e¨envwiK imvqb 1g cÎ

e¨envwiK m~wP
GBP Gm wm e¨vP-2022
µwgK bs cixÿ‡Yi bvg ZvwiL
ARvbv A‰Re je‡bi `ªe‡b Avqbmg~n(K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb) mbv³Kib|
1.1
bgybv-1: Kcvi mvj‡dU, CuSO4
ARvbv A‰Re je‡bi `ªe‡b Avqbmg~n(K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb) mbv³Kib|
1.2
bgybv-2: A¨vjywgwbqvg mvj‡dU, Al2(SO4)3
ARvbv A‰Re je‡bi `ªe‡b Avqbmg~n(K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb) mbv³Kib|
1.3
bgybv-3: A¨v‡gvwbqvg Kv‡ev©‡bU, (NH4)2CO3
ARvbv A‰Re je‡bi `ªe‡b Avqbmg~n(K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb) mbv³Kib|
1.4
bgybv-4: ‡mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW, NaCl
02 K¨vjwiwgwZK c×wZ‡Z AKªvwjK Gwm‡Wi (C2H2O4.2H2O) `ªeY Zvc wbY©q|

03 Aweï× Lv`¨ jeb †_‡K weï× je‡bi †Kjvm ˆZwi|

04 B_vbwqK GwmW †_‡K wf‡bMvi cÖ¯`wZ|

cixÿ‡Yi bvg: ARvbv A‰Re je‡bi `ªe‡Y Avqbmg~n (K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb) kbv³KiY|

bgybv bs - 01 je‡bi †fŠZ Ae¯’v : KwVb je‡bi eY© : bxj `ªve¨Zv : VvÛv cvwb‡Z `ªebxq

wkLv cix¶v t
cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ
GKwU cwi¯‹vi KvPu `Û Mvp HCl G wm³ K‡i Zv‡Z jeb bxjvf meyR e‡Y©i wkLv †`Lv †Mj| Cu jeb n‡Z cv‡i
jvwM‡q eyb‡mb evY©v‡ii RviY wkLvq awi

wm³ cix¶v t
gyj `ªeY cÖ¯`wZ : GKwU †UówUD‡e cÖvq 0.5 MÖvg bgybv jeb wb‡q Zv‡Z VvÛv cvwZZ cvwb‡Z SvwK‡q gyj `ªeY ˆZix Kwi|
¶viKxq gyj‡Ki wm³ I wbwðZKiY cix¶v t
cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ
1. g~j `ªeb + NaOH `ªeb cÖ_‡g nvjKv bxj Aat‡‣c c‡o,hv AwZwi³ NaOH G A`ªebxq|
Cu2+ + NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na+
Cu 2+ wbwðZ
(bxj Aat)
2. g~j `ªeb + NH4OH `ªeb cÖ_‡g nvjKv bxj Aat‡‣c c‡o,hv AwZwi³ NH4OH G `ªebxq n‡q Mvp
bxj e‡Y©i `ªeY Drcbœ K‡i| Cu 2+ wbwðZ
Cu2+ + NH4OH Cu(OH)2 + NH4+

Cu(OH)2 + NH4+ + NH4OH [ Cu(NH3)4 ]2+ + H2O

3. g~j `ªeb + K4[Fe(CN)6] `ªeb jvj‡P ev`vgx Aa:‡ÿc|
Cu2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6]  Cu2[Fe (CN)6](Mvp+ Kbxj
+ e‡Y©i `ªeY)

(jvj‡P ev`vgx Aa:‡ÿc) Cu 2+ wbwðZ

A¤øxq gyj‡Ki wm³ I wbwðZ cix¶v t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ
1| gyj `ªeb + AgNO3 (2-3 ‡duvUv ) 1| †Kvb Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj bv| 1| Cl-
Abycw¯’Z

2| gyj `ªeb + Ba(NO3 )2 2| mv`v Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj hv jNy LwbR GwmW (HCl A_ev HNO3 ) G
A`ªebxq| 2| SO42-
wbwðZ
CuSO4 + Ba(NO3 )2 BaSO4 + Cu(NO3)2
(mv`v Aat‡‣c)

4G
djvdj t

¶viKxq gyjK = Kcvi (II) Avqb ( Cu2+ )

A¤øxq gyjK = mvj‡dU Avqb ( SO42- )
jeb Gi bvg I ms‡KZ = Kcvi (II) mvj‡dU, CuSO4
cixÿ‡Yi bvg: ARvbv A‰Re je‡bi `ªe‡Y Avqbmg~n (K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb) kbv³KiY|

bgybv bs - 02 je‡bi †fŠZ Ae¯’v t KwVb `vbv`vi je‡bi eY© t mv`v `ªve¨Zv t VvÛv cvwb‡Z `ªebxq

wkLv cix¶v t
cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ
GKwU cwi¯‹vi KvPu `Û Mvp HCl G wm³ K‡i Zv‡Z jeb ‰ewkó¨c~Y© †Kvb wkLv †`Lv †Mj bv| Al jeb n‡Z cv‡i
jvwM‡q eyb‡mb evY©v‡ii RviY wkLvq awi|

wm³ cix¶v t
gyj `ªeY cÖ¯`wZ t GKwU †UówUD‡e cÖvq 0.5 MÖvg bgybv jeb wb‡q Zv‡Z VvÛv cvwZZ cvwb‡Z SvwK‡q gyj `ªeY ˆZix Kwi|
¶viKxq gyj‡Ki wm³ I wbwðZKiY cix¶v t
cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ
1| gyj `ªeb + NaOH `ªeb 1| mv`v Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj

Al 3+ + NaOH Al(OH)3 + Na+

(mv`v Aat)

2| cÖvß Al(OH)3 Aat‡‣c + NaOH `ªeb 2| `ªebxq †mvwWqvg A¨vjywg‡bU ˆZix nq Al 3+ wbwðZ
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + H2O
(`ªeY)
3| cÖvß `ªeb + NH4Cl + Zvc 3| Avevi mv`v †Rjxi gZ Aat‡‣c c‡o|
NaAlO2 + H2O + NH4Cl Al(OH)3 + NaCl + NH3

(mv`v Aat)

A¤øxq gyj‡Ki wm³ wbwðZKiY cix¶v t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ
1| gyj `ªeb + AgNO3 (2-3 ‡duvUv) 1| †Kvb Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj bv| 1| Cl- Abycw¯’Z

2| gyj `ªeb + Ba(NO3 )2 2| mv`v Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj hv jNy LwbR GwmW (HCl ev HNO3) G 2| SO42- wbwðZ
A`ªebxq|

4G Al2(SO4)3 + Ba(NO3 )2  BaSO4 + Al(NO3)3

(mv`v Aat‡‣c)

djvdj t

¶viKxq gyjK = A¨vjywgwbqvg Avqb ( Al 3+ )

A¤øxq gyjK = mvj‡dU Avqb ( SO42- )
jeb Gi bvg I ms‡KZ t A¨vjywgwbqvg mvj‡dU, Al2(SO4)3
cixÿ‡Yi bvg: ARvbv A‰Re je‡bi `ªe‡Y Avqbmg~n (K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb) kbv³KiY|

bgybv bs - 03 je‡bi †fŠZ Ae¯’v t KwVb `vbv`vi ; je‡bi eY© t mv`v ; `ªve¨Zv t VvÛv cvwb‡Z `ªebxq

wkLv cix¶v t
cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ
GKwU cwi¯‹vi KvPu `Û Mvp HCl G wm³ K‡i Zv‡Z jeb jvwM‡q ‰ewkó¨c~Y© †Kvb wkLv †`Lv †Mj bv | NH3 jeb n‡Z cv‡i
eyb‡mb evY©v‡ii RviY wkLvq awi

wm³ cix¶v t
gyj `ªeY cÖ¯`wZ t GKwU †UówUD‡e cÖvq 0.5 MÖvg bgybv jeb wb‡q Zv‡Z VvÛv cvwZZ cvwb‡Z SvwK‡q gyj `ªeY ˆZix Kwi|

¶viKxq gyj‡Ki wbwðZKiY cix¶v t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ
+
NH4 gyj‡Ki cix‣v t ev`vgx Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj

gyj `ªeY + 2-3 †dvuUv †bmjvi `ªeY NH4+ + KOH K+ + NH3 + H2O
K2HgI4 2KI + HgI2
NH4+ wbwðZ
2HgI2 Hg2I4

Hg2I4 +2NH3 NH2[ Hg2I3 ] +NH4I

(ev`vgx Aat)

A¤øxq gyj‡Ki wbwðZ cix¶v t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ
1| gyj `ªeb + AgNO3 (2-3 ‡duvUv) 1| †Kvb Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj bv| 1| Cl—
AwbwðZ

2| gyj `ªeb + Ba(NO3 )2 `ªeY 2 | mv`v Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj | hv jNy HCl G `ªebxq|
2| CO3 2-
(NH4)2CO3 + Ba(NO3 )2 NH4NO3 + BaCO3 wbwðZ
(mv`v Aat)

BaCO3 + HCl BaCl2 +CO2 + H2O

4G
djvdj t

‣viKxq gyjK = A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avqb (NH4+)

A¤øxq gyjK = Kve©‡bU Avqb (CO3 2- )

jeb Gi bvg I ms‡KZ t A¨v‡gvwbqvg Kve©‡bU , (NH4)2CO3

cixÿ‡Yi bvg: ARvbv A‰Re je‡bi `ªe‡Y Avqbmg~n (K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb) kbv³KiY|

bgybv bs - 04 je‡bi †fŠZ Ae¯’v t KwVb `vbv`vi ; je‡bi eY© t mv`v ; `ªve¨Zv t VvÛv cvwb‡Z `ªebxq

wkLv cix¶v t
cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ
GKwU cwi¯‹vi KvPu `Û Mvp HCl G wm³ K‡i Zv‡Z jeb jvwM‡q D&¾¡j †mvbvjx e‡Y©i wkLv ˆZix nj| Na jeb n‡Z cv‡i
eyb‡mb evY©v‡ii RviY wkLvq awi

wm³ cix¶v t
gyj `ªeY cÖ¯`wZ t GKwU †UówUD‡e cÖvq 0.5 MÖvg bgybv jeb wb‡q Zv‡Z VvÛv cvwZZ cvwb‡Z SvwK‡q gyj `ªeY ˆZix Kwi|

¶viKxq gyj‡Ki wm³ wbwðZKiY cix¶v t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ

gyj `ªeb‡K DËß K‡i K‡qK †dvUv K2H2Sb2O7 `vbv`vi mv`v Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj|

(cUvwkqvg cvB‡iv A¨vw›Uv‡gv‡bU) `ªeb †hvM Na+ +K2H2Sb2O7 Na2H2Sb2O7 + K+ Na+ wbwðZ
(mv`v `vbv`vi Aat)
Kwi Ges KvP`Û w`‡q †UówUD‡ei Mv Nwl|

A¤øxq gyj‡Ki wm³ I wbwðZKiY cix¶v t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ

1| AgNO3 cix¶v t 1| mv`v `wai b¨vq Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj | hv jNy - 1| Cl— wbwðZ
NH4OH -G `ªebxq|
gyj `ªeb + jNy HNO3 +AgNO3
AgNO3 + NaCl2 AgCl + NaNO3
(2-3 ‡duvUv )
(mv`v Aat)

AgCl + NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl+H2O

(`ªeYxq)

2| †Kvb Aat‡‣c cvIqv †Mj bv

2| Ba(NO3 )2 cix¶v t
2| SO42- ev CO32-
4G
gyj `ªeb + Ba(NO3 )2 Abycw¯’Z
djvdj t

‣viKxq gyjK = †mvwWqvg Avqb (Na+ )

A¤øxq gyjK = †K¬vivBW Avqb ( Cl- )
jeb Gi bvg I ms‡KZ t †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW, NaCl
 †hfv‡e jeY mbv³ Ki‡Z n‡e
K¨vUvqb ev ÿvixq g~j‡Ki cixÿv :
g~j `ªeY +NaOH Aa:‡ÿc n‡jv bv NH3 M¨vm jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i ev †bmjvi weKviK

Aa:‡ÿc

bxjvf meyR Aa: meyR Aa: jvj‡P ev`vgx Aa: mv`v Aa:

+ NaOH(AwZt) + NaOH(AwZt) + NaOH(AwZt) + NaOH(AwZt)

A`ªebxq A`ªebxq A`ªebxq `ªebxq(¯^”Q) A`ªebxq

Cu2+ *Fe2+ **Fe3+ + NH4Cl Ca2+

mv`v Aa: mv`v Aa: n‡jv bv

Al3+ wbwðZ ***Zn2+

A_ev A_ev

g~j `ªeY +K4[Fe(CN)6] g~j `ªeY +A¨v‡gvwbqvg A•v‡jU

jvj‡P ev`vgx Aa:‡ÿc mv`v Aa:‡ÿc

Cu2+ wbwðZ Ca2+ wbwðZ

* Na+ Avq‡bi wbwðZ cixÿv * NH4+ Avq‡bi wbwðZ cixÿv

g~j `ªeY + cUvwkqvg cvB‡iv A¨vw›U‡gv‡bU g~j `ªeY + †bmjvi weKviK

(KvPu `Û w`‡q Nlv)

mv`v `vbv`vi Aa:‡ÿc jvj‡P ev`vgx Aa:‡ÿc

Na+ wbwðZ NH4+ wbwðZ

g~j `ªeY +K4[Fe(CN)6] nvjKv bxj Aa:‡ÿc *Fe2+ wbwðZ

g~j `ªeY +K4[Fe(CN)6] Mvp bxj Aa:‡ÿc **Fe3+wbwðZ

g~j `ªeY +K4[Fe(CN)6] mv`v Aa: ***Zn2+ wbwðZ

 A¨vbvqb ev A¤øxq g~j‡Ki cixÿv :
(Cl-, SO42-, CO32-)

g~j `ªeY(1 wgwj)+ AgNO3(aq) Aa:‡ÿc n‡jv bv

mv`v Aa:‡ÿc + NH4OH g~j `ªeY +Ba(NO3)2

`ªeY mv`v Aa:

Cl wbwðZ + jNy HCl ev HNO3

`ªexf~Z n‡jv bv `ªexf~Z n‡jv Ges ey` ey`

AvKv‡i CO2M¨vm wbM©Z nj

SO42- wbwðZ CO32- wbwðZ

cixÿY bs -02
cixÿ‡Yi bvg: K¨vjwiwgwZK c×wZ‡Z AKªvwjK Gwm‡Wi (C2H2O4.2H2O) `ªeY Zvc wbY©q|

g~jbxwZ: ch©vß cwigvb `ªve‡K 1 †gvj `ªe `ªexf‚Z Ki‡j †h Zvc †kvwlZ ev D`wMwiZ nq, Zv‡K `ªe‡Yi `ªeY Zvc e‡j| 1 †gvj AKªvwjK
GwmW‡K ch©vß cwigvb cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z K‡i 1 wK‡jvMÖvg `ªeb ˆZwii †ejvq cÖwZ wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡ci cwieZ©b N‡U
1 kcal Z_v 4.2 kj | Avevi 0.1 †gvj AKªvwjK GwmW Øviv 100 g `ªeY Kiv n‡j Zv‡ci cwieZ©b n‡e, 0.42 x t kj

t°c ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ AKªvwjK Gwm‡Wi `ªeY Zvc 4.2 x t kj (1 ‡gvj Gi Rb¨)
0.1 †gvj Gi Rb¨ `ªeY Zvc = 0.42 x t kj
1 †gvj ÕÕ ÕÕ 0.42 x t kj
0.1
= 0.42 x t x 10 kJ

cÖ‡qvRbxq ivmvqwbK DcKiY: 1. AKªvwjK GwmW (C2H2O4.2H2O) 2.cvwb

cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ: 1. GKwU exKvi( 250 wgwj) 2. cwigvcK wmwjÛvi (100 wgwj) 2. _v‡gv©wgUvi 3. ÷¨vÛ

Kvh©c×wZ:

1. AKªvwjK GwmW (C2H2O4.2H2O) Gi AvbweK fi 126 MÖvg; ZvB 0.1 †gvj Z_v 12.6 MÖvg cwigvb AKªvwjK GwmW wWwRUvj e¨v‡j‡Ýi
mvnv‡h¨ cwigvc K‡i †bB|
2. AZtci GKwU cwigvcK wmwjÛvi (measuring cylinder) Gi mvn‡h¨ 87.4 MÖvg cvwb cwigvc K‡i 250 wgwj exKv‡i ¯’vbvšÍi Kwi|
3. GLb GKwU _v‡gv©wgUvi‡K ÷¨v‡Û myZv w`‡q Szwj‡q exKv‡ii cvwb‡Z Wzwe‡q cvwbi cÖv_wgK ZvcgvÎv t1°C †iKW© Kwi|
4. Gevi IRb Kiv 12.6 Mªvg AKªvwjK GwmW exKv‡ii cvwb‡Z †hvM K‡i MøvmiW w`‡q †b‡o fv‡jvfv‡e `ªexfyZ Kwi|
5. AKªvwjK GwmW `ªexf’Z nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ `ªe‡Yi ZvcgvÎv t2°C †iKW© Kwi|
6. AZtci ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ n‡Z `ªeY Zvc wbY©q Kwi|

ch©‡eÿY WvUv:
1 †gvj AKªvwjK GwmW (C2H2O4 .2H2O) = 126 g
M„nxZ Av`ª© AKªvwjK Gwm‡Wi cwigvb= 0.1 †gvj ev 12.6 g
cvwbi cwigvb = (100-12.6)
=87.4 g ev 87.4 ml
`ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv = 1M
`ªve‡Ki Z_v cvwbi cÖv_wgK ZvcgvÎv = t1°C = ?
`ªe‡Yi ZvcgvÎv = t2°C= ?

MYbv I wnmve:
ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b , t°C = (t1 - t2)°C =
Av`ª© AKªvwjK Gwm‡Wi `ªeY Zvc, H = 0.42 x t x 10 kj/mol
= ?
myZivs Av`ª© AKªvwjK Gwm‡Wi `ªeY Zvc , H = ?

mZK©Zv:
1. Aek¨B AKªvwjK GwmW fv‡jv K‡i ¸‡ov K‡i wb‡Z n‡e †hb Zv cvwb‡Z `ªexf’Z nq|
2. Møvmi‡Wi AvNv‡Z †hb _v‡gv©wgUvi fvj¦ †f‡O bv hvq|
3. `ªe‡Yi wgkÖY †hb mylg nq|
wPÎ t K¨vjwiwgwZK c×wZ‡Z AKªvwjK Gwm‡Wi `ªeY Zvc
cixÿY bs -03
cixÿ‡Yi bvg: Aweï× Lv`¨ jeb †_‡K weï× je‡bi †Kjvm ˆZwi|

g~jbxwZ: NaCl cvwb‡Z `ªebxq| NaCl Gi m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y NaCl we‡qvwRZ n‡q Na+ Ges Cl- Avqb Drcbœ nq: NaCl ⇆Na+ + Cl- | `ªe‡Yi
mvg¨e¯’vq NaCl Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj [Na+] [Cl-] = Ksp| G Ae¯’vq H `ªe‡Y HCl †hvM Ki‡j `ªeYwU‡Z Cl- Avqb Gi NbgvÎv †e‡o hvq|
HCl⇆ H+ + Cl- . d‡j NaCl Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸bd‡ji gvb w¯’i ivLvi Rb¨ wKQz Na+ Ges Cl- hy³ n‡q †Kjvmiƒ‡c cv‡Îi Zjvq Rgv nq|
†fRvj jeb¸‡jv cvwb‡Z `ªexf’Z _v‡K|

cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ I ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ : 1. 250 ml weKvi 2. dv‡bj 3. wÎc`x ÷¨vÛ 4.ZviRvwj
5. KuvP`Û 6. wdëvi ‡ccvi 7. Lv`¨ jeY 8. Mvp HCl

Kvh©c×wZ:
`ªeY cª¯‘wZ: cÖvq 30 MÖvg Aweï× Lv`¨ jeY 100 wg.MÖvg cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z Kwi| `ªexf~Z Kivi mgq KvuP`Û w`‡q †b‡o Ggbfv‡e `ªexf~Z Kwi
†hb †Kvb jeY weKv‡ii Zj‡`‡k †`Lv bv hvq|

cwi¯ªveb : `ªe‡Y Aew¯’Z A`ªebxq KwVb c`v_©, †hgb-evwj, †jvnvi ¸ov ev Ab¨ †Kvb c`v_© _vK‡j Zv cwi¯ªveb K‡i c„_K Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU
cwi¯‹vi dv‡bj ÷¨v‡Û AvUwK‡q Zvi g‡a¨ wZbfvuR Kiv GKwU wdëvi †ccvi ivwL| dv‡b‡ji bx‡P GKwU cwi¯‹vi weKvi ivwL| Gevi Am¤ú„³
`ªeY‡K ax‡i ax‡i KvuP`Û †i‡L dv‡b‡j Xvwj| m¤ú~Y© `ªeY cwi¯ªyZ n‡j Zv‡K DËß K‡i m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y cwiYZ Kwi|
1
m¤ú„³ `ªeY cª¯‘wZ : wKQzÿY `ªeY‡K dzUvB hLb `ªe‡Yi cwigvb fvM Kg‡e ZLb GKwU cwi¯‹vi KvuP`Û DËß `ªe‡Y Wzwe‡q evwn‡i G‡b
3
kxZj Kwi| hw` †`Lv hvq †h kxZj As‡k je‡Yi GKwU mv`v cÖ‡jc c‡o‡Q Zvn‡j eySv hv‡e `ªeYwU m¤ú„³ n‡q‡Q|

m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Yi kxZjxKiY Ges †Kjvm cÖ¯ÍywZ : DËß m¤ú„³ `ªeY‡K ax‡i ax‡i ev eid kxZj cvwb‡Z kxZj Ki‡j weï× Lv`¨ je‡Yi †Kjvm
cÖ¯`Z n‡e| †Kjvm m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ kxZj `ªe‡Y Mvp HCl Gi K‡qK †duvUv †hvM Kwi| d‡j `ªe‡Y Cl-- Gi NbgvÎv e„w×i djkÖæwZ‡Z Aewkó
†mvwWqvg †K¬vivB‡W †KjvwmZ n‡e|

†Kjvm ﮋKiY I Drcv`b gvÎv : †Kjvm cÖ¯`Z nIqvi ci Dc‡ii `ªeY‡K c„_K K‡i GKwU †Pvl KvM‡R †fRv †Kjvm mgyn wb‡q d¨v‡bi bx‡P
ivwL Ges ïKvB| ﮋ †Kjvm mgyn IRb Kwi| g‡b Kwi, Aweï× Lv`¨ je‡Yi IRb W2 Ges ‡Kjv‡mi IRb W1|
W 1  100
myZivs †Kj‡mi Drcvb gvÎv =
W2
mZK©Zv :
1| DËß `ªeY‡K mv‡_ mv‡_ eid kxZj cvwb‡Z Wzev‡bv hv‡e bv|
2| mwVKfv‡e `ªeYwUi m¤ú„³Zv cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| Mvp HCl †`Iqvi mgq mveav‡b Wªcvi w`‡q †dvuUvq †duvUvq w`‡Z n‡e †hb kix‡i bv c‡o|
 ‡Kjvm cÖ¯‘wZ

Aweï× Lv`¨ je‡Yi Gi `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ

m¤ú„³ `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ weï× NaCl Gi †Kjvm

wPÎ t weï× je‡bi †Kjvm ˆZwi

cixÿY bs -04
cixÿ‡Yi bvg: B_vbwqK GwmW †_‡K wf‡bMvi cÖ¯‘wZ|

g~jbxwZ: wf‡bMvi n‡jv B_vbwqK GwmW ev Av¨wmwUK Gwm‡Wi 6-10% Rjxq `ªeY| cixÿvMv‡i mvavibZ weï× B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_
(99.9% GwmwUK GwmW) wbw`©ó cwigvb cvwZZ cvwb †hv‡M jNyKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wf‡bMvi ˆZwi Kiv hvq| wf‡bMvi GK cÖKvi wcÖRvi‡fwUf A_©vr
Lv`¨ `ªe¨‡K e¨vK‡Uwiqv KZ©„K cP‡bi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| wf‡bMv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Lv‡`¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqv Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i bv A_ev Drcbœ
e¨vK‡Uwiqv g‡i hvq|

cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ I ivmvqwbK `ªe¨: 1. weKvi (250 mL)- 2wU 2. cwigvcK wmwjÛvi (100 mL)
3. Wªcvi 4. GwmwUK GwmW(99.9%) 5. myMwÜ `ªe¨ (Rose water)

Kv‡Ri aviv:
cwigvcK wmwjÛv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ GKwU weKv‡i 8 mL ‡Møwmqvj GwmwUK GwmW †bB| GLb GwmwUK Gwm‡W 92 mL cvwZZ cvwb †hvM Kwi Ges
fv‡jvfv‡e KvPu`Û w`‡q bvwo| Drcbœ `ªeYB wf‡bMvi| Drcb&œ wf‡bMv‡ii `ªe‡Y K‡qK †duvUv myMwÜ `ªe¨ (†Mvjvc Rj) †hvM Kwi|

mZK©Zv:

1. Møwmqvj GwmwUK GwmW 10 mL Gi ‡ewk †hb bv nq|

2. GwmwUK GwmW †hb nv‡Z bv c‡o|
3. GwmwUK Gwm‡Wi Nªvb †be bv|

Mvup A¨vwmwUK GwmW