ifjf'k"V I

ro] mudh ijek.kq&la[;k vkSj eksyj nzO;eku

ro

laosQr

ijek.kq
ekad

eksyj
nzO;eku

ro

laosQr

ijek.kq
ekad

(g mol 1)

(g mol1)

cosQZ fy;e
csfjfy;e

Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Mt
Md

89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29
96
105
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
109
101

227.03
26.98
(243)
121.75
39.95
74.92
210
137.34

eD;wZjh
ekWfyCMsue
uh;ksfM;e
fu;kWu
uSIVwfu;e
fuoSQy
fu;ksfc;e
ukbVkt
s u
ukscsfy;e
vkslfe;e
vkWDlhtu
iSysfM;e
I+kQkLI+kQksjl
IySfVue
IywVksfu;e
iksyksfu;e
iksVSf'k;e
izSft;ksfMfe;e
izksesfFk;e
izksVSfDVfu;e
jsfM;e
jsMkWu
jhfu;e
jksfM;e
:fcfM;e
#Fkhfu;e
jnjiQksM;e
lSesfj;e
LoSQfUM;e
lhcksZfx;e
flyhfu;e
flfydu
flYoj
lksfM;e
LVkWfU'k;e
lYiQj
VSUVsye
VsDuhf'k;e
Vsywfj;e
VfcZve
FkSfy;e
Fkksfj;e
Fkwfy;e
fVu
VkbVsfu;e
VaxLVu
vuvufc;e
vuvufufy;e
vuvuvuh;e
;wjsfu;e
oSusfM;e
ftukWu
bVfcZ;e
bfV;e
kd
tdksZfu;e

Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
Uub
Uun
Uuu
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr

80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
112
110
111
92
23
54
70
39
30
40

200.59
95.94
144.24
20.18
(237.05)
58.71
92.91
14.0067
(259)
190.2
16.00
106.4
30.97
195.09
(244)
210
39.10
140.91
(145)
231.04
(226)
(222)
186.2
102.91
85.47
101.07
(261)
150.35
44.96
(266)
78.96
28.08
107.87
22.99
87.62
32.06
180.95
(98.91)
127.60
158.92
204.37
232.04
168.93
118.69
47.88
183.85
(277)
(269)
(272)
238.03
50.94
131.30
173.04
88.91
65.37
91.22

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

,sDVhfu;e
,syqfefu;e
,sesfjfl;e
,sUVheuh
vkWxuZ
vkWlsZfud
,slVSfVu
cs f j;e

eksyj
nzO;eku

no

fcLeFk
cksgfj;e
cksjkWu
czksehu
oSQMfe;e
lhfk;e
oSQfYl;e
osQfyiQksfuZ;e
dkcZu
lhfj;e
Dyksjhu
ksfe;e
dksckYV
dkWij
D;wfj;e
M~;wcfu;e
fMlLizksfl;e
vkbULVhfu;e
vfcZ;e
;wjksfi;e
iQfeZ;e
yqvksjhu
izsaQfl;e
xSMksfyfu;e
xSfy;e
tesZfu;e
xksYM
gSiQfu;e
gSfl;e
ghfy;e
gksfYe;e
gkbMkt
s u
baMh;e
vk;ksMhu
bjhfM;e
vk;ju
fIVkWu
ySUFksue
ykWjsfU'k;e
ysM
yhfFk;e
Y;wVhf'k;e
eSXuhf'k;e
eSaxuht
feVSfu;e
eSaMsyhfo;e

(247)

9.01
208.98
(264)
10.81
79.91
112.40
132.91
40.08
251.08
12.01
140.12
35.45
52.00
58.93
63.54
247.07
(263)
162.50
(252)
167.26
151.96
(257.10)
19.00
(223)
157.25
69.72
72.61
196.97
178.49
(269)
4.00
164.93
1.0079
114.82
126.90
192.2
55.85
83.80
138.91
(262.1)
207.19
6.94
174.96
24.31
54.94
(268)
258.10

dks"Bd esa fn;k x;k eku vf/dre Kkr v/kZ;q okys leLFkkfud dk eksyj nzO;eku gSA

ifjf'k"V II
oqQN ykHkizn :ikarj.k&xq.kkad
nzO;eku vkSj Hkkj osQ lkekU; ek=kd
1 ikSaM = 453.59 xzke

yackbZ dk lkekU; ek=kd

1

ikSaM = 453.59 xzke = 0.45359 fdyksxzke

1 fdyksxzke = 1000 xzke = 2.205 ikSaM
1 xzke = 10 Mslhxzke = 100 lsaVhxzke
= 1000 feyhxzke
1 xzke = 6.022 1023 ijek.kq nzO;eku ek=kd
1 ijek.kq nzO;eku = 1.6606 1024 xzke
1 ehfVd Vu = 1000 fdyksxzke
= 2205 ikSaM
1

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
= 0.6215

= 1.056 10-3

?kuiQqV

= 28.316

DokV~Zk

fyVj = 29.902 DokV~Zk

= 7.475 xSyu

"e jklk;fud osQyksjh** =

4.184 twy
= 4.184 107 ergs
= 4.129 102 fyVj ok;qeaMy

bysDVkWu cksYV
7
8
1 ergs = 1 10 twy = 2.3901 10 osQyksjh
1 bysDVkWu oksYV = 1.6022 1019 twy
= 2.612 1019

fczfV'k "ek

lsaVhehVj
= 0.10 uSuksehVj
= 1.0 1010 ehVj
= 3.937 109 bap

= 1.0

feyhehVj ejdjh dk
= 1.013 105 ikLdy
= 14.70 ikSaM izfr oxZbap
5
1 ckj = 10 ikLdy
1 Vkj = 1 feyhehVj ejdjh dk
1 ikLdy = 1 kg/ms2 = 1 N/m2
1

ok;qeaMy

= 760

rki SI vk/kfjr ek=kd osQfYou (K)

K = -273.15C
K = C + 273.15
F = 1.8(C) + 32

C =

F 32
1.8

= 101.32 twy
= 1.0132 109 ergs
dk ek=kd = 1055.06 twy
= 1.05506 1010 ergs
= 252.2 osQyksjh

no

fyVj&ok;qeaMy

= 1.6022 1012 erg

= 96.487 kJ/mol
= 24.217 osQyksjh

,axLVkWe

ehy

108

cy* vkSj nkc osQ lkekU; ek=kd

tkZ dk lkekU; ek=kd

1 twy = 1 107 ergs

lsaVhehVj (lVhd)

ehy = 5280 iQhV = 1.609 fdyksehVj

1 xt = 36 bap = 0.9144 ehVj
1 ehVj = 100 lsaVhehVj = 39.37 bap
= 3.281 iQhV
= 1.094 xt
1 fdyksehVj = 1000 ehVj = 1094 xt

1 fyVj = 1 ?ku MslhehVj = 1000 ?ku

lsaVhehVj = 0.001 ?kuehVj
1 feyhfyVj = 1 ?ku lsaVhehVj = 0.001 fyVj

= 2.54

vk;ru dk lkekU; ek=kd

1 DokVZ~k = 0.9463 fyVj
1 fyVj = 1.056 DokV~Zk

bap

*
**

cy 1 U;wVu (N) = 1 kg m/s2, 1 U;wVu og cy gS] tks ,d lsdaM yxkus ij 1 fdyksxzke nzO;eku dks 1 ehVj izfr lsdaM dk osx iznku
djrk gSA
"ek dh og ek=kk] tks 1 xzke ty dk rki 14.50C ls 15.50C rd c<+kus osQ fy, vko';d gksrh gSA
;ku jgs fd vU; ek=kd izfrd.k gSa] ftUgsa 6.022 1023 ls xq.kk djuk gksxk] rkfd lgh&lgh rqyuk gks losQA

ifjf'k"V III
oS|qr~ jklk;fud ozQe esa 298 K ij ekud foHko
vip;u v/Z vfHkf;k
H4XeO6 + 2H+ + 2e XeO3 + 3H2O

E /V
+3.0

vip;u v/Z vfHkf;k

E /V

Pu4+ + e Pu3+

+0.97

NO3 + 4H+ + 3e NO + 2H2O

+0.96

+2.87

O3 + 2H+ + 2e O2 + H2O

+2.07

2Hg2+ + 2e Hg 2+
2

+0.92

S2O8 + 2e 2SO4

+2.05

ClO + H2O + 2e Cl + 2OH

+0.89

Ag+ + e Ag+

+1.98

Hg2+ + 2e Hg

+0.86

Co3+ + e Co2+

+1.81

NO3 + 2H+ + e NO2 + H2O

+0.80

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e 2H2O

+1.78

Ag+ + e Ag

+0.80

Au+ + e Au

+1.69

Hg 2+
2 +2e 2Hg

+0.79

Pb4+ + 2e Pb2+

+1.67

Fe3+ + e Fe2+

+0.77

2HClO + 2H+ + 2e Cl2 + 2H2O

+1.63

BrO + H2O + 2e Br + 2OH

+0.76

Ce4+ + e Ce3+

+1.61

Hg2SO4 +2e 2Hg + SO42

+0.62

2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e Br2 + 2H2O

+1.60

MnO42 + 2H2O + 2e MnO2 + 4OH

+0.60

MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O

+1.51

MnO4 + e MnO42

+0.56

Mn3+ + e Mn2+

+1.51

I2 + 2e 2I

+0.54

Au3+ + 3e Au

+1.40

I3 + 2e 3I

+0.53

Cl2 + 2e 2Cl

+1.36

Cu+ + e Cu

+0.52

Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

+1.33

NiOOH + H2O + e Ni(OH)2 + OH

+0.49

O3 + H2O + 2e O2 + 2OH

+1.24

Ag2CrO4 + 2e 2Ag + CrO42

+0.45

O2 + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O

+1.23

O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH

+0.40

ClO4 + 2H+ +2e ClO3 + 2H2O

+1.23

ClO4 + H2O + 2e ClO3 + 2OH

+0.36

MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e Mn2+ + 2H2O

+1.23

[Fe(CN)6]3 + e [Fe(CN)6]4

+0.36

Pt2+ + 2e Pt

+1.20

Cu2+ + 2e Cu

+0.34

Br2 + 2e 2Br

+1.09

Hg2Cl2 + 2e 2Hg + 2Cl

+0.27

no

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

F2 + 2e 2F

AgCl + e Ag + Cl

+0.27

S + 2e S2

0.48

Bi3+ + 3e Bi

+0.20

In3+ + e In2+

0.49

SO42 + 4H+ + 2e H2SO3 + H2O

+0.17

U4+ + e U3+

0.61

Cu2+ + e Cu+

+0.16

Cr3+ + 3e Cr

0.74

Sn4+ + 2e Sn2+

+0.15

Zn2+ + 2e Zn

0.76

AgBr + e Ag + Br

+0.07

Cd(OH)2 + 2e Cd + 2OH

0.81

2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH

0.83

Cr2+ + 2e Cr

0.91

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

0.00

2H+ + 2e H2

(ifjHkk"kkuqlkj) 0.0

Fe3+ + 3e Fe

0.04

Mn2+ + 2e Mn

1.18

O2 + H2O + 2e HO2 + OH

0.08

V2+ + 2e V

1.19

Pb2+ + 2e Pb

0.13

Ti2+ + 2e Ti

1.63

In+ + e In

0.14

Al3+ + 3e Al

1.66

Sn2+ + 2e Sn

0.14

U3+ + 3e U

1.79

AgI + e Ag + I

0.15

Sc3+ + 3e Sc

2.09

Ni2+ + 2e Ni

0.23

Mg2+ + 2e Mg

2.36

V3+ + e V2+

0.26

Ce3+ + 3e Ce

2.48

Co2+ + 2e Co

0.28

La3+ + 3e La

2.52

In3+ + 3e In

0.34

Na+ + e Na

2.71

Tl+ + e Tl

0.34

Ca2+ + 2e Ca

2.87

PbSO4 + 2e Pb + SO2
4

0.36

Sr2+ + 2e Sr

2.89

Ti3+ + e Ti2+

0.37

Ba2+ + 2e Ba

2.91

Cd2+ + 2e Cd

0.40

Ra2+ + 2e Ra

2.92

In2+ + e In+

0.40

Cs+ + e Cs

2.92

Cr3+ + e Cr2+

0.41

Rb+ + e Rb

2.93

Fe2+ + 2e Fe

0.44

K+ +e K

2.93

In3+ + 2e In+

0.44

Li+ + e Li

3.05

no

Ti4+ + e Ti3+

iz'u izn'kdk] jlk;u

206

ifjf'k"V IV
y?kqx.kd

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

dHkh&dHkh fdlh la[;kRed O;tad esa cM+h la[;kvksa dk xq.kk] Hkkx vFkok ifjes; ?kkr lfEefyr gksrs gSaA ,slh x.kukvksa esa y?kqx.kd
cgqr mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA ;g dfBu x.kukvksa dks vklku cukus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA jlk;u foKku esa y?kqx.kdksa osQ ekuksa dh vko';drk
jklk;fud cyxfrdh] mQ"ekxfrdh] oS|qrjlk;u bR;kfn esa gksrh gSA ge igys bl ladYiuk dk ifjp; nsaxs rFkk fu;eksa dh foospuk djsaxs]
mlosQ i'pkr~ y?kqx.kdksa dk mi;ksx lh[ksaxs vkSj fiQj bl rduhd dk iz;ksx ;g ns[kus osQ fy, djsaxs fd ;g oSQls dfBu x.kukvksa dks
vklku cuk nsrh gSA
ge tkurs gSa fd
23 = 8, 32 = 9, 53 = 125, 70 = 1

lk/kj.kr% fdlh /ukRed okLrfod la[;k a, rFkk ,d ifjes; la[;k m osQ fy, eku ysa fd am = b.
tgk b ,d okLrfod la[;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa vk/kj a dh mth ?kkr b gSA
bls dgus dk nwljk rjhdk ;g gS fd
a vk/kj ij b dk y?kqxq.kd m gS
;fn ,d /ukRed okLrfod la[;k a osQ fy, a 1 gks rks
am = b,

ge dgrs gSa fd b dk y?kqx.kd] a vk/kj ij m gSA ge bls bl izdkj ls fy[krs gSa

b

lo g a = m ,

logarithm

(y?kqx.kd) 'kCn dk laosQrk{kj log gSA bl izdkj ls

3

= 8

= 9

= 125

log 8

= 3,

D;ksafd

log 9

= 2,

D;kasfd

log 125 = 3,

D;ksafd

= 0,

D;kfasd

2
3

log 1
7

=1

y?kqx.kdksa osQ fu;e

fuEufyf[kr foospuk esa ge y?kqx.kd fdlh Hkh vk/kj a ij izkIr djsaxs (a > 0 rFkk a 1)
izFke fu;e
loga (mn) = logam + logan

no

izek.k
eku yhft, fd logam = x rFkk logan = y
rc
ax = m, ay = n
vr%
mn = ax.ay = ax+y
y?kqx.kd dh ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj
loga (mn) = x + y = loga m + loga n

nwljk fu;e
m
= loga m logan
n
izek.k
eku yhft, fd logam = x, logan = y
rc
ax = m, ay = n
loga

vr%

blfy,]

a
a

=a

xy

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

log a

m
=
n

x y = log m log n
a

rhljk fu;e

n
log (m ) = n log a m
a

izek.k

igys dh gh rjg] ;fn log a m = x, rc ax = m

( )

blfy, m = a

x n

=a

nx

vr% izkIr gksxk

n
log (m ) = nx = n log a m
a

vr% izFke fu;e osQ vuqlkj] nks la[;kvksa osQ xq.ku dk y?kqx.kd] mu la[;kvksa osQ y?kqx.kdksa osQ tksM+ osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA blh
izdkj ls nwljk fu;e crkrk gS fd nks la[;kvksa osQ Hkkx dk y?kqx.kd] mu la[;kvksa osQ y?kqx.kdksa esa varj osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
bl izdkj ls bu fu;eksa dk mi;ksx xq.kk@Hkkx dh leL;k dks tksM+@?kVkus dh leL;k esa cny nsrk gS ftls djuk xq.kk@Hkkx dh
vis{kk ljy gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd y?kqx.kd la[;kRed vfHkdyu esa brus lgk;d gSaA
10 osQ vk/kj ij y?kqx.kd

la[;kvksa dks fy[kus osQ fy, la[;k 10 vk/kj gS vr% 10 osQ vk/kj ij y?kqx.kdksa dk iz;ksx djuk cgqr lqxe gksrk gSA
oqQN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa

log10 0.001 = 3,

D;ksafd
D;ksafd
D;ksafd
D;ksafd
D;ksafd

rFkk log101 = 0

D;ksafd 100 = 1

log10 10 = 1,

log10 100 = 2,

log10 10000 = 4,

no

log10 0.01 = 2,

101 = 10

102 = 100

104 = 10000
102 = 0.01

103 = 0.001

mijksDr ifj.kke n'kkZrs gSa fd ;fn n, 10 dh iw.kkd ?kkr gS ;kfu la[;k 1 osQ ckn vusd 'kwU; ;k la[;k 1 ls igys n'keyo
fcanq rd vusd 'kwU; gSa rks y?kqx.kd vklkuh ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;fn 10 dh iw.kkd ?kkr n ugha gS rks log n dh x.kuk vklku ugha gSA ijarq xf.kr esa blosQ fy, rkfydk,a miyCk gSa
ftuls lh/s gh 1 ls 10 rd fdlh Hkh /ukRed la[;k osQ y?kqx.kd dk lfUudV eku i<+k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;s n'keyo esa
iznf'kZr fdlh Hkh la[;k dk y?kqx.kd izkIr djus osQ fy, i;kZIr gSaA bl mn~ns'; osQ fy, ge n'keyo dks lnSo iw.kkd ?kkr
10 rFkk 1 ls 10 osQ chp fdlh la[;k osQ xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa fy[krs gSaA

iz'u izn'kdk] jlk;u

208

n'keyo dk ekud :i
ge fdlh Hkh la[;k dks n'keyo esa ,sls fy[k ldrs gSa fd (i) ;g iw.kkd ?kkr osQ lkFk 10 dk vkSj (ii) 1 ls 10 osQ
chp fdlh la[;k dk xq.kuiQy gksA ;gk oqQN mnkgj.k fn, x, gSa
(i) 25.2, 10 vkSj 100 osQ chp esa gS
25.2

25.2 =

10

10 = 2.52 10

(ii) 1038.4, 1000 rFkk 10000 osQ chp esa gS

(iii) 0.005, 0.001

1 0 3 8 .4

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

1 0 3 8 .4 =

1000

10

= 1 .0 3 8 4 1 0

vkSj 0.01 osQ chp esa gS

3

0.005 = (0.005 1000) 10

(iv) 0.00025, 0.0001

= 5.0 10

rFkk 0.001 osQ chp esa gSA

0.00025 = (0.00025 10000) 10

= 2.5 10

izR;sd mnkgj.k esa ge n'keyo dks 10 ls fdlh ?kkr lfgr Hkkx ;k xq.kk djrs gSa tks vyx ls iznf'kZr gSA blfy, dksbZ Hkh
kukRed n'keyo fuEu :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
n = m 10p

p ,d iw.kkd gS (/ukRed] 'kwU; ;k .kkRed) rFkk 1< m < 10. bls n dk ekud :i dgrs gSaA
dk;Zdkjh fu;e
1. n'keyo dks vko';drkuqlkj nkfguh vFkok ck;ha vksj LFkkukarfjr djsa ftlls ,d la[;k tks 'kwU; u gks] n'keyo osQ ck;ha
vksj vk tk,A
2. (i) ;fn vkidks p LFkkuksa }kjk ck;ha vksj tkuk iM+s rks 10p ls xq.kk djsaA
p
(ii) ;fn vkidks p LFkkuksa }kjk nkfguh vksj tkuk iM+s rks 10 ls xq.kk djsaA
(iii) ;fn vkidks n'keyo fCaknq fdlh Hkh vksj LFkkukarfjr u djuk iM+s rks 10 ls xq.kk djsaA
(iv) fn, x, n'keyo dk ekud :i izkIr djus osQ fy, 10 dh ?kkr osQ lkFk izkIr u, n'keyo dks (pj.k 2 ls) fy[ksaA

iw.kk'k (Characteristic) ,oa viw.kk'k (Mantissa)

n osQ ekud :i dh vksj ;ku nsa
p
n = m 10 , tgk 1 < m < 10
10 osQ vk/kj ij y?kqx.kd ysus ij vkSj y?kqx.kd fu;eksa dk iz;ksx djus ij
p

log n = log m + log 10

= log m + p log 10
= p + log m

no

;gk p ,d iw.kkd gS vkSj D;ksafd 1 < m < 10, blfy, 0 < log m < 1, ;kfu m 'kwU; vkSj 1 osQ chp esa gSA tc
log n dks p + log m ls iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS tgk p ,d iw.kkd gS vkSj 0 < log m < 1, rc ge dgrs gSa fd p, log n
dk iw.kk'k (Characteristic) gS rFkk log m dks log n dk viw.kk'k (mantissa) dgrs gSaA ;ku nsa fd iw.kk'k ges'kk gh kukRed]
.kkRed vFkok 'kwU; iw.kkd gksrk gS rFkk viw.kk'k dHkh Hkh .kkRed ugha gksrk rFkk lnSo 1 ls de gksrk gSA ;fn ge
log n, dk iw.kk'k vkSj viw.kk'k izkIr dj ysrs gSa rks log n dks izkIr djus osQ fy, gesa mUgsa osQoy tksM+uk iM+rk gSA
vr% log n dks izkIr djus osQ fy,] gesa fuEu izdkj ls c<+uk gS
1. n osQ ekud :i dh vksj ;ku nhft,A
p

n = m 10 , 1 < m <10
2. log n

osQ iw.kk'k p dks mijksDr O;tad esa ls i<+sa (10 dh ?kkr)

209

ifjf'k"V

rkfydk ls log m ns[ksa] ftls uhps le>k;k x;k gS]

4. fy[ksa log n = p + log m
3.

0
..
7853
7924
7993
..

..
..
7860 7868
7931 7935
8000 8007
..
..

..
7875
7945
8014
..

..
..
7882 7889
7954 7959
8021 8028
..
..

..
7896
7966
8035
..

..
..
7803 7810
7973 7980
8041 8048
..
..

..
7817
7987
8055
..

..
1
1
1
..

..
1
1
1
..

..
2
2
2
..

..
3
3
3
..

..
4
3
3
..

..
4
4
4
..

..
5
5
5
..

..
6
6
6
..

..
6
6
6
..

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

..
61
62
63
..

;fn fdlh la[;k n dk iw.kk'k p gS vkSj viw.kk'k .4133 gS rc log n = 2 + .4133 iw.kk'k gksxk] ftls ge 2.4133
fy[k ldrs gSaA ijarq iw.kk'k ;fn 2 gS vkSj viw.kk'k .4123 gS rc log m = 2 + .4123 gksxkA ysfdu bls ge 2.4123 ugha
fy[k ldrs (D;ksa\) bl vlaxfr ls cpus osQ fy, ge 2 dks 2 fy[krs gSa vkSj rc ge m = 2.4123 fy[k ldrs gSaA
vkb, vc ge le>sa fd ge viw.kk'k izkIr djus osQ fy, y?kqx.kd rkfydk dk mi;ksx oSQls djrs gSaA bl ifjf'k"V osQ
var esa ,d rkfydk tqM+h gSA
;ku nhft, fd rkfydk esa izR;sd iafDr nks vadksa okyh ,d la[;k ls izkjaHk gksrh gS] 10, 11, 12,... 97, 98, 99 A izR;sd
LrEHk osQ 'kh"kZ ij ,d vad dh la[;k] 0, 1, 2, ...9 gSA nkfguh vksj ,d [kaM gS ftls vkSlr varj (ehu fMiQjsal) dgrs gSa]
blesa 9 LrEHk gSa ftuosQ 'kh"kZ ij 1, 2...9 la[;k,a fy[kh gSaA
vc eku yhft, gesa log (6.234) Kkr djuk gS] ge 62 ls izkjaHk gksus okyh iafDr ns[krs gSaA bl iafDr esa ml LraHk dks
nsf[k, ftlosQ 'kh"kZ ij 3 fy[kk gSA ;g la[;k 7945 gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd log (6.230) = 0.7945*
ijarq gesa log (6.234) dk eku pkfg,] blfy, gekjk mkj blls oqQN vf/d gksxkA fdruk vf/d gksxk\ blosQ fy, ge
^ehu fMiQjsUlsk osQ [kaM dks ns[krs gSaA gekjk pkSFkk vad 4 gS blfy, ge og LrEHk ns[krs gSa ftlosQ 'kh"kZ ij 4 fy[kk gS (62
okyh iafDr esa)A ge vad 3 izkIr djrs gSaA blfy, ge -7945 esa 3 tksM+rs gSaA gesa 7948 izkIr gksrk gSA vr% vUr esa gesa izkIr
gksrk gS
log (6.234) = 0.7948.

nwljk mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA log (8.127) izkIr djus osQ fy, 81 okyh iafDr esa LraHk 2 esa ns[krs gSa vkSj gesa 9096 izkIr gksrk
gSA ge blh iafDr esa vkxs c<+rs gSa vkSj ikrs gSa fd 7 LraHk esa vad 4 izkIr gksrk gSA bls 9096 esa tksM+rs gSa vkSj gesa 9100
izkIr gksrk gS vr%
log (8.127) = 0.9100.

fn;k gks rks n dk eku izkIr djuk

vHkh rd geus log n dks Kkr djus dh fof/ dh foospuk dh gSA vc ge bldh foijhr izf;k dh vksj tkrs gSa ;kfu tc
log n fn;k gks rks n dk eku Kkr djrs gSaA blosQ fy, ge ,d fof/ izLrqr djrs gSaA ;fn log n = t gks rks ge izk;% dgrs
gSa fd n = antilog t] vr% gesa fn, x, t dk izfry?kqx.kd (antilog) izkIr djuk gSA ge igys ls miyC/ izfry?kqx.kd rkfydk
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
eku yhft, log n = 2.5372.
n izkIr djus osQ fy, ge igys osQoy log n dk viw.kk'k ysrs gSaA ;gk ij ;g .5372. gS (;ku jgs fd ;g /ukRed
gks)A vc bl la[;k osQ izfry?kqx.kd dks rkfydk ls izkIr djrs gSa] ftls y?kqx.kd rkfydk (log table) dh gh rjg iz;ksx esa
yk;k tkrk gSA izfry?kqx.kd rkfydk esa LraHk 7 esa .53 okyh iafDr esa .3443 fy[kk rFkk bl iafDr esa vafre vad dk ehu fMiQjsal
2 gSA blfy, rkfydk ls 3445 izkIr gksrk gSA

no

log n

* ;g ;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd rkfydkvksa esa fn, x, eku ;FkkFkZ eku ugha gSaA ;g osQoy fudVre eku gSa] ;|fi ge ^cjkcj* dk laosQr iz;ksx esa ykrs
gSa] ftlls ;g vkHkkl gksrk gS fd ;s ;FkkFkZ eku gSaA blh ifjikVh dk vuqlj.k izfry?kqx.kd osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tk,xkA

iz'u izn'kdk] jlk;u

210

vr% antilog (.5372) = 3.445

D;ksafd log n = 2.5372 gS] vr% log n dk iw.kk'k 2 gS blfy, n dks ekud :i esa fuEu izdkj ls fy[k ldrs gSa
n = 3.445 10

;k n = 344.5

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

mnkgj.k 1
;fn log x = 1.0712 gks rks x Kkr dhft,
gy ge ikrs gSa fd la[;k 1179, la[;k 0712 osQ led{k gSA log x dk iw.kkZ'k gSA
vr% x = 1.179 101
= 11.79

mnkgj.k 2

;fn log x = 2.1352, gks rks x Kkr dhft,

gy: izfry?kqx.k rkfydk ls ge ikrs gSa fd la[;k 1366 la[;k .1352 osQ led{k gSA ;gk iw.kkZ'k 2 ;kfu 2, gS] blfy,
x = 1.366 10

= 0.01366

la[;kRed x.kukvksa esa y?kqx.kd dk mi;ksx

mnkgj.k 1

6.3 1.29

Kkr dhft,

gy ekuk x = 6.3 1.29

rc log x = log (6.3 1.29) = log 6.3 + log 1.29
vc log 6.3 = 0.7993
log 1.29 = 0.1106
log x = 0.9099,

izfry?kqx.kd ysus ij
x = 8.127

mnkgj.k 2
1.5

(1.23)

dk eku Kkr dhft,

no

11.2 23.5

gy ekuk x

rc] log x

= log

= log

(1.23)2

11.2 23.5
3

(1.23)2

11.2 23.5

211

ifjf'k"V

log 1.23 log (11.2 23.5)

log 1.23 log 11.2 23.5

vc]
log 1.23
3

log 1.23 = 0.13485

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

= 0.0899

log 11.2

= 1.0492

log 23.5

= 1.3711

log x

= 0.13485 1.0492 1.3711

= 3.71455

x = 0.005183

mnkgj.k 3

(71.24) 56
5

dk eku Kkr dfj,

(2.3) 21
7

(71.24) 56

gy: ekuk x =

rc] log x

=
=

(2.3) 21
7

(71.24)5 56

7
(2.3) 21

log

2
1

5
2

56 log (2.3) log 21]

[log (71.24) + log

log 71.24 +

1
4

log 56

log 2.3

log 21

vc rkfydkvksa dk iz;ksx djus ij

log 71.24 = 1.8527
log 56 = 1.7482

no

log 2.3 = 0.3617

log 21 = 1.3222

log x =

5
2

log (1.8527) +

= 3.4723

;k x = 2967

iz'u izn'kdk] jlk;u

212

1
4

(1.7482)

7
2

(0.3617)

1
4

(1.3222)

y?kqx.kd
lkj.kh 1
N

10

0000 0043

0086

0128

0170

11

0414 0453

0492

0531

0569

5
0212

0253 0294 0334

0374

5
4

13
12

17
16

21 26
2O 24

30
28

34 38
32 36

8
7

12
11

16
15

20
18

23
22

27
26

31 35
29 33

0645 0682 0719

0755

0969

1004 1038 1072 1106

3
3

7
7

11
10

14
14

18
17

21
20

25
24

28 32
27 31

1303

1335 1367 1399

1430

3
3

6
7

10
10

13
13

16
16

19
19

23
22

26 29
25 29

1614

1644 1673 1703

1732

3
3

6
6

9
9

12
12

15
14

19
17

22
20

25 28
23 26

1903

1931 1959 1987

2014

3
3

6
6

9
8

11
11

14
14

17
17

20
19

23 26
22 25

2175

2201 2227 2253

2279

3
3

6
5

8
8

11
10

14 16
13 16

19
18

22 24
21 23

2430

2455 2480 2504

2529

3
3

5
5

8
8

10
10

13
12

15
15

18
17

20 23
20 22

2672

2695 2718 2742

2765

2
2

5
4

7
7

9
9

12 14
11 14

17
16

19 21
18 21

2900

2923 2945 2967

2989

2
2

4
4

7
6

9
8

11
11

13
13

16
15

18 20
17 19

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

0607

4
4

12
13

14

15
16

17

18

19

0792 0828

1139 1173

1461 1492

1761 1790

2041 2068

2304 2330

2553 2577

2788 2810

0864

1206

1523

1818

2095

2355

2601

2833

0899

1239

1553

1847

2122

2380

2625

2856

0934

1271

1584

1875

2148

2405

2648

2878

20

3010 3032

3054

3075

3096

3118

3139 3160 3181

3201

11

13

15

17 19

21
22

3222 3243
3424 3444

3263
3464

3284
3483

3304
3502

3324
3522

3345 3365 3385

3541 3560 3579

3404
3598

2
2

4
4

6
6

8
8

10
10

12
12

14
14

16 18
15 17

23
24

3617 3636
3802 3820

3655
3838

3674
3856

3692
3874

3711
3892

3729 3747 3766

3909 3927 3945

3784
3962

2
2

4
4

6
5

7
7

9
9

11
11

13
12

15 17
14 16

25
26

3979 3997
4150 4166

4014
4183

4031
4200

4048
4216

4065
4232

4082 4099 4116

4249 4265 4281

4133
4298

2
2

3
3

5
5

7
7

9
8

10
10

12
11

14 15
13 15

27
28

4314 4330
4472 4487

4346
4502

4362
4518

4378
4533

4393
4548

4409 4425 4440

4564 4579 4594

4456
4609

2
2

3
3

5
5

6
6

8
8

9
9

11
11

13 14
12 14

29

4624 4639

4654

4669

4683

4698

4713 4728 4742

4757

10

12 13

30
31

4771 4786
4914 4928

4800 4814
4942 4955

4829
4969

4843
4983

4857 4871 4886

4997 5011 5024

4900
5038

1
1

3
3

4
4

6
6

7
7

9
8

10
10

11 13
11 12

32
33

5051 5065
5185 5198

5079
5211

5092
5224

5105
5237

5119
5250

5132 5145 5159

5263 5276 5289

5172
5302

1
1

3
3

4
4

5
5

7
6

8
8

9
9

11 12
10 12

34

5315 5328

5340

5353

5366

5378

5391 5403 5416

5428

10 11

35
36

5441 5453
5563 5575

5465
5587

5478
5599

5490
5611

5502
5623

5514 5527 5539

5635 5647 5658

5551
5670

1
1

2
2

4
4

5
5

6
6

7
7

9
8

10 11
10 11

37
38

5682 5694
5798 5809

5705
5821

5717
5832

5729
5843

5740
5855

5752 5763 5775

5866 5877 5888

5786
5899

1
1

2
2

3
3

5
5

6
6

7
7

8
8

9 10
9 10

5911 5922

5933

5944

5955

5966

5977 5988 5999

6010

9 10

6021 6031
6128 6138

6042
6149

6053
6160

6064
6170

6075
6180

6085 6096 6107

6191 6201 6212

6117
6222

1
1

2
2

3
3

4
4

5
5

6
6

8
7

9 10
8
9

42
43

6232 6243
6335 6345

6253
6355

6263
6365

6274
6375

6284
6385

6294 6304 6314

6395 6405 6415

6325
6425

1
1

2
2

3
3

4
4

5
5

6
6

7
7

8
8

9
9

44

6435 6444

6454

6464

6474

6484

6493 6503 6513

6522

45
46

6532 6542
6628 6637

6551
6646

6561
6656

6471
6665

6580
6675

6590 6599 6609

6684 6693 6702

6618
6712

1
1

2
2

3
3

4
4

5
5

6
6

7
7

8
7

9
8

47
48

6721 6730
6812 6821

6739
6830

6749
6839

6758
6848

6767
6857

6776 6785 6794

6866 6875 6884

6803
6893

1
1

2
2

3
3

4
4

5
4

5
5

6
6

7
7

8
8

49

6902 6911

6920

6928

6937

6946

6955 6964 6972

6981

no

39

40
41

y?kqx.kd
lkj.kh 1 (ozQe'k%)
0

50
51

6990 6998
7076 7084

7007
7093

7016
7101

7024
7110

7033
7118

7042 7050 7059

7126 7135 7143

7067
7152

1
1

2
2

3
3

3
3

4
4

5
5

6
6

7
7

8
8

52
53
54

7160 7168
7243 7251
7324 7332

7177
7259
7340

7185
7267
7348

7193
7275
7356

7202
7284
7364

7210 7218 7226

7292 7300 7308
7372 7380 7388

7235
7316
7396

1
1
1

2
2
2

2
2
2

3
3
3

4
4
4

5
5
5

6
6
6

7
6
6

7
7
7

55
56
57

7404 7412
7482 7490
7559 7566

7419
7497
7574

7427
7505
7582

7435
7513
7589

7443
7520
7597

7451 7459 7466

7528 7536 7543
7604 7612 7619

7474
7551
7627

1
1
1

2
2
2

2
2
2

3
3
3

4
4
4

5
5
5

5
5
5

6
6
6

7
7
7

58
59

7634 7642
7709 7716

7649
7723

7657
7731

7664
7738

7672
7745

7679 7686 7694

7752 7760 7767

7701
7774

1
1

1
1

2
2

3
3

4
4

4
4

5
5

6
6

7
7

60
61
62
63

7782
7853
7924
7993

7789
7860
7931
8000

7796
7768
7938
8007

7803
7875
7945
8014

7810
7882
7952
8021

7818
7889
7959
8028

7825
7896
7966
8035

7839
7910
7980
8048

7846
7917
7987
8055

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3

4
4
3
3

4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5

6
6
6
5

6
6
6
6

64

8062 8069

8075

8082

8089

8096

8102 8109 8116

8122

65
66
67
68
69

8129
8195
8261
8325
8388

8136
8202
8267
8331
8395

8142
8209
8274
8338
8401

8149
8215
8280
8344
8407

8156
8222
8287
8351
8414

8162
8228
8293
8357
8420

8169
8235
8299
8363
8426

8176
8241
8306
8370
8432

8182
8248
8312
8376
8439

8189
8254
8319
8382
8445

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6

70
71
72
73
74

8451
8513
8573
8633
8692

8457
8519
8579
8639
8698

8463
8525
8585
8645
8704

8470
8531
8591
8651
8710

8476
8537
8597
8657
8716

8482
8543
8603
8663
8722

8488
8549
8609
8669
8727

8494
8555
8615
8675
8733

8500
8561
8621
8681
8739

8506
8567
8627
8686
8745

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

6
5
5
5
5

75
76
77
78
79

8751
8808
8865
8921
8976

8756
8814
8871
8927
8982

8762
8820
8876
8932
8987

8768
8825
8882
8938
8993

8774
8831
8887
8943
8998

8779
8837
8893
8949
9004

8785
8842
8899
8954
9009

8791
8848
8904
8960
9015

8797
8854
8910
8965
9020

8802
8859
8915
8971
9025

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

80
81
82
83
84

9031
9085
9138
9191
9243

9036
9090
9143
9196
9248

9042
9096
9149
9201
9253

9047
9101
9154
9206
9258

9053
9106
9159
9212
9263

9058
9112
9165
9217
9269

9063
9117
9170
9222
9274

9069
9122
9175
9227
9279

9074
9128
9180
9232
9284

9079
9133
9186
9238
9289

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

85
86
87
88
89

9294
9345
9395
9445
9494

9299
9350
9400
9450
9499

9304
9355
9405
9455
9504

9309
9360
9410
9460
9509

9315
9365
9415
9465
9513

9320
9370
9420
9469
9518

9325
9375
9425
9474
9523

9330
9380
9430
9479
9528

9335
9385
9435
9484
9533

9340
9390
9440
9489
9538

1
1
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
4
4
4

90
91
92
93
94

9542
9590
9638
9685
9731

9547
9595
9643
9689
9736

9552
9600
9647
9694
9741

9557
9605
9652
9699
9745

9562
9609
9657
9703
9750

9566
9614
9661
9708
9754

9571
9619
9666
9713
9759

9576
9624
9671
9717
9763

9581
9628
9675
9722
9768

9586
9633
9680
9727
9773

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

95
96
97
98
99

9777
9823
9868
9912
9956

9782
9827
9872
9917
9961

9786
9832
9877
9921
9965

9791
9836
9881
9926
9969

9795
9841
9886
9930
9974

9800
9845
9890
9934
9978

9805
9850
9894
9939
9983

9809
9854
9899
9943
9987

9814
9859
9903
9948
9997

9818
9863
9908
9952
9996

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
3

4
4
4
4
4

no

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

7832
7903
7973
8041

izfry?kqx.kd
lkj.kh 2
0

00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09

1000
1023
1047
1072
1096
1122
1148
1175
1202
1230

1002
1026
1050
1074
1099
1125
1151
1178
1205
1233

1005
1028
1052
1076
1102
1127
1153
1180
1208
1236

1007
1030
1054
1079
1104
1130
1156
1183
1211
1239

1009
1033
1057
1081
1107
1132
1159
1186
1213
1242

1012
1035
1059
1084
1109
1135
1161
1189
1216
1245

1014
1038
1062
1086
1112
1138
1164
1191
1219
1247

1016
1040
1064
1089
1114
1140
1167
1194
1222
1250

1019
1042
1067
1091
1117
1143
1169
1197
1225
1253

1021
1045
1069
1094
1119
1146
1172
1199
1227
1256

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3

.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19

1259
1288
1318
1349
1380
1413
1445
1479
1514
1549

1262
1291
1321
1352
1384
1416
1449
1483
1517
1552

1265
1294
1324
1355
1387
1419
1452
1486
1521
1556

1268
1297
1327
1358
1390
1422
1455
1489
1524
1560

1271
1300
1330
1361
1393
1426
1459
1493
1528
1563

1274
1303
1334
1365
1396
1429
1462
1496
1531
1567

1276
1306
1337
1368
1400
1432
1466
1500
1535
1570

1279
1309
1340
1371
1403
1435
1469
1503
1538
1574

1282
1312
1343
1374
1406
1439
1472
1507
1542
1578

1285
1315
1346
1377
1409
1442
1476
1510
1545
1581

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3

2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

.20
.21
.22
.23
.24

1585
1622
1660
1698
1738

1589
1626
1663
1702
1742

1592
1629
1667
1706
1746

1596
1633
1671
1710
1750

1600
1637
1675
1714
1754

1603
1641
1679
1718
1758

1607
1644
1683
1722
1762

1611
1648
1687
1726
1766

1614
1652
1690
1730
1770

1618
1656
1694
1734
1774

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
4
4

.25
.26
.27
.28
.29

1778
1820
1862
1905
1950

1782
1824
1866
1910
1954

1786
1828
1871
1914
1959

1791
1832
1875
1919
1963

1795
1837
1879
1923
1968

1799
1841
1884
1928
1972

1803
1845
1888
1932
1977

1807
1849
1892
1936
1982

1811
1854
1897
1941
1986

1816
1858
1901
1945
1991

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39

1995
2042
2089
2138
2188
2239
2291
2344
2399
2455

2000
2046
2094
2143
2193
2244
2296
2350
2404
2460

2004
2051
2099
2148
2198
2249
2301
2355
2410
2466

2009
2056
2104
2153
2203
2254
2307
2360
2415
2472

2014
2061
2109
2158
2208
2259
2312
2366
2421
2477

2018
2065
2113
2163
2213
2265
2317
2371
2427
2483

2023
2070
2118
2168
2218
2270
2323
2377
2432
2489

2028
2075
2123
2173
2223
2275
2328
2382
2438
2495

2032
2080
2128
2178
2228
2280
2333
2388
2443
2500

2037
2084
2133
2183
2234
2286
2339
2393
2449
2506

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5

4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5

.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
.46
.47
.48

2512
2570
2630
2692
2754
2818
2884
2951
3020

2518
2576
2636
2698
2761
2825
2891
2958
3027

2523
2582
2642
2704
2767
2831
2897
2965
3034

2529
2588
2649
2710
2773
2838
2904
2972
3041

2535
2594
2655
2716
2780
2844
2911
2979
3048

2541
2600
2661
2723
2786
2851
2917
2985
3055

2547
2606
2667
2729
2793
2858
2924
2992
3062

2553
2612
2673
2735
2799
2864
2931
2999
3069

2559
2618
2679
2742
2805
2871
2938
3006
3076

2564
2624
2685
2748
2812
2877
2944
3013
3083

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6

5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

.49 3090 3097

3105

3112

3119

3126

3133 3141 3148

3155

no

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

izfry?kqx.kd
lkj.kh 2 (ozQe'k%)
0

.50
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
.56

3162
3236
3311
3388
3467
3548
3631

3170
3243
3319
3396
3475
3556
3639

3177
3251
3327
3404
3483
3565
3648

3184
3258
3334
3412
3491
3573
3656

3192
3266
3342
3420
3499
3581
3664

3199
3273
3350
3428
3508
3589
3673

3206
3281
3357
3436
3516
3597
3681

3214
3289
3365
3443
3524
3606
3690

3221
3296
3373
3451
3532
3614
3698

3228
3304
3381
3459
3540
3622
3707

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
3

3
3
3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4
4
4

4
5
5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
6
6
6
6

6
6
6
6
6
7
7

7
7
7
7
7
7
8

.57 3715 3724

.58 3802 3811
.59 3890 3899

3733
3819
3908

3741
3828
3917

3750
3837
3926

3758
3846
3936

3767 3776 3784

3855 3864 3873
3945 3954 3963

3793
3882
3972

1
1
1

2
2
2

3
3
3

3
4
4

4
4
5

5
5
5

6
6
6

7
7
7

8
8
8

.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69

3981
4074
4169
4266
4365
4467
4571
4677
4786
4898

3990
4083
4178
4276
4375
4477
4581
4688
4797
4909

3999
4093
4188
4285
4385
4487
4592
4699
4808
4920

4009
4102
4198
4295
4395
4498
4603
4710
4819
4932

4018
4111
4207
4305
4406
4508
4613
4721
4831
4943

4027
4121
4217
4315
4416
4519
4624
4732
4842
4955

4036
4130
4227
4325
4426
4529
4634
4742
4853
4966

4046
4140
4236
4335
4436
4539
4645
4753
4864
4977

4055
4150
4246
4345
4446
4550
4656
4764
4875
4989

4064
4159
42S6
4355
4457
4560
4667
4775
4887
5000

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7

6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8

7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9

8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10

.70
.71
.72
.73
.74
.75
.76
.77
.78
.79

5012
5129
5248
5370
5495
5623
5754
5888
6026
6166

5023
5140
5260
5383
5508
5636
5768
5902
6039
6180

5035
5152
5272
5395
5521
5649
5781
5916
6053
6194

5047
5164
5284
5408
5534
5662
5794
5929
6067
6209

5058
5176
5297
5420
5546
5675
5808
5943
6081
6223

5070
5188
5309
5433
5559
5689
5821
5957
6095
6237

5082
5200
5321
5445
5572
5702
5834
5970
6109
6252

5093
5212
5333
5458
5585
5715
5848
5984
6124
6266

5105
5224
5346
5470
5598
5728
5861
5998
6138
6281

5117
5236
5358
5483
5610
5741
5875
6012
6152
6295

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6

6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7

7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9

8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10

9
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11

11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13

.80
.81
.82
.83
.84

6310
6457
6607
6761
6918

6324
6471
6622
6776
6934

6339
6486
6637
6792
6950

6353
6501
6653
6808
6966

6368
6516
6668
6823
6982

6383
6531
6683
6839
6998

6397
6546
6699
6855
7015

6412
6561
6714
6871
7031

6427
6577
6730
6887
7047

6442
6592
6745
6902
7063

1
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6

7
8
8
8
8

9
9
9
9
10

10
11
11
11
11

12 13
12 14
12 14
1314
13 15

.85
.86
.87
.88
.89

7079
7244
7413
7586
7762

7096
7261
7430
7603
7780

7112
7278
7447
7621
7798

7129
7295
7464
7638
7816

7145
7311
7482
7656
7834

7161
7328
7499
7674
7852

7178
7345
7516
7691
7870

7194
7362
7534
7709
7889

7211
7379
7551
7727
7907

7228
7396
7568
7745
7925

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

7
7
7
7
7

8
8
9
9
9

10
10
10
11
11

12
12
12
12
13

13
13
14
14
14

15
15
16
16
16

.90
.91
.92
.93
.94

7943
8128
8318
8511
8710

7962
8147
8337
8531
8730

7980
8166
8356
8551
8750

7998
8185
8375
8570
8770

8017
8204
8395
8590
8790

8035
8222
8414
8610
8810

8054
8241
8433
8630
8831

8072
8260
8453
8650
8851

8091
8279
8472
8670
8872

8110
8299
8492
8690
8892

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4

6
6
6
6
6

7
8
8
8
8

9
9
10
10
10

11
11
12
12
12

13
13
14
14
14

15
15
15
16
16

17
17
17
18
18

.95
.96
.97
.98
.99

8913
9120
9333
9550
9772

8933
9141
9354
9572
9795

8954
9162
9376
9594
9817

8974
9183
9397
9616
9840

8995
9204
9419
9638
9863

9016
9226
9441
9661
9886

9036
9247
9462
9683
9908

9057
9268
9484
9705
9931

9078
9290
9506
9727
9954

9099
9311
9528
9750
9977

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
5

6
6
7
7
7

8
8
9
9
9

10
11
11
11
11

12
13
13
13
14

15
15
15
16
16

17
17
17
18
18

19
19
20
20
20

no

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d