Unit 6 – TB 2

C H E M I S T R Y
Unit 06|Theory Book
wldnksl ridhkh - 2

16 ldKavh

O S Se Te Po

wf,day f,daydf,day

ldKavfha my<g h;a u f,dayuh iajNdjh jeä jqj o 16 jk ldKAvfha tlÿ uQ,øjHhla j;a ienE f,day f,i
l%shd fkdlrhs'
TlaislrK wjia:dj +6 yd -2 ys ia:dhs;dj ldKavfha my<g h;a u wvq jk w;r +4 TlaislrK wjia:dfõ
ia:dhs;dj jeä fõ'

O (Tlaiscka)

Tlaiscka j, nyqrEmS wdldr

vhs Tlaiscka (O2)

wj¾K, .kaOhlska f;dr, c,fha uo jYfhka ødjH jdhqjls' jd;fhka 21% muK fõ'

úoHd.drfha § ksmoùu :
KClO3 KCl + O2 W;afm%arl - MnO2 fyda Pt
∆

H2O2 H2O + O2 W;afm%arl - MnO2

∆

´fidaka (O3)

lgql .kaOhla we;s w;r my< jdhqf.da,fha § jdhq ¥Ilhls' øj wjia:dfõ ks,a meye;sh' nkaOk fldaKh
111.5° fõ'
´fidka vhsTlaisckaj,g jvd m%n, Tlaisldrlhls' ixj¾ê; rgj,a /il c,fha CIqø Ôùka kik úIîc
kdYlhla f,i ´fidaka Ndú; flf¾' laf,daÍka fuka fkdj" úIîc kdYl l%shdj,sfha § ´fidaka lsisÿ ydksodhl
w;=reM,hla ksmojkafka ke;'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 1

 Tlaiscka wvx.= ixfhda.

c,h (𝐇𝟐 𝐎)
iajNdjfha mj;sk iq,n; u ødjlhhs' my; mßÈ iajhx whkSlrKhg ,laùfuka H + yd OH − ,nd fok neúka
wï,hla fuka u NIauhla f,i o yeisÍug Bg yelshdj we;' tkï c,h WNhfm%daál m%fNaohls'

H2O (l) ⇌ H + (aq) + OH − (aq

yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsâ (H2O2)xfhda.

tal ;,Sh fkdjk wKqjls' (OH ldKav fol fjkia ;, j, mj;shs')

m%N, H nkaOk mej;Su fya;=fjka ldur WIAK;ajfha § ÿiai%dù øjhla f,i mj;S'
c,hg jvd ;rula wdï,sl fõ'

H2O2 ys m%;sl%shd

Tlaisldrl fuka u Tlaisydrl .=K o orhs'

T’yrKh T’lrKh
H2O H2O2 O2

-2 -1 0
Tlail
s drl .=K

1. 4 H2O2 + PbS PbSO4 + 4 H2O

2. 2 H+ + H2O2 + 2 I − I2 + 2 H2O

3. 2 H+ + H2O2 + 2 Fe2+ 2 Fe3+ + 2 H2O

4. 10 OH − + 3 H2O2 + 2 Cr3+ 2 CrO2−

4 + 8 H 2O

Tlaiy
s drl .=K

1. 3 H2SO4 + 2 KMnO4 + 5 H2O2 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

2. 3 H2O2 + Cr2O2−
7 +8H
+
2Cr3+ + 3 O2 + 7 H2O

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 2

 S (i,a*¾)

nyqrEmS wdldr

iaMálrE wiaMálrEmS

frdïniSh S taldk;s S iaúldrh l<s, S lsß S

(𝛼 i,a*¾) (𝛽 i,a*¾) S
øjdxlh 113℃ øjdxlh 119℃

Tlaiscka fuka fkdj" i,a*¾ ish mrudKq iu`. oaú;aj nkaOk idokjdg jvd tal nkaOk idohs'
jvd;a u iq,n nyqrEmS wdldrh jkafka α-i,a*¾ (α - S8) hkqfjka ye|skafjk frdïniSh i,a*¾h'
frdïniSh i,a*¾ yd taldk;s i,a*¾ my; (a) fmkajd § we;s mßÈ th i,a*¾ mrudKq wglska iukaú; pl%Sh
wlajla ^zig - zag) ieliqulska hq;a" Tgqkakl yevfhka hqla; wKq j,ska iukaú; fõ'

frdïniSh 𝐒 taldk;s 𝐒

95 °C g jvd by< WIaK;ajhg r;a lsÍfï oS iq,nj yuq jk wfkla nyqrEmS wdldrh jk taldk;s i,a*¾ β -
i,a*¾ (β - S8) njg ish weiqreï wdldrh fjkia lr .kshs'
ixjD; odu iys; ú,Sk i,a*¾ laIKslj isis,a lsÍfï §, újD; odu iys; ;dm iqúld¾h i,a*¾ njg mßj¾;kh
fõ' i,a*¾j, wiaMálrEms wdldrh wia:dhS fõ'
´kE u nyqrEmS wdldrhla l,a .;jq úg frdïniSh S njg mßj¾;kh fõ'

i,a*¾ j, m%;sl%shd

1. S + O2 SO2

2. S + 2Cl2 SCl4
∆

S + 3F2 SF6
∆

3. m%N, wï, iu`.,

S + 4 HNO3 (idkaø) 4 NO2 + SO2 + 2H2O

S + 6 HNO3 (idkaø) 6 NO2 + H2SO4 + 2H2O

∆

S + 2 H2SO4 (idkaø) 3 SO2 + 2H2O

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 3

 i,a*¾ wvx.= ixfhda.

i,a*¾ fmkajk iq,n TlaislrKdxl −2 , 0 , +2 , +4 yd +6 fõ'

yhsv%cka i,a*hsâ (H2S)xfhda.

krla jQ ì;a;r .`ola iys;, wj¾K, úIodhS, c,fha uo jYfhka ødjH ÿ¾j, wdï,sl jdhqjls'
f,day i,a*hsv, m%N, wï, iu`. m%;sl%shdfjka ,nd.; yel'
Na 2 S + 2 HCl → H2 S + 2 NaCl

c,Sh ødjK j,§ my; mßÈ wdxYslj ú>gkh fõ'

H2S(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + HS − (aq)

HS − (aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + S 2− (aq)

H2S ys m%;sl%shd

wdï,sl .=K

NaOH + H2S (jeämqr) NaHS + H2O

2NaOH + H2S Na2S + 2H2O

Tlail
s drl .=K

2Na + 2H2S (jeämqr) 2NaHS + H2

2Na + H2S Na2S + H2
Mg + H2S MgS + H2

Tlaisydrl .=K

H2S S / (H2SO4)

-2 0 +6

1. 6H+ + 2MnO−
4 + 5H2S 5 S + 2Mn2+ + 8H+

2. 8H+ + Cr2O2−
7 + 3H2S 3 S + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

3. SO2 + 2H2S 3 S + 2H2O

4. Cl2 + H2S S + 2HCl

5. 2HNO3(id) + H2S S + 2NO2 + 2H2O

6. 8HNO3(id) + H2S H2SO4 + 8NO2 + 5H2O

∆

7. H2SO4 (id) + H2S S + SO2 + 2H2O

8. 2FeCl3 + H2S S + 2FeCl2 + 2HCl

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 4

 i,a*¾ vfhdlaihsâ (SO2)xfhda.

lgql .kaOhla iys; wj¾K ÿn, wdï,sl jdhqjls'

c,fha Èh ùu my; mßÈ isÿfú'

SO2 + H2O → H2SO3

H2SO3 + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + HSO−

3

HSO−
3 + H2O ⇌ H3O + SO3
+ 2−

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 5

 SO2 ys m%;sl%shd

Tlaisldrlhla fuka u Tlaisydrlhla f,i o l%shd l< yel

S SO2 SO2−
4
T’yrKh T’lrKh
Tlaisldrl .=K 0 +4 +6

1. SO2 + 4Na 2Na2O + S

jeämqr
SO2 + 6Na 2Na2O + Na2S

2. SO2 + 2Mg 2MgO + S

SO2 + 3Mg 2MgO + MgS

3. SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O

Tlaisydrl .=K

1. 2H2O + 2MnO−
4 + 5SO2 5 SO2−
4 + 2 Mn
2+

2. 2H+ + Cr2O2−
7 + 3SO2 3 SO2−
4 + 2 Cr
3+

3. 2H2O + 2FeCl3 + SO2 H2SO4 + 2FeCl2 + 2 HCl

4. SO2 + NO2 SO3 + NO

5. SO2 + Cl2 SO2Cl2 (i,a*shqrhs,a laf,darhsâ)

SO2Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2 HCl

 SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2 HCl

 SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2 HBr

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 6

 i,a*¾ j, Tlafid wï,

i,a*shqßla wï,h (H2SO4).

SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

oaúNdIañl m%N, wï,hls'

H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO−

4

HSO−
4 + H2O → H3O + SO4
+ 2−

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 7

 H2SO4 ksmoùu

jd;fha
i,a*hsv/ S SO2
oykh

450℃
2SO2 + O2 2 SO3
V2O5(s)

SO3 + H2SO4 (98%) H2S2O7 (oliume)

H2 S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4

H2SO4 ys m%;sl%shd

Tlaisldrl .=K

WKq idkaø H2SO4 m%N, Tlaisldrlhla f,i yeisf¾'

1. 2H2SO4 + Mg MgSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

2. 2H2SO4 + C CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O

3. 2H2SO4 + S 3SO2 + 2H2O

4. H2SO4 + H2S S + SO2 + 2H2O

H+
5. 2H+ + H2SO4 + I − I2 + SO2 + 2H2O

2H+ + H2SO4 + Br − H
+
6. Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O

7. H2SO4 + Cl− X

8. H2SO4 + Fe2+ X

wdï,sl .=K

;kql H2SO4 m%N, wï,hla f,i yeisf¾'

1. H2SO4 + Mg MgSO4 + H2

2. H2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O

úc,ldrl .=K

idkaø H2SO4 úc,ldrlhla f,i o yeisf¾'

id
C6H12O6 + H2SO4 6C + H2SO4.6H2O
id
CH3CH2OH + H2SO4 CH2 = CH2 + H2SO4.H2O

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 8

 i,a*shqria wï,h (𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟑 )

i,a*shqßla wï,hg jvd ÿn, wï,hla fõ'

jdhquh i,a*¾ vfhdlaihsâ c,h iu`. m%;sls%hd lr i,a*shqria wï,h ksmojhs'

SO2 + H2O → H2SO3

c,fha ødú; Tlaiscka iu`. i,a*shqria wï,h m%;sls%hd lr i,a*shqßla wï,h ksmojhs'
jd;h yuqfõ i,a*shqria wï,h TlaislrK ùu fya;=fjka tys ieu úg u iq`M m%udKhla i,a*shqßla wï,h wvx.= fõ'

;fhdai,a*shqßla wï,h (𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝟐 𝐎𝟑 )

ÿn, wï,hls'
;fhdai,a*shqßla wï,h wia:dhS jk w;r tys ,jKh muKla ia:dhS fõ' tu ksid c,Sh ødjK j, § my; mßÈ
iajhx ú>gkh fõ'

H2 S2 O3 → S + SO2 + H2 O

;fhdai,af*aÜ whkhg Tlaisydrlhla f,i ls%hd l< yels h.

2 S2 O2− − 2−
3 + I2 → 2 I + S4 O6

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 9

 1 7 ldKavh

F2 <d ly I2 l¨ È,sfikiq`M >khls

Cl2 <d fld< At úlsrKYS,S uQ,øjHhls

Br2 r;= - ÿUqre øjhls

ye,ck m%;sls%hdYS,s jk w;r iajNdjfha ixfhda. f,i muKla yuq fõ'

jvd;a u úoHq;a RK uQ,øjHh *af,daÍka jk w;r" *af,daÍka -1 yd 0 TlaislrK wjia:d fmkakqï lrhs'
*af,daÍka yer wfkla ye,ck -1 isg +7 olajd mej;sh yels iEu TlaislrK wjia:djg u mdfya wkqrEm jk ia:dhs
ixfhda. idohs' flfia fj;;a fn%dañka j, +7 TlaislrK wjia:dfõ mj;sk ixfhda. wia:dhs fõ'
l=vd mrudKql wrh fya;=fjka" wfkla uQ,øjHj, by< TlaislrK wjia:d ia:dhs lsÍug *af,daÍkaj,g yels h'
(Wod - SF6 )
úoHq;a RK;djfha úp,kh wkqj ldKavfha my<g Tlaisldrl yelshdj ^m%;sls%hdYS,s;ajh& wvq fõ'
Wod -
Cl2 + Br − → Br2 + Cl−
Br2 + I − → I2 + Br −

oaú mrudKql fya,hsv j, nkaOk È. yd Yla;sh úp,kh

oaú mrudKql fya,hsv j, nkaOk È. yd Yla;h
s úp,kh
17 ldKavfha my<g mrudKq j, úYd,;ajh jeä jk neúka oaú mrudKql fya,hsv j, nkaOk È. úp,kh my;
mßÈ fõ'
▪ 𝐅 − 𝐅 < 𝐂𝐥 − 𝐂𝐥 < 𝐁𝐫 − 𝐁𝐫 < 𝐈 − 𝐈

nkaOk Èf.ys úp,kh u; F2 jeäu nkaOk Yla;shla yd I2 wvq u nkaOk Yla;shla ±ßh hq;=h' kuq;a m%dfhda.l
s j
nkaOk Yla;sh u; ye,ck úp,kh my; mßÈ fõ'

▪ 𝐈 − 𝐈 < 𝐅 − 𝐅 < 𝐁𝐫 − 𝐁𝐫 < 𝐂𝐥 − 𝐂𝐥

▪ (149 kJ mol−1 ) (155 kJ mol−1 ) (190 kJ mol−1 ) (240 kJ mol−1 )

by; wm.ukh ;=< isÿ ù we;s wm.ukh jkafka F2 ys nkaOk Yla;sh widudkH f,i wvq ùuhs'
óg fya;=j,
F hkq mDIaÀl iDK wfrdamK >k;ajh jeä mrudKqjls' tjeks mrudKq folla flá nkaOkhlska ne`§ we;s úg
mrudKq foflys we;s tlir bf,lafg%dak w;r by< úl¾IK l%shd;aul fõ' tu ksid wod< nkaOkh ;rula ÿ¾j,
fõ'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 10

 Cl2 ys m%;sl%shd

Cl2 ys by< úoHq;a RK;djh fya;=fjka th myiqfjka TlaisyrKh fjñka m%N, Tlaisldrlhla f,i yeisf¾'

1. c,h iu`. m%;sl%shdj

Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl

by; m%;sl%shdfõ § Cl , 0 TlaislrKdxlfha isg +1 yd −1 njg oaúOdlrKh ùu isÿfõ'

fuys§ ,efnk HOCl, HOCl → HCl + ′O′ f,i iajhx ú>gkh fõ' fuu mrudKql Tlaiscka úIîc kdYl .=K
orhs' fï ksid Cl2 c,h msßisÿldrlhla f,i Ndú;d fõ'

2. c,Sh NIau iu`. m%;sl%shdj

is';'
Cl2 + 2 NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

W'id'
3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 +3 H2O

my< WIaK;aj j, § ia:dhS jqj o r;a lsÍfï § OCl− my; mßÈ oaúOdlrKh fõ' flfia jqj o OBr − yd OI − my<
WIaK;aj j, § o wia:dhS jk neúka tajd my< WIaK;aj j, § o oaúOdlrKh ùu isÿ fõ' wdï,sl ;;a;aj hgf;a
HOCl g jvd ClO ̅ ia:dhs fõ' ta ksid NdIañl ;;a;aj hgf;a oaúOdlrK m%;sls%hd uQ,l
s fõ'

OCl− 80 ℃ ↑ Cl− + ClO−

3

+1 -1 5

3. NH3 iu`. m%;sl%shdj

3Cl2 + 2NH3 N2 + 6HCl

je'
3Cl2 + NH3 NCl3 + 3HCl
je'
3Cl2 + 8NH3 N2 + 6NH4Cl

4. f,day iu`. m%;sl%hdj

Cu + Cl2 ∆ CuCl

CuCl + Cl2 CuCl2

∆
Fe + Cl2 ∆ FeCl2

2 FeCl2 + Cl2 2 FeCl3

∆

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 11

 5. Cl2 + H2S S + 2HCl
je
6. P + Cl PCl3 Cl2 PCl5
∆
je je
7. S + Cl2 SCl2 Cl2 SCl4 Cl2 X
∆

yhsv%cka fya,hsv

yhsv%cka fya,hsv j, f;dard.;a ,laIK lsym

s hla my; mßÈ fõ'

by; yhsv%cka fya,hsv w;ßka HF muKla ÿn, wdï,sl jk w;r wfklajd m%N, wdï,sl fõ'

HF nkaOkh idfmalaIj flá neúka tu nkaOk jvd;a Yla;su;a fõ' tu ksid tu nkaOkh ú>gkh ù udOHhg H+
yd F − ksoyia lsÍu wvqfjka isÿ fõ'

øjdxl ;dmdxl úp,kh :

HF yer wfkl=;a m%fNao wKql ialkaOh jeäjk ms<sfj,g wmlsrK n, m%N, jk ksid øjdxl o tu ms<sfj,g jeä
fõ'
HF ys H nkaOk l%shd;aul jk neúka tys øjdxl ;dmdxl widudkH f,i wvq ù we;'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 12

 18 ldKavh

18 ldKavhg wh;a uQ,øjH ish,a, m%;sls%hdYS,s ke;s tal mrudKql jdhq fõ'
Xe muKla O yd F iu`. ie,lsh hq;= ixfhda. m%udKhla idohs'
18 ldKavhg wh;a ish¨ uQ,øjH Ok bf,lafg%dak ,nd .ekSfï tka;e,amshla orhs'

Xe idok ir, ixfhda.

fifkdakaj, ixfhda.j,g +2, +4, +6 iy +8 hk TlaislrK wxl we;'

fï wkqj uQ,øjHhla úiska fmkajk by< u Ok TlaislrKdxlh fmkajkafka Xe fõ'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 13

 3 jk wdj¾;fha uQ,øjH j, .=K úp,kh

iajNdjfha nyq,j mj;sk uQ,øjHuh wdldr :

3 jk wdj¾;fha uQ,øjH NIau iu`. m%;sl%shd :

Tlaihsv yd tajdfha .=K

Tlaihsv c,h iu`. m%;sl%shd :

Na yd Mg ys Tlaihsv c,h iu`. m%;sl%shdfjka tajdfha yhsfv%dlaihsv ,efí'

Al yd Si ys Tlaihsv c,h iu`. m%;sl%shd fkdlrhs'
P , S yd Cl ys Tlaihsv c,h iu`. m%;sl%shdfjka tajd mej;s TlaislrKdxlhg wod, Tlafid wï,h ,efí'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 14

 Tlaihsv wï, yd NIau iu`. m%;sl%shd :

Na yd Mg ys Tlaihsv NdIañl jk neúka tajd wï, iu`. m%;sl%shd lrhs'

Al ys Tlaihsvh WNh.=Kl
s neúka th wï, fuka u NIau iu`. o m%;sl%shd lrhs'
P , S yd Cl ys Tlaihsv wdï,sl jk neúka tajd NIau iu`. m%;sl%shd lrhs'

yhsfv%dlaihsv yd tajdfha .=K

;=kajk wdj¾;fha yhsfv%dlaihsv ta wdj¾;fha u Tlaihsvj,g iudk m%jK;djla fmkakqï lrhs'

yhsv%hv
s yd tajdfha .=K

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 15

 laf,darhsv yd tajdfha .=K

wdj¾;hla yryd jfï isg ol=Kg hEfï § uQ,øjHj, úoHq;a RK;dj jeä jk ksid laf,darhsv c,úÉfþokh ùfï
yelshdj jeä fõ' ;=kajk wdj¾;fha we;s 𝐬 f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH j, laf,darhsv whksl jk w;r 𝐩 f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHj,
laf,darhsv iyixhqc fõ'

wekdhk úYaf,aIKh
wekdhk úYaf,aIKh

𝐍𝐎− −
𝟐 yd 𝐍𝐎𝟑 y`ÿkd .ekSu

;' H+
1) NO3− X
;' H+
NO2− ÿUqre jdhqj (NO2)

NO3−
id' H+
ÿUqre jdhqj (NO2)
NO2−

2) ÿUqre j,h mÍlaIdj

mÍlaIK k<hlg w¨; iEÿ FeSO4 ødjKhla yd NO3− wvx.= ødjKhla tl;= lrhs' wk;=rej k<fha ì;a;sh Èf.a
ìxÿ jYfhka idkaø wï,hla tl;= lrhs' fuúg FeSO4 yd NO3− l,dm fjka jk iSudfõ ÿUqre j,hla we;s fõ'

3) NO3−

Al fyda Zn fkia,¾
fyda NH3 ÿUqre mdg
OH- /∆

NO2−

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 16

 𝐒𝐎𝟐− 𝟐−
𝟑 yd 𝐒𝐎𝟒 y`ÿkd .ekSu

SO2−
BaCl2 BaSO3 ;' H+ Èh fõ'
3
ÿ¾j, wï,j,ska jHq;amkak jk wekdhk
iqÿ ↓
idok wjlafIam ;kql wï, yuqfõ ødjKh
BaCl4 fõ'
SO2−
4 BaSO4 ;' H+ BaSO4
iqÿ ↓ iqÿ ↓

𝐒𝟐 𝐎𝟐−
𝟑 y`ÿkd .ekSu

1) S2 O2−
3 + 2H+ S ↓ + SO2↑ + H2O

Wod :-

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl S + SO2 + 2NaCl + H2O

2)

2 Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2Nal

fya,hsv whk y`ÿkd.ekSu

1) Cl− AgNO3 AgCl ↓ iqÿ ;'NH3

Èh fõ'

Èh fõ'
id'NH3

AgNO3
Br − AgBr ↓ iqÿ X
;'NH3
✓
id'NH3

AgNO3
I− AgI ↓ <d ly X
;'NH3
X
id'NH3

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 17

 2)

r;a l< úg Èh ù kej;

isis,a jk úg bÈlgq ;=vq
jeks wjlafIam ,ndfoa'

3) nqnqf,a mÍlaIdj

;kql wï, iu. jdhq ,nd fok m%fNao

legdhk úYaf,aIKh

① ldKavh

legdhk ñY%Khg ;kql HCl tl;= lrhs'

fuys § wjlafIam 3 la we;s fõ'

1. Ag+ AgCl ↓ iqÿ

2. Hg 2+
2 Hg2Cl2 (HgCl) ↓ iqÿ
3. Pb2+ PbCl2 ↓ iqÿ

;kql NH3 fhÿ úg AgCl Èh fõ'

idkaø HCl fhÿ úg fyda r;a l< úg PbCl2 Èh fõ'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 18

 ② ldKavh

wdï,sl udOHfha H2S nqnq,kh isÿ fõ'

m<uqjk fmrkhg msg;ska H2S nqnq,kh lrhs' 1 ldKavfha § fhÿ HCl fya;=fjka udOHfha by< H+ idkaøKhla mj;shs'
tu ksid H2S ys ú>gkh ÿ¾j, ù udOHfha [S2-] wvq fõ'

②
③
H2S 2H+ ↑ + S2- ↓
①

wvq [S2-] la hgf;a my; S2- wjlafIam we;s fõ'

PbS CdS SnS - ÿUqre

HgS As2S3 ly Sb2S3 - ;eô,s
l`:
CuS SnS2
Bl2S3

③ ldKavh

2 ys ,efnk fmrkh my; l%shdj,g ms<sfj,ska Ndckh lrhs'

1. r;a lsßu - (H2S bj;a lsÍu)

2. HNO3 fh§u'
(Fe2+ Fe3+ njg m;a lsÍu')
3. kegùu'
4. NH4Cl yd NH4OH fh§u'

NH4OH ys ú>gkh NH4Cl mej;Su fya;=fjka wvq fõ'

NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl−

fï fya;=fjka ødjKfha by< NH4+ idkaøKhla we;s fõ'

②

NH4OH NH4+ ↑ + OH − ↓
① ③

by; wdldrfha wvq OH − idkaøKhla hgf;a my; wjlafIam 3 ,efí'

1. Al(OH)3 − iqÿ fc,ákSh

2. Cr(OH)3 − ls<sá fld<
3. Fe(OH)3 − r;= ÿUqre

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 19

 ④ ldKavh

NdIañl udOHfha H2S nqnq,kh isÿfõ'

H2S 2H+ ↓ + S2- ↑

① ③

fuys § ,efnk by< [S2-] hgf;a my; wjlafIam ,efí'

Ni2+ NiS
l`:
Co2+ CoS

Mn2+ MnS - frdai

Zn2+ ZnS - iqÿ

⑤ ldKavh

NH4Cl yd (NH4)2CO3 tl;= lrhs' fuys § wjlafIam 3 la ,efí'

Ca2+ CaCO3

Sr2+ SrCO3 iqÿ ↓

Ba2+ BaCO3

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 20