1 EXPONENT
2.1.1 Definition

If b is any real number and n is a positive integer, then the nth power of b is

The number b is called the base and the n is the exponent

Indices are the plural of index.

From basic algebra, we know that multiplication is actually shortcuts to “repeated addition”.
The expression 3 . 4 means 3 + 3 + 3 + 3.

Indices involving integers is actually shortcut to “repeated multiplication”.

Example :

a. The expression 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 can be written as 2 .

b. 5 means 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5
c.
−3
−3
−3 can be written as
−3
   
d.  means  .  . 

1.1.2 Type of Indices and Power

POSITIVE INDEX

 =  .  .  …  where  ≠ 0,  is positive integer.

times

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Example:

i. 4 ii. 3

4 = 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 256 3 = 3 × 3 = 9

iii.
−2 iv. 2

−2 =
−2 ×
−2 ×
−2 = −8 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32

v.
0.5

0.5 =
0.5 ×
0.5 = 0.25

NEGATIVE INDEX


 =  where  ≠ 0,  is a negative integer.


This can also be arranged and expressed in the form   = where  ≠ 0,  is a positive integer.


Example: Evaluate

   
i. 8 = ! ii. 4 = " = ××× = 

     
iii. 6 = # = × = iv.
−2 =
$ =
×
×
 = − !

ZERO INDEX

Any base with zero indexes is equal to 1

Example: Evaluate

5% = 1  %
' = 1
i.
ii.

iii.
−9% = 1 iv. (√4* = 1
$ %

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FRACTIONAL INDEX / RADICAL INDEX

A base with fractional index is interpreted as follows:-

+
1.  = √ where  ≠ 0,  is positive integer.
, -
2.  = ( √ * = √- where  ≠ 0,  and . are positive integers.

Example: Evaluate
$
9# = ( √9* = 3 = 27
0.125$ = √0.125 = 012511000 = 5110 = 0.5
# + $
i. $
ii.

+ #
8$ = √8 = 2
$
! $     
iii.   = # = # = # #
= " =
 
iv.

2
 $ $ 2
4 0+#35   #3
3
+#3

+

−323 = 6
−32 = −2
3
v.

Note:
In an expression such as 7 , care must be taken to ensure the correct use of the index.

The expression 7  means  . 7 . 7, so that the index 2 only applies to 7.

Brackets can significantly change the meaning of an expression.

For example,
7 means
7.
7 that is  7  . Clearly
7 is not the same as 7 .

The following examples emphasize the importance of the position of brackets in an expression.

Example: Evaluate

i. – 9  = −
9 . 9 but ii.
−89% = 1 but

−9 =
−9
−9 = 9  −89 % = −8
9 %  = −8
1 = −8
∴ −9  ≠
−9 ∴
−89% ≠ −89 %

iii. 49 = 4 . 9 . 9 . 9 but −3 = − # = − ;

 

49 =
49
49
49 = 649
iv. but
 

−3 = =
∴ 49 ≠
49
 # ;
∴ −3 
≠
−3

v.
−2% = 1 but −2% = −
2%  = −1
∴
−2% ≠ −2%

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2.1.3 Law of Exponents

RULE DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT RULE:
To multiply two powers of the same number,
- .  = -< where ≠0
add the exponents.

QUOTIENT RULE:
To divide two powers of the same number,
,
- ÷  = = - where ≠0
subtract the exponents.


POWER RULE:
To raise a power to a new power, multiply

-  = - where ≠0
the exponents.

7- = - . 7 - where  ≠ 0 and
7≠0
To raise a product to a power, raise each
factor to the power.

  
>  = > To raise a quotient to a power, raise both
numerator and denominator to the power.

−n n
n To raise a fraction to a negative power, invert
a b b
  =  = n the fraction and change the sign of the
b a a exponent.

n
To move a number raised to a power from
 a−n   bm  numerator to denominator or from
 −m  =  n  denominator to numerator, change the sign
b   a 
of the exponent.

Note:

- 7  ? = -? 7? where  ≠ 0 and 7 ≠ 0

, ?
>  = = -? . 7 A
 ,@
> @

Example: Evaluate

i. 2 × 2 ÷ 2

Solution:
2 × 2 ÷ 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 = # = 
 

$
ii. 9#

Solution:

9 = (√9* = 3 = 27
#

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MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY
2.2 LOGARITHMS
2.2.1 Definition

Let a be a positive number with a ≠ 1. The logarithmic func/on with base a, denoted by loga is
defined by

When we use the definition of logarithms to switch back and forth between the logarithmic form
logax = y and the exponential form ay = x, it’s helpful to notice that, in both form, the base is the
same:

Logarithmic form Exponential form

Examples:

a. 5 = 125 ⇔ CDE 125 = 3 c. 0.2 = 0.0016 ⇔ CDE%. 0.0016 = 4

 
5 = ⇔ CDE = −2
$

b. CDE; 27 =  ⇔ 9# = 27 d.
 

2.2.2 Type of Logarithms

COMMON LOGARITHMS

The logarithm with base 10 is called common logarithm and is denoted by omitting the base:

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

The logarithm with base e is called the natural logarithm and is denoted by ln:

The natural logarithmic function y = ln x is the inverse function of the exponential function x = ey .

By the definition of inverse function we have y = lnx ⇔ x = ey

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PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

1. In any base, the logarithm of 1 equals 0.

∴ CDE 1 = 0 FGHIJKG % = 1

Example: 14% = 13 ⇔ CDE 1 = 0

L % = 1 ⇔ C1 = 0

2. The logarithm of any number to the same base equals 1.

∴ CDE  = 1 FGHIJKG  = 

Example: 0.5 = 0.5 ⇔ CDE%. 0.5 = 1

L  = L ⇔ CL = 1

3. The logarithm of an exponential expression with base  and exponent 9 to the base 
equals 9.

∴ CDE  M = 9 FGHIJKG M = M

Example: CDE 9 = CDE N OP Q DCN OP 9 = N

L M = L M ⇔ CL M = 9

4. logax is the power to which a must be raised to get x

∴  RSTUM = 9 FGHIJKG CDE 9 = CDE 9

Example: C9 = C9 ⇔ L RM = 9

Note:

1. The properties are true for all positive bases.

2. CDE% can be written as CE and is referred to as the common logarithm.

3. Natural logarithms are logarithms with base L = CDEV . The logarithmic notation of natural
logarithm is C 9.

Example:

1. Rewrite in equivalent exponent form:-

a. CDE 64 = 3 b. CDE 32 = 5

Solution: Solution:
CDE 64 = 3
∴ 4 = 6

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CDE%%% 100 =
 d. CDEV 1 = 0

c.

Solution:
Solution:


CDE 8 = CDE 2 =
 
e. f.

Solution: Solution:

2. Rewrite in equivalent logarithmic form:-

a. 125 = 5 b. 9 = 27$
#

Solution:
125 = 5
Solution:

∴ CDE 125 = 3

c. 1 = 5% d. W = 7M

Solution: Solution:

+
4 = 64$
0.01 = 7 
f.
e.
Solution:
Solution:

3. Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator:-

a. CDE% 1 = 0 b. CDEV L

Solution: Solution:

CDE% 1 = 0

Because CDE 1 = 0

c. CDE 4 d. CDE' 49

Solution: Solution:

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MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY
e. 0.01 = 7  f. 4 = 64$
+

Solution: Solution:

4. Find 9, N or 7 without using a calculator:-

a. CDE 9 = 4 b. CDE! 9 = 0

Solution: Solution:
CDE 9 = 4
3 = 9
∴ 9 = 81

c. CDE' 49 = N d. CDE+ 9 = N
$

Solution:
Solution:

e. CDE> 6 = 3 f. CDE> 1000 = 

Solution: Solution:

2.2.3 Law of Logarithms

Let a be a positive number, with a ≠ 1. Let A > 0, B > 0, and C be any real numbers.

1. The logarithm of a product of numbers is the sum of the logarithms of the numbers.

CDE
YZ = CDE
Y + CDE
Z

2. The logarithm of a quotient of numbers is the difference of the logarithms of the numbers.

[
CDE   = CDE
Y − CDE
Z
\

3. The logarithm of a power of a number is the exponent times the logarithms of the number.

CDE Z ] = ^ CDE Z

CDE> 9
4. Base Conversion

CDE 9 =
CDE> 

CDE 9 
CDE 9 = CDE9 =
9  RST_ 

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Examples:-

1. Evaluate with the use of a calculator:-

a. CDE(
30
5* = log 30 + log 5 = 1.4771213 + 0.69897 = 2.1760913

b. C

6
8  = C 6 + C 8 = 1.791759 + 2.079442 = 3.871201

%
CDE = log 30 − log 6 = 1.477121 − 0.778151 = 0.698970

c.

d. CDE
4 = 3 log 4 = 3
0.6020599 ≈ 8.3177662

e. C
4  = 2 C
4  = 2 C
64 = 2
4.158883 ≈ 8.3177662

2. Find the value without the use of a calculator:-

a. CDE(
10
100
1000* = CDE10 + CDE100 + CDE1000
= CDE10 + CDE10 + CDE10
= 1+2+3 = 6

%%%
b. CDE 
%%
% = CDE1000 −
CDE100 + CDE10
= CDE1000 − CDE100 − CDE10
= CDE10 − CDE10 − CDE10
=3−2−1
=0

3. Show how to calculate the value without using calculator.

a. CDE% 100 = 2 b. CDE 81 = 4


c. CDE  = −1 d. CDE 1 = 0

4. Solve for 9:-

a. CDE% 100 = 9 b. CDE 8 = 9

c. CDE 3 = 9 d. CDE 6 = 9

e. 2CDE> 7 = 9 f. CDE; 3 = 9

5. Find the value without using calculator:-

a. CDE 3 × CDE 4 × CDE 8 b. CDE 5 × CDE 4 × CDE 2

c. CDE 3 × CDE 16 × CDE 4 d. CDE 243

e. CDE 9 f. CDE 25

 
(%$ *
#
h. 2CDE 2 −  CDE 9 + CDE 12
g. CDE d e
%%"

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6. Write in simpler logarithmic forms:-
fM
a. CDE> = CDE> i9 − CDE> Nj
gh
= CDE> i + CDE> 9 −
CDE> N + CDE> j
= CDE> i + CDE> 9 − CDE> N − CDE> j

+

b. CDE
9N" = CDE
9N

=


CDE 9 + CDE N


7. Evaluate to five decimal places using a calculator:-

a. CDE(
4
7* b. CDE
3 

+ 
(" *#
c. CDE
2  d. CDE k l
#

e. CDE(
3 
4 *
f. CDE6 − CDE3

8. Find 9:-

a. CDE 9 = 3 b. CDE 9 = −2

c. CDE 9 = −
 d. CDEM 32 = 5

  
e. CDEM = − CDEM = −2
 
f.

9. Write in terms of CDE 9, CDE N and CDE j:-

Mg #
a. CDE
9 N   b. CDE 0 h$

M
c. CDE m
Mg
n d. CDE +
√M # h gh #

e. CDE 9 j − CDE N f. CDE 9  N + 2CDE 9

10. Evaluate:-

a. CDE 32 − CDE 4 + CDE 8

 
b. CDE10 +  CDE10 000 + CDE %%


c. CDE! 45 −  CDE! 81 + 7CDE! 2 − CDE! 10

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2.3 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMS EQUATION
2.3.1 Definition of Exponential and Logarithms function

To solve an exponents equation, take the CDE of both sides, solve for the variable.

Note:

1. This method is used when an exponent of equation cannot be solved using the technique of
comparing the bases.

2. We can use any base, but usually base 10 or base L are used because most calculators only
have those bases.

2.3.2 Graph of Exponential and Logarithms function

EXPONENTIAL GRAPHS

The function y = ex is always positive. There is simply no value of x that will cause the value of ex to
be negative. It means that the entire graph of the function y = ex is located in quadrants I and II.

Graph the function y = ex never crosses the x-axis because there is no value of x that will cause the
value of y in the formula y = ex to equal 0.

The graph crosses the y-axis at 1 because the value of x is always zero on the y-axis.

Substitute 0 for x in the equation y = ex .

Therefore; at x = 0 y = e0 = 1
This translates to the point (0, 1).

As the value of x increases, the value y also increases. This means that the function is an increasing
function. As x gets larger and larger, the function value of y is increasing more and more
dramatically. This is why the function is called an exponential function.

The inverse of an exponential function is a logarithmic function and the inverse of a logarithmic
function is an exponential function.

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LOGARITHMIC GRAPHS

The graph of the function y = ln x is located entirely in quadrants I and IV and never touches the y-
axis.

The value of x in the equation y = ln x is always positive.

y = ln x can be rewritten as the exponential function x = ey. There is no value of y that can cause the
value of x to be negative or zero.

The graph of y = ln x will never cross the y-axis because x can never equal 0. The graph will always
cross the x-axis at 1.

As x increases, the f(x) also increases. This means that the function is an increasing function.

Notice on the graph that the increase in the value of the function is most dramatic between 0 and 1.
After x = 1, as x gets larger and larger, the increasing function values begin to slow down (the
increase get smaller and smaller as x gets larger and larger).

Notice on the graph that the function values are positive for x's that are greater than 1 and negative
for x's less than 1.

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2.3.3 Solving Exponential and Logarithms equation

EXPONENTIAL EQUATION

An exponential equation is one in which the variable occurs in the exponent. For example,

1. Find the value of o in the equation 7p< = 7 p

Solution:
7p< = 7 p
∴ 5o + 1 = 3o − 3
5o − 3o = −3 − 1
2o = −4
4
o=−
2
o = −2

2. Find the value of 9 in the equation 16M = 8

Solution:

16M = 8

2 M = 2
2M = 2
∴ 49 = 3
3
9=
4

3. Find the value of 16M . 4M = 64

Solution:

16M . 4M = 64

2 M
.
2 M = 2!
2M . 2M = 2!
∴ 2M<M = 2!
2 M = 2!
∴ 69 − 2 = 8
69 = 8 + 2
69 = 10
10
9=
6
5
∴ 9=
3

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Find the value of . in the equation 3- − 9- = 0
# <
4.

Solution:

3- − 9- = 0
# <

3- < =
3 -
#

3- < = 3-
#

∴ . + 3 = 4.
. − 4. + 3 = 0

. − 3
. − 1 = 0
∴ . = 3 Dq . = 1

Cross method:
. −3 − 3.

. −1 + −.
. 3 − 4.

5. Solve x for 3x = 8

The variable x presents a difficulty because it is in the exponent. To deal with this difficulty
we take the logarithm of each side and then use the Laws of Logarithms to bring down x
from the exponent.

Solution:

ln3x = ln8 Take ln of each side

xln3 = ln8 Law of Log (bring down the exponent)
ln8
x= Solve for x
ln3
2.07944
≈ ≈ 1.89279 Use a calculator
1.0986

6. Solve the exponential equation

8L M = 20

Solution:
8e2x = 20
20
e2x = Divide by 8
8
2x
lne = ln2.5 Take ln of each side
2xlne = ln2.5 Properties of Log
ln2.5
x= ≈ 0.458 Use a calculator
2

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7. Find 9 so that:-


3CDE 2 + CDE 25 − CDE 20 = CDE 9

a.
+
CDE 2 + CDE 25# − CDE 20 = CDE 9
CDE 8 + CDE 5 − CDE 20 = CDE 9
8×5
CDE r s = CDE 9
20
40
CDE = CDE 9
20
∴ CDE 2 = CDE 9
∴ 9=2

b. C 
49 + 7 = 2 C 7
C 
49 + 7 = C 7
∴ 49 + 7 = 49
49 = 49 − 7
49 = 42
42 21
9= =
4 2

8. Solve the equation e2x – ex – 6 = 0

e2x − ex − 6 = 0
2
(e )x
− ex − 6 = 0 Law of exponent

(e x
)(
− 3 ex + 2 = 0 ) Factor (a quadratic in ex )
ex − 3 = 0 or ex + 2 = 0 Zero − Product property
x x
e =3 e = −2
x = ln3 ⇒ no solution because ex > 0 for all x

LOGARITHMIC EQUATION

A logarithmic equation is one in which a logarithm of the variable occurs. For example,

log2 (x+2) = 5

To solve for x we write the equation in exponential form.

x + 2 = 25 Expoential form
x = 32 − 2
 Solve for x
x = 30 

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Example:

1. Solve each of the following equation for x.

a. ln x = 8

lnx = 8
x = e8 Exponential form
8
Therefore, x = e ≈ 2981
Another way to solve this problem is as follows :
lnx = 8
elnx = e8 Raise e to each side
8
x =e Property of log

b. log2 (25 – x) =3

The first step is to rewrite the equation in exponential form.

log2 ( 25 − x ) = 3
25 − x = 23 Exponential form (or raise 2 to each side)
25 − x = 8
x = 25 − 8 = 17

2. Solve the equation 4+3log(2x) = 16

4 + 3log ( 2x ) = 16
3log ( 2x ) = 12 Substract 4
log ( 2x ) = 4 Divide by 3
2x = 104 Exponential form (or raise 10 to each side)
x = 5000 Divide by 2

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EXERCISE / ASSIGNMENT:

EXPONENT/INDICES

1. Evaluate the following:-

7 = 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 = 
0.064$ =
+
−  =
a.
2401
h. p.
+
 
=
; #
− 

= q.  

0.2 =
i.
b.

$

c. 10 =
j. − = r.
0.09# =
k.
0.0032% = $

0.125 =  #
d. ; =
54000% =
s.
l.
e. −0.03 = "
m. −3.5% = t.
0.001$ =
f. 29  =
 %
$
−  = 16" =
  
u.
=
n.
− 

g.
+
−0.04# =
+
o. −81" = v.

a3b2c4 1
2. Simplify −2
and evaluate when a =3, b = and c =2.
abc 8

1 3
3. Evaluate 4a2bc3 – 2ac when a =2, b= and c = .
2 2

4. Simplify

a.
x2 y3 + xy2
xy b.
(x y )(
2
x3 y )  3 1 −1  1
 a b 2 c 2  ( ab ) 3
1
c.  
( 5 3 2
x y ) 3
a bc

LOGARITHMS

1. Express each of the following on terms of log a and log b.

a. log (ab) 1  a

d. log  2  f. log  
a   b
a
b. log    1 
b e. log a b ( ) g. log  4 
 ab 
c. log a
h. log ( 6
a2b )
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2. Express each of the following as a single logarithm.

a. log 3 + log 4 d. 3 log 2 + 2 log 5 – log 20

b. log 15 – log 3 1 1
e. log 80 − log 5
2 2
c. log 2 + log 3 + log 5

3. Given that log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771 and log 5 = 0.6990. Without using calculator,
evaluate the following logarithmic functions.

a. log 6 c. log 30  75 
f. log  
 4 
 5 d. log 45
b. log  
3
e. log 144

4. Evaluate:


3CDE 2 + CDE 25 − CDE 20 = CDE 9

a.


b. 3CDE 4 − CDE 8 + CDE 5 − CDE 20

c. CDE 4 × CDE 8 × CDE! 16 × CDE 9

5. Given CDE 3 = 1.585

CDE 5 = 2.332

Without using calculator, evaluate:

a. CDE 60 = b. CDE 0.3 =

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMS EQUATION

1. Solve the following equations:-

 
a. CDE 9 = CDE 8 +  CDE 9 − CDE 6


b. C 9 = 3C2 +  C25 − C20

c. CDEM 2 + CDEM
9 − 1 = 0

d. CDE
9 + 6 − CDE
9 − 3 = 1

e. CDE 9 + CDE
9 − 4 = CDE 21

f. CDE
9 + 2 + CDE 9 = CDE 24

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2. Solve for 9 :

a. 4M = 5 b. L M = 10

c. 3 M = 8 d. 4< = 

t+

e. 5M< − 10 = 1 f. 3M = 5M

#

g. 2M 3M = 9M h. 64
8 M  = 1

i. 27RST$ M = 4 j. CDEM 4 = 3 − CDEM 2

k. 3CDEM 2 = 2 − CDEM 18 l. 5CDEM 3 + 3CDEM 2 − CDEM 324 = 3

m. 10 CDE
59 = 30 n. 2 CDE3 + CDE29 − CDE
39 + 1 = 0

o. 2 − CDE
29 − 1 = 2 CDE 5 − CDE
9 + 2

p. C 2 + C
9 + 3 = C
39 − 1

3. Solve the following equations for x.

1 3 1 1
−
a. x2 = 3 d. x 2 = 64 g. x 4 = 125x 2

1 3 1
81 −1
b. 7x 2 +2 = 0 e. 5x 4 + 40 = 0 h. 2x 3 = x
8
2 2
−
c. x3 = 9 f. x 3 = 81

4. Solve the following equations for x.

2 1 1
a. x3 − x3 −2 = 0 c. x − 10x 2 + 24 = 0

1 1 2 1
b. x2 − 5x 4 +6 =0 d. 2x 3 − 5x 3 = 12

5. Solve the following equations for x.

a. 27x = 9 c. 5x = 252x −5
3x + 5
1
x 1− x d. 8 × 2x =  
b. 8 =4 4

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6. Solve the following equations for x, giving your answers correct to 3 decimal places where
necessary.

a. 2x = 5 c. 9 x = 28 e. 2x −1 = 3x + 3

b. 3x = 7 d. 12x = 5 f. 32x −1 = 5x

7. Solve the following equations for x, giving your answers correct to 3 decimal places where
necessary.

a. 22 x − 5 × 2 x + 4 = 0 b. 32 x − 30 × 3x + 81 = 0

c. 42 x − 5 × 4 x + 6 = 0 d. 3 × 52 x − 14 × 5x + 8 = 0

8. Solve for x :

a. log3(3x) + log3(x - 2) = 2 b. 2 log(2x+1)(2x + 4) - log(2x+1)4 = 2

c. 2x+4 = 16 d. 2x+4 = 16

e. 32x = 12 f. 6·74-x = 54

g. 4x(2x-2) = 128 4
h. log8 x + log8(7x - 9) =
3

i. 2 log3 x + log3(2x - 1) - log3 x = 1 j. log-x(x 2 - 9x - 9) = 3

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