Exam 3 Cell Bio Notes (CH.

14-19)

Lecture 22: Energy Generation in the Mitochondria

Fermentation
Pyruvate -> lactate =/= ATP
Glucose + 2 ADP + P -> lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O

Glycolysis (glucose -> 2 pyruvate) > fermentation (anaerobic 2 ATPs) OR CR (aerobic ~30 ATPs from
oxidation)

+ mitochondria in places that use energy the most (muscles)

Mitochondria can form tubular networks in cytoplasm

Mitochondria Structure
Mitochondrial matrix has:
- Enzymes for oxidation of pyruvate and the TCA cycle
- Mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, & enzymes for gene expression
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane has:
- Enzymes for oxidation rxns in ETC
- ATP synthase
- Transport proteins for passage of metabolites into and out of the matrix
Outer Membrane has:
- Large channel forming protein = porin
- Permeable to molecules < 5000 Da
Inner Membrane Space
- Similar to cell cytoplasm b/c permeability of outer membrane
Energy Generating Machinery
- In inner membrane
- Energy or ETC used to pump protons across membrane
- Proton gradient harnessed by ATP synthase to make ATP
- Transfer of e- through oxidation/reduction rxns generate proton gradient
- Mitochondria capture energy released by oxidation of NADH to create ATP

Redox
- Eo + = e- acceptor
- Eo - = e- donor

Transfer of e- from NADH to O2 to form H2O is favorable

Intermembrane space +++++++++++
Matrix - - - - - - - - - - H+ move from intermembrane to matrix
- E- transport drives pump that pumps protons across membrane
- Proton gradient is harnessed by ATP synthase to make ATP
Can make >100 ATP per second and hydrolyze ATP
Glycolysis step 10 = phosphorylation
Products
Glycolysis = 2 NADH, 2 ATP
Pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA (two per glucose) = 2 NADH (mito matrix)
Complete acetyl CoA oxidation (2 per glucose) = 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP

Electrochemical gradient drives other active transport processes in mitochondrion

- Human mitochondrion have 16,569 nt pairs & 37 genes

- Chloroplast has 120,000 nt pairs & 120 genes
- Makes RNA and proteins as well

Lecture 23: Energy generation in the chloroplasts

Plastids
Proplastids – immature plastids -> etioplastids – chloroplasts arrested in development
Chloroplasts – photosynthetic, chlorophyll and starch containing
Leucoplasts – non-photosynthetic, colorless plastids, storage
Amyloplasts – storage plastids, mostly starch
Chromoplasts – colored plastids, starch & other pigments

Protein transport between chloroplasts via stromules

Structure: stroma (cytoplasm), thylakoid membrane, grana, thylakoid space in grana

In the stroma
- Carbon fixation cycle
- DNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, enzymes
- As in mitochondria, most chloroplast proteins encoded by nucleus (require targeting amino acid
sequence)

Thylakoid Membrane
- 3rd membrane structure
- Energy generating systems of the chloroplast (light-capturing systems, ETC, ATP synthase)

Thylakoid Space
- Protons pumped into it from stroma
- Grana - stacks of thylakoid membranes

Divide by fission like mitochondria and bacteria (CIRCULAR genome)

Photosynthesis
Energy capturing (light) & sugar manufacturing (dark)
Light + (H2O) -> photosynthetic e- transfer rxns in thylakoid membrane -> ATP + NADPH (O2) + (CO2) ->
carbon fixation rxns in stroma -> sugars, amino acids, & fatty acids

Cartenoids & Chlorophyll – pigments in photosystems that absorb energy of light photons @ 400 – 500
nm & 600 – 700 nm (hydrophobic tail)
Photosystems have:
- Antenna complex – captures energy from light in form of high energy e-
- Rxn center – transfers high energy e- to ETC

Chlorophyll and carotene molecules in light harvesting complexes (LHC) are arranged for efficient energy
transfer towards the rxn center (RC)

Generation of high energy e- in photosynthesis

- Excitation of e- in RC chlorophyll by light
- Excited chlorophyll molecule w/ high energy e- -> e- transfer -> chlorophyll oxidized, acceptor
reduced -> e- transfer -> charge separation (e- donor oxidized)
- E- from water -> donation of high energy e- to ETC

Light Reactions
from PSII > cytochrome complex > PSI > ferredoxin NADP reductase > ATP synthase