FRM 72 LECTURE NOTES

I.INTRODUCTION

Conventionally, extension has been regarded as a means of passing down to farmers

techniques which was believed to be beneficial to them without taking into account sufficiently
the particular social or environmental conditions of the area. In particular, too often, the indigenous
skills, social structure and detailed local knowledge of the people have been ignored in trying to
transfer new skills or techniques to them. Fortunately, extension is now being regarded as a much
wider task of integrating indigenous and new skills or techniques, derived from study or research,
into an overall framework of discussion and co-operation between the people and the extension
organisation (FAO 1987). Extension work will continue to be the job of forestry employees, and
an increase in both their quantity and quality is needed.
Meaning of Forestry Extension
It is an organized program of information, education & service designed to promote favorable
attitudes to, and practices geared toward forest conservation. It is used to cover any situation in
which local people are directly and willingly involved in forestry activities from which they will
derive some recognizable benefit within a reasonable period of time.

It is a process of spreading forest consciousness among the public through different channels of
communication.

-formally recognized by the Republic Act No. 3523.

Methods of Executing Forestry Extension

By information, it means the dissemination of forestry concepts, research results, technology

advances through various channels of communication.
By education, it refers to formal & informal trainings such as workshops, seminars, conferences,
demonstrations & other similar undertakings.
By service, means the technical and material assistance like seeds & seedling dispersal, forestry
consultant services, technical assistance.

Definition of Terms:
Agroforestry - a sustainable land management system that increases the total yield of the land,
combines the production of crops (including tree crops) & forest plants and/or animals
simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land, and applies management practices that
are compatible with the cultural practices of the local population.
Audio-visual Media - include movies, television,
Awareness stage – stage of learning the answers of what to know
Campaign – a series of actions planned to achieve a specific behavior by a specific group of
people
Certificate of stewardship – refers to the document issued by the government pursuant to the
stewardship agreement.
Comics – the most preferred and effective print media in increasing knowledge changing attitudes
and influencing behavior of the people.
Community Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMAs) are agreements between the
DENR & the participating POs. It has a duration of 25 yrs renewal for another 25 yrs, shall provide
tenurial security & incentives to develop, utilize & manage specific portions of forest lands
pursuant to approved CRMF.
Community Resource Management Framework - is a strategic plan of the community on how
to manage & benefit from the forest resources on a sustainable basis. It describes the
community’s long term vision, aspiration, commitments & strategies for the protection,
rehabilitation, development & utilization of forest resources.
Community-Based Forest Management Program (CBFMP) is any forest development program
which adopts the Community-Based Forest Management Strategy. It bears the following
principles: social equity, sustainability & community participation in forest management &
biodiversity conservation.
Evaluation – a formal review which attempts to quantify the success of a campaign.
Evaluation & decision stage – stage when the audience decides whether to accept or reject the
newly learned idea.
Externally sponsored forest management – forest management practices which have been set
up by outsiders. The norms and values in respect to both forest practices which have been set up
by outsiders. The norms and values in respect to both forest resources as well as proper
management organizations are in such cases often based on a different frame or reference from
that of the community norms and values.
Community - is a social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share
gov’t, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage (World
Encyclopedia).
- a social, religious, occupational, or other group sharing common characteristics or
interests and perceived or perceiving itself as
distinct in some respect from the larger society within which it exists.
-
Extension agent - somebody employed by a state government to provide information to the
public about agriculture, health, or home economics (Microsoft Encarta 2009). And in the
case of Forestry, information about forest conservation and
Extension service - the process by which technology and innovation are transferred to an
identified clientele with the ultimate objective of improving their living conditions
(World Encyclopedia).
Field day – a day/s in which an area containing successful upland farming practices is open to all
people to visit.
Field trip – a group approach of communication which gives the farmer the change to see how a
recommended farm practice performs under conditions similar to their own.

Forest community – refers to forest occupants who are members of indigenous socio-cultural
grouping.
Forest conservation – the ethical use of forest resources in the interest of human beings now
living and those in the future for their survival.
- the wise utilization of forest resources including renewal, protection, development,
harvesting, processing & maintenance of ecological balance.
Forestry extension
Group communication – an approach used in communication designed to influence groups rather
than individuals.
Group contact – the method used in extension in which the extension agents have a contact with
a specific group of extension targets.
Group discussion – an interplay of talk and personalities of twelve of fewer people with an agreed
aim of exchanging ideas, making decisions or planning actions on selected topics.
Implementation stage – stage where the audience finally act, do or test the ideals, knowledge &
practices learned.
Incipient upland farming – the type of shifting cultivation in which the cultivators often have a
little prior knowledge of upland farming techniques and move into the upland as squatter or
resettler.
Indigenous forest management – forest management practices which originate from within a
community; these practices are generated by internal initiatives within a local community on
the basis of the prevailing norms and values on forest resources.
Individual Contact – one-on-one contact with target clientele.
Informal Contacts – unstructured/unplanned meetings with target clientele. It might take place
in the market, streets, and local celebration.
Integrated area project – a large tract of public forest land settled by forest occupants which is
designated as such for reasons of diverse community needs with the end in view of providing
social and other necessary services in an interagency basis.
Integrated social forestry program – a program designed to maximize land productivity and
enhance ecological stability and to improve the socio-economic conditions of forest
occupants and communities.
Interest stage – stage where audience develops the likeness to learn
Kaingin making – the shifting cultivation practices on land normally not suited to permanent crop
production.
Landlord kainginero – a person who owned a wide tract of land in the public forest land actually
tenanted to upland farmers or tillers.
Lecture – verbal presentation of an organized body of information
Mass communication – an approach used in communication designed to increase the information
seeking behavior of farmers which include radio, newspapers, magazine, television, film,
etc.
Mass contact – the method used in extension which is primarily employed in a situation in which
extension agents wish to communicate with the general public.
Maximization – a conservation measure which aims to avoid waste and increase the quantity and
quality of production from forest resources.
Method demonstration – the method of showing step by step procedure by acquiring knowledge
or skill which is usually accompanied with explanation.
Model Farmer – Farmer whose personal attitudes and farm practices are superior that his
operation can serve as model for others to follow.
Monitoring – continuing informal assessment of how the campaign is running.
Multiple crop farming – the system of upland farming in which two or more crops best suited to
the land are combined.
Next of kin – refers to the legitimate spouse, children, parents, brothers or sisters of a forest
occupant who has entered into stewardship agreement.
Pamphlet – a type of publication which usually deals with a specific subject matter.
Personal contact – the method used in extension in which the extension agents have an individual
contact with the extension targets.
Physical Technology – land use practice employed like agroforestry, silviculture, etc.
Primitive tribe – a group of endemic tribe living primitively as distinct portion of the people form
a common ancestor.
Print media - include bulletins, leaflets, pamphlets, circulars, news stories, feature articles.
Program participant – a forest occupant or community association which has entered into a
stewardship agreement and actively involved in the ISFP.
Project area – refers to a public forest land which is utilized by a specific, proximate, groupings
of program participants or prospective program participants.
Restoration – the most familiar conservation measure designed to correct past willful and
inadvertent abuses that have impaired the productivity of the resources base.
Result demonstration – the method of showing to the rural people that a new practice is applicable
locally and performs better than the old practice.
Reutilization – a conservation measure which aims to reuse waste materials after it has been
cleaned and reclassified.
Role Playing – a simulation in which a single and open-ended story/scenario is described and
participants are given roles to act our situation.
Seminar – a group approach of communication which aims to increase knowledge about
something and consequently influence farmers to adopt it.
Social Technology – refers to the various strategies of mobilizing people and communities to
participate actively in social forestry activities, like educational campaigns and community
organization
Stewardship agreement - a contract entered into by and between an individual forest occupant
and the government allowing the farmer the right to peaceful occupation and possession over
a designated area.
Substitution – a conservation measure which aims to use a common resource instead of a rare one
when it serves the same end.
Traditional forest management – forest management practices based on norms and objective
from the past.
Tree farm – any small forest land or land purposely planted with tree crops.
Upland farmer - a farmer who engages in a diversified cropping system in order to survive under
a very unfavorable natural resource endowments.