Lab Report: 1st

Name Fizzah-Rauf Masham Naveed

Huma-Ajmal Masood Imtiaz
Jamal Ahmed

Registration No. 0041, 0056, 0061, 0065, 0066

Section TP-6

Corse code TP-3032

Title Dyeing

Department BS Textile Engineering

Date of March-7,2022
submission
Submitted to Dr. Kashif

National Textile University FSD

Task # Task Description

Comparison of different methods of dyeing

Exhaust method
 Jigger (open & closed)
1  pot
Continuous method
 Steam
 Thermal
ABSTRACT:
We conducted this experiment to dye a cotton fabric with reactive dye and compare the
various dyeing techniques, so as to declare that which one of them is better. We used pot,
jigger, pad steam, and pad thermosol, for this. The experiment was carried out using the
exhaust pot method by our group. Various recipe solutions were created based on the
approach. Fabric samples were examined after dyeing for appearance and hand feel. In
addition, the results of dying of all other groups were compared, observed and discussed.

INTRODUCTION:
The given sample was dyed with a reactive dye. Reactive dyes are a class of highly coloured
organic substances that attach themselves to their substrates via a chemical reaction. They
usually forms a covalent bond between the dye molecule and the fibre molecule. They are
primarily used for tinting textiles. As a result, the dyestuff becomes a part of the fibre and is
far less likely to be washed away than dyestuffs that adhere through adsorption. The creation
of covalent bonds with the substrate to be coloured is the most significant characteristic of
reactive dyes.
Methods of Dyeing:
1. Exhaust Method (Pot Dyeing, Jigger)
2. Continuous Method (Pad Steam, pad thermasol)
EXHAUST METHOD:
In this method, In the same piece of equipment, the dye is gradually transferred from a dye
bath to the textile material. The different ways of batch dyeing are determined by the type of
dyeing machine utilized. Jigger dyeing machines, winch dyeing machines, and jet dyeing
machines are examples of common batch dyeing machinery.
The principle of batch dyeing is the migration of dye molecules from the dye solution into the
piece of fabric. This is done until the fabric reaches full exhaustion, all within the same batch.
The time taken as well as the depth of colour achieved in the batch dyeing process is
dependent upon the different control factors of the process. These influencing factors are
typically the temperature of the dye liquor, the specific liquor ratio and the method of
agitation used.
CONTINUOUS METHOD:
Pad dyeing is nowadays known as continuous dyeing. The fabric is passed through large pad
rollers which squeeze the dye onto the fabric. The material passed through the liquor and
squeeze rollers would be expected to absorb 50% to 100% of their weight in the dye liquor.
The lower the percentage pick-up, the higher must be the concentration of dye liquor. Pad
dyeing is usually done in a continuous dyeing range (CDR) and is useful for dyeing large
yardage of fabric.

RECIPE OF REACTIVE DYE:

Dye = 2% shade depth (on weight of fabric)
Wetting Agent = 1g/l
Sequesting agent = 1g/l
NaCl = 20g/l
Na2CO3 = 6g/l
Surfactant = 1g/l
pH = 10.2-10.8
Liquor ratio = 1:50

PROCEDURE:
First of all we weighed our fabric.
Then, we made stock solution of our dye so as to perform our experiment with accurate
quantity.
We made stock solution of 1% shade dye depth, by adding 1g of dye in 100ml of water.
Then added some of the ml`s that are calculated into the pot having 170ml of water.
We added the wetting and sequesting agents into it.
We started dyeing at 300C then slowly increased temperature, because the dye uptake is very
high at the biggening so it doesn’t needs any auxiliary for uptake.
We added salt in 5-6 different portions for even dyeing with increasing temperature.
When temperature reaches to 600C we added alkali to maintain pH, as our shade depth is 2%
we have used sodium carbonate.
Then the pot was left for 40 minutes with little stiring, so as to avoid the rushing of dye
uptake at a single point.
Then we did soaping of fabric for 20-30 minutes to wash out the surface dye, this will
increase the washing fastness of fabric.
Then the fabric was rinsed so to remove the soap and dried out in oven.
After the drying of fabric, we observed the fabric and declared its results.

CALCULATIONS:
Weight of fabric = 3.71g
Liquor Ratio = 1 : 50
= 3.71 : 185.5
Water = 173ml
Dye = 2% shade depth (on weight of fabric)
= (2/100) * 3.71
 = 0.0742g

For stock solution:

1g of dye in 100ml of water
0.0742g of dye = 0.0742*100 = 7.42ml
Wetting Agent = 1g/l = (1/1000) * 185.5 = 0.185g
Sequesting agent = 1g/l = 0.185g
NaCl = 20g/l = (20/1000)*185.5 = 3.71g
Na2CO3 = 6g/l = 1.113g

OBSERVATIONS:
It was observed that
1. Hand feel: Not soft as before, a little bit harsher
2. Dye shade: Brighter

COMPARISON:

Group No. Dyeing Method Shade Hand Feel

Group 1 Exhaust (Pot) Medium Tone Harsher

Group 2 Continuous (Pad Dark Yellow Harsh
Thermosol)
Group 3 Exhaust (Jigger) Light Yellow Tone Harsher

Group 4 Exhaust (Pot) Medium Yellow Tone Harsh

Group 5 Continuous (Pad Darker Harsh
Thermosol)
Group 6 Exhaust (Pot) Medium Yellow Tone Harsh

Group 7 Exhaust (Jigger) Lighter Tone Harsher

Now, we will compare the recipes of each method

Exhaust (POT) Exhaust (JIGGAR) Continuous Continuous
(STEAM) (THERMAL)
Salt has been used Salt has been used Don’t use salt Don’t use salt
Alkali is added when Alkali is added during Alkali is added Alkali is added just
temp reaches to 60 solution making just before the before the application
application
Urea is not used Urea is not used Urea is not used Urea is added (50g/l)
Temperature = 1020C 1500C
60-700C
Time = 45 min 2-3 minutes 2-3minutes 2-3minutes
DISCUSSION:
From above tables we observed that the resultant substrate has better dye uptake and shade
depth in continuous as compare to exhaust. Thus, for a quick response continuous is better
than exhaust as it acquires less time and less dye solution as one solution will dye a lot of
fabric with good fixation while in exhaust each pot acquires some amount of dye and will dye
the specified grams of fabric thus wasting more recipe per weight of fabric, but in continuous
machines itself cost is high and its maintenance is tough, with that the acquired time is less
increasing the productivity of the industrialist. Now as we can see both methods has its pros
and cons and can’t be preferred one on another

CONCLUSION:
It has been concluded that both methods has its pros and cons. For large amount of fabric we
can go for continuous as it increases productivity in minimum time, while if our fabric to be
dyes is less in amount we can go for exhaust (pot) dyeing, it will be economical as it wont
cost the major electricity and machine maintenance. According to our class results jigger
dyeing is not acceptable in any case as its sample is dyed very light while using major
amount od chamicals.