EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS

1. What is entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is the type of self-employment where one is running
a business to satisfy the needs of people and looking for ways to make
the business better to make profits.

2. What are the qualities of an entrepreneur?

 They are confident.
 They believe in themselves and their abilities.
 They keep trying new ideas in their business.
 They are patient.
 They are creative and think differently about business ideas.
 They take responsibility for their actions.
 They take decisions after thinking about them.
 They work hard.
 They do not give up when they face a difficulty.

3. When do we say a person is wage employed?

Wage employed people are people who work for a person or an
organization and get paid for that work.

4. What is self employment?

Self-employed people are those who start businesses to satisfy the
needs of people.

5. Who is an entrepreneur?
A selfemployed person who is always trying to make his/her business
better by taking risks and trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.
6. How does entrepreneurship help in growing the locality and the
society?
Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market. The market has people
who buy products and services and people who sell them also. When
people are buying and selling from each other, it is helpful for everyone
because everyone involved makes money. This is how entrepreneurs help
in growing the area and society they live in by creating jobs.

7. How do entrepreneurs help the society?

Fulfil Customer Needs
Demand means a product or service that people want. Entrepreneurs
find out what people want. Then, they use their creativity to come up
with a business idea that will meet that demand.
Use Local Materials
Entrepreneurs use the material and people available around them, to
make products at low cost.
Help Society
Entrepreneurs have a positive relationship with society. They make
profits through activities that benefit society. Some entrepreneurs work
towards saving the environment, some give money to build schools
 and hospitals. This way, the people and area around them becomes
better. These are the roles that entrepreneurs do in a society.

8. How do you think entrepreneurs affect the society they live in?
Create Jobs
With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more people to help
them. They buy more material, and from more people. The also hire more
people to work for them. In this way, more people have jobs.
Sharing of Wealth
Wealth means having enough money to live a comfortable life. As
entrepreneurs grow their business, the people
working for them and in related businesses also grow. Hey have more
money to live a better quality life. Lower Price of Products As more
entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price of the product goes down
9. What are the functions of an entrepreneur?
 Making decisions
 Managing the business
 Dividing income
 Taking risks
 Creating a new idea, product or method

10. What is a myth or misconception?

A myth, or a misconception, is a false belief or opinion about something

11. Explain the misconceptions about entrepreneurship

The misconception is that every business idea needs to be unique or
special.
The misconception we have is that a person needs a lot of money to
start a business.
A misconception we have is that only a person having a big business is
an entrepreneur.
A misconception we have is that entrepreneurs are born, not made.

12. What is a career?

A career is a line of work that a person takes for life.

13. What are the two ways in which a person can earn a living?
Self-employment and wage employment.

14. Discuss the career process of an entrepreneur

The career process of an entrepreneur is made up of three stages,
namely, enter , survive and grow.

When an entrepreneur is starting, they are just entering the market to

do business. In the survival stage, there are many entrepreneurs in the
market. The entrepreneur has to remain in a competitive market. Once
 the business is stable, an entrepreneur thinks about expanding his or
her business. This is the growth stage.

Green skills

1. Explain how our lives are dependent on our environment

Those who live in cities get their food supply from surrounding villages
and in turn, are dependent on forests, grasslands, rivers, seashores,
for resources, such as water, fuel wood, fodder, etc. We use natural
resources for food. Everything around us forms our environment and
our lives depend on the natural world around us

2. Discuss the effect of economic development on the environment

With economic development, there has been an increase in

environmental pollution. With the introduction of high input agriculture,
we can grow more food by using fertilisers, pesticides and hybrid crops.
But it has led to soil and environmental degradation. We need to plan
the use of resources in a sustainable manner so that we and our future
generations can enjoy the good environment

3. What is Sustainable Development?

Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of
the present without compromising the capacity of future generations,
guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the
environment and social well-being

4. Give example of a sustainable process

sustainable agriculture consists of environment friendly methods of
farming that allow the production of agricultural crops or livestock
without damage to human or natural systems. It also involves
preventing the use of chemicals so as to avoid adverse effects to soil,
water and biodiversity

5. What are the major problems in sustainable development?

Three major problems related to sustainable development are: (a)
Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow crops, such as
wheat, rice, etc., is becoming less as we are using up more and more
land for other purposes. Soil nutrients are also getting depleted and
lots of chemicals are spoiling the soil due to use of chemical fertilisers.
(b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds for drinking and
cleaning but dump garbage into them. The rivers and ponds are getting
polluted. This way after several years, we will have no clean water for
our use. (c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and
for construction of homes and furniture. As more and more trees are
being cut, it is affecting the climate of the place. Extreme weather
conditions, such as floods, extreme cold or heat, are seen in many
places, which affect the people living there.
6. Mention a few ways to achieve sustainable development
Sustainable development includes • reducing excessive use of
resources and enhancing resource conservation; • recycling and reuse
of waste materials; • scientific management of renewable resources,
especially bio-resources; • planting more trees;
• green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between concrete
buildings; • using more environment friendly material or biodegradable
material and • use of technologies, which are environmental friendly
and based on efficient use of resources.

7. What are SDGs?

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call of
action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people
enjoy peace and prosperity.

8. When were the SDGs launched and how many SDGs are there ?
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched at the
United Nations Sustainable Development Summit in New York in
September 2015, forming the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development. It has set targets that the countries have to should work
towards and achieve by 2030. The 17 SDGs have been made with the
aim to take care of important issues facing businesses, governments
and society.

9. What are the core skills required by a person to contribute

towards environment?
Environmental awareness and willingness to learn about sustainable
development are the core skills needed for contributing towards
environment.

10. Name two sustainable development initiatives done by individuals

Creating bio-degradable bags and edible cutlery are two sustainable
initiatives by individuals.

11. Name two sustainable development practices.

Organic farming, vermin-composting and rain water harvesting are
sustainable processes.
12. Why do you think the United Nations has made the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals?
Natural resources are limited and with time they will get over and if we
do not do anything about it, our future generations will not be able to
survive. The SDGs have been made to take care of important issues
facing businesses, governments and society to ensure economic
development while ensuring the availability of resources.

SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS- NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING

1. What is NLP?

Natural Language Processing, or NLP, is the sub-field of AI that is

focused on enabling computers to understand and process human
 languages. NLP is a subfield of Linguistics, Computer Science,
Information Engineering, and Artificial Intelligence concerned with the
interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, in
particular how to program computers to process and analyse large
amounts of natural language data.

2. Name a few applications of NLP

Automatic summarization, Sentiment analsyis, Text classification and
virtual assistants.

3. Name the sources from which conversational data can be

collected for behavioural therapy.
1. Surveys 2. Observing the therapist’s sessions
3. Databases available on the internet 4. Interviews, etc.

4. Which step in Natural language processing is done during Data

Exploration stage of AI project cycle?
The text is normalised through various steps and is lowered to
minimum vocabulary during Data exploration.
5. Why should we avoid an over fitting model even though it may
give the correct output?
In over fitting, model performance is trying to cover all the data
samples even if they are out of alignment to the true function. And the
model will be having low accuracy. So over fitting model is not
preferred.

6. Can we evaluate a model using the training dataset. Justify

your answer.
To evaluate an AI model the data that is used to build the model (training
data) cannot be used. Because AI Model remembers the whole training data
set, it always predicts the correct label for any point in the training dataset.
Models that use the training dataset during testing will always result in correct
output. This may indicate that the model is Overfitting while the model may
not predict correct results for a new dataset.
 7. Name a few chatbot applications available over the Internet
 Mitsuku Bot
 CleverBot
 Jabberwacky
 Haptik
 Rose
 Ochatbot

8. What are the two types of chatbots.

Smart bot and Script bot are the two types of chabots.

9. Enumerate the differences between Script-bot and Smart-bot

10. What type of chatbot is story speaker?

Story speaker is a script bot.
11. What are the challenges in understanding human language.
Explain with examples
Some of the challenges in understanding human language are:
Arrangement of the words and meaning - There are rules in human language.
There are nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives. A word can be a noun at one
time and an adjective some other time. This can create difficulty while
processing by computers.
Different syntax, same semantics: 2+3 = 3+2 Here the way these statements
are written is different, but their meanings are the same that is 5. Different
semantics, same syntax: 2/3
(Python 2.7) ≠ 2/3 (Python 3) Here the statements written have the same
syntax but their meanings are different. In Python 2.7, this statement would
result in 1 while in Python 3, it would give an output of 1.5.
Multiple Meanings of a word - In natural language, it is important to
understand that a word can have multiple meanings and the meanings fit into
the statement according to the context of it.
Perfect Syntax, no Meaning - Sometimes, a statement can have a perfectly
correct syntax but it does not mean anything. In Human language, a perfect
balance of syntax and semantics is important for better understanding.
12. Computers understand only numbers. How do we make computers
understand natural language of humans?
We have to convert natural language to numbers using process like text
normalzation. This conversion make the computers understand natural
langauges.
13. What is text normalization?
Text Normalisation helps in cleaning up the textual data in such a way that it
comes down to a level where its complexity is lower than the actual data.

14. What are the steps in text normalization

 Sentence Segmentation
 Tokenisation
 Removing Stopwords, Special Characters and Numbers
 Converting text to a common case
 Stemming/Lemmatization

15. What is sentence segmentation?

Sentence segmentation is dividing the whole corpus into sentences. Each
sentence is taken as a different data so now the whole corpus gets reduced to
sentences.
16. What is tokenization?
After segmenting the sentences, each sentence is then further divided into
tokens. Tokens is a term used for any word or number or special character
occurring in a sentence. Under tokenisation, every word, number and special
character is considered separately and each of them is now a separate token
17. What are stopwords? Why is it necessary to remove stopwords in a
document?
Stopwords are the words which occur very frequently in the corpus but do not
add any value to it. As these words do not carry important meaning, they are
usually removed from texts.
18. Give examples of stopwords
Examples of stopwords : are, to, a , for, the, an, is
19. Why is it necessary to convert the tokens into a common case?
We convert the whole text into a similar case, preferably lower case. This
ensures that the case-sensitivity of the machine does not consider same words
as different just because of different cases.
20. What is stemming? Explain with an example.
Stemming is a rudimentary rule-based process of stripping the affixes (“ing”, “ly”,
“es”, “s” etc) from a word. Stemming is a process of reducing words to their
word stem, base or root form (for example, books — book, looked — look)
21. What is lemmatization? Explain with an example.
Lemmatization, is an organized & step by step procedure of obtaining the root
form of the word, it makes use of vocabulary (dictionary importance of words)
and morphological analysis (word structure and grammar relations).
22. What is the difference between stemming and lemmatization.
Stemming Lemmatization
Stemming removes the affixes Lemmatization removes the affixes
It works faster but it may not give the It works slower compared to
correct root word stemming. But it gives the correct root
word.
Eg> Caring --> Car Eg> Caring --> Care

23. Name an AI model used for NLP

Bag of words algorithm, Chat bot.
24. What is a corpus?
A corpus can be defined as a collection of text documents. It can be thought of
as just a bunch of text files in a directory, often alongside many other directories
of text files.
25. What is a dictionary?
Dictionary in NLP means a list of all the unique words occurring in the corpus. If
some words are repeated in different documents, they are all written just once
while creating the dictionary.
26. What are the steps in bag of words algorithm?
 Text Normalisation
 Create Dictionary
 Create document vectors for each document
 Calculate the Term frequency of each token.
 Calculate the IDF and TFIDF
27. What is term frequency?
Term frequency is the frequency of a word in one document. Term frequency
can easily be found from the document vector table as, in that table, we mention
the frequency of each word of the vocabulary in the document.
28. What is document frequency?
Document Frequency is the number of documents in which the word occurs
irrespective of how many times it has occurred in those documents.
29. What is Inverse document frequency?
IDF is calculated using document frequency and no. Of documents taken into
consideration. IDF = no. Of documents
Document frequency
30. Write the formula for calculating TFIDF for a word?
TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log( IDF(W) )
31. Draw a neat graph and explain the relationship between the
occurrence of a word and its value in a document.
 Stop words like - and, this, is, the, etc occurs most frequently in a corpus. But
these words do not add any values. Hence, these are termed as stopwords
and are mostly removed at the pre-processing stage only. Rare or valuable
words occur the least but add the most importance to the corpus. Hence,
when we look at the text, we take frequent and rare words into consideration
32. Name a few applications of TFIDF.
TFIDF is commonly used in the Natural Language Processing domain.
Some of its applications are:
Document Classification - Helps in classifying the type and genre of a
document.
Topic Modelling - It helps in predicting the topic for a corpus.
Information Retrieval System - To extract the important information out of
a corpus.
Stop word filtering - Helps in removing the unnecessary words out of a
text body.
33. What can we say about the words that occur most frequently in a
document
Words that occur most frequently in a document has high term
frequencies have the least values and are considered to be
the stopwords.

34. Which words would have high TFIDF value

A word needs to have a high term frequency but less document frequency which
shows that the word is important for one document but is not a common word
for all documents.
35. When do we say that a word is important in a document?
When a word has high TFIDF value, it is important in that document.
 SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS –
EVALUATION

1. What Is Evaluation?
Evaluation is a process of understanding the reliability of any AI model,
based on outputs by feeding the test dataset into the model and
comparing it with actual answers.

2. What is overfitting in an AI model?

Overfitting is "the production of an analysis that corresponds too closely
or exactly to a particular set of data, and may therefore fail to fit additional
data or predict future observations reliably".

3.What are the different terminologies associated with

evaluation? Explain
True Positive
 The predicted value matches the actual value.
 The actual value was positive and the model predicted a positive value
True Negative
 The predicted value matches the actual value
 The actual value was negative and the model predicted a negative
value
False Positive
 The predicted value was falsely predicted.
 The actual value was negative but the model predicted a positive value
 Also known as the Type 1 error
False Negative
 The predicted value was falsely predicted.
 The actual value was positive but the model predicted a negative value.
 Also known as the Type 2 error

4. What is a confusion matrix

A Confusion Matrix is a table that is often used to describe the
performance of a classification model (or "classifier") on a set of test data
for which the true values are known. A 2x2 matrix denoting the right and
wrong predictions might help us analyse the rate of success. This matrix
compares prediction and reality.
5. Define Accuracy and write the formula.
Accuracy is defined as the percentage of correct predictions out of all the
observations. A prediction is said to be correct if it matches reality. Here
we have two conditions in which the Prediction matches with the Reality,
i.e., True Positive and True Negative. Therefore, Formula for Accuracy is:

6. Does 100% accuracy indicate that the model can be deployed?

Justify your answer
No. It doesn’t indicate the model can be deployed as wrong
predictions are not taken into consideration.
7. What is precision? Write the formula
Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all
the cases where the prediction is true.

8. What is recall? Write the formula

Recall is defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly
identified.

9. Mention a scenario where high precision alone is not enough

for evaluating a model
Example: “Predicting a mail as Spam or Not Spam”
False Positive: Mail is predicted as “spam” but it is “not spam”.
False Negative: Mail is predicted as “not spam” but it is “spam”.
Of course, too many False Negatives will make the spam filter ineffective
but False Positives may cause important mails to be missed and hence
Precision is not usable.

10.Mention a scenario where high recall alone is not enough for

evaluating a model
A model saying that there exists treasure at a point and you keep on
digging there but it turns out that it is a false alarm. False Positive case is
very costly. Here though recall value is high it is not enough to evaluate.

What is F1Score. Write the formula for F1score and explain

11.
why we need this metric
F1 Evaluation metric is more important in any case. F1 score
maintains a balance between the precision and recall for the classifier. If
 the precision is low, the F1 is low and if the recall is low again F1 score is
low. The F1 score is a number between 0 and 1 and is the harmonic
mean of precision and recall.

A good F1 score means that you have low false positives and low false
negatives, so you’re correctly identifying real threats, and you are not
disturbed by false alarms. An F1 score is considered perfect when it’s 1, while
the model is a total failure when it’s 0. F1 Score is a better metric to evaluate
our model on real-life classification problems and when imbalanced class
distribution exists.