gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask

ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 1

mswÞµ¦ wmGjevGmi AvGjvGK
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ: cixÞv 2024
w«¼Zxq AaÅvq: àYMZ imvqb
cÉk
² 109
 ev, S = 1.285  104 mol/L
myZivs, 2bs cvGò Ag+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv 2S = 2  1.285  104
Zn2+
Ag2CO3 mol/L = 2.57  104 mol/L
Al3+ ‰i mÁ·†Ú
Rjxq `ËeY N DóxcGKi 1bs cvGòi Zn2+ ‰es Al3+ AvqGbi gGaÅ Al3+

1bs cvò 2bs cvò AvqbwU AvGM AatwÞµ¦ nGe|
Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3 ‰es Ag2CO3 ‰i Ksp h^vKÌGg 3.0  1017 I Avgiv Rvwb, ˆKvGbv jeY ev `ËGei AvqwbK àYdj hLb Zvi
3.0  1034 ‰es 8.5  1012|  wkLbdj: == [Xv. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-6] `ËveÅZvi àYdjGK AwZKÌg KiGe ZLb ˆmB `ËewU `ËeGY AatwÞµ¦
K. ÞvGii weGqvRb aË‚eK Kb Kx? 1 nGe| DwÍÏwLZ Avqb«¼q NH4Cl ‰i DcwÕ©wZGZ NH4OH ‰i mvG^
L. Zij AeÕ©vq B^vbwqK ‰wmW cwjgvi MVb KGi@ eÅvLÅv wbÁ²i…Gc wewKÌqv KGi|
KGiv| 2 Al3+ + 3NH4OH  Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+
M. 2bs cvGò Ag+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv wnmve KGiv| 3 Zn2+ + NH4OH  2Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4+
N. 1bs cvGòi `ËeGY NH4Cl ‰i DcwÕ©wZGZ NH4OH ˆhvM Kiv
nGj ˆKvb AvqbwU AvGM AatwÞµ¦ nGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 Al(OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZvi àYdj, Ksp = 3.0  1034
109 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Zn(OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZvi àYdj, Ksp = 3  1017
K cÉwZ wjUvi Rjxq `ËeGY DcwÕ©Z ˆKvb ÞviGKi ˆgvj msLÅvi A^Ævr Al(OH)3 ‰i KSP ‰i gvb Zn(OH)2 ‰i KSP ‰i gvb
ˆh f™²vsk weGqvwRZ AeÕ©vq ^vGK, ZvGK H ÞviGKi weGqvRb AGcÞv AGbK Þz`Ë| ZvB DwÍÏwLZ Þvixq gvaÅGg Al(OH)3 ‰i
aË‚eK eGj| AvqwbK àYdGji gvb Lye mnGR Zvi `ËveÅZvi àYdGji gvbGK
L B^vbwqK ‰wmW AYyGZ 'O' ‰es 'H' cigvYyi ZworFYvñKZvi AwZKÌg KGi AatwÞµ¦ nGe|
cv^ÆGKÅi KviGY WvBGcvj m†wÓ¡ nq| dGj H-e®¬b «¼viv msGhvRb NH4Cl ‰i DcwÕ©wZGZ NH4OH ‰i weGqvRbgvòv mg Avqb
NGU| msGhvRb NUGZ cvGi `ywU AYyi gGaÅ| dGj WvBgvi cÉfvGe nËvm cvGe|
(CH3COOH)2 m†wÓ¡ nq hv B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq
^vGK| wK¯§, eümsLÅK CH3COOH WvBGcvj H-e®¬b «¼viv hyÚ nGq NH4OH HoooooI NH4+ + OH
mg Avqb cÉfve
eo AvYweK àœQI ŠZwi nq, (CH3COOH)n ‰wU NUGj B^vbwqK NH4Cl  NH4+ + Cl
‰wmW Zij AeÕ©v cÉvµ¦ nq A^Ævr Õ¹zUbvâ DœP nq| ˆhgb
O~H+ - - O
‰ici `ËeGY ˆh mvgvbÅ cwigvY OH Avqb ^vKGe Zvi mvG^ Al3+
CH3 ~ C C~CH3 wewKÌqv KGi Al(OH)3 MVb KGi `ËveÅZvi àYdjGK AwZKÌg KGi
AatwÞµ¦ nGe| cÞv¯¦Gi Zn(OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZvi àYdj
O - - H+  O ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ˆewk nIqvi mvgvbÅ cwigvY OH ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv
+
H O 
O -- H O
 +
O- -H+ O O- - - KGi AatwÞµ¦ nGZ ‰KUz mgq wbGe|
dGj Al3+ ‰es Zn2+ ‰i gGaÅ Al3+ AvGM AatwÞµ¦ nGe|
C C C
cÉk
 ² 110
CH CH3 CH3
H- e®¬b
(Zij)  xyz p
M gGb Kwi, DóxcGK 2bs cvGò Ag2CO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv S mol/L

Ag2 CO3 ‰i weGqvRb wewKÌqv:
Ag2CO3(aq) HoooooI 2Ag+(aq) + CO32 (aq) nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy
S 2S S  wkLbdj: == [g. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-1]
Ag+ ‰i Nbgvòv [Ag+] = 2S mol/L K. AiweUvj Kx? 1
CO32 ‰i Nbgvòv [CO32] = S mol/L L. Zvcgvòv e†w«¬GZ `ËveÅZv àYdj e†w«¬ cvq ˆKb? 2
 `ËveÅZv àYdj Ksp = [Ag+]2 [CO32] = (2S)2  S = 4S3 M. DóxcGKi meÆGkl Õ¦Gi l I m ‰i gvb wnGme KGi ˆgvU
ev, 4S3 = Ksp DóxcK AbymvGi, Ksp = 8.5  1012 BGjKUÇGbi msLÅv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
3 8.5  1012 N. DóxcGKi wewKiY eYÆvwji Ziã‹`NÆÅ wbYÆq KGi Dnvi
ev, S = 4 eÅenvwiK ˆÞò weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
2 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
110 bs cÉGk²i Dîi gwÕ¦GÓ•i ˆivM wbYÆq : NIRS (Near- Infrared Spectroscopy)
ii.
K wbDwKÑqvGmi PvicvGk ˆh ‰jvKvq AveZÆbkxj I mywbw`ÆÓ¡ «¼viv iGÚi wnGgvG™ÏvweGb AwÝGRGbi cwigvb cwigvc KGi
kwÚmÁ·®² BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi meÆvwaK AeÕ©vGbi mÁ¿vebv ^vGK ZvGK gwÕ¦ GÓ•i ˆivM wbYÆq Kiv nq| m`Å cÉmƒZ wk÷G`i gwÕ¦GÓ•i
DckwÚÕ¦i ev AiweUvj ejv nq| ÞZ wbYÆGq ‰wU ‰KwU DcKvix c«¬wZ|
iii. ˆÕ¡ÈvK wPwKrmvq : ˆÕ¡ÈvGK AvKÌv¯¦ ˆivMxi wbivgGq NIR iwkÄ
L Zvcgvòv e†w«¬GZ `ËveÅZv àYdGji gvb e†w«¬ cvq| AgCl ‰i
eÅenvi KiGj wbDGiv wdWeÅvK NGU| ‰GZ ˆivGMi wbivgq
ˆÞGò, AgCl(s) HoooooI Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
nq| ‰LvGb mvaviYZ 700-900 nm Ziã Š`GNÆÅi iwkÄ eÅenvi
[Ag+] [Cl]
Kc = Kiv nq| ‰wU ˆek wbivc`|
AgCl(s)
iv. wdwRIG^ivwcGZ : kixGii wewf®² AGã eÅ^v, gvsmGcwk kÚ
Ksp
Kc =
AgCl(s) nGq hvIqv, Nvo I nvGZi DcwifvGMi (frozen shoulder)
eÅv^v wbivgGq eZÆgvGb RbwcÉq wPwKrmv nGœQ Jla eÅenvi bv
Ksp I Kc mivmwi mgvbycvwZK| Zvcgvòv e†w«¬GZ Kc ‰i gvb e†w«¬
KGi wewf®² aiGbi kvixwiK eÅvqvg Kiv| ‰ c«¬wZi bvg
cvq| ZvB, Ksp ‰i gvbI Zvcgvòv e†w«¬GZ evGo| ‘wdwRIG^ivwc’| AvKÌv¯¦ Õ©vGb IR iwkÄ cÉGqvM KGi gÅvGmR
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ P ˆkjwUGZ n = 4 A Kiv nq hvi dGj AvKÌv¯¦ Õ©vGbi iÚ PjvPj wbweÆN³ nq ‰es
cÉavb mnKvix gÅvMGbwUK ˆKvqv´Ÿvg wÕ·b
BGjKUÇb eÅ^v cÉkwgZ nq|
kwÚÕ¦i ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv (m)
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
msLÅv v. ˆgwWGKj WvqvMbwÕ¡K c«¬wZGZ : IR imaging technology
(n) msLÅv (l) msLÅv (s) KvGR jvwMGq evZ, WvqvGewUK, nvo fvãv, wjfvGii eÅvwa I
1 1 eÅvKGUwiqvj cÉ`vn wbYÆq Kiv mÁ¿e| gvsmGcwki wUDgvi
l=0 m=0  +
2 2 ( )2wU
wbYÆGq IR iwkÄi eÅvcK eÅenvi nGœQ|
1 1
n=4 l = 1 m = +1, 0, 1 3  +
2 2 ( )
6wU cÉk
 ² 111
m = +2, +1, 0, 1, 1 1
l=2 5(  + ) 10wU
2 2 2
40mL 20mL
m = +3, +2, +1, 0, 1 1
l=3 7(   + ) 14wU 5  104M 0.05M
1,  2,  3 2 2 MSO4 NaOH
ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv 32wU `ËeY `ËeY
myZivs, DóxcGKi meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gi ˆgvU AiweUvj msLÅv (1 + 3 + cvò-A cvò-B
5 +7) ev 16wU ‰es BGjKUÇb msLÅv 32wU| [M(OH)2 ‰i Ksp = 6.5  106]
 wkLbdj: == [g. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-2]
N DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwU P ˆkj (n2 = 4) ˆ^GK Z ˆkj (n1 = 3) ‰
K. fiwKÌqv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
avcv¯¦wiZ nq| wbMÆZ eYÆvjxi Ziã‹`NÆÅ  nGj, Avgiv cvBA L. O2 AGcÞv N3 ‰i AvKvi eo ˆKb? 2
1 1 1 ‰LvGb,

= RH ( 
n12 n22 ) wiWevMÆ aË‚eK,
M.
N.
DóxcGKi M2+ Avqb kbvÚKiY cixÞvwU mgxKiYmn ˆjGLv| 3
DóxcGKi A I B cvGòi `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj ˆKvGbv
1 RH = 109678 cm1
ev,  = 1 1 AatGÞc coGe wKbv-MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
RH (n 1
2 
n22 ) n2 = 4
n1 = 3 111 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
1  = KZ?
ev,  = cm K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq, wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq ˆh ˆKvb wewKÌqvi nvi H mgGq

1 1
109678 ( 
32 42 ) DcwÕ©Z wewKÌqKàGjvi mwKÌq fGii (A^Ævr ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv ev
  = 1875.62 nm [‹ 1cm = 107 nm] AvswkK PvGci) mgvbycvwZK|
‰LvGb, n1 = 3 nIqvq eYÆvjxwU cÅvGøb wmwiGRi A¯¦MÆZ ‰es ‰i L Avgiv Rvwb, chÆvq mviwYi ‰KB chÆvGqi evg ˆ^GK hZ WvGb
Ziã‹`NÆÅ 1875.62 nm hv AeGjvwnZ iwkÄi Ziã‹`NÆÅ cwimi, hvIqv hvq ˆgŒGji AvKvi ZZ KgGZ ^vGK| ‰RbÅ bvBGUÇvGRb (N)
(780  106) nm ‰i gGaÅ cGo| AeGjvwnZ iwkÄ ev IR-‰i AwÝGRb (O) AGcÞv eo| O2 ‰es N3 ‰ mgvb msLÅK BGjKUÇb
wPwKrmvGÞGò eÅvcK eÅenvi iGqGQ| ˆhgb ^vKvq ZvG`i AvKvi mgvb ^vKvi K^v| wK¯§ bvBGUÇvGRb cigvYyi
i. KÅv´Övi wbYÆGq IR iwkÄ : IR ‰i eÅenvi meÆc^ É g 1956 mvGj ˆcÉvUb msLÅv Kg ^vKvi KviGY ˆKG±`Êi w`GK AvKlÆY ej AwÝGRb
eÞ-KÅv´Övi kbvÚKiGYi gvaÅGg ÷i‚ nq| me aiGbi KÅv´ÖvGi cigvYy AGcÞv Kg ^vGK| dGj bvBGUÇvGRb cigvYy AGcÞvK‡Z Kg
kixGii mvaviY ˆKvlàGjv Awbqw¯¨ZfvGe e†w«¬ cvq| ‰GZ msKzwPZ nq| ‰RbÅB O2 AGcÞv N3 ‰i AvKvi eo|
‰Kw`GK ˆhgb AwaK cwigvY iÚ-™ÏyGKvR eÅen†Z nq, M DóxcGKi M ‰i cvigvYweK fi nGjv 40| myZivs, ˆhŒMwU
AbÅw`GK iGÚ AZÅwaK jÅvKGUU e†w«¬ cvq| dGj ˆgUvewjK nGjv CaCl2 ‰es KÅvUvqb nGjv Ca2+| A
nvi e†w«¬ cvIqvq KÅv´Övi AvKÌv¯¦ Õ©vGbi Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ cvq| Ca2+ Avqb kbvÚKiY cixÞv :
‰ AeÕ©vq IR iwkÄ eÅenvi KGi KÅv´Övi AvKÌv¯¦ AsGki ‰KwU ˆUÕ¡wUDGe 1–2 mL gƒj `ËeY wbGq DÚ `ËeYwUGZ KGqK ˆduvUv
cÉwZœQwe (imaging) cvIqv hvq| dGj mvaviY ˆKvl AGcÞv AÅvGgvwbqvg AÝvGjU (NH4OOC–COONH4) `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj,
KÅv´Övi AvKÌv¯¦ ˆKvGli IR cÉwZœQwe Õ·Ó¡fvGe wf®² nq| ‰wU KÅvjwmqvg AÝvGjGUi mv`v AatGÞc cGo, hv wKbv HCl ‰ `Ëexf„Z
KÅv´Övi ˆivM kbvÚKiGY mnvqK nq| nq| ‰GZ KGi `ËeGY Ca2+ AvqGbi DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ nq| A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 3
COONH4 O–C=O 24 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Ca2+ + |  2NH4+ + Ca |
COONH4 O–C=O K ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb 0 nGZ 14 eÅewaGZ cÉKvk Kivi

AÅvGgvwbqvg KÅvjwmqvg AÝvGjU RbÅ ˆh ˆÕ•j eÅen†Z nq, ZvGK pH ˆÕ•j eGj|
AÝvGjU (mv`v AatGÞc) L Be I B ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c

4Be  1s2 2s2
O– C=O
5B  1s2 2s2 2p1
Ca | + HCl  CaCl2+ HOOCCOOH
O– C=O AÝvwjK ‰wmW DcGivÚ BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ ˆ`qv hvGœQ ˆh, ˆewiwjqvg (Be) ‰i
KÅvjwmqvg AÝvGjU (`ËeYxq) BGjKUÇ b mywÕ©ZfvGe webÅÕ¦ ^vGK| ‰i…c mywÕ©Z BGjKUÇb webÅvm
wm«¬v¯¦: Ca Avqb DcwÕ©Z|
2+ ˆfGO BGjKUÇ b gyÚ KiGZ DœPkwÚi cÉGqvRb nq| Avevi ˆevib (B)
‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq Zvi ˆkl KÞcG^ gvò ‰KwU
[we.`Ë.: cÉ`î cÉGk²i DóxcGKi cvò-A ˆZ eÅen†Z M avZzi BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb| ZvB ‰LvGb ˆ^GK mnGR BGjKUÇb gyÚ Kiv
cvigvYweK fi DGÍÏL bv ^vKvq ‰wUi cvigvYweK fi 40 weGePbv hvq| ‰ RbÅ ˆewiwjqvGgi (Be) ˆPGq ˆevib (B) ‰i AvqbxKiY
Kiv nGjv| kwÚ Kg nq|
 N cvò-A I cvò-B ‰i `ËeYGK ‰KGò wgwkÉZ KiGj wewKÌqvwU  M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ D ˆkjwUGZ n = 4 A
nGe wbÁ²i…c: cÉavb mnKvix gÅvMGbwUK ˆKvqv´Ÿvg wÕ·b
BGjKUÇb
CaSO4 + 2NaOH  Ca(OH)2 + Na2SO4 kwÚÕ¦i ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv (m)
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
msLÅv
wgkÉGY M2+ ‰i cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv: (n) msLÅv (l) msLÅv (s)
VtotalS2 = V1S1 V1 = 40 mL
ev, S2 = V
V1S1 S1 = 5  104 M
l=0 m=0 (21 +12) 2wU
total Vtotal = (20 + 40)mL 1 1
40  5  104 = 60 mL n=4 l=1 m = +1, 0, 1 3(  + ) 6wU
2 2
ev, S2 = 60 S2 = ?
m = +2, +1, 0, 1, 1 1
 S2 = 3.33  104 M l=2 5(  + ) 10wU
2 2 2
wgkÉGY OH AvqGbi cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv: m = +3, +2, +1, 0, 1 1
VtotalS2 = V1S1 V1 = 20 mL l=3 7(   + ) 14wU
1,  2,  3 2 2
V 1S 1 S1 = 5  102 M ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv 32wU
ev, S2 = V
total Vtotal = (20 + 40)mL
20  0.05 = 60 mL myZivs, DóxcGKi meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gi ˆgvU AiweUvj msLÅv (1 + 3 +
ev, S2 = 60 S2 = ? 5 +7) ev 16wU ‰es BGjKUÇb msLÅv 32wU|
= 0.0167 M
Ca(OH)2 HoooI Ca2+ + 2OH N DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwU X (n2 = 4) nGZ avcv¯¦wiZ nGq Y (n1 = 3)

Kip = [Ca2+] [OH ]2 ˆZ Mgb KiGe|
= 3.33  10  (0.0167)2
4
Avgiv Rvwb,
= 9.28  10–8 1 1 1 3q KÞc^, n1 = 3
Ksp = 6.5  10–6 
= RH ( 
n12 n22 ) 4^Æ KÞc^, n2 = 4
ˆhGnZz, Kip < Ksp 1 1 1 wiWevGMÆi aË‚eK, RH = 109678 cm1
KvGRB, M(OH)2 ‰i AatGÞc coGe bv| (
ev,  = 109678 32  42 )
Ziã Š`NÆÅ,  = ?
cÉk
² 112
 1
ev,  = 5331.57 cm 1

BGjKUÇb 'X' ev,  = 1.8  104 cm

BGjKUÇb 'Y'
ev,  = 1875.65  107 nm [1 cm = 107 nm]
ev,  = 1875.6nm |
 KÞc^ DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwUi avcv¯¦Gii dGj m†Ó¡ Ziã 875.6nm, hv
A Zwor PzÁ¼Kxq wewKiGYi AeGjvwnZ AvGjvi AçGj (> 780 nm)
B
C
cvIqv hvq|
D Avevi, Y ‰i ˆÞGò, n2 = 3, n1 = 2
1 1 1 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
K. pH ˆÕ•j Kx?
 wkLbdj: == [iv. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-1]
1

= RH ( 
n12 n22 ) 3q KÞc^, n2 = 3
1 1 1 2q KÞc^, n1 = 2
L. Be I B ‰i gGaÅ Kvi AvqwbKiY kwÚ ˆewk I ˆKb? 2 ev,  = 109678  22  32( ) wiWevGMÆi aË‚eK, RH = 109678 cm1
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ gGWjwUi meÆewntÕ© KÞcG^ mGeÆvœP 1 1 1 Ziã Š`NÆÅ,  = ?
KqwU BGjKUÇb ^vKGZ cvGi Zv ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi mvnvGhÅ
ev,  = 109678  4  9 ( )
wbYÆq KGiv| 3 ev, 1 = 15233.05 cm1

N. DóxcGK 'X' ‰es 'Y' ‰i avcv¯¦Gii dGj m†Ó¡ Zwor PzÁ¼Kxq ev,  = 6.564  10–5 cm1
wewKiGYi ‰KB AçGj cvIqv hvGe wKbv Zv MvwYwZKfvGe ev,  = 6.564  10–5  107 nm = 656.46 nm
gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
4 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
Y avcv¯¦Gii dGj wewKiZ iwkÄi Ziã Š`NÆÅ `†kÅgvb AçGj (380 Cl‰i Nbgvòv wbYÆq:
 780 nm) cvIqv hvq| myZivs ejv hvq, 'X' ‰es 'Y' avcv¯¦Gi m†Ó¡ Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb,
wewKiY wf®² wf®² AçGj cvIqv hvq| V1S1 = V2S2 Cl ‰i cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.02 M
V 1S 1 Cl ‰i ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
 S2 =
cÉk
² 113
 V2
Cl ‰i cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 100 mL
100  0.02
=
200
M Cl ‰i ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 200 mL
AgCl KCl AgNO3 = 0.01M
Ksp = 1.8  1010 0.02 M 0.01 M  AgCl ‰i AvqwbK àYdj, Kip = [Ag+][Cl–]
100 mL 100 mL = 0.01  5  10–3
= 5  10–5 mol2/L2
cvò-1 cvò-2 cvò-3 ˆhGnZz Kip > Ksp, ZvB MYbvbymvGi wgwkÉZ `ËeGY AgCl ‰i AatGÞc
 wkLbdj: == [iv. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-3] coGe|
K. AiweUvj Kx? 1 cÉk
² 114
L. HNO3 ‰es H2SO3 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK mej ‰wmW? wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv I cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI|
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. cvò-1 ‰i `ËeGY ˆKÑvivBW (Cl–) AvqGbi Nbgvòv wbYÆq 
(i) NH4Cl

KGiv| 3 `ËveÅZv
(iii) Na2SO4.10H2O
N. cvò-2 I cvò-3 ‰i `ËeY ‰KGò wgwkÉZ KiGj AatGÞc g/100g
(ii) Ca(OH)2
coGe wKbv@MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
Zvcgvòv (C) 
113 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
bs ˆhŒMwUi 300g mÁ·†Ú `ËeYGK 65C nGZ 15C Zvcgvòvq
(i)
K wbDwKÑqvGmi PvicvGk ˆh ‰jvKvq AveZÆbkxj I mywbw`ÆÓ¡ kxZj Kiv nGjv| 15C I 65C Zvcgvòvq ˆhŒMwUi `ËveÅZv
kwÚmÁ·®² BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi meÆvwaK AeÕ©vGbi mÁ¿vebv ^vGK ZvGK h^vKÌGg 20 I 50|  wkLbdj: == [Kz. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-1]
DckwÚÕ¦i ev AiweUvj ejv nq| K. wfGbMvi Kx? 1
L H2SO3 I HNO3 ‰i gGaÅ HNO3 AwaK AÁÏxq| KviY, Avgiv L. H3PO4 I HNO3 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU ˆewk kwÚkvjx I ˆKb? 2
Rvwb, ˆh ‰wmGWi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi RviY gvb hZ ˆewk ˆmB ‰wmW M. 15C Zvcgvòvq kxZj KiGj (i) bs ˆhŒMwUi Kx cwigvY
ZZ ˆewk AÁÏxq nq| AatGÞc coGe Zv wnmve KGiv| 3
‰LvGb, H2SO3 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy S ‰i RviY gvb +4| Avevi N. DóxcGKi ˆhŒMàGjvi `ËveÅZvi cwieZÆGbi wf®²Zvi KviY
HNO3 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy N ‰i RviY gvb +5| ˆhGnZz ˆK±`Êxq
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
cigvYy wnGmGe mvjdvGii Zzjbvq bvBGUÇvGRGbi RviY gvb ˆewk|
ˆmGnZz H2SO3 I HNO3 ‰i gGaÅ HNO3 AwaKZi AÁÏxq nGe| 114 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M cÉ`î 1 bs cvGòi `ËeGYi ˆÞGò, K AÅvwmwUK ‰wmGWi (CH3COOH) 610% Rjxq `ËeYGK
AgCl HoooooI Ag+ + Cl– wfGbMvi eGj|
‰LvGb [Ag+] = [Cl–] = S ˆKbbv mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY AgCl weGqvwRZ nGq  L ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi RviY gvGbi Dci Aw݉wmGWi ZxeËZv wbfÆi
mgvb Nbgvòvi Ag+ ‰es Cl– Avqb Drc®² KiGe| KGi| RviY gvb hZ ˆewk nGe ZxeËZv ZZ ˆewk nGe| Avevi RviY
ZvB `ËveÅZvi àYdGji mƒòvbymvGi ˆjLv hvq, gvb ‰KB nGj hvi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi AvKvi ˆQvU nGe ˆmwU ZZ ZxeË
Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl–] = S2
nGe| HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰wWm«¼Gq ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi RviY msLÅv
ev, 1.5  10–10 = S2
 S = 1.225  10 M –5 ‰KB nIqvi mGî½I HNO3 ZxeË ‰wmW| KviY N ‰i AvKvi ˆQvU
nIqvq ‰LvGb PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk| dGj ZxeËZv ˆewk nq|
myZivs, DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi `ËeGY Cl– ‰i Nbgvòv 1.225  10–5 M|
M DóxcK AbymvGi,
N cvò-2 ‰es cvò-3 ‰i `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj wbÁ²wjwLZ wewKÌqv
(i) bs ˆhŒMwU NH4Cl, 65C Zvcgvòvq NH4Cl ‰i `ËveÅZv 50|
msNwUZ nq:
KCl + AgNO3  AgCl + KNO3
A^Ævr,
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, AgCl ‰i Ksp = 1.5  10 mol /L |
–10 2 2 150 MÉvg NH4Cl `ËeGY `Ëe AvGQ = 50 MÉvg
50  300
‰Lb, ‰B Drc®² AgCl ‰i `ËveÅZvi àYdj ‰i ˆPGq AvqwbK  300 MÉvg NH4Cl `ËeGY `Ëe AvGQ =
150
MÉvg = 100 MÉvg
àYdj ˆewk nGj ‰i AatGÞc coGe|
 `ËveK AvGQ (300  100) MÉvg = 200 MÉvg|
myZivs wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi ˆgvU AvqZb, V = (100 + 100) mL
= 200 mL Avevi, 15 Zvcgvòvq `ËveÅZv 20| A^Ævr mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY
cvò-3 ‰ Ag ‰i Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.01 M
+ 100 MÉ v g `ËveGK NH4Cl `Ëe AvGQ = 20 MÉvg
20  200
cvò-2 ‰ Cl ‰i Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.02 M

 200 MÉvg `ËveGK NH4Cl `Ëe AvGQ = MÉvg
100
Ag ‰i Nbgvòv wbYÆq:
+
= 40 MÉvg
Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb,
V1S1 = V2S2 Ag+ ‰i cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.01 M
 AatGÞc coGe (100  40) MÉ v g = 60 MÉvg
V1S1 Ag+ ‰i ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ? N DóxcGKi wPòvbyhvqx Zvcgvòv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ NH4Cl ‰i
 S2 =
V2
Ag+ ‰i cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 100 mL `ËveÅZv e†w«¬ cvq, Ca (OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv nËvm cvq ‰es Na2SO4.
100  0.01
= M Ag+ ‰i ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 200 mL 10H2O ‰i `ËveÅZv cÉ^Gg ˆeGo cGi KgGZ ^vGK|
200
= 5  103 M
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 5
`ËveÅZvi Dci Zvcgvòvi cÉfve eÅvcK ‰es wewf®²gyLx| Zvcgvòvi = 3.026  10 19
J
cwieZÆGbi dGj me `ËGei `ËveÅZv ‰KBfvGe cwiewZÆZ nq bv| myZivs, DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi ˆkvwlZ kwÚi cwigvY 3.026  1019 J|
ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆÞGò Zij `ËveGK ‰KwU `Ëe `Ëexf„Z KiGj Zvc ˆkvwlZ N DóxcGK nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi wZbwU kwÚÕ¦i ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ|
nq| ˆhgb cvwbGZ wPwb ev ™ÏyGKvR, NH4Cl `Ëexf„Z KiGj `ËeY Avgiv Rvwb, kwÚÕ¦i e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv n e†w«¬
kxZj nGq hvq| ‰ aiGbi wmGÕ¡gGK Zvcnvix wmGÕ¡g eGj| cvq| myZivs E1 KÞcG^ n ‰i gvb 1 ‰es E2 KÞcG^ n ‰i gvb 2|
‰GÞGò Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj Zij `ËveGK ˆKvb `ËGei `ËveÅZv e†w«¬ Avgiv Rvwb,
cvq| Avevi ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv ˆÞGò Zij `ËveGK `Ëe `Ëexf„Z KiGj 22 mZ2 e4
Zvc wbMÆZ nq| ˆhgb cvwbGZ Ca(OH)2 `Ëexf„Z KiGj Mig nGq En = ... ... ... (i)
n2 h2
hvq| ‰ aiGbi wmGÕ¡Ggi bvg Zvc Drcv`x wmGÕ¡g| Zvc Drcv`x (i) bs mgxKiYwU nvBGWÈvGRGbi Abyi…c cigvYyi n-Zg KGÞ
cÉwKÌqvq Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj `ËveÅZv nËvm cvq| AveZÆbkxj BGjKUÇGbi kwÚ wbG`Æk KGi|
‰i evBGiI wKQy wmGÕ¡g AvGQ ˆhLvGb Zvcgvòv evoGj `ËveÅZv ‰LvGb, h = 6.626  10–27 erg.s
cÉ^Gg e†w«¬ cvq I cGi nËvm cvq| ˆhgb Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj  = 3.14
32C chƯ¦ cvwbGZ ™Ïyevi jeGYi (Na2SO4. 10H2O) `ËveÅZv cÉ^Gg BGjKUÇGbi fi, m = 9.11  10–28 g
e†w«¬ cvq ‰es 32C ‰i ci `ËveÅZv nËvm ˆcGZ ^vGK| ‰i KviY BGjKUÇGbi Avavb, e = 4.8  10–10 esu
nGjv, ˆKjvm cvwbhyÚ jeYwUi cvwbGZ `ËveÅZv Zvcnvix nIqvi –2  (3.14)2  9.11  10–28  Z2  (4.8  10–10)
E=
KviGY ZLb Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj cvwbGZ Abv`ËÆ Na2SO4 ‰i (6.626  10–27)  n2
`ËveÅZv nËvm cvq| Z2
= –2.18  10–11  2 erg
n
cÉk
² 115
 Z2
= –2.18  10–11  10–7  2 J
n
e –18 Z2
= –2.18  10 J  2
n
E1
H cigvYyi ˆÞGò, Z = 1, nGj
E2 E3 1
En = 2.18  10–18 J  2
n
H-cigvYy 1g KGÞi kwÚ E1 = – 2.18  1018J
 H cigvYyi w«¼Zxq KÞcG^i kwÚ,
 wkLbdj: == [P. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-2]
1
K. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi msæv `vI| 1 E2 = –2.18  10–18 J  2
(2)
L. NaCl I MgCl2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK AvqwbK ‰es ev, E2 = – 5.45  1019
ˆKb? 2 ˆhGnZz
M. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ BGjKUÇb Õ©vbv¯¦Gi wewKwiZ kwÚi  2.18  1018 <  5. 45  1019
cwigvY wbYÆq KGiv| 3 ˆmGnZz E1 AGcÞv E2 ‰i kwÚ ˆewk nGe|
N. DóxcGK E1 I E2 Õ¦Gii gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi kwÚ ˆewk?
cÉk
² 116

MvwYwZKfvGe eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
115 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K cigvYyi BGjKUÇGbi kwÚÕ¦Gii AvKvi, AvK‡wZ, wògvwòK w`K Ksp = 1.8  1033 Ksp = 1.4  105

webÅvm, BGjKUÇGbi NƒYÆGbi w`K wbG`ÆkKvix PviwU ivwkGK ‰KGò

ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv eGj|
L NaCl I MgCl2 ˆhŒGM AÅvbvqb (Cl) ‰KB| wK¯§ KÅvUvqb
wf®² (Na+ I Mg2+)| dvhvGbi bxwZ AbymvGi, KÅvUvqGbi AvKvi hZ
(i) 25C Zvcgvòvq Al(OH)3 Zvcgvòvq Ag2SO4
(ii) 25C
‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeY ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeY
ˆQvU, Zvi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv ZZ ˆewk| Na+ ‰i ˆPGq Mg2+  wkLbdj: == [P. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-3]
AvqGbi AvKvi ˆQvU| ZvB, Mg2+ Avqb Cl ˆK ˆewk ˆcvjvivwqZ K. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj KvGK eGj? 1
KiGe| myZivs, NaCl AwaK AvqwbK|
L. KÅvjwmqvg cigvYyi 19Zg BGjKUÇbwU 3d AiweUvGj bv
M cÉ`î BGjKUÇbwU E3 kwÚÕ¦i ˆ^GK E2 kwÚÕ¦Gi Mgb KGi| wMGq 4s AiweUvGj Mgb KGi ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
‰LvGb E3 kwÚÕ¦iwU 3q cÉavb kwÚÕ¦i I E2 kwÚÕ¦iwU 2q cÉavb M. `ËeY (ii) ‰i gGaÅ we`Ågvb AÁÏxq gƒjKwUi DcwÕ©wZ Zzwg
kwÚÕ¦i| ‰B avcv¯¦Gii mgq wewKwiZ kwÚ, A KxfvGe wbwøZ KiGe? wewKÌqvmn ˆjGLv| 3
E = E3  E2 ‰LvGb, N. DóxcGKi ˆKvb `ËewU cvwbGZ AwaKZi `ËeYxq,
= h E3 = Z‡Zxq KÞcG^i kwÚ MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
c
=h E2 = w«¼Zxq KÞcG^i kwÚ
 116 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Avgiv Rvwb, K ˆh mKj d-eÐK ˆgŒGji mywÕ©Z AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm

1 ‰LvGb, ewntÕ© KÞcG^i dAiweUvj AvswkKfvGe cƒYÆ (d1-9) ^vGK, ˆm

= RH (n1  n1 )
1
2
2
2
wiWevMÆ aË‚eK, RH = 10.97  106 m–1 mKj ˆgŒjGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj|
1 1
= 10.9710 (  )
6
2 2
Ziã Š`NÆÅ,  = ? L Ca ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv
2 3 n1 = 2 Ca (20)  1s22s22p63s23p63d04s2
6 1
= 1.523  10 m n2 = 3
 E = 6.624  1034  3  108  1.523  106 J
6 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
Ca ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, Ca ‰i 19 Zg ‰es (ii) Mg (12)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
20Zg BGjKUÇbwU 3d AiweUvGj bv wMGq 4s AiweUvGj cÉGek KGi|  wkLbdj: == [P. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-4]
‰i KviY nGjv- 3d I 4s AiweUvGji kwÚi cv^ÆKÅ| BGjKUÇb
webÅvGmi bxwZ Abyhvqx, BGjKUÇb cÉ^Gg wbÁ²kwÚi AiweUvGj cÉGek K. wfGbMvi Kx? 1
KGi ‰es cGi KÌgv®¼Gq DœPkwÚi AiweUvGj cÉGek KGi| Avevi L. HClO4 I H2SO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU ZxeË AÁÏ eÅvLÅv
ˆKvGbv AiweUvGji kwÚ ˆewk bv Kg Zv DÚ AiweUvGji (n + l) ‰i KGiv| 2
gvb ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq| 3d AiweUvGji ˆÞGò (n + l) ‰i gvb (3 + 2) M. DóxcGK (ii) ‰ DwÍÏwLZ BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi meÆGkl
= 5, hv 4s AiweUvGji ˆÞGòi gvb (4 + 0) = 4 ‰i ˆPGq ˆewk BGjKUÇb `ywUi ˆÞGò cwji eRÆb bxwZi cÉGqvM ˆ`LvI| 3
nIqvq, 3d AiweUvGji kwÚ 4s AiweUvGji ˆPGq ˆewk nq| ‰ N. DóxcK (i) ‰ wmwiR `ywUi ˆKvbwU `†kÅgvb eYÆvwj cÉ`kÆb
KviGY 19Zg ‰es 20Zg BGjKUÇb DœP kwÚi AiweUvj 3d ˆZ bv KGi MvwYwZKfvGe gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
wMGq wbÁ² kwÚi AiweUvj 4s ‰ cÉGek KGi|
M DóxcGK `ËeY-(ii) bs nGjv Ag2 SO4| Ag2 SO4 ‰i AÁÏxq 117 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
gƒjKwU SO42 K AÅvwmwUK ‰wmGWi (CH3COOH) 610% Rjxq `ËeYGK
SO42– Avqb kbvÚKiY: cixÞY (a): 1–2 mL gRy` `ËeGYi mvG^ wfGbMvi eGj|
KGqK ˆduvUv ˆewiqvg bvBGUÇU `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj BaSO4 ‰i mv`v L H2SO4 ‰es HClO4 ‰i gGaÅ HClO4 ˆewk kwÚkvjx ‰wmW|
AatGÞc m†wÓ¡ KGi, hv jNy HCl ‰ `Ëexf„Z nq bv| ‰GZ, `ËeGY KviY AwÝ ‰wmDmgƒGni ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi RviY gvb hZ ˆewk nGe
SO42– gƒjGKi DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ nq| A Zv ZZ ˆewk kwÚkvjx nq| ‰LvGb H2SO4 ‰ S ‰i RviY gvb (+6)
ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv: Na2SO4 (aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq)  wK¯§ HClO4 ‰ Cl ‰i RviY gvb (+ 7)| ZvB HClO4 ˆewk
2NaNO3(aq) + BaSO4  (s) (mv`v)
kwÚkvjx ‰wmW|
BaSO4 (s) + HCl  A`ËeYxq
cixÞY-(b): ‰KwU cixÞvbGj 1–2 mL gƒj `ËeY wbGq KGqK ˆduvUv M eBGqi AaÅvq-2 ‰i 6(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|

ˆjW AÅvwmGUGUi `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj ˆjW mvjGdGUi mv`v AatGÞc N DóxcK (i) ‰ nvBGWÈvGRGbi wewKiY eYÆvwj ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ|
2–
cGo, hv jNy HNO3 ‰ A`ËeYxq| ‰GZ `ËeGY SO4 AvqGbi wmwiR bs-1 ‰ BGjKUÇb wewf®² kwÚÕ¦i nGZ cÉ^g kwÚÕ¦Gi cÉGek
DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ nq| KGiGQ ‰es wmwiR bs-2 ‰ w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gi cÉGek KGiGQ|
ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv: Na2SO4 + (CH3COO)2 Pb  2CH3COONa Avgiv Rvwb,
+ PbSO4  A
1
PbSO4 + HNO3 (jNy)  ˆKvb wewKÌqv NGU bv 
= RH (n1  n1 )
1
2
2
2

N DóxcGK (i) bs `ËeGYi Al (OH)3 ‰i Ksp = 1.8  1033|

 cÉ^g wmwiGRi RbÅ n1 ‰i gvb = 1
Al (OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv S aGi cvB, n2 = ‰i meÆwbÁ² gvb = 2
Ksp = [Al3+ ] [OH]3 [Al3+] = S mol/L
n2 ‰i mGeÆvœP gvb = 
ev, Ksp = S  (3S)3 [OH] = 3S mol/L
n2 ‰i meÆwbÁ² gvGbi RbÅ Ziã‹`NÆÅ cvB,
ev, Ksp = 27 S4
1 1 1 wiWevMÆ aËeK,
ev, S =
4 1.8  1033 
= 10967800  (1 4 )
2 2
RH = 109678 cm1
27 ev,  = 1.216  10 m = 121.6 nm
7 = 10967800 m1
ev, S = 2.857  109 Ziã‹`NÆÅ,  = ?
myZivs, Al (OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv 2.857  109M n2 ‰i mGeÆvœP gvGbi RbÅ Ziã‹`NÆÅ cvB,
Avevi, (ii) bs cvGò Ag2SO4 `ËeGYi Ksp = 1.4  105| 1 1 1
awi, Ag2SO4 ‰i `ËveÅZv = S = 10967800   2  
2–
 1 
 Ksp = [Ag+]2[SO4 ] ev,  = 91.2  109 m = 91.2 nm
ev, Ksp = (2S)2  S ‰LvGb, myZivs wmwiR bs-1 ‰ m†Ó¡ Ziã‹`NÆÅ 91.2 nm ˆ^GK 121.6 nm
ev, 4S3 = 1.4  105 [A+g] = 2S mol/L
[SO42] = S mol/L chƯ¦| Avevi, wmwiR bs-2 ‰i RbÅ n1 ‰i gvb = 2
31.4  105 n2 ‰i meÆwbÁ² gvb = 3
ev, S = 4 n2 ‰i mGeÆvœP gvb = 
= 1.52  102 M
n2 ‰i meÆwbÁ² gvGbi RbÅ Ziã‹`NÆÅ cvB,
myZivs, Ag2SO4 ‰i `ËveÅZv 1.52  102 M
hv Al(OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv AGcÞv ˆewk| ZvB Ag2SO4 cvwbGZ 1 = 10967800  12  12
AwaKZi `ËeYxq|  (
2 3 )
ev,  = 6.564  107 m = 656 nm
cÉk
² 117
Avevi, n2 ‰i mGeÆvœP gvGbi RbÅ Ziã‹`NÆÅ cvB,
(i) 10. 1 1 1
n=5 = 10967800   2  
(i)  2 
wmwiR bs 2

n=4
n=3 ev,  = 3.647  107 m = 365 nm
n=2 myZivs, wmwiR bs-2 ‰ wbMÆZ Ziã‹`GNÆÅi mxgv 365 nm ˆ^GK 656
wmwiR bs 1

nm|
n=1 Avgiv Rvwb, `†kÅgvb AvGjvi Ziã‹`NÆÅ 380 nm nGZ 780 nm
wPò : nvBGWÈvGRGbi wewKiY eYÆvwji Drm| myZivs, wmwiR bs-2 ‰ `†kÅgvb eYÆvwj cÉ`kÆb KiGe|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 7
cÉk
² 118 K. evdvi `ËeY Kx? 1
DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI: L. Mg2+ MwVZ nGjI Mg3+ Avqb MwVZ nq bv ˆKb? 2
M. cvò-1 ‰i `ËeGY ˆKÑvivBW (Cl) AvqGbi Nbgvòv wbYÆq
wewKiY KGiv| 3
+ n=4 N. cvò-2 I cvò-3 ‰i `Ë e Y ‰KGò wgwkÉ Z KiGj AatGÞc
coGe wKbv MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
119 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆh `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGjI `ËeGYi
 wkLbdj: == [wm. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-4]
pH ‰i gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nq bv ZvGK evdvi `ËeY eGj|
K. AiweUvj KvGK eGj? 1
L. HF I H2O ‰i gGaÅ HF AwaK ˆcvjvi ˆKb? 2  L gÅvMGbwkqvg (Mg)-‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm Mg (12) = 1s2 2s2
M. DóxcGKi cigvYy gGWGji ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii RbÅ l I m ‰i 2p6 3s2| gÅvMGbwkqvg, wbqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm jvGfi RbÅ 2wU
3 BGjKUÇb ZÅvM KGi Mg AvqGb cwiYZ nq| ‰ AeÕ©vq Zvi
2+
gvb wnmve KGi ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv wbYÆq KGiv|
N. DóxcGKi avcv¯¦wiZ BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ Ziã‹`NÆÅ wbYÆqcƒeÆK m†Ó¡ meÆGkl AiweU AÓ¡K cƒYÆ ^vGK| wK¯§ hw` gÅvMGbwkqvg 3wU
4 BGjKUÇb ZÅvM KGi Mg AvqGb cwiYZ nGZ Pvq ZvnGj mywÕ©Z
3+
eYÆvwj `†kÅgvb nGe wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv|
118 bs cÉGk²i Dîi AiweUvj 3p ˆ^GK BGjKUÇb ZÅvM KiGZ nGe| ‰RbÅ cÉPzi kwÚi
6

cÉGqvRb, hv AmÁ¿e| ‰ KviGYB Mg2+ Avqb MwVZ nGjI Mg3+

K wbDwKÑqvGmi PvicvGk ˆh ‰jvKvq AveZÆbkxj I mywbw`ÆÓ¡ Avqb MwVZ nq bv|

kwÚmÁ·®² BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi meÆvwaK AeÕ©vGbi mÁ¿vebv ^vGK ZvGK
DckwÚÕ¦i ev AiweUvj ejv nq| M cÉ`î 1 bs cvGòi `ËeGYi ˆÞGò,
AgCl HoooooI Ag+ + Cl–
L mgGhvRx ˆhŒGM ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇb AwaKZi Zwor FYvñKZv ‰LvGb [Ag+] = [Cl–] = S ˆKbbv mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY AgCl weGqvwRZ nGq
wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒj KZ‡ÆK wbGRi w`GK ˆUGb Avbvi dGj WvBGcvj MVb mgvb Nbgvòvi Ag+ ‰es Cl– Avqb Drc®² KiGe|
Kivi agÆGK ˆcvjvwiwU eGj| HF ˆhŒGM nvBGWÈvGRb (2.1) ‰es ZvB `ËveÅZvi àYdGji mƒòvbymvGi ˆjLv hvq,
ˆdÑvwiGbi (4.0) Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ = (4.0  2.1) = 1.91 Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl–] = S2
AbÅw`GK, H2O ˆhŒGM nvBGWÈvGRb ‰es AwÝGRb (3.5)-‰i Zwor ev, 1.5  10–10 = S2
FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ (3.5  2.1) = 1.41 Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ HF  S = 1.225  10–5 M
‰i AGcÞvK‡Z ˆewk nIqvi KviGY H2O AGcÞv HF AwaK ˆcvjvi| myZivs, DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi `ËeGY Cl– ‰i Nbgvòv 1.225  10–5 M|
M 22(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| N cvò-2 ‰es cvò-3 ‰i `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj wbÁ²wjwLZ wewKÌqv
N DóxcGKi Õ©vbv¯¦iwU n = 4  n = 1 ‰i gGaÅ mÁ·®² nq| msNwUZ nq:
‰GÞGò, Avgiv Rvwb KCl + AgNO3  AgCl + KNO3
Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb, ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, AgCl ‰i Ksp = 1.5  10–10 mol2/L2|
1 1 1 M ˆkGji RbÅ, n2 = 4 ‰Lb, ‰B Drc®² AgCl ‰i `ËveÅZvi àYdj ‰i ˆPGq AvqwbK

= RH ( ) 
n12 n22 K ˆkGji RbÅ, n1 = 1 àYdj ˆewk nGj ‰i AatGÞc coGe|
1 1 1 wiWeÆvM aË‚eK, RH = 109678 cm1 myZivs wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi ˆgvU AvqZb, V = (100 + 100) mL
( )
ev,  = RH 12  42
Ziã‹`NÆÅ,  = ?
cvò-3 ‰ Ag+ ‰i Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.01 M
= 200 mL
1 1
( )
ev,  = RH 1  16 cvò-2 ‰ Cl ‰i Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.02 M
1 16 Ag+ ‰i Nbgvòv wbYÆq:
ev,  = =
RH  15 Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb,
15
RH( )
16 V1S1 = V2S2
V 1S 1
Ag+ ‰i cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.01 M
16  S2 = Ag+ ‰i ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
= V2
10967800  15 Ag+ ‰i cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 100 mL
= 9.725  108m 100  0.01
=
200
M Ag+ ‰i ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 200 mL
= 97.25  109 m = 97.25 nm 3
Avgiv Rvwb, `†kÅgvb AvGjvKiwkÄi Ziã‹`NÆÅ 380700 nm| = 5  10 M
Cl ‰i Nbgvòv wbYÆq:
AvGjvK iwkÄwUi Ziã‹`NÆÅ,  = 97.25 nm nIqvq iwkÄwU `†kÅgvb
AvGjvi cwimGi ˆbB; ‰wU AwZGeàwb AçGji iwkÄ| ZvB wbMÆZ Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb,
AvGjvK iwkÄ `†kÅgvb nGe bv|
V1S1 = V2S2 Cl ‰i cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.02 M
V 1S 1 Cl ‰i ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
 S2 =
V2
cÉk
² 119
 Cl ‰i cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 100 mL
100  0.02
=
200
M Cl ‰i ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 200 mL
= 0.01M
AgCl 100 mL 100 mL  AgCl ‰i AvqwbK àYdj, Kip = [Ag+][Cl–]
Ksp = 0.02 M 0.01 M = 0.01  5  10–3
1.8  1010 KCl AgNO3
= 5  10–5 mol2/L2
cvò-1 cvò-2 cvò-3 ˆhGnZz Kip > Ksp, ZvB MYbvbymvGi wgwkÉZ `ËeGY AgCl ‰i AatGÞc
 wkLbdj: == [h. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-1] coGe|
8 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
cÉk
² 120
 AvqwbK àYdj
KIP = [R+]  [Cl]
= (0.039)  (0.044)
RNO3 QCl = 1.716  103
20 mL 16 mL
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ RCl ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 4.8  106
0.07M 0.1M  Kip > Ksp myZivs RCl ‰i AatGÞc coGe|
27C 27 27C
cÉk
² 121

A-cvò C-cvò B-cvò
27C Zvcgvòvq RNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv = 2.2 ×10–3 ‰es Ksp(RCl) = 4.8 ×
10–6  wkLbdj: 8 [Xv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-6]
K. ˆcvjvivqb ‰i msæv `vI| 1
L. 25C Zvcgvòvq NaCl ‰i `ËveÅZv 36@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 3d6 3d5
NH4OH
M. A cvGò RNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3 `ËeY Avqb Avqb
N. C cvGò ˆKvGbv AatGÞc coGe Kx? MvwYwZKfvGe
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
120 bs cÉGk²i Dîi weKviK 1g `ËeY 2q `ËeY
 wkLbdj: 7 I 8 [iv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-5]
K ˆKvGbv AvqwbK ˆhŒGMi KÅvUvqb KZ‡ÆK AÅvbvqGbi BGjKUÇb K. üGíi wbqg ˆjGLv| 1
ˆgGNi weK‡wZGK ˆcvjvivqb eGj| A L. mg Avqb cÉfvGei dGj `ËveÅZv nËvm cvq ˆKb? 2
L NaCl ‰i `ËveÅZv 36| A^Ævr 25C Zvcgvòvq 100 MÉvg `ËveGK M. DóxcGKi weKviK eÅenvi KGi 1g I 2q `ËeGY ^vKv
NaCl ‰i mGeÆvœP 36 MÉvg `Ëexf„Z nGq ‰KwU mÁ·†Ú `ËeY ŠZwi Avqb«¼q Kxi…Gc mbvÚ KiGe, Zv mswkÏÓ¡ mgxKiYmn
KiGZ cviGe| myZivs, 100 MÉvg cvwbGZ hw` 40 MÉvg NaCl ˆhvM ˆjGLv| 3
Kiv nq, ZvnGj 4.0 MÉvg NaCl exKvGii Zjvq A`Ëexf„Z AeÕ©vq N. DóxcGKi 2q `ËeGY weKviK ˆhvM KGi cÉvµ¦
cGo ^vKGe| A AatGÞcwUi `ËveÅZv wbYÆGqi c«¬wZ weGkÏlY KGiv|
M DóxcGKi A cvGòi `ËeGYi ˆÞGò A [25C Zvcgvòvq Ksp = 4.5 × 10–21] 4
+
RNO3 HooooooI R + NO3  121 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
awi, RNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv = S K ‘‰KB kwÚmÁ·®² wewf®² AiweUvGj BGjKUÇbàGjv ‰gbfvGe

R+ ‰i Nbgvòv [R+] = S cÉGek KiGe ˆhb Zviv meÆvwaK cwigvGY Ahy™Â AeÕ©vq ^vKGZ
NO3 ‰i Nbgvòv [NO3] = S cvGi ‰es ‰B Ahy™Â BGjKUÇbàGjvi wÕ·b ‰KBgyLx nGe|’ A

 `ËveÅZv àYdj Ksp = [R+]  [NO3]
L wÕ©i Zvcgvòvq ˆKvGbv `ËveGK ‰KwU `Ëe ˆhvM KiGZ ^vKGj
=SS ‰LvGb,
=S 2 cÉ ^g w`GK Zv `Ëexf„Z nq ‰es cGi ‰K chÆvGq `ËewU Avi `Ëexf„Z
RNO3 `ËveÅZv S = 2.2  103
3 2
= (2.2  10 ) bv nGq wbGP Rgv nGZ ^vGK| ‰ AeÕ©vq ˆh `ËeY Drc®² nq ZvGK
= 4.84  106 mÁ·†Ú `ËeY eGj| ‰wU ‰KwU DfgyLx cÉwKÌqv ‰es `ËeGYi ‰
myZivs, A cvGòi RNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 4.84  106| AeÕ©vGK `ËeGYi mvgÅveÕ©v eGj| mvgÅveÕ©vq ^vKvKvjxb evwni
N DóxcGKi A I B cvGòi `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj wbGÁ²vÚfvGe nGZ AvGiv mg Avqb ˆhvM KiGj jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi
wewKÌqv msNwUZ nq A mvgÅveÕ©vq evg w`GK mGi hvGe ‰es `ËveÅZv nËvm cvGe| ˆhgb A
RNO3 + QCl  RCl + QNO3 KCl(s) + H2O HoooI K+(aq) + Cl(aq)
‰Lb, RNO3 HooooooI R+ + NO3 DcGivÚ wewKÌqvq evwni nGZ K+ Avqb ˆhvM KiGj wewKÌqvwUi
20 mL 0.07M RNO3  20 mL 0.07 MMR+ mvgÅveÕ©v evGg mGi hvGe ‰es KCl ‰i `ËveÅZv nËvm KiGe|
wgkÉY R+ ‰i cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv:
V 1 S 1 = V 2S 2 ‰LvGb, M DóxcGKi Avqb«¼Gqi meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv
VS V1 = 20 mL 3d6 I 3d5| Avqb«¼Gqi mÁ·ƒYÆ BGjKUÇb webÅvm
ev, S2 = V1 1
2 S1 = 0.07 M 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s0 ‰es
20  0.07 V2 = 36 mL 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s0
= M
36 S2 = ? Avqb«¼Gqi BGjKUÇb webÅvm KiGj ˆ`Lv hvq, DóxcGKi AvqbàGjv
= 0.039 M
Avevi, QCl HooooooI Q+ + Cl nGjv: Fe2+ (3d6), Fe3+(3d5) A^ev Mn2+(3d5)|
16 mL 0.1M QCl  16 mL 0.1 M Cl1 NH4OH weKviK eÅenvi KGi ‰G`i mbvÚKiY wbGÁ² AvGjvPbv
wgkÉY Cl ‰i cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv: Kiv nGjv
V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb, Fe2+ Avqb mbvÚKiY: gƒj `ËeGY KGqK ˆduvUv jNy NH4OH ˆhvM
V 1S 1 Kiv nq| ‰GZ meyR eGYÆi AatˆÞc m†wÓ¡ nq; hv `ËeGY ˆdivm
ev, S2 = V 1g AvqZb, V1 = 16 mL
2
16  0.1
1g Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.1 M AvqGbi DcwÕ©wZ cÉgvY KGi|
=
36
M 2h AvqZb, V2 = 36 mL Fe2+(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq)Fe(OH)2 + 2NH4+(aq)
= 0.044 M 2q Nbgvòv, S2 = ? meyR AatˆÞc
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 9
Fe3+ Avqb mbvÚKiY : gƒj `ËeGY KGqK ˆduvUv jNy NH4OH ˆhvM nvBGWÈvGRGbi PvicvGk abvZÄK PvGRÆi D«¿e nq| ‰fvGe cvwbi
KiGj hw` jvjGP ev`vwg eGYÆi AatˆÞc Drc®² nq ZvnGj `ËeGY AYyGZ BGjKUÇGbi Amg e¥ŸGbi ˆcÉwÞGZ WvBGcvj ev ˆcvjvwiwUi
ˆdwiK AvqGbi DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ KGi| m†wÓ¡ nq| A
Fe3+(aq) + 3NH4OH(aq)  Fe(OH)3(s)  + 3NH4+(aq) M DóxcGKi Y ‰i cvigvYweK fi nGjv 40| myZivs ˆhŒMwU nGjv
jvjGP ev`vwg AatˆÞc CaCl2 ‰es KÅvUvqb nGjv Ca2+| A
Mn2+ Avqb mbvÚKiY: gƒj `ËeGY KGqK ˆdvUv jNy NH4OH ˆhvM Ca2+ Avqb mbvÚKiY cixÞv :
KiGj ev`vgx eGYÆi AatGÞc Drc®² nq, hv `ËeGY Mn2+ AvqGbi ‰KwU ˆUÕ¡wUDGe 1–2 mL gƒj `ËeY wbGq DÚ `ËeYwUGZ KGqK ˆduvUv
DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ KGi| AÅvGgvwbqvg AÝvGjU (NH4OOC–COONH4) `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj,
+
Mn2+(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq) HooooI Mn(OH)2(s) + 2NH4 (aq) KÅvjwmqvg AÝvGjGUi mv`v AatGÞc cGo, hv wKbv HCl ‰ `Ëexf„Z
ev`vgx AatGÞc nq| ‰GZ KGi `ËeGY Ca2+ AvqGbi DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ nq| A
COONH4 O–C=O
N DóxcGKi 2q `ËeGYi AvqbwU nq Fe3+, bv nq Mn2+|
Ca2+ + |  2NH4+ + Ca |
awi `ËeYwU Fe(OH)3, hvi `ËveÅZv = S1 COONH4 O–C=O
myZivs, AÅvGgvwbqvg KÅvjwmqvg AÝvGjU
Fe(OH)3 HooI Fe3+ + 3OH AÝvGjU (mv`v AatGÞc)
S1 S1 3S1 O– C=O
cÉkg² GZ, Ca | + HCl  CaCl2+ HOOCCOOH
S1  (3S1)3 = 4.5  1021 O– C=O AÝvwjK ‰wmW
 27S41 = 4.5  1021 KÅvjwmqvg AÝvGjU (`ËeYxq)
 S1 = 3.59  106 wm«¬v¯¦: Ca2+ Avqb DcwÕ©Z|
 Fe3+ nGj, `ËeGYi `ËveÅZv = 3.59  106 mol/L N YCl2 ev CaCl2 I NaF ‰i `ËeY ‰KGò wgwjZ KiGj wbGÁ²vÚ
Avevi awi, `ËeYwU MnCl2, hvi `ËveÅZv = S2 wewKÌqv msNwUZ nq| A
myZivs, CaCl2 + NaF  CaF2 + 2NaCl
Mn(OH)2 HooI Mn2+ + 2OH ‰LvGb, CaCl2 ‰i ˆÞGò
S2 S2 2S2 CaCl2 HooooooI Ca2+ + 2Cl
cÉkg² GZ, 30 mL 5  103 M CaCl2  30 mL 5  103 M Ca2+
S2  (2S2)2 = 4.5  1021
wgkÉGY Ca2+ ‰i cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv :
 4S32 = 4.5  1021 V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb,
 S2 = 1.04  107 V1S1
ev, S2 = V cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 30 mL
 Mn2+ nGj, `ËeGYi `ËveÅZv = 1.04  107 mol/L 2
30  5  10 3 cÉ v^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 5  103M
cÉk
² 122
 = M ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 50 mL
50
30 mL 20 mL
3
= 3  10 M ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
5 × 10–3 M 25 C 3 × 10–3 M Avevi, NaF HooooooI Na + F
+ 
YCl2 NaF
20 mL 3  10–3 M NaF  20 mL 3  10–3 M F
Y ‰i cvigvYweK fi 40 wgkÉGY F ‰i cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv :
1bs `ËeY 2bs `ËeY V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb,
VS
 wkLbdj: 7 I 8 [iv. ˆev. 19; cËk²-8] ev, S2 = V1 1 cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 20 mL
K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b KvGK eGj? 1 2
3 cÉ v^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 3  303M
20  3  10
L. cvwbi WvBGcvGji KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 =
50
M ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 50 mL
M. 1bs `ËeGYi KÅvUvqGbi mbvÚKiGY cixÞv mgxKiYmn = 1.2  10 M3 ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
ˆjGLv| 3 CaF2 ‰i AvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v
N. 1bs I 2bs `ËeY ‰KGò wgwjZ KiGj YF2 ‰i AatGÞc CaF2 HooooooI Ca2+ + 2F
coGe wKbv MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| [ YF2 ‰i  AvqwbK àYdj Kip = [Ca2+]  [F]2
`ËveÅZv àYdj 4 × 10–17] 4 = (3  103) (1.2  103)2
122 bs cÉGk²i Dîi = 4.32  109
K nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy hyÚ `ywU ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx AYy ciÕ·Gii ˆ`Iqv AvGQ CaF2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 4 1017|
wbKUeZxÆ nGj, ‰KwU AYyi abvñK cÉvG¯¦i mvG^ Aci AYyi ‰LvGb, Kip > Ksp
FYvñK cÉvG¯¦i `yeÆj AvKlÆYx ej «¼viv m†Ó¡ e®¬bGK nvBGWÈvGRb myZivs CaF2 ‰i AatGÞc coGe|
e®¬b eGj| cÉk
² 123

L cvwb ‰KwU ˆcvjvi `ËveK ‰es cÉwZwU cvwbi AYy ˆcvjvwiwU 75 mL 3.5  10–2 M 125 mL 3  10–3 M
cÉ`kÆb KGi| cvwbGZ WvBGcvGji DcwÕ©wZi cÉavb KviY nGjv@ A3B2 `ËeY XY2 `ËeY

nvBGWÈvGRb ‰es AwÝGRb cigvYyi Zwor FYvZÄKZvi cv^ÆKÅ| DœP cvò-1 cvò-2
Zwor FYvZÄK AwÝGRb e®¬b BGjKUÇbGK ZxeËfvGe AvKlÆY Kivi AY2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj = 9.148  10–7
dGj AwÝGRGbi PvicvGk FYvZÄK cwiGeGki m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es  wkLbdj: 8 [w`. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-1]
10 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
K. Bgvjmb KvGK eGj? 1 
cÉk² 124
L. msKi AiweUvj cvB e®¬b MVb KGi bv ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi cvò-1 ‰es cvò-2 ‰i wgwkÉZ `ËeGY B3
AvqGbi Nbgvòv MYbv KGiv| 3 10mL 5mL
N. DóxcGKi cvò-1 ‰es cvò-2 ‰i `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj 0.1M 0.01M
CaCl2
AatGÞc coGe wK? MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 `ËeY
AgNO3
`ËeY
123 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K Bgvjmb nGœQ ciÕ·i AwgkÉYxq `ywU Zij wgkÉY ˆhLvGb ‰KwU cvò-A cvò-B
Zij (weœQywiZ `kv) Aci ‰KwU ZiGj (weœQyiY gvaÅg) meÆò
QwoGq ^vGK| A  wkLbdj: 8 [Kz. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-1]

L `yB ev ZGZvwaK KvQvKvwQ ev mgkwÚmÁ·®² AiweUvj ciÕ·i K. dvÕ¡ ‰BW eÝ Kx? 1

mswgwkÉZ nGq ˆh bZzb mgkwÚmÁ·®² AiweUvj Drc®² nq ZvGK L. jÅveGiUwiGZ nÅv´£ ™Ï v fm eÅenvGii cÉ GqvRbxqZv eÅvLÅv
msKi AiweUvj eGj| KGiv| 2
msKiGY hZàGjv cvigvYweK AiweUvj Ask ˆbq mgkwÚmÁ·®² M. A cvGò Ca2+ ‰i cwigvY wbYÆq KGiv| 3
msKi AiweUvj Drc®² nq ‰s e®¬bàGjv kwÚkvjx ‰es my`†p nq N. A I B cvGòi wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi cÉK‡wZ `ËveÅZvi wfwîGZ
wK¯§ cvB e®¬b ZzjbvgƒjK `yeÆj nq ‰B RGbÅ msKi AiweUvj ‰ MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
cvB e®¬b MwVZ nq bv|
124 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M DóxcGKi cvò-1 I cvò-2 ‰i `ËeY wgkÉGYi ˆÞGò A
A3B2 + 3XY2  3AY2 + X3B2 K jÅveGiUwiGZ ˆQvGUvLvGUv `yNÆUbvq cÉv^wgK wPwKrmvi RbÅ

‰LvGb, A3B2 HooooooI 3A + 2B
2+ 3 cÉGqvRbxq DcKiY mÁ¼wjZ eÝGK dvÕ¡Æ ‰BW eÝ eGj| A
 75 mL 3.5  102 M A3B2  75 mL (2  3.5  102) M B3 L jÅveGiUwiGZ nÅv´£ ™Ïvfm eÅenvi Kiv DwPZ ˆKbbv,
wgkÉGY B3 cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv:
jÅveGiUwiGZ Avgiv wewf®² aiGbi ÞqKviK I ÞwZKviK
V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb,
V 1S 1 cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 75 mL ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ eÅenvi KGi ^vwK| ‰àGjv eÅenvGii mgq hw`
ev, S2 = V
2
2 cÉ v^wgK Nbgvòv, ˆKvGbv bv ˆKvGbv fvGe AvgvG`i MvGq ˆjGM hvq ZGe Z½GKi ÞwZmn
75  2  3.5  10
=
200
S1 = 2  3.5  102 M AbÅ ˆh ˆKvb eo aiGbi ÞwZi mÁ¿vebv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ˆhgb@ Mvp
= 0.026 M ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = (75 + 125) mL H2SO4, HNO3 I ˆKÌvwgK ‰wmW ˆKvb wKQyi Ici coGj Zv
= 200 mL
ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ? gvivñKfvGe cyGo hvq| ZvB ‰i…c Dcv`vb eÅenvGii mgq AekÅB
 wgwkÉZ `ËeGY B3 AvqGbi Nbgvòv 0.026 M| nÅv´£ ™Ïvfm eÅenvi Kiv DwPZ| A
N A3B2 HooooooI 2A2+ + 2B3 A
 M DóxcGKi A cvGòi `ËeGYi ˆÞGò

 75 mL 3.5  102 M A3B2  75 mL (3  3.5  102)M A2+ CaCl2 HoooooI Ca2+ + 2Cl A
wgkÉGY A2+ ‰i cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv, 10 mL 0.1 M CaCl2  10 mL 0.1 M Ca2+
V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb, Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb,
V 1S 1 cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 75 mL
ev, S2 = V S=
1000  w Ca2+ AvqGbi
2
75  3  3.5  102
cÉ v^wgK Nbgvòv, MV
AvqZb, V = 10 mL
= S1 = 3  3.5  102 M SMV
200
ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = (75 + 125) mL ev, w=
1000 Nbgvòv, S = 0.1 M
= 3.94  102 M
= 200 mL 0.1  40  10 Ca ‰i AvYweK fi
ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ? = M = 40
1000
Avevi, XY2 HooooooI X2+ + 2Y = 0.04g Ca2+ ‰i fi w = ?
 125 mL 3  103 M XY2  125 mL (2  3  103)M Y myZivs, A cvGò Ca2+ ‰i cwigvY 0.04g|
wgkÉGY Y ‰i cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv,
V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb, N A I B cvGòi `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj wbGÁ²vÚfvGe wewKÌqv msNwUZ
VS
ev, S2 = V1 1 cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 125 mL nq| A
2
125  2  3  10 3 cÉ v^wgK Nbgvòv, CaCl2 + 2AgNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + 2AgCl
= S1 = 2  3  103 M 5 mL 0.01M AgNO3  5 mL 0.01M Ag+
200
= 3.75  103 M ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 200 mL 10 mL 0.1M CaCl2  10 mL 2  0.1 ev, 0.2 M Cl
ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ? wgkÉGY Ag+ AvqGbi ˆÞGò ‰LvGb,
AY2 ‰i AvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v V1S1 = V2S2 cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 5 mL
AY2 HooooooI A2+ + 2Y VS
Kip = [A+]  [Y]2 ev, S2 = V1 1 cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.01 M
2
= (3.94  102)  (3.75  103)2 5  0.01
ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 15 mL
= 5.54  107 = M ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
15
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, AY2 ‰i `ËveÅZvi àYdj 9.148  107|
= 3.33  103 M
 Ksp > Kip myZivs wgwkÉZ `ËeGY ˆKvGbv AatGÞc coGe bv|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 11
Avevi wgkÉGY, h wbtmiY
(wfwî AeÕ©vb) Na(g) Na(g) (ˆmvwWqvg evGÓ·i
Cl AvqGbi ˆÞGò, ( = 589 nm)
V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb, DGîwRZ AeÕ©vb)|
V 1S 1
ev, S2 = V cÉv^wgK AvqZb,V1 = 10 mL AbyGîwRZ Na cigvYyi BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv
2
10  0.2
cÉ v^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.02 M (11)Na  1s 2s 2p 3s | ˆmvwWqvgGK D Kiv nGj ‰i ewntÕ©
2 2 6 1

=
15
M ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 15 mL BGjKUÇbwU kwÚ ARÆb KGi DœPZi kwÚÕ¦Gii ˆh ˆKvb AiweUvGj
= 1.33  101 M ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ? DcbxZ nGZ cvGi| A^Ævr wkLv ˆ^GK ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY kwÚ ˆkvlY
AgCl mvgÅveÕ©vq wbÁ²i…Gc weGqvwRZ nq KGi ewntÕ© BGjKUÇb DœPZi kwÚÕ¦Gii 3p, 3d wKsev 4s AiweUvGj
AgCl HoooooI Ag+ + Cl kwÚ 1s22s22p63s0 (11Na)|
 Kip = [Ag+] [Cl]
D®²xZ nGZ cvGi: 11Na 
= (3.33  103) (1.33  101) DGîwRZ AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK Na cigvYyi BGjKUÇb hLb cybivq Zvi
= 4.44  104 wbRÕ¼ AiweUvGj wdGi AvGm, ZLb ˆkvwlZ kwÚ ˆiwWGqkb wnGmGe
Avgiv Rvwb, AgCl ‰i `ËveÅZvi àYdj Ksp = 1.7  1010 (Na(g)  Na(g)) wewKwiZ nq| ‰B wewKwiZ iwkÄi Ziã Š`NÆÅ
 Kip > Ksp myZivs wgwkÉZ `ËeGY AgCl ‰i AatGÞc coGe| `†kÅgvb AçGj ( = 375  750 nm) nGj Avgiv Zv eYÆ wnGmGe
cÉk
² 125
 cÉZÅÞ Kwi| ˆmvwWqvg ˆ^GK wewKwiZ ˆiwWGqkGbi Ziã Š`NÆÅ 589
nm AçGj wewKwiZ nq| ‰wU njy` eGYÆi Ziã Š`NÆÅ AçGj eGj

NaOH KMnO4 LiAlH4 C2H5OH

A B C D
[A, B, C ‰es D ˆhŒMmgƒnGK jÅveGiUwii ‰KB ˆmjGd
DcGii KÌgvbyhvqx msiÞY Kiv nGjv|]
1 I 2 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq [Kz. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-4]
K. `ËveK wbÓ•vkb KvGK eGj?
L. UV iwkÄi mvnvGhÅ KxfvGe Rvj UvKv kbvÚ Kiv nq? 2
M. A ˆhŒGMi Þvixq gƒjGKi kbvÚKiGY wkLv cixÞvq ˆh
eYÆ Drc®² KGi Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N. DóxcK Abyhvqx A, B, C I D ‰i msiÞY Kivi ˆKŒkj
mwVK wKbv Zv weGkÏlY KGiv|
125 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆKvGbv `ËveGK `Ëexf„Z ‰KvwaK ˆhŒGMi wgkÉY ˆ^GK mywbw`ÆÓ¡
DcGhvMx `ËveK «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡ `ËeGK wgkÉY ˆ^GK c†^K Kivi cÉwKÌqvGK
`ËveK wbÓ•vkb eGj| A
L UV-iwkÄi gvaÅGg Lye mnGRB Rvj UvKv kbvÚ Kiv hvq|
KviY, Avmj UvKvi gGaÅ ‰KwU weGkl aiGbi wbivcîv myZv Õ©vcb
Kiv ^vGK| ‰QvovI UvKvi wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb RjQvc ˆ`Iqv ^vGK hv
Lvwj ˆPvGL ˆ`Lv bv ˆMGjI UV-iwkÄGZ cwiÓ•vi Avfv Qovq|
Avmj ˆbvUàGjvGZ ˆdÑvGiGmG´Ÿi KvwjGZ wKQy weGkl ˆjLvi Dci
UV-iwkÄ coGj ‰ ˆdÑvGiGm´Ö DœP UV-iwkÄ ˆkvlY KGi `†kÅgvb
AvGjv wewKiY KGi| wK¯§ Rvj UvKvq ‰B aiGbi ˆKvb RjQvc bv
^vKvq ‰i Dci UV-iwkÄ ˆdjGj ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ is ‰i wewKiY
cvIqv mÁ¿e nq bv| ‰fvGeB UV-iwkÄ eÅenvi KGi mnGRB Rvj 
UvKv mbvÚ Kiv hvq| A
ˆmvwWqvg njy` eGYÆi nGq ^vGK|
N DóxcGKi A(NaOH), B (KMnO4), C (LiAlH4) I
D(C2H5OH) ˆhŒMmgƒnGK jveGiUwi ‰KB ˆmjGd chÆvqKÌGg
msiÞY Kiv nGqGQ hv ˆKvb fvGeB mwVK bq| KviY B
NaOH: NaOH nGjv ZxeË Þvi ‰es ÞqKvix c`v^Æ| ‰wU
jÅveGiUwiGZ wdDg üGWi wbGP Õ©vwcZ ˆKweGbGU msiÞY Kiv
1
DwPZ ‰es KLGbv msiwÞZ ˆevZGji gyL ˆLvjv ivLv DwPZ bq|
‰Qvov NaOH KvGPi cvGòi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi Na2SiO3 ŠZwi KGi
eGj KvP cvGò msiÞY bv KGi cwjw^b RvZxq µÏvwÕ¡K ˆevZGj
3
msiÞY KiGZ nGe|
KMnO4: KMnO4 ZxeË RviK I ˆmGK´£vix Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ c`v^Æ dGj
4
‰GK evqy I MÅvmgyÚ ‰K ˆevZGj msiÞY KiGZ nGe| ‰wU ZxeË
RviK nIqvq `vnÅ, `nbkxj I weRviK c`v^Æmgƒn nGZ c†^KfvGe
Vvív I ÷Ó• cwiGeGk ˆÕ¡vi KiGZ nGe|
LiAlH4: LiAlH4 nGjv ZxeË weRviK c`v^Æ| ‰wU H2O mvG^ `Ë‚Z
wewKÌqv KGi weGÕ¹viY NUvGZ cvGi| KvGRB LiAlH4 ˆK Rjxq
evÓ· gyÚ, O2 gyÚ KvPcvGò msiÞY KiGZ nGe| ‰GK `vnÅ,
`nbkxj I RviK c`v^Æ nGZ c†^KfvGe Vvív I ÷Ó• cwiGeGk
ˆÕ¡vi KiGZ nGe|
C2H5OH: C2H5OH nGjv ‰KwU Zij `vnÅ c`v^Æ ‰ aiGbi `vnÅ
ˆKwgKÅvjmgƒnGK c†^K ˆKweGbGU 1  2 wjUvi AvqZGbi cvGò
msiÞY KiGZ nGe ‰es ‰K mvG^ AGbK ˆKwgKÅvj ˆÕ¡vi Kiv
hvGe bv|
cÉk
² 126
5(E)

M DóxcGKi A ˆhŒMwU nGjv NaOH| NaOH ‰i Þvixq gƒjKwU 4(D)

nGjv Na | wkLv cixÞvq ˆmvwWqvg ˆmvbvwj njy` eYÆ aviY KGi|
+
3(C)
KviGY wbGÁ² AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv A 2(B)
ˆmvwWqvGgi wkLv cixÞvi RbÅ µÏvwUbvg ev bvBGKÌvg Zvi eÅenvi 1(A)
Kiv nq µÏvwUbvg ZvGii AMÉfvM HCl ‰ WzweGq ‰i cwiœQ®²Zv  wkLbdj: 2 I 5 [Kz. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-7]
wbwøZ Kiv nq| ‰evi ‰KwU IqvP ™ÏvGm Mvp HCl ‰wmW wbGq ‰B K. wjMÅv´£ KvGK eGj? 1
‰wmGW we÷«¬ µÏvwUbvg ZvGii AMÉfvM WzweGq ‰es cGi ZvGZ Mvp L. KcvGii mvaviY BGjKUÇb webÅvm eÅwZKÌg ˆ`Lvq ˆKb? 2
HCl wmÚ NaCl jeY jvwMGq eybGmb `xGci Abyä¾j wkLvq aiGj M. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv eÅenvi KGi D kwÚ Õ¦Gii AiweUvj
ˆmvbvwj njy` eYÆ cÉ`wkÆZ nq hv ˆmvwWqvg avZzGK wbwøZ KGi| msLÅv wbYÆqcƒeÆK ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv MYbv KGiv| 3
NaCl(s) 

wkLv NaCl(g)  Na(g) + Cl(g) N. B kwÚ Õ¦Gii Z‡Zxq ˆiLvi Ziã Š`GNÆÅi eYÆ `†kÅgvb nGe
weGqvRb wKbv MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
12 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
126 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk
² 127

K RwUj ˆhŒM MVGbi mgq ˆh AYy ev Avqb BGjKUÇb ˆRvo `vb
KGi ZvGK wjMÅv´£ eGj| A AB CD
L BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi wbqgvbyhvqx, hw` d-DcÕ¦Gi cƒYÆZvi ˆPGq 1 40mL 30mL
wU BGjKUÇb Kg ^vGK A^Ævr 9 wU BGjKUÇb ^vGK ZGe cieZxÆ 0.04M 0.03M
kwÚÕ¦Gii s-AiweUvj ˆ^GK 1wU BGjKUÇb cƒeÆeZxÆ kwÚÕ¦Gii d
AiweUvGj Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| ‰i dGj d-DcÕ¦Gi 10 wU BGjKUÇb B ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm ns np | B ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ‰KB
2 5

AwRÆZ nGq cƒYÆ nq ‰es AwaK wÕ©wZkxj nq| ˆhgb: A ˆkÉwYGZ Zvi cƒeÆeZÆx ˆgŒj AGcÞv ˆewk| CB ‰i Ksp = 1.8  1010|
 wkLbdj: 7 I 8 [P. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-3]
Cu (29)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2 ‰i cwieGZÆ,
K. ˆKÌ v gvGUvMÉ v wd Kx? 1
Cu (29)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 (AwaK wÕ©wZkxj)
L. wRâ iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi bv ˆKb? 2
ZvB ejv hvq gƒjZ BGjKUÇb webÅvGm wÕ©wZkxjZv ARÆGbi jGÞÅ
M. `ËeGY B AvqbwU KxfvGe kbvÚ KiGe? 3
Cu ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi eÅwZKÌg nq|
N. AB I CD wgwkÉZ KiGj ˆKvGbv AatGÞc Drc®² nGe
M DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ D kwÚÕ¦Gi n = 4, A^Ævr cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg wKbv-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
msLÅvi gvb 4| D kwÚÕ¦Gi AiweUvGji msLÅv wbYÆq cƒeÆK ˆgvU 127 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
BGjKUÇb msLÅv wbYÆq Kiv nGjv A K ˆKvGbv wgkÉYGK MÅvmxq ev Zij Pjgvb `kv «¼viv ˆKvb wÕ©i
cÉavb mnKvix gÅvMGbwUK AiweUvj wÕ·b ˆKvqv´Ÿvg BGjKUÇb msLÅv
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv msLÅv (s)
`kvi wfZi w`Gq cÉevwnZ KGi wewf®² nvGi AwaGkvlY, `ËveÅZv I
msLÅv (n) msLÅv (l) msLÅv (m) e¥Ÿb mnGMi Dci wfwî KGi ‰i Dcv`vbmgƒGni c†^KxKiY
Dc cÉavb c«¬wZB nGjv ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd| A
kwÚÕ¦i kwÚÕ¦i L ˆh mKj ˆgŒGji mywÕ©Z AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm d- AiweUvj
1 1 AvswkK cƒYÆ ^vGK ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj| Zn ‰i mywÕ©Z
0 1 + , 2
0 2 2 AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm,
Zn2+  1s22s22p6 3s23p63d10 4s0
1 1 ‰LvGb d AiweUvj mÁ·ƒYÆ cƒYÆ, AvswkK cƒYÆ bq| myZivs d
1, 0, +1 3 3 (+ ,  ) 6
1 2 2
AiweUvjwU BGjKUÇb «¼viv cwicƒYÆ ^vKvi KviGY BGjKUÇGbi d-d
4 32
2
2  1, 0,
5
1 1
5 (+ ,  ) 10
Õ©vbv¯¦i cÉwKÌqv nGZ cvGi bv dGj wRsK Avqb Z^v wRsK iwOb
+1, +2 2 2 ˆhŒM MVb KGi bv| A
3, 2, 1 1 1 M DóxcGKi B ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm ns2np5 myZivs ˆgŒjwU
3 , 0, + 1, 7 7 (+ ,  ) 14 nGe 17 bs MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj Avevi ‰i BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ‰KB ˆkÉwYGZ
2 2
+2, +3
Zvi cƒeÆeZÆx ˆgŒj AGcÞv ˆewk ZvB, B ˆgŒjwU nGjv ˆKÑvwib| A
myZivs D kwÚÕ¦i ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv 32wU| Cl AvqGbi mbvÚKiY cixÞv:
N B kwÚ Õ¦Gii Z‡Zxq ˆiLvi ˆÞGò, n1 = 2 ‰es n2 = 5 A cÉÕ§ZK‡Z gƒj `ËeGY KGqK ˆduvUv wmjfvi bvBGUÇU `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj
Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb, wmjfvi ˆKÑvivBGWi mv`v AatGÞc cGo|
1 1 1 wiWevMÆ aË‚eK HCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq); NaCl(aq) +
=R
 H (n

1
2
n 22) RH = 109678 cm1 AgNO3(aq)  AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq)
1 1 Ziã Š`NÆÅ,  = ? Drc®² AgCl ‰i mv`v eGYÆi AatGÞc jNy HNO3 ‰wmGW A`ËeYxq
= 109678 ( 
22 52 ) n1 = 2 wK¯§ NH4OH `ËeGYi mvG^ mnGRB WvB AÅvwgb wmjfvi (l)
n2 = 5 ˆKÑvivBW [Ag(NH3)2]Cl bvgK RwUj ˆhŒM Drc®² KGi| dGj,
1
= 23032.38 cm1 AatGÞc `ËeYxq I eYÆnxb nq|

1 AgCl(s) + 2NH4OH (aq)  [Ag(NH3)]Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
= cm
23032.38 N DóxcGKi `ËeY«¼q wgwkÉZ KiGj wbGÁ²vÚ wewKÌqv msNwUZ nq A

= 4.341  105 cm AB + CD  CB + AD
= 4.341  105  107 nm ‰Lb AB ‰i ˆÞGò
= 434.171 nm
AB HooooooooI A+ + B
Avgiv Rvwb, `†kÅgvb AvGjvi Ziã‹`NÆÅ 380  780 nm `†kÅgvb  40 mL 0.04 M AB  40 mL 0.04 M B
AçGj 424  450 nm| Ziã Š`NÆÅ mvaviYZ bxj eYÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi| wgkÉGY B AvqGbi cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv :
ˆhGnZz B kwÚÕ¦Gii Z‡Zxq ˆiLvi Ziã‹`NÆÅ 434.171 nm| ZvB ‰wU V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb,
`†kÅgvb nGe ‰es bxj eYÆ cÉ`kÆb KiGe| VS
cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 40 mL
ev, S2 = V1 1
DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq ˆh NaOH ÞqKvix, KMnO4 2
cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.04 M
ZxeË RviK, LiAlH4 weRviK I C2H5OH `vnÅ Zij c`v^Æ ZvB 40  0.04
=
70 ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 40 mL
DóxcK AbymvGi ‰G`iGK ‰KB ˆmjGd msiÞY Kiv hvGe bv| ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
= 0.0229 M
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 13
Avevi, N DóxcGKi Z ˆgŒGji cƒYÆ BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c
 A
CD ‰i ˆÞGò, 1s22s22p63s1 (Na)
CD HooooooooI C+ + D myZivs DóxcGKi Z ˆgŒjwU nGjv ˆmvwWqvg (Na) ‰es ZY ˆhŒMwU
30 mL 0.03 CD  30 mL 0.03 M C+ nGjv NaCl| B `ËeY A^Ævr CuCl `ËeGY NaCl ˆhvM KiGj mgAvqb
wgkÉGY C+ ‰i cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv : cÉfve NUGe|
V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb, CuCl ‰i ˆÞGò,
VS
ev, S2 = V1 1 cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 30 mL CuCl HooooI Cu+ + Cl
2
30  0.03
cÉ v^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.03 M 0.003 M 0.003 M 0.003 M
=
70 ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 70 mL NaCl ‰i ˆÞGò,
= 0.0128 M ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ? NaCl  Na+ + Cl
0.004 M 0.004 M 0.004 M
 wgkÉGY CB ‰i AvqwbK àYdj
Kip = [C+]  [B] ˆhGnZz mg AvqZGbi NaCl I CuCl ˆhvM Kiv nGqGQ, ZvB cÉGZÅK
= 0.0128  0.0229 `ËeGYi AvqZb V nGj wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi AvqZb nGe 2V|
= 2.931  104 Cu+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv wbYÆq:
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, `ËveÅZv àYdj 1.8  1010 Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb,
 Kip > Ksp V1S1 = V2S2 Cu+ ‰i Avw` AvqZb, V1 = V
myZivs wgkÉGY CB ‰i AatGÞc coGe| V 1S 1
wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi AvqZb, V2 = 2V
S2 =
V2
cÉk
² 128
 Cu +
‰i Avw` Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.003 M
V  0.003
cÉZxKx ˆgŒj evwnGii Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm =
2V
M Cu ‰i ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
+

X  3d104s1 = 1.5  103 M

Y  3s23p5
Z  3s1
Cl
AvqGbi Nbgvòv wbYÆq:
X ‰es Y «¼viv MwVZ eYÆnxb ˆhŒM B hvi Ksp = 1.75 × 10–5 (molL–1)2 wgwkÉZ Cl AvqGbi cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv nGe (0.003 + 0.004) M
= 0.007 M
25C Zvcvgvòvq|  wkLbdj: 8 [wm. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-1]
Avgiv Rvwb,
K. nÅvRvWÆ wmÁ¼j KvGK eGj? 1
L. p DcÕ¦Gi mGeÆvœP QqwU BGjKUÇb ^vKGZ cvGi@ cwji
V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb,
V1S1
S2 = Cl ‰i Avw` AvqZb, V1 = V
eRÆb bxwZ Abyhvqx eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 V2
Cl ‰i ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 2V
M. 25C Zvcgvòvq B ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY Y– ‰i Nbgvòv V  0.007
= M Cl ‰i Avw` Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.007 M
KZ@ wnGme KGiv| 3 2V
N. DóxcGKi B ‰i 0.003 M `ËeGY mgAvqZb 0.004 M ZY
3
= 3.5  10 M Cl ‰i ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
ˆhvM KiGj AatGÞc nGe wKbv@ MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY myZivs, CuCl ‰i AvqwbK àYdj
KGiv| 4 Kip = [Cu+]  [Cl]
= (1.5  103)  (3.5  103) mol2 L2
128 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
= 5.25  106 mol2 L2
K wec`äbK ivmvqwbK `ËGeÅi RbÅ eÅen†Z mywbw`ÆÓ¡ mZKÆxKiY ˆhGnZz Kip < Ksp, KvGRB wgkÉGY AatGÞc coGe bv|
wPn×GK nÅvRvWÆ wmÁ¼j ev cÉZxK eGj| A
cÉk
² 129 CuS I NiS ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj h^vKÌGg 4  1038
L p DcÕ¦Gii RbÅ l = 1, m = 1, 0, +1 A^Ævr AiweUvj msLÅv ‰es 1.5  1024| ‰KRb Qvò Cu2+ I Ni2+ ‰i wgkÉ `ËeY ˆ^GK
3wU| cwji eRÆb bxwZ AbymvGi cÉwZwU AiweUvGj mGeÆvœP `ywU ‰KwU AvqbGK AatGÞcY «¼viv c†^K KiGZ DÚ wgkÉ `ËeGY jNy
BGjKUÇb ^vKGZ cvGi hw` ZvG`i NƒYÆb wecixZgƒLx nq| ZvB p HCl ˆhvM Kivi ci H2S MÅvm Pvjbv Kij|
DcÕ¦Gi meÆGgvU BGjKUÇb aviY ÞgZv 3  2 = 6wU| A  wkLbdj: 8 [h. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-4]
M DóxcGKi X I Y ‰i ewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm K. cËfveK mnvqK KvGK eGj? 1
h^vKÌGg,3d10 4s1 I 3s23p5 ‰G`i cƒYÆ BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c A L. Na MwVZ nq, wK¯§ Na MwVZ nq bveÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
+ 2+

X  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 (Cu) M. DóxcK AbymvGi NiS ‰i `ËveÅZv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
Y = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 (Cl)
N. Avqb c†^KxKiGY DóxcGKi QvòwU «¼viv Abym†Z bxwZwU
myZivs X I Y ˆgŒj«¼q nGjv Kcvi ‰es ˆKÑvwib|
chÆvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
A^Ævr, B ˆhŒMwU nGjv CuCl KviY CuCl nGjv eYÆnxb ˆhŒM|
129 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
CuCu  Cu + Cl
CuCl ‰i `veÅZv S nGj mÁ·†Ú `ËeGYi ˆÞGò, [Cu+] = S molL1 ‰es K ˆh me c`v^Æ wbGR cÉfveK wnGmGe KvR KiGZ cvGi bv wK¯§
[Cl] = S mol L1 ˆKvGbv ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvi cÉfveGKi cÉfveb ÞgZv e†w«¬ KGi ˆ`q
Ksp = S2 ZvG`iGK cÉfveK mnvqK eGj| A
 1.75  105 = S2
 S2 = 1.75  105 L Na cigvYyi cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ, 3q chÆvGqi AbÅvbÅ ˆgŒGji
 S = 4.18  103 cigvYy AGcÞv ˆewk nIqvq, Na ‰i cÉ^g AvqbxKiY kwÚ Kg nq|
 Y A^Ævr Cl ‰i Nbgvòv 4.18  103 mol L1 Na+ AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm Ne ‰i Abyi…c nIqvq BGjKUÇb
14 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
webÅvmwU wÕ©wZkxj nq| Na+ AvqGbi eÅvmvaÆ (0.095 nm) ‰i  2g I 0.714g Fe(OH)2
cÉk² 130
2

cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ 0.157 nm AGcÞv Kg| ZvB Na ‰i ewntÕ©

+

Õ¦Gi BGjKUÇbàGjv wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^ `†pfvGe AvK‡Ó¡ nq dGj Na+ 200 mL

CCl
200 mL
`ËeY
500 mL mÁ·†Ú
4
`ËeY
AvqbÕ© ewntÕ© KÞc^ nGZ BGjKUÇb AcmviGY cÉPzi kwÚi
(4562 kJ/mol) cÉGqvRb nq weavq Na+ nGZ AviI ‰KwU BGjKUÇb cvò-I cvò-II cvò-III

AcmviY KGi Na MVb mÁ¿eci bq| A

2+ wg. ‘X’, I bs cvGòi mÁ·ƒ Y Æ `Ë v eK wbGq ‰KevGi ‰es wg. ‘Y’ I bs
cvGòi `ËveKGK mgvb Pvi fvGM fvM KGi Pvi evGi II bs cvò nGZ
M NiS ‰i mÁ·†Ú Rjxq `ËeGY MwVZ mvgÅveÕ©v nGjv A I2 wbÓ•vkb KGib|  wkLbdj: 8 I 11 [e. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-7]
NiS HooooooooI Ni2+ + S2
K. AiweUvj KvGK eGj? 1
awi `ËeGY NiS ‰i `ËveÅZv = X L. Rf ‰i mGeÆvœP gvb 1 eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
 `ËeGY Ni2+ ‰i Nbgvòv, [Ni2+] = X M. III cvGòi `ËGei `ËveÅZv àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3
" S2 ‰i " [S2] = X N. I2 wbÓ•vkGb ˆKvb cÉwKÌqvwU jvfRbK MvwYwZKfvGe
NiS ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj Ksp = 1.5  1024 eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
Avgiv Rvwb, KSP = [Ni2+]  [S2] 130 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
=XX K wbDwKÑqvGmi PvicvGk ˆh ‰jvKvq AveZÆbkxj I mywbw`ÆÓ¡
= X2
kwÚmÁ·®² BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi meÆvwaK AeÕ©vGbi mÁ¿vebv (90-95)%
ev, X = KSP ^vGK ZvGK DckwÚÕ¦i ev AiweUvj ejv nq| A
= 1.5  1024
= 1.225  1012
L Rƒ nGjv Dcv`vb KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ I `ËveK KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦
myZivs DóxcGKi NiS ‰i `ËveÅZv 1.225  10 mol L |
12 1 `ƒiGZ½i AbycvZ|
Dcv`vb KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½
N DóxcGKi Cu2+ I Ni2+ ‰i wgkÉ `ËeY ˆ^GK ‰KwU AvqbGK Rƒ =
`ËveK KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½
AatGÞcY «¼viv c†^K Kivi bxwZwU nGjv `ËveÅZv àYdGji bxwZ| R ‰i gvb meÆ`v 1 AGcÞv Kg nGe ˆKbbv ˆKvb ˆhŒM `ËveK
ƒ
wbGP bxwZwU DóxcGKi AvGjvGK chÆvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv: AGcÞv AwaK c^ AwZKÌg KiGZ cvGi bv| Avevi Rƒ ‰i gvb
wbw`ÆÓ¡ DúZvq ˆKvGbv jeGYi `ËeGY jeYwU `Ëexf„Z ev AatwÞµ¦ nGe meÆwbÁ² kƒbÅI nGZ cvGi| A
wK-bv Zv wbfÆi KGi H DúZvq jeYwUi `ËveÅZv àYdGji gvGbi  M Avgiv Rvwb, A
Ici| hw` `ËeGY DcwÕ©Z ˆKvGbv jeGYi msMVK AvqbàGjvi w  1000 ‰LvGb,
hG^vchyÚ ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi àYdj H DúZvq jeYwUi `ËveÅZv S = MV fi, w = 0.714 g
àYdjGK AwZKÌg KGi hvq, ZvnGj jeYwU AatwÞµ¦ nGe| hw` H =
0.714  1000
AvqZb, V = 500 mL
89.85  500
àYdGji gvb jeYwUi `ËveÅZv àYdGji gvbGK AwZKÌg KiGZ bv 2 Fe(OH)2 ‰i AvYweK fi
= 1.59  10 M
cvGi, ZvnGj jeYwU `ËeGY `Ëexf„Z ^vGK| ‰wUB `ËveÅZv àYdGji M = 89.85
bxwZ bvGg cwiwPZ| Nbgvòv S = ?
`ËveÅZv àYdGji Dci wfwî KGi avZegƒjKàGjvGK I, II, IIIA,  mÁ·† Ú Fe(OH) 2 `Ë eGYi Nbgvòv 1.59  102 M|
2+ 
Fe(OH)2 HooooooooI Fe + 2OH
IIIB, IV I V MÉ‚Gc wefÚ Kiv nGqGQ| Cu2+ nGjv MÉ‚c II ‰es Ni2+
1.59  102 M 1.59  102 M 2 (1.59  102) M
nGjv MÉ‚c IIIB ‰i A¯¦fÆyÚ|  Fe2+ ‰i Nbgvòv, [Fe2+] = 1.59  102 M
DóxcGKi CuS I NiS ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj weGePbv KiGj ˆ`Lv OH ‰i ” [OH] = 2(1.59  102) M
hvGœQ ˆh NiS ‰i `ËveÅZv CuS ‰i Zzjbvq AGbK ˆewk| ռ͸  `ËveÅZvi àYdj KSP = [Fe2+]  [OH]2
`ËveÅZv wewkÓ¡ CuS ˆ^GK NiS nGZ c†^K Kivi RbÅ mgAvqb = (1.59  102)  (2  1.59  102)2
cÉfve cÉGqvM Kiv nq| A = 1.6  105 mol3 L3
+
H2S HooooooooI 2H + S 2 myZivs III bs cvGòi `ËGei `ËveÅZv àYdj 1.6  105 mol3 L3|
+ 
HCl  2H + Cl N 1g `ËveK cvwbi AvqZb V1 = 200 mL| AvGqvwWGbi cÉv^wgK
HCl ‰i weGqvwRZ H+ `ËeGY DcwÕ©Z ^vKvi KviGY 2H+ AvqGbi fi Xo = 2g I2 A
mgAvqGbi cÉfvGe H2S weGqvRb gvòv gvivñKfvGe nËvm cvq| 200 mL CCl4 ‰Kevi eÅenvi KGi ‰KevGi wbÓ•vkb KiGj Nv2 =
A^Ævr HCl ‰i DcwÕ©wZi KviGY H2S weGqvRb ivwnZ nq| `ËeGY 200 mL; n = 5 nGj V2 = 40 mL
S2 ‰i gvòv Kg nIqvGZ Cu2+ ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdjGK AwZKÌg AwbÓ•vwkZ I2 ‰i fi Xm = ?
KGi| wK¯§ Ni2+ Avqb I S2 AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi àYdj NiS Avgiv Rvwb, CCl4 cvwbi e¥Ÿb àYvâ KD = 80
‰i DœP `ËeÅZvi àYdjGK AwZKÌg KiGZ cvGi bv| dGj `ËeGY  cvwb I CCl4 ‰i e¥Ÿb àYvâ, KD = 1
80
Ni2+ I Cu2+ DcwÕ©Z ^vKGjI ˆKej CuS AawÞµ¦ nq| = 0.0125
‰fvGe mgAvqb cÉfvGei gvaÅGg Cu2+ c†^K KiGj `ËeGY Ni2+ KD.V1
AewkÓ¡ ^vGK|
‰Kevi wbÓ•vkGbi ˆejvq Xm = Xo K V + nV
D 1 [ 2 ]
AZ‰e, HCl ‰i H+ ‰i mgAvqb cÉfveGK KvGR jvwMGq QvòwU  (0.0125  200) 
=2
Cu AvqbGK c†^K KiGjv|
2+  (0.0125  200) + 5  40
= 0.02469
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 15
AwbÓ•vwkZ I2 ‰i cwigvY 0.02469 g ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, S = 0.0002 mol L1
(2  0.02469)  100 MN2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj = 4  (0.0002)3
 wbÓ•vwkZ % cwigvY = 2 = 3.2  1011 mol3 L3
= 98.76% A cvGò MN2 jeYwUi `ËveÅZv àYdj = 3.2  1011 mol3 L3
Avevi,
cÉwZ 50 mL CCl4 cÉwZevi eÅenvi KGi Pvievi wbÓ•vkGbi ˆÞGò N C cvGò msNwUZ wewKÌqv wbÁ²i…c

MN2 + 2XY  MY2 + 2XN
AewkÓ¡ I2 ^vGK X2 = ?
‰LvGb, MY2 HooooI M2+ + 2Y
‰GÞGò mgxKiYwU nGjv
4 wgkÉGY M2+ AvqGbi cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv:
KDV1
X2 = Xo [ KDV1 + v2] 4
V1S1 = V2S2
V1S1
ev, S2 = V
‰LvGb,
cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 15 mL
(0.0125  200) 
=2 2
cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 5  105 M
 (0.0125  200) + 50 15  5  105
= (2  0.0476)4 g
=
25 ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = (15 + 10)mL
= (1.02  105) g = 3  105 M = 25 mL
Pvi evi wbÓ•vkGbi % cwigvY ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
2  1.02  105  100 wgkÉGY Y– AvqGbi cÉK‡Z Nbgvòv:
= %
2 V1S1 = V2S2 ‰LvGb,
V1S1
= 99.99%
ev, S2 = V cÉ v^wgK AvqZb,V1 = 10 mL
myZivs ‰KevGi 200 mL CCl4 mnGhvGM wbÓ•vkGbi cwigvY 2
cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.1 M
98.76% wK¯§ 50 mL KGi Pvi evGi 200mL CCl4 eÅenvGi ev, S2 = 10  0.1 = 0.04 M ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = (10 + 15)mL
25
wbÓ•vkGbi cwigvY 99.99% hv cƒGeÆi ˆPGq ˆewk| ZvB Pvi evi 50 = 25 mL
mL KGi CCl4 eÅenvi jvfRbK| A ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
cÉk
² 131 MY2 ‰i ˆÞGò, AvqwbK àYdj, Kip = [M2+][Y]2
= 3  105 (0.04)2
20C 20C 20C = 4.8  108 mol3 L3
MN2-‰i XY MY2 ‰i ˆÞGò, `ËveÅZv àYdj, Ksp = 1.85  108
AmÁ·†Ú `ËeY `ËeY ˆhGnZz, Kip > Ksp
15 mL 10 mL  MY2 ‰i AatGÞc coGe| A
5  105 M MN2 + XY 0.1 M
cÉk
² 132
BGjKUÇb
cvò-A cvò-C cvò-B
i. MN2-‰i `ËveÅZv 0.0002 mol L1
ii. MY2-‰i Ksp = 1.85  108
 wkLbdj: 8 [Xv. ˆev., w`. ˆev., wm. ˆev., h. ˆev. 18; cÉk²-3] X
Y
K. wmMgv e®¬b Kx? 1 Z
L. Al2O3 ‰KwU DfagxÆ AÝvBW eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2  wkLbdj: 2 I 5 [iv. ˆev., Kz. ˆev., P. ˆev., e. ˆev. 18; cÉk²-1]
M. A-cvGòi jeYwUi `ËveÅZv àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3 K. ‰w´Ÿ-AwÝGW´Ÿ Kx? 1
N. C-cvGò MY2-‰i AatGÞc coGe wK? MvwYwZKfvGe L. mwKÌqb kwÚ wewKÌqvi nviGK cÉfvweZ KGi| eÅvLÅv KGiv|2
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 M. l I m ‰i gvGbi wfwîGZ Z ˆkGji ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv
131 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wnmve KGi ˆ`LvI| 3
K mgGhvRx e®¬b m†wÓ¡i mgq `ywU cigvYyi ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii `ywU
 N. DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwUi avcv¯¦Gii dGj m†Ó¡ Ziã Zwor
AiweUvGji mvgbvmvgwb AwaKÌgGYi dGj m†Ó¡ e®¬bGK wmMgv PzÁK
¼ xq wewKiGYi ˆKvb AçGj cvIqv hvq Zv
e®¬b eGj| A MvwYwZKfvGe gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
L ˆh mKj AÝvBW AÁÏ I ÞviK Dfq wnGmGe AvPiY KGi 132 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ZvG`iGK DfagÆx AÝvBW eGj| ‰LvGb Al2O3 AÁÏ ‰es Þvi K ‰w´Ÿ-AwÝGW´Ÿ ‰K aiGbi ivmvqwbK ev K‡wòg Lv`Å msiÞK hv

DfGqi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi jeY Drc®² KGi| ZvB, ŠewkÓ¡Å Abyhvqx gƒjZ Lv`Å Dcv`vbmgƒnGK RviY cÉwKÌqvq fvOb ˆ^GK iÞv KGi
Al2O3 ‰KwU DfagÆx AÝvBW| Lvevi msiÞY KGi| A
Al2O3 (‰wmW wnGmGe) + 2NaOH  2NaAlO2 + 2H2O L cÉviwÁ¿K AeÕ©vq wewKÌqK KYvi Mo kwÚ (EA) I AÕ©vqx
Al2O3 (Þvi wnGmGe) + 6HCl  2 AlCl3 + 3H2O RwUj AeÕ©vq eÕ§ KYvi Mo kwÚ (Ex) cv^ÆKÅGK mwKÌqb kwÚ
M A cvGòi jeYwU nGjv MN2| eGj| mwKÌqb kwÚi nËvm ev e†w«¬ Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ ev nËvGmi mvG^
MN2 HooooI M2+ + 2N mÁ·KÆhyÚ| Zvcgvòv e†w«¬i dGj wewKÌqGKi AYyàGjvi gGaÅ msNlÆ
A cvGòi `ËGeÅi `ËveÅZv hw` S nq ZGe@ e†w«¬ cvq ‰es AwaK msLÅK AYy wewKÌqvi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq mwKÌqb
MN2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj = S  (2S)2 = 4S3 kwÚ jvf KGi| weævbx AviGnwbqvGmi mgxKiY ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq|
16 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
–Ea/RT 
k = Ae H3N  NH3
Ea
ev, lnk = lnA –
RT
Cu 2+

‰LvGb, k = wewKÌqvi nvi aË‚eK, Ea = mwKÌqb kwÚ A

 
H3N   NH3
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Z ˆkjwUGZ n = 3 A
 ˆUUÇv-AÅvgwgb Kcvi (II) Avqb,
[Cu(NH3)4]4+
cÉavb mnKvix gÅvMGbwUK ˆKvqv´Ÿvg wÕ©i
BGjKUÇb ˆUUÇv-AÅvgwgb Kcvi (II) AvqGb PviwU NH3 Pvi ˆRvov wbtmã
kwÚÕ¦i ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv (m)
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
msLÅv BGjKUÇb hyMj Cu(II) ˆK BGjKUÇb cÉ`vb KGi RwUj Avqb MVb
(n) msLÅv (l) msLÅv (s) KGi| ZvB ejv hvq NH3 ‰KwU wjMÅv´£| A
l=0 m=0 (21 +12) 2wU M cÉ`î gGWjwUi meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦i M ˆkj A^Ævr n = 3
DckwÚÕ¦Gi ˆgvU
1 1
3(  + ) 6wU
AiweUvj
n=3 l=1 m = +1, 0, 1 n l m AiweUvj AiweUvj
2 2 cÉZxK
msLÅv msLÅv
m = 2, 1, 0, +1, 1 1
l=2 5(  + ) 10wU 3 0 0 3s 1
+2 2 2 1 1, 0, + 1 3p 3 9
ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv 18wU 2 2, 1, 0 +1, +2 3d 5
N DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwU Z (n2 = 3) nGZ avcv¯¦wiZ nGq Y (n1 = 2) AZ‰e, meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb msLÅv
= AiweUvj msLÅv  2
ˆZ Mgb KiGe| =92
Avgiv Rvwb, = 18wU
1 1 1 2q KÞc^, n1 = 2

= RH ( 
n12 n22 ) 3q KÞc^, n2 = 3
myZivs DcGivÚ QK AbymvGi cigvYyi meÆewntÕ© KÞcG^ ˆgvU
18wU BGjKUÇb ^vKGZ cvGi| A
1 1 1 wiWevGMÆi aË‚eK, RH = 109678 cm1
(
ev,  = 109678 22  32 )
Ziã Š`NÆÅ,  = ?
N DóxcGKi gGZ, BGjKUÇbwU M (n = 3) kwÚÕ¦i ˆ^GK K (n = 1)
1
kwÚÕ¦Gi Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGqGQ|
ev,  = 15233.055 cm1 2.18  1018  Z2
n Zg KÞcG^ BGjKUÇGbi kwÚ, En =  n2
ev,  = 6.564  105 cm
H-cigvYyi ˆÞGò, Z = 1
ev,  = 6.564  105  107 nm [1 cm = 107 nm]
 3q kwÚÕ¦i ˆ^GK 1g kwÚÕ¦Gi Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGZ wewKwiZ kwÚ,
ev,  = 656.4 nm  = E3  E1
DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwUi avcv¯¦Gii dGj m†Ó¡ Ziã 656.4nm, hv Zwor 1 1 ‰LvGb,
PzÁ¼Kxq wewKiGYi `†kÅgvb AvGjvi AçGj (380 – 780 nm) cvIqv hvq| =  2.18  1018 ( 
n32 n12 )
3q KÞc^, n3 = 3
cÉk
 ² 133 1 1g KÞc^, n1 = 1
e
=  2.18  10 18
( 32 )
1 J
8
M = 2.18  1018  J
L 9
+ K = 1.94  1018 J
Avevi,
E = hv ‰LvGb,
hc µÏvsGKi aË‚eK,
 wkLbdj: 2 I 5 [iv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-3] =
 h = 6.626  10 Js 34
K. pH Kx? 1 hc
L. NH3 ‰KwU wjMÅv´£ ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2  = wewKiZ kwÚ,
E
E = 1.94  1018 J
M. DóxcK gGWjwUi meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gi mGeÆvœP KqwU 6.626  1034  3  108
= AvGjvi ˆeM,
1.94  1018
m
BGjKUÇb ^vKGZ cvGi Zv ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi mvnvGhÅ c = 3  108 ms1
7
wnmve KGiv| 3 = 1.025  10
Ziã‹`NÆÅ,  = ?
N. gGWjwU nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ nGj AZ‰e, DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi gGWjwUi ˆÞGò avcv¯¦Gi wbMÆZ kwÚ
BGjKUÇbwUi avcv¯¦Gii mgq wbMÆZ kwÚ wbYÆq KGi ‰i 1.937  1018J ‰es Ziã‹`NÆÅ 1.025  107m| A
Ziã‹`NÆÅ wbYÆq KGiv| 4
cÉk
² 134

133 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi nvBGWÈvGRb AvqGbi (H+) ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi e
FYvñK jMvwi`gGK pH eGj| B
 + XY Z
L RwUj ˆhŒM MVbKvGj wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMj cÉ`vbKvix cigvYy,
Avqb ev ˆhŒM AYyGK wjMÅv´£ eGj| :NH3 AYyi bvBGUÇvGRb cigvYyGZ
‰K ˆRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMj ^vKvq Zv RwUj ˆhŒM MVbKvGj
wjMÅv´£ wnGmGe KvR KGi| ˆhgb: A  wkLbdj: 3 I 5 [w`. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-1]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 17
K. üG´£i bxwZ Kx? 1 1
nGe| myZivs Y kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbwUi RbÅ PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
2
L. AÅvbvqb «¼viv KÅvUvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb nq bv ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwU avcv¯¦Gii mgq ˆkvwlZ kwÚi msLÅvi gvb nGe
1
cwigvY wbYÆq KGiv| 3 n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2
N. DóxcGKi Z kwÚÕ¦Gii s AweÆUvGj ‰es Y kwÚÕ¦Gii s
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq, Y I Z kwÚÕ¦Gii s
AweÆUvGj ‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb ‰KB w`GK NyiGQ|
AiweUvGji BGjKUÇb«¼Gqi wZbwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb (l, m I s)
‰GÞGò BGjKUÇb `ywU cwji eRÆbbxwZ ˆgGb PGj eÅvLÅv
‰KB nGjI PZz^Æ Z^v cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb (n) wf®²|
KGiv| 4
myZivs BGjKUÇb `ywU cwji eRÆb bxwZ ˆgGb PGj|
134 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
cÉk
² 135

K ‰KB kwÚmÁ·®² wewf®² AiweUvGj BGjKUÇbàGjv ‰gbfvGe
cÉGek KiGe ˆhb Zviv meÆvwaK cwigvGY Ahy™Â AeÕ©vq ^vKGZ
cvGi ‰es ‰B Ahy™Â BGjKUÇbàGjvi wÕ·b ‰KBgyLx nGe| A eÐ~ wfwUÇIGji ™ÏyGKvR I
mÁ·†Ú `ËeY jÅvKGUvR
L `ywU wecixZ AvavbhyÚ Avqb hLb Lye wbKGU AvGm ZLb `ËeY
KÅvUvqGbi mvgwMÉK abvñK PvRÆ AÅvbvqGbi BGjKUÇb ˆgNGK A B
wbGRi w`GK AvKlÆY KGi| ‰KB mgGq AvGiv ‰KwU cÉfveI KvR  wkLbdj: 12 [w`. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-6]
KGi ‰es ˆmwU nGjv KÅvUvqbwU AÅvbvqGbi wbDwKÑqvmGK weKlÆY K. wbÁ²Pvc cvZb Kx? 1
KGi| ‰ AvKlÆY I weKlÆY eGji gGaÅ AvKlÆY ejwUi AwaK L. `ËveÅZv àYdj ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
KvhÆKix eGj AÅvbvqGbi BGjKUÇb ˆgN KÅvUvqGbi w`GK mGi M. A cvGòi `ËeGK c†^K Kivi c«¬wZ eYÆbv KGiv| 3
AvGm| BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi ‰i…c Õ©vbv¯¦iB nGjv ˆcvjvivqb| ‰LvGb N. B cvGòi `ËeGYi ˆÞGò ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdK c«¬wZi cÉGqvM
KÅvUvqb «¼viv AÅvbvqb ˆcvjvivwqZ nGqGQ wK¯§ AÅvbvqb «¼viv
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
KÅvUvqb mvaviYZ ˆcvjvivwqZ nq bv| KviY AÅvbvqGb BGjKUÇb
135 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆgGNi NbZ½ ˆewk ^vGK ‰es ‰LvGb abvñK PvRÆ AbycwÕ©Z| dGj
ˆmwU KÅvUvqGbi ˆKvGbv BGjKUÇb ˆgNGK AvK‡Ó¡ KGi weK‡Z KiGZ K Zij c`vG^Æi DcGivwÍÏwLZ evqyPvc KwgGq ‰i Õ¼vfvweK Õ¹zUbvâ
cvGi bv| ZvB AÅvbvqb «¼viv KÅvUvqb ˆcvjvivwqZ nq bv| A nGZ wbÁ²Zi Zvcgvòvq cvZb KGi ‰i ˆKvb wgkÉY nGZ c†^K Kivi
c«¬wZGK wbÁ²Pvc cvZb ev AbyGcÉl cvZb eGj|
M cÉ`î BGjKUÇbwU Y kwÚÕ¦i ˆ^GK Z kwÚÕ¦Gi Mgb KGi|
‰LvGb Y kwÚÕ¦iwU w«¼Zxq I Z kwÚÕ¦iwU Z‡Zxq cÉavb kwÚÕ¦i| ‰B L wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq ˆKvGbv ռ͸ `ËeYxq jeGYi mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY Zvi
avcv¯¦Gii mgq ˆkvwlZ kwÚ, A Dcv`vb AvqbmgƒGni Nbgvòvi mGeÆvœP àYdjGK jeYwUi `ËveÅZv
E = E3  E2 ‰LvGb, àYdj eGj| ˆhgb, ռ͸ `ËeYxq AgCl ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeGYi ˆÞGò
= h E3 = Z‡Zxq KÞcG^i kwÚ Zwor weGqvRb wKÌqv, A
c AgCl HoooI Ag+ + Cl
=h E2 = w«¼Zxq KÞcG^i kwÚ

AgCl ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj, Ksp = [Ag+]  [Cl]
Avgiv Rvwb,
wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq Ksp ‰i gvb aË‚eK| Ksp ˆevSvq, wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq
1 ‰LvGb,

= RH (n1  n1 )
1
2
2
2
wiWevMÆ aË‚eK, RH = 10.97  106
AgCl ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY Ag+ Avqb I Cl AvqGbi Nbgvòvi àYdj
aË‚eK| ‰ gvb c†^K c†^KfvGe Ag+ Avqb I Cl AvqGbi wbR wbR
1 1 Ziã Š`NÆÅ,  = ?
= 10.97  10  (  )
6
2 2
Nbgvòvi Dci ˆKvGbvfvGeB wbfÆi KGi bv|
2 3 n1 = 2
6 1
= 1.523  10 m n2 = 3 M DóxcK gGZ A cvGòi `ËewU nGjv eÐ~ wfwUÇIj ev ZzuGZ| eÐ~
 E = 6.624  1034  3  108  1.523  106 J wfwUÇIjGK ˆKjvmb cwKÌqvi mvnvGhÅ c†^K Kiv nq| wbGP ˆKjvmj
= 3.026  1019 J
c«¬wZwU eYÆbv Kiv nGjv:
myZivs DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi ˆkvwlZ kwÚi cwigvY 3.026  1019 J|
eÐ~ wfwUÇIjGK ˆKjvmb cwKÌqvq c†^KxKiGY KGqKwU avc eÅen†Z nq|
N DóxcGKi Z Z^v 3q kwÚÕ¦Gii s AiweUvGj ‰es Y Z^v 2q
kwÚÕ¦Gii s AiweUvGj ‰KwU BGjKUÇb ‰KB w`GK NyiGQ| wbGP Zv h^v
cwji eRÆb bxwZ AbymvGi eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv A 1. bgybv `ËeY cÉÕ§ZKiY: cÉ^Gg ‰KwU weKviGbi wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY eÐ~
cwj eRÆb bxwZ AbymvGi “‰KwU cigvYyGZ `ywU BGjKUÇGbi PviwU wfwUÇIj wbGq eÐ~ wfwUÇIGji `ËeY cÉÕ§Z Kiv nq|
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb KLGbv ‰KB i…c nGZ cvGi bv| A¯¦ZcGÞ 2. D `ËeGYi cwimÉveY: ‰KwU ˆMvj wdΟvi KvMRGK Pvi fvR
‰KwUi gvb `ywU BGjKUÇGbi ˆejvq wf®² nGZ nq|” KGi Zv ˆ^GK ˆKvY evwbGq ˆKvYwUGK dvGbGji Dci ˆiGL
Z Z^v 3q kwÚÕ¦Gii s AiweUvGji RbÅ PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi dvGbjwU Õ¡Åv´£ I wis ‰i mvnvGhÅ msGhvM KGi wdΟvi Kiv nq|
gvb ‰GZ cwiÓ•vi cÉwimÉ‚Z `ËeY ˆewmGb Rgv nq|
1
n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2 3. cwimÉ‚Z `ËeYGK MvpxKiY: ‰evi cwimÉ‚Z `ËeYGK eYÆvGii mvnvGhÅ
ˆhGnZz Y kwÚÕ¦i Z^v 2q kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbwUi wÕ·b ‰KB w`GK KÌgvMZ Zvc w`Gq Mvp Kiv nq ‰es A͸ cwigvY HCl ˆhvM Kiv
NyiGQ, ˆmGnZz Y kwÚÕ¦Gii s AiweUvGji wÕ·bI ‰KBgyLx A^Ævr + nq|
18 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
² 136 PY2 ‰i Ksp = 1.85  108
cÉk
4. Zµ¦ MvpxK‡Z `ËeY ˆ^GK ˆKjvmb: Mvp HCl ˆhvMK‡Z Zµ¦ `ËeYGK 
eo QovGbv Zjvi wWGk ˆiGL wWkwU AaÆwbgwäZ ˆiGL axGi axGi
0.5M 0.1M
kxZj Kiv nq| dGj axGi axGi eÐ~ wfwUÇIj ‰i ˆKjvm c†^K nGZ 50 mL 50 mL
^vGK| PQ XY `ËeY
‰i `ËeY
5. ˆKjvm c†^KxKiY I ÷Ó•xKiY: `ËeYmn wWGki Zvcgvòv KÞ
Zvcgvòvq ˆbGg AvmGj wWkGK axGi axGi gvZ‡`ËeGY Xvjv nq| 1g wPò 2q wPò
Zvici mvgvbÅ cvwb w`Gq ˆaŒZ KGi wdΟvi KvMR w`Gq cvwb gyÚ  wkLbdj: 8 [wm. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-2]
K. Rf Kx? 1
Kiv nq|
L. mgAvqb cÉfvGei dGj `ËveÅZv nËvm cvq ˆKb? 2
ˆKjvmb M. 1g I 2q cvGòi wgwkÉZ `ËeGY [P2+] wbYÆq KGiv| 3
CuSO4 + 5H2O  CuSO4. 5H2O
mv`v Muyov eÐ~ wfwUÇIj N. 1g I 2q cvGòi wgkÉGY PY2 AatwÞµ¦ nGe wKbv?
MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
‰fvGe eÐ~ wfwUÇIGji `ËeGK c†^K Kiv nq| 136 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
N DóxcGKi B cvGòi `ËeGY iGqGQ ™ÏyGKvR I jÅvKGUvR| Dfq K ˆccvi ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvdxGZ Dcv`vb KZ‡ÆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ I `ËveK

ˆhŒMB KvGeÆvnvBGWÈU ˆkÉYxf„Ú| ‰G`i c†^KxKiGYi ˆÞGò KZ‡ÆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiGZ½i AbycvZGK Rf «¼viv cÉKvk Kiv nq|
mvaviYZt ˆccvi ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdi cÉGqvM Kiv nq| L wÕ©i Zvcgvòvq ˆKvGbv `ËveGK ‰KwU `Ëe ˆhvM KiGZ ^vKGj
ˆccvi ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd ‰KwU wefvRb (partition) ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd| cÉ^g w`GK Zv `Ëexf„Z nq ‰es cGi ‰K chÆvGq `ËewU Avi `Ëexf„Z
‰GÞGò wÕ©i `kv nGœQ, ˆccvGii c†Ó¤G`Gk we`Ågvb ˆmjyGjvR ˆkvwlZ bv nGq wbGP Rgv nGZ ^vGK| ‰ AeÕ©vq ˆh `ËeY Drc®² nq ZvGK
cvwb ‰es mPj `kv nGjv KwZcq `ËveGKi wgkÉY| ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdi mÁ·†Ú `ËeY eGj| ‰wU ‰KwU DfgyLx cÉwKÌqv ‰es `ËeGYi ‰
cwiÕ¹zUGbi cÉvØvGj wgkÉGYi A¯¦MÆZ Dcv`vbmgƒn (‰GÞGò ™ÏyGKvR I AeÕ©vGK `ËeGYi mvgÅveÕ©v eGj| mvgÅveÕ©vq ^vKvKvjxb evwni
nGZ AvGiv mg Avqb ˆhvM KiGj jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi
jÅvKGUvR) wÕ©i `kv (cvwb) I mPj `kvi `ËveGKi (‰GÞGò n-
mvgÅveÕ©vq evg w`GK mGi hvGe ‰es `ËveÅZv nËvm cvGe| ˆhgb A
weDUvbj AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW cvwbi wgkÉY = 4 : 1 : 5 (v/v) gGaÅ ZvG`i KCl(s) + H2O HoooI K+(aq) + Cl(aq)
`ËveÅZvi cv^ÆGKÅi wfwîGZ ew¥ŸZ nGq hvq| ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgq DcGivÚ wewKÌqvq evwni nGZ K+ Avqb ˆhvM KiGj wewKÌqvwUi
cwiÕ¹zUGbi ci ™ÏyGKvR I jÅvKGUvR ˆccvGii wewf®² Õ©vGb Awfevmb mvgÅveÕ©v evGg mGi hvGe ‰es KCl ‰i `ËveÅZv nËvm KiGe|
KGi| ‰KB mvG^ c†^KfvGe ™ÏyGKvR I jÅvKGUvRGK wgkÉGYi mgv¯¦ivGj M cvò `ywUi `ËeY ‰KmvG^ wgwkÉZ KiGj wbÁ²wjwLZ wewKÌqv

cÉGqvM KGi cwiÕ¹zUb KivGj cÉvµ¦ AeÕ©vbmgƒnGK wgkÉGYi c†^KK‡Z msNwUZ nq A
AeÕ©vbmgƒGni mvG^ Zzjbv KGi wgkÉGYi Dcv`vbmgƒnGK kbvÚ Kiv PQ + 2XY  PY2 + X2Q
nq| ‰LvGb, PY2 HoooooooI P2+ + 2Y
c†^KxKiYGK Rf gvGbi gvaÅGg kbvÚ Kiv nq| ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ `ËveK  P2+ ‰i Nbgvòv [P2+] = V
VS ‰LvGb,
total AvqZb, V = 50 mL
wmGÕ¡Gg ‰KB kZÆvejxGZ mÁ·vw`Z ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdq cixÞGY Rf ‰i 50  0.5
 [P2+] = `ËveÅZv, S = 0.5 M
gvb Awf®² nq| c†^KK‡Z Dcv`vbàGjv cÉvqktB eYÆnxb nq| 100
mgMÉ AvqZb,
 [P2+] = 0.25 M
‰KviGY c†^KK‡Z Õ·UmgƒnGK mywbw`ÆÓ¡ weKviGKi gvaÅGg `†kÅgvb Vtotal = (50+50) mL
Kiv nq| ‰GÞGò AÅvGgvwbqvKÅvj AgNO3 eÅenvi Kiv nq| = 100 mL
myZivs DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi cÉvµ¦ [P2+] ‰i gvb nGjv 0.25M|

`ËveK dÌ´Ÿ N `ËeY `ywUGK wgwkÉZ KiGj wbÁ²wjwLZ wewKÌqv msNwUZ nq
PQ + 2XY  PY2 + QX2
™ÏyGKvR ‰LvGb, PY2 HoooooooI P2+ + 2Y
jÅvKGUvR AvqwbK àYdj,
 Kip = [P2+] [Y]2 ............................ (i)
x1 x2 x3 M bs nGZ [P2+] = 0.25 M
1 2 3
Y ‰i Nbgvòv,
 [Y] =
VS ‰LvGb,
ˆhLvGb, Vtotal AvqZb, V = 50 mL
x1 = wgkÉY (B cvGòi `ËeY) 50  0.1
`ËveÅZv, S = 0.1 M
= M
100
x2 = ™ÏyGKvR mgMÉ AvqZb, Vtotal = (50 + 50) mL
= 0.05 M
x3 = jÅvKGUvR = 100 mL
bgybv KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½  (i) bs nGZ cvB,
Rf = Kip = (0.25)  (0.05)2 = 6.25  104 mol3/L3
`ËveK KZ‡ÆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, PY2 ‰i Ksp = 1.85  108
[weDUvj-AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW cvwbi wgkÉY (4 : 1 : 5) eÅenvi KiGj ‰LvGb ˆhGnZz AvqwbK àYdj, Kip > `ËveÅZv àYdj, Ksp
™ÏyGKvGRi Rf gvb nGœQ 0.18 ‰es jÅvKGUvGRi Rf gvb = 0.09|]B myZivs PY2 ‰i AatGÞc coGe| A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 19
cÉk
 ² 137 250 g M2A ‰i `ËeGY M2A ‰i `ËveÅZv Zvcgvòvi mvG^ DÚ `ËeYwUGZ ZxeË ZworweGkÏlÅ c`v^Æ HCl (MZ, Z = 17) ˆhvM Kiv
wbÁ²i…Gc cwiewZÆZ nq| M I A ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 1 I 16| nGj H2S ‰i `ËveÅZv nËvm NUGe| KviY ‰GZ mgAvqb H+ we`Ågvb|
Zvcgvòv (C) `ËveÅZv ZLb wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq H2S ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY H+ I S2 AvqGbi
25 28 Nbgvòvi àYdj meÆ`v aË‚eK ^vGK|
45 37 ‰ àYdGji gvb H Zvcgvòvq `ËewUi `ËveÅZvi àYdGji mgvb|
 wkLbdj: 8 I 9 [h. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-3]
‰Lb H2S `ËGei mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY hw` mg-Avqb wewkÓ¡ ZxeË
K. cÉfveK weeaÆK Kx? 1 ZworweGkÏlÅ c`v^Æ HCl ˆhvM Kiv nq ZvnGj ˆmGÞGò `ËeGY
L. B^vi cvZGbi mgq mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc Abv`ËÆ Kiv nq bv ˆKb? 2 mgAvqb H+ ‰i Nbgvòv e†w«¬ NUGe| wK¯§ wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq K
sp
M. `ËeYwUGK DœP Zvcgvòv nGZ wbÁ² Zvcgvòvq wbGq ˆMGj ‰i gvb wbw`ÆÓ¡| KvGRB K ‰i gvb wÕ©i ivLvi RbÅ wKQy cwigvY
sp
Kx cwigvY `ËeÅ ˆKjvwmZ nGe? 3 mgAvqb H+, S–2 AvqGbi mvG^ hyÚ nGq A`ËeYxq H S Drc®²
2
N. `ËeYwUGZ MZ (Z-‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv 17) ˆhvM KiGj KiGe| ‰i dGj H S ‰i `ËveÅZvi nËvm NGU|
2
M2A ‰i `ËveÅZv wK cwiewZÆZ nGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
myZivs DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq gƒjZ mgAvqb
137 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉfvGei KviGY H2S ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY HCl A^Ævr, H+ ˆhvM Kivi
K ˆh mKj eÕ§ wbGR wewKÌqvi MwZGK cÉfvweZ KiGZ cvGi bv wK¯§ dGj H2S ‰i `ËveÅZvi nËvm NUGe|
cÉfveGKi mvG^ DcwÕ©Z ˆ^GK wewKÌqvi MwZGK e†w«¬ KGi ZvG`iGK  cÉk
² 138
cÉfveK weeaÆK ejv nq| A M
L B^vi cvZGbi mgq mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc Abv`ËÆ Kiv nq bv KviY we÷«¬ L
K
B^vi evqyi AwÝGRGbi DcwÕ©wZGZ cvi AÝvBW ˆhŒM MVb KGi
+ e
dGj cvZbKvGji ˆkGli w`GK weGÕ¹viY NUvi mÁ¿vebv ^vGK|
B^vGii mvG^ evqyi AwÝGRGbi msGhvGM MwVZ wewKÌqv nGjv A
1  wkLbdj: 1 I 5 [e. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-3]
C2H5 – O – C2H5 + O2  C2H5 – O – O – C2H5
2
K. Zwor FYvñKZv Kx? 1
WvB-B^vBj B^vi WvB B^vBj cviAÝvBW
L. iGÚi evdvi wKÌqv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M DóxcGK M ‰es A ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 1 ‰es 16 M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK cigvYyi MVb mÁ·wKÆZ gGWjwU
myZivs M2A ˆhŒM nGjv H2S| AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb, ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, N. DóxcK gGWjwU hw` nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy nq ZvnGj
S1 =
100 m1 45C Zvcgvòvq `ËveÅZv, S1 = 37 BGjKUÇbwUi avcv¯¦Gi ˆkvwlZ kwÚ wnmve KGi Zvi
M1  m1 `ËeGYi fi, M1 = 250 g
1000  m
KÁ·vâ wbYÆq KGiv| 4
ev, 37 = 250  m 1 `ËGei fi, m1 = ? 138 bs cÉ Gk² i Dîi
1
ev, 100m1 = 9250  37 m1 K ˆKvb mgGhvRx ˆhŒGMi AYyGZ DcwÕ©Z `ywU wf®² ˆgŒGji
ev, 137 m1 = 9250 cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇb hyMjGK ‰KwU ˆgŒGji cigvYy
 m1 =
9250
= 67.52
KZƆK wbGRi w`GK AwaK AvKlÆY Kivi ZzjbvgƒjK ÞgZvGK ˆmB
137 ˆgŒGji Zwor FYvñKZv eGj| A
 `ËveGKi fi, = 250  67.52
= 182.48 g L iGÚi pH wbq¯¨GY kixGi wZbwU evdvi wmGÕ¡g KvR KGi| h^v1.
Avevi, 25C Zvcgvòvq, KveÆGbU evdvi, 2. dmGdU evdvi I 3. ˆcÉvwUb evdvi|
Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb, i. KveÆGbU evdvi: k¼mbwKÌqvq Drc®² H2CO3 ‰i weGqvRGb
100 m2 `ËveÅZv, S2 = 28 mvgÅeÕ©vq m†Ó¡ KveÆGbU evdvi wmGÕ¡Ggi wKÌqv nGjv,
S2 = CO2 + H2O HoooI H2CO3
M2  m2 `ËveGKi fi, M2  m2 = 182.48 
100  m2 H2CO3 HoooI H+ + HCO3
ev, 28 = 182.48 `ËGei fi, m2 = ?
ii. dmGdU evdvi: iGÚ KvhÆKi Avi ‰KwU evdvi wmGÕ¡g nGjv
182.48  28 ˆmvwWqvg WvBnvBGWÈvGRb dmGdU (NaH2PO4) ‰es
ev, m2 = 100
= 51.09 g
WvBGmvwWqvg nvBGWÈvGRb dmGdU (Na2HPO4)|
iii. ˆcÉvwUb evdvi: iGÚ KvhÆKi ˆcÉvwUb evdvi wmGÕ¡gwU µÏvRgv
ˆKjvwmZ H2S ‰i cwigvY = m1  m2
ˆcÉvwUb ‰es KbRyGMGUW ˆcÉvwUb ˆhgb wnGgvG™Ïvweb mg®¼Gq
= (67.52  51.09) MwVZ|
= 16.43 g| DwÍÏwLZ evdvi wmGÕ¡Ggi mwÁÃwjZ KvhÆKvwiZvi dGjB ˆhGKvb
N ˆhGnZz M I A ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv 1 I 16 ZvB M I A AeÕ©vq AvgvG`i iGÚi pH AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK|
ˆgŒj«¼q nGjv nvBGWÈvGRb (H) I mvjdvi (S)| myZivs M2A ˆhŒMwU  M cÉ`î cÉGk²i AvGjvGK cigvYyi MVb mÁ·wKÆZ gGWjwU ‘ˆevi
nGe H2S| ‰B H2S nGjv ռ͸ `ËeYxq c`v^Æ ‰es wbGÁ²vÚfvGe cigvYy gGWj’ bvGg cwiwPZ| ‰ Zî½vbymvGi, ˆKvb eÕ§ wewœQ®²fvGe
weGqvwRZ nq : ‰K wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY ev Zvi mij àwYZGKi mgvb kwÚ wewKiY ev
H2S HoooooI 2H+ + S2– ˆkvlY KGi|
+ 2 2–
Ksp = [2H ]  [S ] A
20
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ZGî½i Dci cÉwZwÓ¤Z ˆevi cigvYy gGWGji DGÍÏLGhvMÅ
Õ¼xKvhÆmgƒn nGjv
1. kwÚ Õ¦i mÁ·wKÆZ Õ¼xKvhÆ: cigvYyi BGjKUÇbmgƒn wbw`ÆÓ¡ kwÚi
KZKàGjv e†îvKvi Õ©vqx KÞcG^ wbDwKÑqvGmi PZzw`ÆGK
AveZÆb KGi| ‰me KÞcG^ AveZÆGbi mgq BGjKUÇb ˆKvb
kwÚ ˆkvlY ev wewKiY KGi bv| ‰ KÞc^àGjv kwÚ Õ¦i bvGg
cwiwPZ| wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK KÌgv®¼Gq `ƒieZxÆ kwÚ Õ¦imgƒnGK
1g, 2q, 3q cÉf‡wZ kwÚ Õ¦i ejv nq| cÉGZÅK kwÚ Õ¦i wbw`ÆÓ¡
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg kwÚ mÁ·®²| ˆh kwÚ Õ¦i wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK hZ ˆewk
`ƒGi Zvi kwÚ ZZ AwaK| kwÚ Õ¦i mƒPK ‰ msLÅvàGjvGK
cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv (n = 1, 2, 3 ...) eGj|
cigvYyi 1g kwÚ Õ¦i (n = 1) ˆK K ˆkj ejv nq|
cigvYyi 2q kwÚ Õ¦i (n = 2) ˆK L ˆkj ejv nq|
cigvYyi 3q kwÚ Õ¦i (n = 3) ˆK M ˆkj ejv nq|
2. ˆKŒwYK fiGeM mÁ·wKÆZ Õ¼xKvhÆ: ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ kwÚ Õ¦Gi
h ‰es Sc ‰i wÕ©wZkxj Avqb nGjv Sc3+  3d04s0
cwiKÌgYiZ BGjKUÇGbi ˆKŒwYK fiGeM wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰es Zv 2
nh
‰i àwYZK| A^Ævr ˆKŒwYK fiGeM, mvr = 2|
3. kwÚi wewKiY mÁ·wKÆZ Õ¼xKvhÆ: BGjKUÇb ‰KwU kwÚ Õ¦i
ˆ^GK Aci kwÚ Õ¦Gi Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGj kwÚi ˆkvlY ev wewKiY
NGU| BGjKUÇb DœP kwÚ Õ¦i nGZ wbÁ² kwÚ Õ¦Gi Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ
nGj kwÚi wewKiY ‰es wbÁ² kwÚ Õ¦i ˆ^GK DœP kwÚ Õ¦Gi
Õ©vbv¯¦i NUGj kwÚi ˆkvlY nq| ˆkvwlZ ev wewKwiZ kwÚGK
(E) wbÁ²i…Gc ˆ`LvGbv hvq,
E = E2  E1 = h; ‰LvGb, h = µÏÅvGâi aË‚eK,  = wdÌKzGq´Öx, E1 =
wbÁ² kwÚ Õ¦i ‰es E2 = DœP kwÚ Õ¦i |
wPGòi gGWGj cÉ`î BGjKUÇb wbÁ² kwÚ Õ¦i nGZ DœP kwÚÕ¦Gi
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq ‰es ‰GÞGò kwÚi ˆkvlY NGU| B
N eBGqi AaÅvq-2 ‰i m†Rbkxj 23(N) bs cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c| A
cÉk
² 139 A = (n – 1)d5ns1

cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
myZivs 3d AiweUvGj BGjKUÇb AvGM cÉGek KiGe|
M cÉ`î A ˆgŒGji meÆGkl BGjKUÇbwU (n – 1)d AiweUvGj cÉGek
KGi|
ˆhGnZz n ‰i gvb 4
myZivs meÆGkl BGjKUÇbwUi PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb wbÁ²i…c :
(i) cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv = n – 1 = 4 –1 = 3
(ii) mnKvix ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv l ‰i gvb d AiweUvGji RbÅ 2
(iii) ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv, m = 2
1
(iv) wÕ·b ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv, s = +
2
N A ˆgŒjwU nGjv ˆKÌvwgqvg (Cr) ‰es B ˆgŒjwU nGjv Õ•Åvw´£qvg
(Sc)| ‰G`i gGaÅ A ˆgŒjwU iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi| KviY Avgiv
Rvwb ˆhme AeÕ©v¯¦i avZz I ‰G`i mywÕ©Z AvqGb AcƒYÆ d AiweUvj
^vGK Zviv iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi|
‰LvGb Cr ‰i wÕ©wZkxj Avqb nGjv Cr3+  3d34s0
ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh, Cr ‰i wÕ©wZkxj AvqGb d AiweUvGj AcƒYÆ
BGjKUÇb ^vGK| wK¯§ Sc AvqGbi ˆÞGò d AiweUvj mÁ·ƒYÆ duvKv
^vGK| dGj Cr-‰i AvqGbi ˆÞGò d AiweUvGj m†Ó¡ Non-
degenerate AeÕ©v Sc AvqGbi ˆÞGò d AiweUvj duvKv ^vKvq
cwijwÞZ nq bv|
gƒjZ Sc3+ ‰i ˆÞGò d AiweUvGj ˆKvGbv BGjKUÇb bv ^vKvq
‰LvGb d–d Õ©vbv¯¦i cÉwKÌqv msNwUZ nGZ cvGibv| dGj, Sc3+
Avqb ev ‰i ˆhŒMmgƒn eYÆnxb nq|
Aciw`GK Cr+3 ‰i ˆÞGò ‰i ˆhŒMmgƒn `†kÅgvb AvGjvi
DcwÕ©wZGZ wbw`ÆÓ¡ Ziã‹`GNÆÅi AvGjv ˆkvlGYi gvaÅGg wbÁ²Zi
kwÚmÁ·®² d AiweUvj (t2g) ˆ^GK DœPZi kwÚ mÁ·®² d AiweUvGj
(eg) BGjKUÇGbi Õ©vbv¯¦i mÁ¿e nq| ‰LvGb Cr3+ ‰i t2g ˆ^GK
‰KwU BGjKUÇb `†kÅgvb AvGjv ˆ^GK 498 nm Ziã‹`GNÆÅi AvGjv
ˆkvlY KGi eg AiweUvGj D®²xZ nq|
eg
498 nm
@ eg

B = (n – 1)d1ns2, ‰LvGb n = 4
@@ @ 
Ziã‹`GNÆÅi weKiY
mgw®¼Z AaÅvq 2 I 3 @ @ @ t2g @ @ t2g
[Xv. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 2] wWGRbvGiU bb-wWGRbvGiU
K. mg-Avqb cÉfve Kx? 1 myZivs ejv hvq ˆh Cr3+ AvqGbi
gGaÅ BGjKUÇGbi d–d Õ©vbv¯¦Gii
L. 3d I 4p AiweUvGji gGaÅ ˆKvbwUGZ BGjKUÇb AvGM cÉGek dGjB Zvi ˆhŒGM eGYÆ i D«¿ e nq|
KGi? 2
M. A ˆgŒGji meÆGkl BGjKUÇbwUi PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi  cÉk
² 140
gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3 MN jeY PQ jeY
N. A I B ˆgŒj«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi
20C
KviYmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
Zvcgvòv
139 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
0.30 M `ËeY 0.01 M `ËeY
K ˆh cÉwKÌqvq `yBwU Zwor weGkÏlÅ c`vGÆ^i gGaÅ ‰KwU g†`y ev `yeÆj cvò-1 cvò-2
nGj ZxeË ZworweGkÏlÅ c`vGÆ^i DcwÕ©wZGZ `yeÆj ZworweGkÏlÅ 20C Zvcgvòvq MQ ‰i Ksp = 3.5  10–4
c`vGÆ^i weGqvRb gvòv nËvm cvq ZvGK mg-Avqb cÉfve eGj| PN ‰i Ksp = 2.5  10–2
L ˆKvb AiweUvGj BGjKUÇb cÉ^Gg cÉGek KiGe Zv wbYÆxZ nq  wkLbdj: 8 [Xv. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 5]
ADdevD bxwZ ev (n + l) bxwZ AbymvGi| ‰ bxwZGZ ˆh AiweUvGji K. fi-wò×qv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
(n + l) ‰i gvb Kg ˆmB AiweUvGji kwÚ Kg ‰es BGjKUÇb AvGM L. H2SO3 I HNO3 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK AÁÏxq ‰es ˆKb?2
H AiweUvGj cÉGek KGi| wK¯§ hw` ˆmB gvb mgvb nq ZvnGj hvi M. DóxcGKi MN `ËeYwU mÁ·†î× nGj 20C Zvcgvòvq MN
n ‰i gvb AbÅwU ˆ^GK Kg ˆmB AiweUvGj BGjKUÇb cÉ^Gg cÉGek ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3
KGi| 3d I 4p DfGqi ˆÞGò (n + l) ‰i gvb 5| wK¯§ 3d N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ `ËeY `ywUGK wgwkÉZ KiGj AatGÞc
AiweUvGj n ‰i gvb 3 ‰es 4p AiweUvGj n ‰i gvb 4| coGe wKbv@ KviYmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 21
140 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk
² 141

K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq ‰KwU wewKÌqvi MwZGeM wewKÌqvq AgCl 100 mL 100 mL
AskMÉnYKvix cÉwZwU wewKÌqGKi mwKÌq fGii (mwKÌq fi ejGZ Ksp = 1.510–10 0.02 M 0.01 M
mol2L–2 KCl AgNO3
MÅvGmi ˆÞGò ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv ‰es ZiGji ˆÞGò AvswkK PvcGK
ˆevSvq) mgvbycvwZK| cvò-1 cvò-2 cvò-3
 wkLbdj: 8 [iv. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 1]
L H2SO3 I HNO3 ‰i gGaÅ HNO3 AwaK AÁÏxq| KviY Avgiv K.  KYv Kx? 1
Rvwb ˆh ‰wmGWi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi RviY gvb hZ ˆewk ˆmB ‰wmW L. pH ˆÕ•j 0–14 ‰i gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ˆKb? 2
ZZ ˆewk AÁÏxq| M. cvò-1 ‰i `ËeGY ˆKÑvivBW (Cl–) AvqGbi Nbgvòv wbYÆq
‰LvGb H2SO3 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy S ‰i RviY gvb +4| Avevi KGiv| 3
HNO3 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy N ‰i RviY gvb +5| ˆhGnZz ˆK±`Êxq N. cvò-2 I cvò-3 ‰i `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj AatGÞc coGe
wK? MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
cigvYy wnGmGe mvjdvGii Zzjbvq bvBGUÇvGRGbi RviY gvb ˆewk|
141 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
myZivs H2SO3 I HNO3 ‰i gGaÅ HNO3 AwaKZi AÁÏxq|
K `ywU ˆcÉvUb I `ywU wbDUÇGbi mg®¼Gq MwVZ wnwjqvg wbDwKÑqvmB
M cÉ`î MN `ËeYwU hw` mÁ·†Ú nq, ZvnGj ˆmwU wbGÁ²vÚfvGe nGjv  KYv (4He2+)|
2
weGqvwRZ nq:
MN  M+ + N–
L ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi H+ AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi FYvñK
0.30M 0.30M 0.30M jMvwi`gGK H `ËeGYi pH eGj|
 20C Zvcgvòvq MN ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj, pH ˆÕ•j AvweÓ•vGii mgq 1M HCl `ËeGYi NbgvòvGK mGeÆvœP
+ +
Ksp = [M ] [N ] Nbgvòvi ‰wmwWK `ËeY aGi wbGq pH ˆÕ•j cÉeZÆb Kiv nq|
= 0.30  0.30 = 0.09 dGj, 1M HCl `ËeGbi pH = –log (1)
myZivs DcwiDÚ MYbv nGZ cÉvµ¦ MN ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 0.09| = 0, nq|

N cÉ`î DóxcGKi DGÍÏwLZ cvò-1 ‰es cvò-2 ‰i `ËeGYi Avevi, pOH ˆÕ•Gji ˆÞGò 1 M NaOH `ËeGYi NbgvòvGK
–

AvqZb DGÍÏL ˆbB, ZvB AvqZb mgvb weGePbv Kiv nGjv| myZivs mGeÆvœP Nbgvòvi Þvixq `ËeY aiv nq|
mgAvqZb weGePbv KiGj wgwkÉZ `ËeGY jeY«¼Gqi Nbgvòv AGaÆK dGj, 1M NaOH `ËeGYi pOH = – log (1)
nGe| =0
0.3
wgwkÉZ `ËeGY MN jeGYi Nbgvòv = M ‰GÞGò pH = 14 – pOH –

2
= 14
= 0.15 M
0.01  0  pH  14, A^Ævr, pH
‰i gvb 0  14 ‰i gGaÅ ^vGK|
wgwkÉZ `ËeGY PQ jeGYi Nbgvòv =
2
M
M cÉ`î 1 bs cvGòi `ËeGYi ˆÞGò,

= 0.005M AgCl HoooooI Ag+ + Cl–
 wgwkÉZ `ËeGY [M ] = 0.15 M ‰es [P ] = 0.005M
+ +
‰LvGb [Ag+] = [Cl–] = S ˆKbbv mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY AgCl weGqvwRZ nGq
[N–] = 0.15M [Q–] = 0.005M mgvb Nbgvòvi Ag+ ‰es Cl– Avqb Drc®² KiGe|
wgwkÉZ `ËeGY msNwUZ wewKÌqvwU nGjv@ ZvB `ËveÅZvi àYdGji mƒòvbymvGi ˆjLv hvq,
MN + PQ  MQ + PN ...............(i) Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl–] = S2
`ËeGYi mvgÅveÕ©vq MQ jeGYi weGqvRb wewKÌqvwU nGjv@ ev, 1.5  10–10 = S2
MQ HooooooI M+ + Q–  S = 1.225  10–5 M
 Kip = [M+] [Q–] = (0.15  0.005) = 7.5  10–4
myZivs DcGivÚ àYbvbymvGi `ËeGY Cl– ‰i Nbgvòv 1.225  10–5 M|
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, MQ ‰i KSP = 3.5  10–4 N cvò-2 ‰es cvò-3 ‰i `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj wbÁ²wjwLZ wewKÌqv
ˆhGnZz MQ ‰i ˆÞGò Kip > Ksp, KvGRB wgwkÉZ `ËeGY MQ ‰i msNwUZ nq:
KCl + AgNO3  AgCl + KNO3
AatGÞc coGe| ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, AgCl ‰i Ksp = 1.5  10–10 mol2/L2|
Avevi `ËeGYi mgÅveÕ©vq PN jeGYi weGqvRb wewKÌqv ‰Lb ‰B Drc®² AgCl ‰i `ËveÅZvi àYdj ‰i ˆPGq AvqwbK
PN HoooooooI P+ + N– àYdj ˆewk nGj ‰i AatGÞc coGe|
 Kip = [P+] [N–] myZivs wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi ˆgvU AvqZb, V = (100 + 100) mL
= (0.005  0.15) = 200 mL
= 7.5  10–4 cvò-3 ‰ Ag+ ‰i Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.01 M
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, cvò-2 ‰ Cl ‰i Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.02 M
PN ‰i Ksp = 2.5  10–2 Ag+ ‰i Nbgvòv wbYÆq:
ˆhGnZz PN ‰i ˆÞGò Ki Kip < Ksp, KvGRB wgwkÉZ `ËeGY PN ‰i Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb,
AatGÞc coGe bv| V1S1 = V2S2 Ag +
‰i cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.01 M
22 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

 S2 =
V1S1 Ag+ ‰i ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ? Zn(OH)2 + NaOH  Na2Zn(OH)4  Na2ZnO2 + H2O
V2 Ag+ ‰i cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 100 mL A^Ævr Cu2+ ‰es Zn2+ ‰KB weKviK NH4OH ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv
100  0.01 KGi h^vKÌGg Mvp bxj I eYÆnxb AatGÞc m†wÓ¡ KGi hv ˆ`GL ‰G`i
= M Ag+ ‰i ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 200 mL
200
mnGRB kbvÚ Kiv hvq|
= 5  103 M
Cl‰i Nbgvòv wbYÆq: N ‰LvGb Drcv` ˆhŒM `ywU h^vKÌGg [Cu(NH3)4]2+ Avqb ‰es
Avgiv Rvwb, ‰LvGb, [Zn(NH3)4]2+ Avqb|
V1S1 = V2S2 Cl ‰i cÉv^wgK Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.02 M [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ‰i MVb:
 S2 =
V1S1
Cl ‰i ˆkl Nbgvòv, S2 = ? Cu (29) ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10|
V2
Cl ‰i cÉv^wgK AvqZb, V1 = 100 mL [Cu(NH3)4]2+ AvqbwU cÅvivgÅvMGbwUK KviY Cu2+ AvqGb weGRvo
100  0.02
=
200
M Cl ‰i ˆkl AvqZb, V2 = 200 mL BGjKUÇb AvGQ| iéb iwkÄ cixÞv nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, ˆhŒMwUi MVb
= 0.01M mgZjxq eMÆvKvi| ‰GÞGò sp2d msKiY NGU ‰es ˆhŒMwUGZ PviwU
 AgCl ‰i AvqwbK àYdj, Kip = [Ag+][Cl–] (:NH3) wjMÅv´£ we`Ågvb|
= 0.01  5  10–3 3d 4s 4p
= 5  10–5 mol2/L2 Cu2+ L L L L @
ˆhGnZz Kip > Ksp, ZvB MYbvbymvGi wgwkÉZ `ËeGY AgCl ‰i 3d 4s 4p
AatGÞc coGe| ]2 L L L L :
[Cu(NH3)34)]42+
[Cu(NH : : : @
NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3
cÉk
² 142 A2+ + NH4OH (AwZwiÚ)  [A(NH3)4]2+ + H2O
 2
sp d
Mvp bxj H3N: : NH3
B2+ + NH4OH (AwZwiÚ)  [B(NH3)4]2+ + H2O Cu2
Cu 2+

eYÆnxb +
H3N: : NH3
[A I B ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 29 I 30]
2 I 3 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq [iv. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 4]
wPò: [Cu (NH3)4]2+ ‰i MVb mgZjxq eMÆvKvi
1 [Zn2+(NH3)4] ‰i MVb:
2+
K. wKDwis Kx?
2 2 6 2 6 10
L. `ya ‰KwU Bgvjkb@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 Zn(30) : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqK Avqb A2+ I B2+ ˆK ‰KB weKviK Cu2+ cÅvivgÅvMGbwUK nGjI Zn2+ WvqvgÅvMGbwUK| iébiwkÄ
«¼viv KxfvGe mbvÚ Kiv hvq? 3 cixÞvq ˆ`Lv hvq ˆhŒMwUi MVb PZzÕ¦jKxq| ‰GÞGò sp3 msKiY
N. DóxcGKi Drcv` RwUj Avqb«¼Gqi MVbvK‡wZ Awf®² NGU ‰es ‰B ˆhŒGMI PviwU wjMÅv´£ (: NH3) we`Ågvb|
wKbv@ h^vh^ KviYmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 3d 4s 4p
Zn2+ L L L L L
142 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
3d 4s 4p
K ˆKvGbv Lv`ÅGK Lvevi jeY ev ‰i `ËeY «¼viv msiÞY Kivi [Zn(NH ) ]2+ L L L L L : : : :
3 4
cÉwKÌqvGK wKDwis eGj| NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3
L `ya ‰KwU Bgvjkb ev KjGqW| ˆKbbv ‰GÞGò A`ËeYxq Zij sp3
PweÆi mƒß KYvmgƒn cvwb gvaÅGg meÆò mgfvGe weivR KGi| ‰LvGb
KwVb c`vG^Æi Þz`ËZg KYvàGjvi AvKvGii eÅvm nq 2 – 100nm|
KYvàGjv ‰KK gÅvGKÌv AYy hv `xNÆw`b ‰KB AeÕ©vq c†^K ^vGK bv : NH3
‰es Amgmî½ AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ZvB ejv hvq `ya ‰KwU Bgvjkb|
2+
M cÉ`î cvigvYweK msLÅv AbymvGi A2+ ‰es B2+ h^vKÌGg Cu2+ ..
Zn
..
‰es Zn2+ Avqb| H3N NH3
Cu2+ Avqb mbvÚKiY:
: NH3
‰KwU cixÞvbGj 1-2 mL Kcvi jeGYi `ËeY wbGq ZvGZ 2-3
ˆduvUv NH4OH ˆhvM KiGj nvjKv bxj eGYÆi Cu(OH)2 ‰i `ËeY wPò: (NH3)4]2+ ‰i MVb PZzÕ¦jKxq
Drc®² nq| Drc®² `ËeGY AwZwiÚ NH4OH ˆhvM KiGj nvjKv bxj myZivs, DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi wfwîGZ ejv hvq, DóxcGKi wewKÌqvq
Mvp bxj eGYÆi `ËeGY cwiewZÆZ nq| Drcv` [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ‰es [Zn(NH3)4]2+ RwUj Avqb«¼Gqi MVb
CuSO4 + NH4OH  Cu(OH)2.CuSO4 + (NH4)2SO4 AvK‡wZ Awf®² nq|
Cu(OH)2.CuSO4 + (NH4)SO4 + NH4OH (extra)
 2[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + H2O  cÉk
² 143
Zn Avqb mbvÚKiY:
2+

‰KwU cixÞvbGj 1-2 mL wRsK jeY wbGq ‰GZ KGqK ˆduvUv K L M

+
NH4OH `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj eYÆnxb Zn(OH)2 ‰i AatGÞc ŠZwi nq e
‰es ‰ AeÕ©vq Avevi Mvp NaOH ˆhvM KiGj H AatGÞc `Ëexf„Z
nq|  wkLbdj: 3 I 5 [w`. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 3]
+
Zn2+ + NH4OH  Zn(OH)2 + NH4 K. AvqwbKiY wefe Kx? 1
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
L. ˆKÌvGgvGUvMÉvwdi gƒjbxwZ ˆjGLv| 2 L mvgÅ aË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nGZ cvGi bv| KviY DfgyLx
M. DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwU avcv¯¦Gii mgq ˆkvwlZ kwÚi
cwigvY wbYÆq KGiv| 3 Kc =
N. DóxcGK M kwÚÕ¦Gii s AiweUvGj ‰es L kwÚÕ¦Gii s
AiweUvGj ‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb ‰KB w`GK NyiGQ| ‰GÞGò
BGjKUÇb `ywU cwji eRÆbbxwZ ˆgGb PGj@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
143 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji ‰K ˆgvj wewœQ®² cigvYy ˆ^GK
‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb mwiGq ‰GK MÅvmxq wewœQ®² ‰K ˆgvj ‰KK
abvñK AvqGb cwiYZ KiGZ ˆh cwigvY kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq, ZvGK
ˆmB ˆgŒGji AvqwbKiY wefe eGj|
L ˆKÌvgÅvGUvMÉvwd nGjv gƒjZ ‰KwU c†^KxKiY c«¬wZ hv cÉavbZ
AvYweK wgkÉGYi c†^KxKiGY eÅen†Z nq| ‰ c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU
e†n`vKvi c†Ó¤ ZGj ˆhgb, (i) ™Ïvm Kjvg ev eyÅGiGU ‰KwU
AwaGkvlK wbGq Zvi DcwifvGM A^ev, (ii) ˆKvGbv KwVb AejÁ¼Gb
Zij c`vG^Æi DcGi wgkÉYGK AwaGkvwlZ Kiv nq| ‰ici Zvi
Ici ev gaÅ w`Gq Zij ev MÅvm cÉevwnZ KiGj wgkÉGYi
Dcv`vbmgƒn ZvG`i AwaGkvlGYi nvGii wf®²Zvi Ici wbfÆi KGi
c†^K nq| ˆKvGbv Dcv`vb AwaGkvlGK KZUv AwaGkvwlZ nGe Zv
wbfÆi KGi H Dcv`vGbi MVGbi Ici| gƒjZ ˆcvjvi nGj
AwaGkvlYI ˆewk nGe| AwaGkvlGYi gvòv I mPj `kvq `ËveÅZvi
nvGii Ici ˆKÌvgÅvGUvMÉvwdi c†^KxKiY wbfÆikxj|
M cÉ`î BGjKUÇbwU K ˆkj ˆ^GK L ˆkGj avcv¯¦wiZ nq|
 Cu2+ + HCl  CuCl2 + H+
K ˆkGji RbÅ n1 = 1
L ” ” n2 = 2
‰Lb, ‰LvGb,
1 1 1 Ziã‹`NÆÅ,  = ?

= RH ( –
n12 n22 ) wiWevMÆ aË‚eK,
1 1 1 RH = 10.97  106 m–1
( )
ev,  = 10.97  106  1 – 4
  = 1.215  10–7 m
c 3  108
myZivs ˆkvwlZ kwÚ, E = h  = 6.626  10–34  1.215  10–7 J
= 1.636  10–18 J
myZivs, cÉ`î BGjKUÇbwUi K nGZ L ˆkGj Õ©vbv¯¦Gi cÉGqvRbxq
kwÚi cwigvY 1.636  10–18 J|
N eBGqi AaÅvq-2 ‰i m†Rbkxj 5(N) bs cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|
cÉk
² 144 `ywU ˆhŒM A I B ‰i Rjxq `ËeY K4[Fe(CN)6] ‰i
mvG^ h^vKÌGg Mvp bxj I ev`vgx eGYÆi AatGÞc Drc®² KGi| A
ˆhŒMwU wkLv cixÞvq ˆKvGbv eYÆ m†wÓ¡ bv KiGjI B ˆhŒM bxjvf
meyR eYÆ m†wÓ¡ KGi|  wkLbdj: 7 [P. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 5]
K. ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd Kx?
L. Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nGZ cvGi bv ˆKb?
M. B ˆhŒMwUGZ ˆKvb Avqb DcwÕ©Z? wewKÌqvmn ˆjGLv|
N. wkLv cixÞvq A I B ‰i gGaÅ wf®²Zvi KviY weGkÏlY
KGiv|
144 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆKvGbv wgkÉYGK MÅvmxq ev Zij Pjgvb `kv «¼viv ˆKvb wÕ©i
`kvi wfZi w`Gq cÉevwnZ KGi wewf®² nvGi AwaGkvlY, `ËveÅZv I
e¥Ÿb mnGMi Dci wfwî KGi ‰i Dcv`vbmgƒGni c†^KxKiY
c«¬wZB nGjv ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd|
23

A + B HoooI C + D wewKÌqvi RbÅ fiwKÌqvi mƒòvbyhvqx ˆjLv hvq
[C] [D]
[A] [B]
‰LvGb Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nGZ nGj wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv kƒbÅ nGZ
[C] [D]
nGe, A^Ævr Kc = 0
wK¯§ mvgÅeÕ©vq ˆKvb wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv kƒbÅ nq
bv| ZvB mvgÅaË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nGZ cvGi bv|
M cÉk² Abyhvqx, B ˆhŒMwUi Rjxq `ËeY K4[Fe(CN)6] ‰i mvG^
wewKÌqv KGi ev`vgx eGYÆi AatGÞc ˆ`q|
myZivs cÉ`î B ˆhŒMwU nGjv ‰KwU Cu2+ jeY| ‰i Rjxq `ËeY
weKviK cUvwkqvg ˆdGivmvqvbvBW K4[Fe(CN)6] ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv
KGi ev`vwg eGYÆi AatGÞc ˆ`q| wewKÌqvwUGK wbÁ²i…Gc eYÆbv Kiv
nGjv:
Kcvi jeGYi `ËeGY KGqK ˆduvUv cUvwmqvg ˆdGivmvqvbvBW
(K2[Fe(CN)6]) `ËeY ˆhvM Kiv nGj jvjGP ev`vwg eGYÆi Kcvi
ˆdGivmvqvbvBGWi AatGÞc cGo| ZGe jeGYi `ËeGY Kcvi Avqb
DcwÕ©Z I wbwøZ|
2CuSO4(aq) + K4[Fe(CN)6](aq)  Cu2[Fe(CN)6](s) + K2SO4(aq)
cUvwmqvg jvjGP ev`vwg
ˆdGivmvqvbvBW
Avevi Nb nvBGWÈvGKÑvwiK ‰wmW «¼viv wmÚ DóxcGKi B jeY Abyä¾j
wkLvq cÉGek KivGj bxjvf meyR eYÆ m†wÓ¡ KGi|
myZivs DóxcGKi B ˆhŒMwUGZ Cu2+ Avqb DcwÕ©Z|
N eybGmb evbÆvGii bxj wkLvq cÉ`î A I B ‰i jeYGK D Kiv
nGj jeYÕ© ˆgŒGji ˆhvRÅZv BGjKUÇb ZvG`i wbÁ²Zi mywÕ©Z
AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK DœPZi AeÕ©vGb DcbxZ nq| Avevi DGîwRZ
BGjKUÇb hLb DœPZi AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK wbÁ²Zi AeÕ©vGb wdGi AvGm,
ZLb jeYwÕ©Z KÅvUvqb«¼q ˆkvwlZ kwÚGK ŠewkÓ¡ÅgƒjK Ziã‹`NÆÅ
wewkÓ¡ AvGjvK iwkÄ wnGmGe wewKiY KGi| ˆKejgvò `†kÅgvb
AçGj (400750 nm) wewKwiZ AvGjvK iwkÄGK wkLvi eGYÆ cÉZÅÞ
Kiv hvq|
ˆhGnZz B ˆhŒMwU Cu2+ ‰i jeY| myZivs Kcvi (II) ‰i jeYGK
wkLvq D KiGj meyR eYÆ cÉZÅÞ Kiv hvq| meyR eGYÆi
Ziã‹`NÆÅ 520556 nm ‰i gGaÅ, hv AvgvG`i ˆPvL mnGRB kbvÚ
KiGZ cvGi| myZivs Cu2+ AvqGbi ˆÞGò `†kÅgvb AçGji mywbw`ÆÓ¡
Ziã‹`GNÆÅ ˆiLv eYÆvjx cÉZÅÞ Kiv hvq| Cu ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm
nGœQ, [Ar]3d94s1| ‰GÞGò ˆKej 4s1 I 3d ‰i Ahy™Â BGjKUÇbwUi
avcv¯¦i nq| ‰ KviGY eYÆvjx ˆiLvàGjvi c†^KxKiY myÕ·Ó¡|
Aciw`GK AvqiGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm d AiweUvGj PviwU Ahy™Â
BGjKUÇb iGqGQ| D Kiv nGj ‰ PviwU BGjKUÇbB avcv¯¦wiZ
1 nq| dGj Fe ‰i ˆiLv eYÆvjxGZ AGbKàGjv ˆiLv cvIqv hvq ‰es
2 ˆiLvàGjvi Lye KvQvKvwQ AeÕ©vGbi dGj njy` eYÆ ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰i…c
3 eYÆ Avevi Na ‰i ˆÞGòI cwijwÞZ nq| Avevi njy` eGYÆi
Ziã‹`GNÆÅi cwimi nGœQ, 565  590 nm|
4 ZvB Fe ‰i ˆÞGò mywbw`ÆÓ¡ kbvÚKiYGhvMÅ eYÆ cvIqv hvq bv eGj
Fe ˆK wkLv cixÞvq kbvÚ Kiv KwVb|
AZ‰e ejv hvq, Cu I Fe ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi wf®²Zvi KviGYB
ˆgŒj `ywUi ˆÞGò cÉvµ¦ wkLv eYÆvjx wf®²Zi|
cÉk
² 145 A, B I C wZbwU ˆhŒM hvG`i Õ¹zUbvsK h^vKÌGg
46C, 78C I 100C|  wkLbdj: 10 [wm. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 2]
24
K. gΟ Kx?
L. 1g MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒjmgƒn mnGR w«¼abvñK Avqb MVb KGi bv@
eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. B ˆhŒGMi we÷«¬Zv KxfvGe wbYÆq KiGe?
N. A, B I C ˆhŒGMi wgkÉY nGZ Dcv`vbmgƒn we÷«¬ AeÕ©vq
c†^KxKiGY ˆKvb c«¬wZ AwaKZi DcGhvMx? weGkÏlY
KGiv|
145 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K evwjÆi `vbvGK cvwbGZ 15C Zvcgvòvq A®¬KvGi ˆLvjv
AeÕ©vq ˆiGL w`Gj evwjÆi `vbv AâzwiZ nq ‰es AâzwiZ ÷Ó•
evwjÆi `vbvi MuyovB nGjv gΟ|
L 1g MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒjmgƒGni meÆewntÕ¦Gi s1 BGjKUÇb webÅvm ^vGK|
ZvB, 1g MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒjmgƒn Lye mnGRB meÆewntÕ¦Gii ‰KwU BGjKUÇb
AcmviY KGi wbwÓ˜q MÅvGmi bÅvq wÕ©wZkxj BGjKUÇb KvVvGgv
ARÆb KGi ‰KK abvñK Avqb MVb KGi| Aciw`GK, w«¼abvñK
Avqb MVb KiGZ nGj meÆewntÕ¦i ˆ^GK `yBwU BGjKUÇb AcmviY
KiGZ nGe| wK¯§ w«¼Zxq BGjKUÇbwU eRÆb KiGZ nGj ‰B wÕ©wZkxj
KvVvGgv fvãGZ nq| dGj cÉPzi kwÚi cÉGqvRb| ZvB, 1g MÉ‚Gci
ˆgŒjmgƒn mnGR w«¼abvñK Avqb MVb KGi bv|
M DóxcGKi B ˆhŒMwUi Õ¹zUbvsK 78C myZivs ˆhŒMwU B^vbj|
B^vbj D«¼vqx c`v^Æ nIqvq ‰wUi we÷«¬Zv wbYÆGq mvaviY cvZb
c«¬wZ eÅen†Z nq| Zvc cÉGqvGM ZijGK evGÓ· i…cv¯¦i I
kxZjxKiGY Nbxf„Z nGq cybivq Zij c`vG^Æ cwiYZ nIqvi
cÉwKÌqvGK cvZb eGj| ‰B cvZb cÉwKÌqvi mvnvGhÅ `yB Zij c`vG^Æi
wgkÉY ˆ^GK ciÕ·iGK we÷«¬ AeÕ©vq c†^K Kiv hvq|
i. meÆcÉ^Gg weGkvaGbi RbÅ Awe÷«¬ ZijGK cvZb dÑvGÕ• wbGq
‰i gyGL KGKÆi gvaÅGg ‰KwU ^vGgÆvwgUvi ‰i evjeGK dÑvGÕ•i
cvk¼ÆbGji gyL eivei ˆiGL hyÚ Kiv nq|
ii. ‰evi cvZb dÑvÕ•wUGK Zvi Rvwji Dci ˆiGL D Kiv nq
‰es ‰KB mgGq cvk¼ evüGZ ‰KwU wjweM kxZK mshyÚ KGi
wbGPi w`K ˆ^GK DcGii w`GK ˆfZGi Vvív cvwbi cÉevn Pvjbv
Kiv nq|
iii. ‰B AeÕ©vq dÑvGÕ• Zvc cÉGqvM KiGj ^vGgÆvwgUvGi cÉ^Gg
Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ ˆcGq cGi wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq wÕ©i ^vGK| ZLb
ˆm Zvcgvòvi ZijwU evÓ·xf„Z nGZ ^vGK ‰es kxZGK Nbxf„Z
nGq we÷«¬ Ziji…Gc MÉvnK cvGò Rgv nq|
cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
1 N ‰LvGb A, B I C ˆhŒGMi wgkÉY nGZ Dcv`vbmgƒn we÷«¬
AeÕ©vq c†^KxKiGY AvswkK cvZb c«¬wZ eÅenvi AwaKZi
2 DcGhvMx| ‰B c«¬wZi DcGhvMxZv KviYmn weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
3 Dcv`vbmgƒGni Õ¹zUbvGâi eÅeavb 40C ‰i Kg| ZvB cvZb
dÑvÕ• I kxZGKi gvSLvGb ‘Ask Kjvg’ bvgK mvnvhÅKvix kxZK
eÅenvi KGi cvZb cÉwKÌqvq Zij Dc`vbmgƒGni c†^KxKiY mÁ¿e
4 nq| Ask Kjvg eÅenvi KGi cvZb cÉwKÌqvq wgkÉGYi Zij
Dcv`vbGK c†^K Kivi c«¬wZGK AvswkK cvZb eGj| ‰LvGb
DGÍÏwLZ ˆhŒMmgƒGni Õ¹zUbvsK h^vKÌGg A (46C), B(78C) ‰es
C(100C)| ‰B 3wU Dcv`vGb wgkÉYGK cvZb dÑvGÕ• wbGq D
KiGj wZbwU Zij c`vG^Æi evÓ·B DcGi DGV| ZGe Ask KjvGgi
gaÅ w`Gq evÓ· DcGi DVvi mgq Kg D«¼vqx B I C-‰i (78 I
100C) evÓ· Nbxf„Z nGq cvZb dÑvGÕ• wdGi AvGm| wK¯§ meÆvwaK
D«¼vqx A(46C)-‰i evÓ· Ask Kjvg ˆ^GK wjweM kxZGK XzGK hvq
‰es Nbxf„Z nGq MÉvnK cvGò msM†nxZ nq| A ‰i cvZb ˆkl nGj
Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ cvq ‰es 78C Zvcgvòvq w«¼Zxq ZiGji (B) cvZb
÷i‚ nq| Avevi wjweM kxZGKi Aci cÉvG¯¦ bZzb MÉvnK cvò mshyÚ
KGi ‰ ZijwU msMÉn Kiv nq| meGkGl 100C Zvcgvòvq Z‡Zxq
ZijwU msM†nxZ nq| ‰fvGe wgkÉGYi cÉwZwU Dcv`vbGK we÷«¬i…Gc
c†^K Kiv hvq|
^vGgÆvwgUvi
Mig cvwb evwni
kxZK
Ask Kjvg
Vvív cvwb cÉGek wdDg Kvc
ˆevWÆ
wgkÉY
Zvc
Drcv`
wPò: AvswkK cvZb cÉYvjx

ZvB ejv hvq ‰LvGb Dcv`vb wgkÉY ˆ^GK Dcrv`vbmgƒnGK

^vGgÆvwgUvi
c†^KxKiGY AvswkK cvZb c«¬wZ DcGi eYÆbvbymvGi meGPGq
kxZK KvhÆKi|
evÓ· cÉk
² 146

cvZb 7e
7e
dÑvÕ•
Mig Vvív + +
cvwb
evbÆvi evwni cvwbi MÉvnK
cÉGek dÑvÕ•
A ˆgŒj B ˆgŒj
mgw®¼Z AaÅvq 2 I 3
[wm. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 6]
wPò: cvZb c«¬wZ K. evdvi `ËeY Kx? 1
‰fvGe mvaviY cvZb cÉwKÌqvq cÉ`î B ˆhŒGMi we÷«¬Zv wbYÆq Kiv L. MÉ‚c-I ‰i nÅvjvBWmgƒn Rjxq `ËeGY wKfvGe ^vGK? eÅvLÅv
nq| KGiv| 2
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 25
M. 'A' ˆgŒGji meÆGkl kwÚ Õ¦Gii ‰KwU BGjKUÇGbi ˆKŒwYK Avevi, Br ‰i Zwor FYvñKZv Cl AGcÞv Kg| KviY Br ‰i
ˆeM wbYÆq KGiv| 3 AvKvi eo nIqvq ˆkl KÞcG^i BGjKUÇGbi Dci wbDwKÑqvGmi
N. A I B ˆgŒj«¼Gqi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v ‰KB bv nIqvi KviY AvKlÆY ej Cl ‰i Zzjbvq Kg ^vGK| ZvB Cl ‰i Zwor FYvñKZv 3
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 I Br ‰i 2.8| Avevi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚI Cl ˆ^GK Br ‰ nËvm cvq|
146 bs cÉGk²i Dîi KviY Cl ‰i AvKvi Br AGcÞv ˆQvU| myZivs DcGivÚ eYÆbvi
K ˆh `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGjI `ËeGYi AvGjvGK cÉgvwYZ nq ˆh, A I B ˆgŒGji ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v ‰KB bq|
pH ‰i gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nq bv ZvGK evdvi `ËeY eGj| cÉk
² 147
L MÉ‚c I ‰i ˆgŒjàGjv nÅvGjvGRGbi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi nÅvjvBW
ŠZwi KGi| ‰G`i nÅvjvBWmgƒn Rjxq `ËeGY nvBWÈÝvBW ŠZwi KGi +
‰es ‰B nvBWÈÝvBW ˆhŒMàGjv ZxeË ÞviK| ‰i KviY nGjv 1 bs K
L
MÉ‚Gci Þvixq ˆgŒj I AwÝGRGbi BGjKGUÇvGbGMwUwfwUi cv^ÆKÅ| M
AwÝGRb I ‰B Þvixq ˆgŒGji BGjKGUÇvGbGMwUwfwUi cv^ÆKÅ  wkLbdj: 2 [h. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 1]
AwÝGRb I nvBGWÈvGRGbi BGjKGUÇvGbGMwUwfwU cv^ÆKÅ AGcÞv K. ˆmwg-gvBGKÌv AÅvbvjvBwUKÅvj c«¬wZ Kx? 1
ˆewk nIqvq M–OH ˆhŒMwU mnGR weGhvwRZ nGq M+ I OH– L. mvaviY Zvcgvòvq H2O Zij wK¯§ H2S MÅvm@ eÅvLÅv
Avqb Drc®² KGi| ˆhGnZz Rjxq `ËeGY OH– Avqb Drc®² nq ZvB KGiv| 2
MÉ‚c I ‰i nÅvjvBWmgƒn ÞviKxq nq| M. l I m ‰i gvb wnmve KGi M kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb msLÅv
MX + H2O  MOH + HX wbYÆq KGiv| 3
M = MÉ‚c I ‰i ˆgŒj N. L kwÕ¦Õ¦Gi 2d I 3f AiweUvj mÁ¿e wKbv ˆZvgvi gZvgZ
X = nÅvGjvGRb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
M cÉ`î A ˆgŒGji meÆGkl kwÚ Õ¦Gii 7wU BGjKUÇb Z‡Zxq cÉavb
 147 bs cÉ Gk² i Dîi
kwÚ Õ¦Gi AvGQ| myZivs A ˆgŒGji ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv 17wU| K ivmvqwbK Dcv`vGbi kbvÚKiY I cwigvYMZ weGkÏlGYi ˆÞGò
‰LvGb, 0 = 8.854  10 C N m
–12 2 –1 –2
ˆh c«¬wZGZ 10 mg ˆ^GK 50 mg cwigvY ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb
n=3 eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK ˆmwg-gvBGKÌv AÅvbvjvBwUKÅvj c«¬wZ eGj|
h = 6.624  10–34 Js
m = 9.1  10–31 kg L chÆvq mviwYi ‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj AwÝGRb I mvjdvGii
Z = 17 nvBWÈ vBW nGjv h^vKÌGg H2O I H2S| ZvB H2O ‰es H2S ‰i aGgÆ
e = 1.6  10–19 C wgj ^vKv Õ¼vfvweK| wK¯§ KÞ Zvcgvòvq H2O Zij ‰es H2S MÅvm
 ˆkl KÞcG^i eÅvmvaÆ, cÉK‡wZi nq| ‰i AbÅZg KviY nGjv cvwb ˆcvjvi AYy| Aciw`GK
0n2h2 H2S nGjv AGcvjvi| ˆcvjvi cvwbi AYymgƒGni gGaÅ nvBGWÈvGRb
r=
mZe2 e®¬Gbi KviGY Av¯¦tAvYweK `ƒiZ½ nËvm cvq| dGj cvwb Zij nq|
8.854  10–12  (6.624  10–34)2
= wK¯§ H 2S AGcvjvi weavq ‰GZ ÷aygvò `yeÆj fvbWvi Iqvjm ej
3.1416  9.1  10–31  17  (1.6  10–19)2m
 r = 18.5  10–11 m
KvR KGi ZvB H2S MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq weivR KGi|
+  +  +
 ˆKŒwYK ˆeM, H  O ........H  O ...........H  O
nh
v= H+ H+ H
2mr
3  6.624  10 –34 wPò: cvwbi AYymgƒGni gGaÅ H e®¬b (.......)
 v = 2  3.1416  9.1  10–31  18.015  10–11
M l ‰es m ‰i gvb wnmve KGi cÉ`î M kwÚ Õ¦Gi BGjKUÇb msLÅv
= 1.929  106ms1 wbYÆq Kiv nGjv:
myZivs A ˆgŒGji meÆGkl kwÚ Õ¦Gii ˆKŒwYK ˆeM 1.929  106ms1| mnKvix
cÉavb cÉavb PzÁ¼Kxq ˆgvU
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg DcÕ¦i DcÕ¦Gi BGjKUÇb
N cÉ`î A ˆgŒjwUi ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv 17wU| ˆKvqv´Ÿvg kwÚ
msLÅv
DcÕ¦i
msLÅv
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
msLÅv = 2 (2l + 1)
BGjKUÇb
myZivs ˆgŒjwU nGjv Cl| Avevi B ˆgŒjwUi ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv msLÅv Õ¦i msLÅv (m) msLÅv
l = n–1
35wU| myZivs ˆgŒjwU nGe Br ‰es ‰iv DfGqB nÅvGjvGRb| 0 3s 0 2(2  0 + 1) = 2
1 3p –1, 0, +1 2(2  1 + 1) = 6
nÅvGjvGRb A^Ævr ‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj nIqv mGî½I ‰G`i ˆfŒZ aGgÆ ˆek M n=3 3 18
–2, –1,
wKQy cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰i KviYmgƒn wbGÁ² AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv 2 3d
0, +1, +2
2(2  2 + 1) = 10
nÅvGjvGRbmgƒGni Õ¹zUbvâ MÉ‚Gci Dci ˆ^GK wbGP ˆMGj e†w«¬ cvq myZivs QK nGZ cÉvµ¦ M kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb msLÅv nGjv 18wU|
KviY fÅv´£vi Iqvjm ej cigvYyàGjvi gGaÅ e†w«¬ cvq| Avevi hZ N Avgiv Rvwb, ˆKvGbv cÉavb kwÚ Õ¦Gi DcÕ¦i msLÅv mnKvix
wbGPi w`GK hvIqv hvq cigvYyi AvKvi ZZ evGo I cvigvYweK ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi (l) Dci wbfÆi KGi| l = 0, 1, 2, 3 nGj H kwÚ
fiI evGo| ZvB Br2 ‰i Õ¹zUbvâ 59 I Cl ‰i 35| ‰B cwieZÆb Õ¦Gi s, p, d, f AiweUvj mÁ¿e| L kwÚÕ¦Gii ˆÞGò cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
ZvG`i ˆfŒZ `kvGZI cwieZÆb wbGq AvGm| dGj MÉ‚Gci Dci ˆ^GK msLÅv n = 2
wbGPi w`GK MÅvm ˆ^GK Zij AeÕ©vi m†wÓ¡ nq| Avi ‰ KviGYB  mnKvix ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv l = 0 ˆ^GK (n – 1)
Br2 jvjGP ev`vgx eGYÆi Zij I Cl2 meyRvf MÅvm|
= 0 ˆ^GK (2 – 1)
= 0 ˆ^GK 1
26 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
ZvB kZÆvbyhvqx ˆ`Lv hvGœQ L kwÚÕ¦Gi 2d AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq| ‰G`i c†^K Kiv hvq bv| ‰G`i AvswkK cvZb cÉYvjxi gvaÅGg
Avevi 3f AiweUvjI KLGbv mÁ¿e bq| ˆKbbv ‰LvGb L kwÚÕ¦Gii c†^K KiGZ nq|
ˆÞGò n ‰i mGeÆvœP gvb 2 ‰es l ‰i mGeÆvœP gvb 1| ‰LvGb 2d I ‰LvGb A cvGòi Dcv`vbàGjv nGjv CuSO4 ‰es NaCl| ˆhŒM `ywU
3f AiweUvGji RbÅ l ‰i gvb nGZ nGe h^vKÌGg 2 I 3| AvqwbK ˆhŒM| ‰G`i Õ¹zUbvâ AGbK ˆewk ‰es cv^ÆKÅ 40o
ZvB DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆhŒwÚKZvi weGePbvq ejv hvq L kwÚÕ¦Gi Zvcgvòvi ˆewk| ZvB ‰G`i AvswkK cvZb cÉYvjxi gvaÅGg c†^K
2d I 3f AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq| Kiv hvGe bv| Aciw`GK C cvGò we`Ågvb ˆhŒMàGjv nvBGWÈvKveÆb I
AÅvjGKvnj ‰es ‰iv Av¯¦tAvYweK AvKlÆY eGji gvaÅGg Zij
² 148 CuSO4 + NaCl
cÉk
 NaCl ˆebwRb, UjyBb, AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ‰G`i gaÅKvi Õ¹zUbvGâi cv^GÆKÅi KviGY ‰iv
wgkÉY wgkÉY wg^vbj wgkÉY AvswkK cvZb cÉYvjxi gvaÅGg c†^KxKiGYi DcGhvMx|
A B C cÉ`î C wgkÉYwUGK cÉ^Gg ‰KwU cvZb dÑvGÕ• ˆbIqv nq| ‰B
 wkLbdj: 10 I 11 [h. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 6] cvZb dÑvÕ•wUGK ‰KwU Ask KjvGgi mvG^ mshyÚ Kiv nq ‰es
K. pH Kx? 1 Ask KjvgwUi mvG^ ‰KwU wjweM kxZK hyÚ Kiv nh| AZtci
L. ˆnGmi mƒòwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 wgkÉYwUGK D Kiv nGj wbMÆZ evÓ· KjvGgi wfZi w`Gq DcGi
M. B ‰i `ËeY ˆ^GK `ËewU c†^K Kivi ˆÞGò HCl ‰i f„wgKv DVGZ ^vGK| DÚ evGÓ· gGaÅ AwaK D«¼vqx ˆhŒM wg^vbj (64.7C)
ˆjGLv| 3 ‰i evÓ· ‰i KÌgk DcGii w`GK cÉevwnZ nGZ ^vGK| AZtci
N. AvswkK cvZb c«¬wZ DóxcGKi A I C ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvb AGcÞvK‡Z Kg D«¼vqx ˆebwRb (80.1C) evÓ·xf„Z nGq Ask KjvGg
wgkÉYGK c†^K Kivi RbÅ cÉGhvRÅ, weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 Rgv nq ‰es Kg D«¼vqx UjyBb ˆ^GK c†^K nGq hvq| ‰B cÉwKÌqv
148 bs cÉGk²i Dîi KÌgvMZ PjGZ ^vGK ‰es djkÉ‚wZGZ Dcv`vbmgƒn c†^K nGq wjweM
K ˆKvGbv `ËeGY H AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi FYvñK jMvwi`gGK H
+ kxZGKi gGaÅ Nbxf„Z nGq Rgv nq|
`ËeGYi pH eGj| MvwYwZKfvGe, pH = –10g [H+] ZvB DcGii chÆvGjvPbv ‰es ˆhŒwÚKZvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq ˆh,
L hw` cÉviwÁ¿K AeÕ©v I ˆkl AeÕ©v wÕ©i ^vGK ZGe ˆKvGbv DwÍÏwLZ C wgkÉGYi Dcv`vbàGjv AvswkK cvZGbi gvaÅGg mnGR
ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv `yB ev ZGZvwaK DcvGq ‰K ev ‰KvwaK avGc c†^K Kiv hvq|
msMwVZ nGZ cvGi, ZGe ˆhB c^B AejÁ¼b Ki‚K bv ˆKb ˆgvU cÉk
 ² 149
wewKÌqv Zvc mgvb ^vKGe| 25C Zvcgvòvq 25C Zvcgvòvq
awi, ‰KwU cÉwKÌqvq A ˆ^GK mivmwi D Drc®² Kiv nGjv ‰es ‰B 20 mL 40 mL
wewKÌqvq ‰b^vjwci cwieZÆb = H1| Avevi ‰KwU cÉwKÌqv cÉ^Gg A 0.02 M 0.04 M
ˆ^GK B ‰es ‰ici B ˆ^GK D Drc®² Kiv nGjv| hw` ‰B `yB avGc AgNO3 `ËeY NaCl `ËeY
‰b^vjwci cwieZÆb h^vKÌGg H2, H3 nq, ZGe ˆnGmi mƒòvbyhvqx, 1bs cvò 2bs cvò
H1 = H2 + H3
H2 25C Zvcgvòvq AgNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv = 2.2  10–3gL–1 ‰es AgCl
A B ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj = 1.8  10–10, Ag-‰i cvtfi = 107.87|
 wkLbdj: 8 [e. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 2]
H1
H3 K. meyR imvqb Kx? 1
L. 2d-AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq ˆKb? 2
DD M. 1bs cvGò iwÞZ AgNO3-‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3
M Awe÷«¬ jeYGK cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z KGi Zvc cÉGqvGM mÁ·†Ú `ËeY N. 1bs cvGòi `ËeGYi gGaÅ 2bs cvGòi `ËeY mÁ·ƒYÆiG… c
cÉÕ§Z Kiv nq| ZLb `ËeGY we`Ågvb A`ËeYxq Ac`ËeÅ cwimÉveY ˆgkvGj AgCl-‰i AatGÞc coGe wK? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
cÉYvjxGZ c†^K Kiv nq| AZtci ‰GZ Mvp we÷«¬ HCl ˆhvM Kiv 149 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
nq| KviY DGÍÏwLZ B ‰i `ËeY nGjv NaCl ‰i wgkÉY ‰es Lye A͸ K ÞwZKi ‰es welvÚ c`v^Æ Drcv`Gbi cwigvY nËvm, Drcv`b
cvwbGZ NaCl `ËeY wbÁ²i…Gc weGqvwRZ nq eÅq nËvm ‰es mGeÆvœP cwigvY Drcv` cvIqvi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq
NaCl HoooI Na+ + Cl– cwiK͸bvB nGjv meyR imvqb|
‰evi hLb wgkÉYGK kxZjxKiY Kiv nq ZLb `ËveGK NaCl ‰i
L 2d AiweUvGji ˆÞGò n ‰i gvb 2| n ‰i gvGbi Dci mnKvix
`ËveÅZv KgGZ ^vGK| ‰GÞGò HCl ˆhvM KivGZ `ËeGY Cl– AvqGbi
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv l ‰i gvb wbfÆi KGi ‰es l ‰i gvb 0 nGZ (n1)
Nbgvòv e†w«¬ cvGe ‰es NaCl ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj AvqwbK àYdj
chƯ¦ nq| myZivs n hLb 2 ZLb l ‰i gvb nGe 0 ‰es 1| hv
AGcÞv Kg nGe| dGj kZÆvbymvGi NaCl ‰i AatGÞc coGe| Avi
h^vKÌGg s I p AiweUvj wbG`ÆkK wK¯§ d AiweUvGji RbÅ l ‰i gvb
ZvB `ËeY nGZ mnGRB NaCl ‰i ˆKjvm cvIqv hvGe| jv-
nGZ nGe 2| ‰LvGb n = 2 nIqvq l ‰i mGeÆvœP gvb nq 1| ZvB 2d
kvGZjxGqi bxwZ Abyhvqx Cl– AvqGbi Nbgvòv e†w«¬ cvIqvGZ
orbital mÁ¿e bq| A
wewKÌqvwU evg w`GK avweZ nq ‰es NaCl ‰i ˆKjvmb `Ë‚Z NUvq|
ZvB DcGivÚ eÅvLÅvi cwiGcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq B `ËeY (NaCl ‰i M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
wgkÉY) ˆ^GK NaCl ‰i `Ë‚Z ˆKjvmGbi RbÅ HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq| 1bs cvGò iwÞZ AgNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv = 2.2  10–3 gL–1
Avgiv Rvwb, AgNO3 ‰i AvYweK fi = 169.87g
N hLb ˆKvGbv wgkÉ Zij c`vG^Æi Dcv`vbàGjvi Õ¹zUbvGâi 2.2  10–3
eÅeavb 20oC ev Zvi Kg nq ZLb mvaviY cvZb cÉYvjxi mvnvGhÅ mol/L ‰KGK `ËveÅZv = 169.87 mol/L = 1.3  10 M
–5
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 27
AgNO3 wbÁ²i…Gc weGqvwRZ nq: 150 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
AgNO3 HoooI Ag+ + NO3
 [Ag ] = 1.3  105 M
+ K nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy hyÚ `ywU ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx AYy ciÕ·Gii
[NO3] = 1.3  10.5 M wbKUeZxÆ nGj, ‰KwU AYyi abvñK cÉvG¯¦i mvG^ Aci AYyi
awi, Ag+ ‰es NO3– DfGqiB `ËveÅZv [Ag+] = [NO3–] = S FYvñK cÉvG¯¦i gGaÅ `yeÆj AvKlÆYx ej «¼viv m†Ó¡ e®¬bGK
Avgiv Rvwb nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b eGj|
Ksp = [Ag+] [NO3–]
=SS L NH4Cl ˆhŒGM 3 aiGYi e®¬b we`Ågvb| e®¬bàGjv nGjv
= S2 = (1.3  10–5)2 = 1.69  10–10 mol2/L2
myZivs DcGivÚ MYbv nGZ cÉvµ¦ AgNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj nGjv i. mgGhvRx e®¬b: 3wU N–H mgGhvRx e®¬b
1.69  10–10 mol2/L2| ii. mw®²Gek e®¬b: 1wU N H+ mw®²Gek e®¬b
N cÉ`î 1bs cvGòi `ËeY ‰es 2bs cvGòi `ËeY mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc ˆgkvGj iii. AvqwbK e®¬b: NH4+ I Cl– ‰i gGaÅ we`Ågvb AvqwbK
msNwUZ ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvwU nGe e®¬b|
AgNO3 + NaCl HoooI AgCl + NaNO3
‰GÞGò hw` AgCl ‰i KIP > KSP nq ZGe `ËeGY AgCl ‰i NH4Cl AYyGZ 1wU bvBGUÇvGRb 3wU nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi mvG^
AatGÞc coGe| mgGhvRx e®¬b «¼viv hyÚ| NH3 ‰i bvBGUÇvGRb cigvYyGZ we`Ågvb
‰LvGb wgkÉGYi cGi `ËeGYi ˆgvU AvqZb nGe = (20 + 40) wbtmã ˆRvo BGjKUÇb «¼viv H+ hyÚ nGq mw®²Gek e®¬b «¼viv Ave«¬
= 60 mL nGq Drc®² NH4+ Avqb Avevi Cl AvqGbi mvG^ AvqwbK e®¬b
1bs cvGòi ˆÞGò, «¼viv hyÚ|
Ag+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.02 M
Ag+ AvqGbi AvqZb, V1 = 20 mL M ‰LvGb A ˆgŒjwU nvBGWÈvGRb nGj n = 4 AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK n = 5
wgwkÉZ `ËeGY Ag ‰i AvqZb, V2 = (20 + 4) mL = 60 mL
+
kwÚÕ¦Gi BGjKUÇbwUi Õ©vbv¯¦iY NUGj ˆkvlY eYÆvwji D«¿e nGe|
wgwkÉZ `ËeGY Ag+ ‰i Nbgvòv, S2 = ? ˆKvb cigvYyi Dci AwZGeàwb ev `†kÅgvb AçGji ˆiwWGqkb kwÚ
Avgiv Rvwb,
V 1 S 1 = V 2S 2 AvcwZZ nGj DÚ cigvYyi ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb wbÁ²Zi kwÚÕ¦i
VS
ev, S2 = V1 1 ˆ^GK DœPZi kwÚÕ¦Gi Mgb KGi| ‰GÞGò kwÚ ˆkvwlZ nq ‰es
2
ˆkvlY eYÆvjxi m†wÓ¡ nq| cybivq, DÚ BGjKUÇb DœP kwÚÕ¦i ˆ^GK
20  0.02
=
60 wbÁ² kwÚÕ¦Gi AebwgZ nGj ˆkvwlZ kwÚ ˆiwWGqkb wnGmGe wewKwiZ
= 6.67  10 M3
nq (wewKiY eYÆvjx)|
Rvbv AvGQ, 2bs cvGòi ˆÞGò,
cÉ`î nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi BGjKUÇbwUi ˆkvlY eYÆvjxi BGjKUÇb
V 1 S 1 = V 2S 2 Cl AvqGbi Nbgvòv, S1 = 0.04 M
V 1S 1
Cl AvqGbi AvqZb, V1 = 40 mL
Õ©vbv¯¦i cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv, n = 4  n = 5;
ev, S2 = V
2
40  0.04
wgwkÉZ `ËeGY Cl ‰i AvqZb, ‰GÞGò cÉvµ¦ ˆkvlY eYÆvwji Ziã‹`NÆÅ nGœQ:
= V2 = (40 + 20) mL = 60 mL
60 1
2
= 2.67  10 M wgwkÉ Z `ËeGY Cl ‰i Nbgvòv, S2 = ? 
= RH
(n1  n1 )
1
2
2
2

 AgCl ‰i AvqwbK àYdj

Kip = [Ag+] [Cl–]
= 6.67  10–3  0.0267 = 1.78  10–4 M2
7
= 1.097  10 
(41  51 ) m
2 2
1

ˆ`Iqv AvGQ AgCl ‰i `ËeÅZv àYdj, Ksp = 1.8  10–10 = 246825 m1
ˆhGnZz ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh `ËeGY Kip > Ksp| myZivs DcGivÚ `ËeY«¼Gqi   = 4.05  106 m
wgkÉGY AgCl ‰i AatGÞc coGe|
Avevi, E = hc
cÉk
² 150 A ˆgŒjwUi ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi ˆKvqv´Ÿvg 

msLÅvàGjv wbÁ²i…c: 6.62  1034  3  108

=
4.05  106
1
n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = +  wkLbdj: 4 [Xv. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 3]
2 = 4.91  1020 J
K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi msæv `vI| 1 myZivs cÉ`î nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi ‰KwU BGjKUÇb Õ©vbv¯¦Gii
L. NH4Cl ˆhŒGMi e®¬b cÉK‡wZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 ˆkvwlZ kwÚi cwigvY nGjv 4.9  10–20 J|
M. DóxcGK A = H nGj BGjKUÇbwUi Õ©vbv¯¦iGbi ˆkvlY  N cÉ`î A ˆgŒjwUi ˆhvRÅZv BGjKUÇGbi ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv ˆ^GK
eYÆvwji meÆwbÁ² kwÚ wbYÆq KGiv| 3 cÉZxqgvb nq ˆh, BGjKUÇbwU 4s1 AiweUvGj AeÕ©vb KGi| Avevi
N. DóxcGKi A2+ AvqGbi eYÆhyÚ nIqvi mÁ¿veÅZv hvPvB A ˆgŒjwUi A2+ AvqGbi eYÆvwjhyÚ nIqvi K^v ejv nGqGQ; A^Ævr
KGiv| 4 ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm ˆ^GK `ywU BGjKUÇb Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGqGQ|
28 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
myZivs A ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv K ‰i
ˆÞGò 3d AiweUvGji RbÅ, n = 3, l = 2 ; n + l = 5
4s AiweUvGji RbÅ, n = 4, l = 0 ; n + l = 4
2 2 6 2 6 10 1
A = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
A2+ = 1s22s22p63s23p63d94s0 myZivs, ˆ`Lv hvGœQ K-‰i RbÅ 3d AiweUvGji ˆPGq 4s AiweUvGji
BGjKUÇb webÅvm Abyhvqx A2+ Avqb (Cu2+) wUGZ ewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gi kwÚ Kg| ZvB, K-‰i 19 Zg BGjKUÇbwU Õ¼fveZB kwÚKÌg
AmÁ·ƒYÆ d-AiweUvj iGqGQ| cÉv^wgKfvGe 5wU d-AiweUvj mg- AYymiY KGi 3d AiweUvGj bv wMGq 4s AiweUvGj hvq|
kwÚmÁ·®²| wK¯§, ˆK±`Êxq Avqb wjMvG´£i wbKUeZÆx nIqvq ‰es
M cÉ`î 2bs gGWGj BGjKUÇbwU Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGqGQ n = 2 G^GK n
e®¬b MVGbi mgq avZzi d-AiweUvGji gGaÅ wKQyUv kwÚ cv^ÆGKÅi
= 1 kwÚ Õ¦Gi|
(E) m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰GZ mgkwÚmÁ·®² d-AiweUvjàGjvi wefvRb NGU|
‰GÞGò, BGjKUÇGbi kwÚ, E = 2.32  1018 J
Cu2+ ‰i ˆÞGò wefvRbwU wbÁ²i…c :
dz2 dx2-y2
µÏvsGKi aË‚eK, h = 6.626  1034 Js
L @ AvGjvi MwZGeM, c = 3  108 ms1
LLLL @ E dxy dxz dyz
LLL Avgiv Rvwb, E = hc

34
 3  108
L @ ev, 2.32  1018 = 6.626  10 m
`†kÅgvb ˆiwWGqkb BGjKUÇb Õ©vbv¯¦i 
LLL 34
 3  108
ev,  = 6.626  10
Cu 2+
‰i Rjxq `ËeGY `†kÅgvb AçGji ( = 375  750 nm) 2.32  1018
ˆiwWGqkb AvcwZZ nGj Cu2+ AvqGbi d-AiweUvGji BGjKUÇb `ywU   = 8.5682  108 m
wbw`ÆÓ¡ Ziã‹`GNÆÅi AvGjv ˆkvlY KGi wbKUeZÆx kwÚi d-AiweUvGj myZivs DcwiDÚ MYbvbymvGi cÉvµ¦ wewKwiZ iwkÄi Ziã‹`NÆÅ
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| `†kÅgvb AvGjvi AewkÓ¡ Ziã‹`GNÆÅi AvGjv 8.5682  108 m|
cÉwZdwjZ nq, hvi eYÆ ˆkvwlZ AvGjvKiwkÄi mÁ·ƒiK nq| A^Ævr N DGÍÏwLZ cigvYy gGWj«¼q A^Ævr iv`viGdvWÆ I ˆevGii cigvYy
Cu2+ Avqb ‰B eYÆB (bxj) aviY KGi| gGWj `ywUi MÉnYGhvMÅZvi weGkÏlY wbÁ²i…c:
myZivs A2+ AvqbwUi d-AiweUvj AvswkKfvGe cƒYÆ nIqvi ˆcÉÞvcGU cÉ^g gGWGji DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cÉÕ¦vemgƒn:
d-d Õ©vbv¯¦i mÁ¿e nq ‰es djvdjÕ¼i…c `†kÅgvb AvGjvi Ziã
i. cigvYyi ˆKG±`Ê abvñK PvRÆhyÚ wbDwKÑqvm we`Ågvb|
Š`NÆÅ cÉwZdwjZ nGq Cu2+ Avqb bxj eYÆwewkÓ¡ nq|
ii. cigvYyi wbDwKÑqvGmi PZzw`ÆGK BGjKUÇb bvgK FYvñK KwYKv
cÉk
² 151
 meÆ`v NƒYÆvqgvb|
E1
E2 iii. wbDwKÑqvGmi abvñK BGjKUÇGbi msLÅv mgvb eGj cigvYy
we`yÅr wbiGcÞ|
iv. cigvYyi wbDwKÑqvm I BGjKUÇGbi gGaÅ we`Ågvb ˆK±`ÊgyLx
wÕ©i we`yÅr AvKlÆY ej ‰es ˆK±`ÊvwegyLx ej ‰i gvb ciÕ·i
gGWj-1 gGWj-2
mgvb ‰es wecixZgyLx|
 wkLbdj: 1 I 5 [iv. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 2]
K. cwji eRÆb bxwZ Kx? 1 w«¼Zxq gGWGji DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cÉÕ¦vemgƒn:
i. BGjKUÇb wÕ©i KÞc^ ev kwÚÕ¦Gi AeÕ©vb KGi|
L. K ‰i 19Zg BGjKUÇbwU 3d AweÆUvGj bv wMGq 4s AweÆUvGj
hvq ˆKb? 2 ii. ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ KÞcG^ BGjKUÇGbi ˆKŒwYK fiGeM wbw`ÆÓ¡|
iii. BGjKUÇb ‰K kwÚÕ¦i ˆ^GK AbÅ kwÚÕ¦Gi Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGj
M. 2 bs gGWGji BGjKUÇb Õ©vbv¯¦Gii mgq BGjKUÇGbi kwÚ 2.32
 10–18J nGj, wewKwiZ iwkÄi Ziã‹`NÆÅ KZ? 3 kwÚi ˆkvlY ev wewKiGYi gvaÅGg eYÆvjxi m†wÓ¡ nq|
N. gGWj-1 I gGWj-2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK MÉnYGhvMÅ? cÉ^g I w«¼Zxq gGWGji cÉÕ¦vemgƒn weGkÏlY KiGj wbÁ²wjwLZ
hywÚ `vI| 4 welqmgƒn cwijwÞZ nq@
i. 1g gGWj cigvYyi eYÆvjx mÁ·GKÆ eÅvLÅv bv w`GZ cviGjI 2q
151 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
gGWj ˆmUv cvGi|
K cwji eRÆb bxwZ nGœQ, ‘‰KwU cigvYyGZ `ywU BGjKUÇGbi PviwU ii. 1g gGWj ˆ^GK BGjKUÇGbi KÞcG^i AvKvi I AvK‡wZ
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb KLGbv ‰K nGZ cvGibv A^Ævr, ‰KwU mÁ¼G®¬ ˆKvGbv aviYv bv cvIqv ˆMGjI 2q gGWj ˆ^GK Zv
cigvYyGZ AeÕ©vbiZ `ywU BGjKUÇGbi gGaÅ A¯¦ZtcGÞ ‰KwU cvIqv hvq|
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv AekÅB wf®² nGe| iii. cigvYyi kwÚÕ¦imgƒGni gGaÅ BGjKUÇb Õ©vbv¯¦Gii RGbÅ m†Ó¡
L cUvwkqvGgi BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv :
 wewf®² wewKiY mÁ·wKÆZ aviYv 1g gGWj ˆ^GK bv cvIqv
K(19) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d0 4s1
ˆMGjI 2q gGWj ˆ^GK cvIqv hvq|
AvDdevD bxwZ Abyhvqx AiweUvj«¼Gqi gGaÅ hvi (n + l) ‰i gvb ZvB 2q gGWGj mvgvbÅ wKQy mxgve«¬Zv ^vKGjI cigvYyi MVb
Kg, ˆmwUB wbÁ² kwÚi AiweUvj ‰es BGjKUÇb ZvGZB cÉ^Gg cÉGek mÁ·wKÆZ meGPGq mwVK aviYv ˆgvGUi Dci Avgiv 2q gGWj ˆ^GK
KGi| cvB| ZvB 2q gGWjwU 1g gGWj ˆ^GK AwaK MÉnYGhvMÅ eGj
weGewPZ|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 29
cÉk
² 152 wbGÁ²i BGjKUÇb webÅvmwU jÞ KGiv:
 N cÉ`î BGjKUÇb webÅvmwU nGjv Mn2+ AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm
[Ar (n – 1) d ] 5
 wkLbdj: 3 I 7 [P. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 2] hv ‰KwU KÅvUvqb|
K. wmMgv e®¬b Kx? 1
Avgiv Rvwb, abvñK AvqbhyÚ Avqb ev ˆhŒMGK KÅvUvqb eGj|
L. eRÆÅ weGkvab AGcÞv nËvmKiY Dîg eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji cigvYy BGjKUÇb ZÅvM KGi abvñK Avqb ev
M. DóxcGKi d-DcÕ¦Gii mKj BGjKUÇGbi wÕ·b ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
KÅvUvqGb cwiYZ nq|
msLÅvi gvb ‰KB  eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. cË`î BGjKUÇb webÅvmwU ‰KwU KÅvUvqGbi BGjKUÇb ‰LvGb (Mn) ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbgi…c:
webÅvm mZÅZv wbi…cY KGiv| 4 Mn(25)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2
152 bs cÉGk²i Dîi gÅvãvwbR ‰i ˆkl kwÚÕ¦i ev ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gi 2wU BGjKUÇb ^vKvq
K Ahy™Â BGjKUÇbavix `ywU cvigvYweK AiweUvj wKsev msKi ‰es Zv wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK `ƒGi AeÕ©vGbi KviGY wbDwKÑqvGmi
AiweUvGji gyGLvgywL AwaKÌgGY m†Ó¡ mgGhvRx e®¬bGK wmMgv e®¬b abvñK PvRÆ «¼viv ‰wU `yeÆjfvGe AvKwlÆZ ^vGK| dGj ˆgŒjwU
eGj| mnGRB 2wU BGjKUÇb AcmviY KGi ‰es meÆGkl Õ¦Gi AaÆcYƒ Æ 3d5
L jÅveGiUwiGZ cixÞvKvGhÆ eÅen†Z nIqvi ci AewkÓ¡ ‰es AiweUvGji DcwÕ©wZi KviGY m†Ó¡ AvqbwU wÕ©wZkxj AeÕ©vcÉvµ¦
cixÞvKvhÆ ˆkGl AcÉGqvRbxq ivmvqwbK `ËeÅàGjvGK eRÆÅ eGj| nq|
eRÆÅ weGkvab wKsev eÅeÕ©vcbvi gƒj KvRmgƒn nGjv eRÆÅ wPwn×Z Mn2+ (25)  [Ar] 3d5
KiY, eRÆÅ Õ§cxKiY, KbGUBbvi eÅeÕ©vcbv| eRÆÅ eÅeÕ©vcbv
ev, [Ar] (n1)d5
eGRÆÅi ÞwZKi cÉfve nGZ cwiGek iÞv Kivi AbÅZg Dcvq| eRÆÅ
weGkvaGbi wewf®² cÉhywÚ ^vKGjI Zv mÁ·v`b Kiv eÅqeüj ‰es Õ¼vfvweK AeÕ©vi cigvYyi (‰GÞGò Mn ‰i) BGjKUÇb I ˆcÉvUb
wKQy ˆÞGò wec`äbK| cixÞvMvGi cwiwgZ ivmvqwbK `ËGeÅi msLÅv mgvb ^vGK| wK¯§ ‰LvGb 2wU BGjKUÇb ZÅvGMi KviGY wewf®²
eÅenvi ivmvqwbK eGRÆÅi AwaKZi ÞwZKi cÉfve I imvqb KÞcG^ BGjKUÇGbi Zzjbvq wbDwKÑqvGmi abvñK PvGRÆi cwigvY
MGelYvq eÅq msGKvPb KGi ‰es wbivc` cwiGek m†wÓ¡GZ mnvqZv `yB ‰KK ˆeGo hvq| ZLb ‰wU w«¼abvñK PvRÆhyÚ cigvYyGZ ev
KGi| ZvB ejv hvq eRÆÅ weGkvab AGcÞv nËvmKiY Dîg| KÅvUvqGb cwiYZ nq| myZivs cÉ`î BGjKUÇb webÅvmwU ‰KwU
M Avgiv Rvwb ˆh, üG´£i bxwZ Abyhvqx ‰KB kwÚmÁ·®² wewf®² KÅvUvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm|
AiweUvGj BGjKUÇbàGjv ‰gbfvGe AeÕ©vb KiGe ˆhb Zviv  cÉk
² 153
meÆvwaK msLÅvq Ahy™Â AeÕ©vq ^vKGZ cvGi| ‰me Ahy™Â
BGjKUÇb
BGjKUÇGbi wÕ·b ‰KBgyLx nGe| ‰LvGb ‰KB kwÚmÁ·®² AiweUvj
ejGZ wZbwU p AiweUvj, cuvPwU d AiweUvj I mvZwU f AiweUvj 1 2 3 wbDwKÑqvm
ˆevSvq|
Mn(25) ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2 gGWj-A gGWj-B
Mn2+ ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6d5
 wkLbdj: 1 I 4 [wm. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 1]
AiweUvGji BGjKUÇb eÝ c«¬wZGZ wbÁ²iG… c cÉKvk Kiv hvq
K. meyR imvqb Kx?
@ @ @ @ @
3dxy 3dyz 3dzx 3dx2–y2 3dz2
L. cvwbi pH ‰i gvb 7 ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGK avcv¯¦Gi m†Ó¡ eYÆvjxi Ziã‹`NÆÅ wbYÆq Ki| 3
Ahy™Â BGjKUÇbàGjv QK AvKvGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv
N. A I B gGWGji ˆKvbwU AwaKZi DcGhvMx @ KviY
cÉavb mnKvix ˆPŒÁ¼K wÕ·b
DcÕ¦Gii weGkÏlY Ki| 4
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
bvg
msLÅv (n) msLÅv (l) msLÅv (m) msLÅv (s) 153 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
+2 1
+
+1 2 K eZÆgvGb meyR imvqb aviYvwU wbÁ²i…c:

3 2 3d 0 1
+ “ÞwZKi c`vG^Æi Drcv`b ‰es eÅenvi nËvmKiY A^ev eRÆbKG͸
1 2
2 +
1 ivmvqwbK Drcv` I ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvi AvweÓ•vi wWRvBb I cÉGqvM|”
2
L we÷«¬ cvwbGZ [H+] = [OH]
1
+  [H+] [OH] = 1014
2
1  [H+] [H+] = 1014
+
2  [H+]2 = [107]2
AZ‰e, DcwiDÚ QK ˆ^GK ‰ K^v Õ·Ó¡ ˆh cÉ`î Mn ‰i d-  [H+] = 107
 log [H+] = log 107
DcÕ¦Gii mKj BGjKUÇGbi wÕ·b ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb ‰KB|
30 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
  log [H+] =  log 107 L cÉfveGKi mvgvbÅ DcwÕ©wZ ˆKvb ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvi MwZGK
 pH = 7 cÉfvweZ KGi ‰es wewKÌqv ˆkGl c`v^ÆwUi fi I MVb AcwiewZÆZ
ˆhGnZz cvwbGZ H+ I OH AvqGbi Nbgvòv mgvb, ZvB cvwbi pH = 7. ^vGK| cÉfveGKi DcwÕ©wZ wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚ KwgGq ˆ`q ‰es
wewKÌqvGK weK͸ ev mijZg c^ cÉ`vb KGi| ‰wU ˆKvb ivmvqwbK
M ‰LvGb, BGjKUÇb 3q ˆ^GK 1g kwÚÕ¦Gi ˆbGg ‰GmGQ|
 wewKÌhvq mwKÌqfvGe AskMÉnY KGi bv| ‰iv wewKÌqvi mwKÌqbkwÚ KGg
n1 = 1; n2 = 3
w`Gq ˆewk msLÅK AYyGK wewKÌqvq AskMÉnGYi DcGhvMx KGi ˆZvGj|
dGj wewKÌqvi MwZGeM e†w«¬ cvq|
1

= RH (n1  n1 )
1
2
2
2 RH = 109678cm1 
ˆhgb : 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
MnO2
1 1
‰LvGb, MnO2 ‰KwU cÉfveK|
= 109678 (  )2 2
M ‰LvGb, M = Zn
1 3
Zn ‰i kbvÚKiY cixÞv:
= 97491.55
wRsK jeGYi `ËeGY KGqK ˆduvUv cUvwmqvg ˆdGivmvqvbvBW `ËeY
  = 1.025  105cm ˆhvM KiGj wRsK ˆdGivmvqvbvBGWi mv`v AatGÞc cGo| ‰wU
N A gGWjwU nj ˆevi cigvYy gGWj ‰es B gGWjwU nj wRsK Avqb (Zn ) ‰i wbwøZKiY cixÞv|
2+

2 ZnSO4(aq) + K4[Fe(CN)6] (aq)  Zn2 [Fe(CN)6] (s) + 2K2SO4(aq)
iv`viGdvWÆ cigvYy gGWj|
cUvwmqvg ˆdGivmvqvbvBW mv`v
A gGWjwU B gGWj nGZ ˆewk DcGhvMx|
N d- eÐK ˆgŒjmgƒn ev AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj ev AvqbmgƒGni RwUj ˆhŒM
KviYmgƒn: MVb Kivi cÉeYZv iGqGQ|
i. MÉnàGjv Zwor wbiGcÞ wK¯§ BGjKUÇb FYvñK PvRÆhyÚ| DóxcGKi DGÍÏwLZ RwUj ˆhŒMwU nGjv-
[30M(NH3)4]2+ = Zn (NH3)42+
ii. wewKiY KÌgvMZ AwewœQ®²fvGe NGU eGj cigvYyi eYÆvjxGZ cÉvµ¦ Zn ‰i BGjKUÇbxq webÅvm nGjv-
ˆiLvmgƒn AwewœQ®² ‰es cÉvG¯¦ eÅvG´£i gZ ˆ`LvGbvi K^v| wK¯§ 30Zn = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2
2+ 2 2 6 2 6 10
Zn = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
‰B ˆiLvàGjv wewœQ®² I ˆek Dä¾j ˆ`Lvq| NH3
iii. NƒYÆbiZ BGiKUÇGbi KÞ cG^i AvKvi I AvK‡wZ mÁ¼G®¬ ˆKvb  |  2+
Zn2+(aq) + 4 NH (aq)  H N – Zn –– NH 
3 3 3
aviYv iv`viGdvWÆ gGWj w`GZ cvGi wb|
 NH| (aq)
3
iv. ˆhme cigvYyGZ ‰KvwaK BGjKUÇb AvGQ ˆmme ˆÞGò Zn, 3d-eÐKf„Ú ˆgŒj nGjI ‰wU AeÕ©v¯¦i avZz bq| Zn ‰i imvqb
BGjKUÇbà†Gjv KxfvGe wbDwKÑqvmGK cwiKÌgb KGi ˆm mÁ·GKÆ mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe Zn2+ RviY AeÕ©v «¼viv wbYxÆZ nq|
ˆKvb ZG^Åi DGÍÏL ‰B gGWGj ˆbB| d- AiweUvj eÅenvi KGi Zn ˆKvb RwUj ˆhŒM MVb KiGZ mg^Æ bq|
wjMvG¯¦i DcwÕ©wZGZ RwUj ˆhŒM MwVZ nGj RwUj ˆhŒGMi ˆKG±`Ê
v. ‰B gGWGj nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi wewKiY eYÆvjxi ˆKvb mywbw`ÆÓ¡ AewÕ©Z avZe AvqGbi d- AiweUvjmgƒn c†^K kwÚÕ¦Gi AeÕ©vb
MÉnYGhvMÅ eÅvLÅv cvIqv hvq bv| ˆbq| ‰i…c c†^K kwÚÕ¦Gii gGaÅ kwÚi ˆh cv^ÆKÅ nq, Zv hw`
vi. ˆhme cigvYyi wbDwKÑqvGm ‰GKi AwaK ˆcÉvUb AvGQ, ˆmàGjvi
`†kÅgvb AvGjvi eYÆvjxi ( = 375 ˆ^GK 750 nm) ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ Ziã
Š`GNÆÅi mgvb nq| ZvnGj ‰ kwÚ ˆkvlY KGi BGjKUÇb wbÁ²Zi d-
wbDwKÑqvm KxfvGe wÕ©wZkxj nq ‰B mÁ·wKÆZ ˆKvb Z^Å ‰B AiweUvj ˆ^GK DœPZi d- AiweUvGj Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| cieZxÆGZ
gGWGj ˆbB| BGjKUÇbwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Ziã wewKiY KGi Avevi wbÁ²Zi kwÚÕ¦Gi wdGi
AvGm| ‰i…c AvGjvi ˆkvlY ‰es wewKiY cÉwKÌqvq ˆkvwlZ eGYÆi
‰ mKj ò‚wU ˆevi gGWj mÁ·ƒYÆ `ƒi KiGZ cviGjI nvBGWÈvGRb mÁ·ƒiK eYÆwUB RwUj AvqGbi eYÆi…Gc `†kÅgvb nq| ‰i…c eGYÆi gƒj
cigvYyi wewKiY eYÆvjx eÅvLÅv, kwÚÕ¦i mÁ·wKÆZ cÉÕ¦ve ˆevi Drm nGjv, d AiweUvGj Ahy™Â BGjKUÇGbi DcwÕ©wZ| wK¯§, Zn2+
gGWjGK iv`viGdvWÆ gGWj ˆ^GK AwaKZi DcGhvMx KGi ZzGjGQ| AvqGbi d10 A^Ævr hy™Â d-BGjKUÇb ^vKvq ‰me BGjKUÇGbi d-d
Õ©vbv¯¦Gii myGhvM ˆbB| dGj Zn2+ ev [Zn (NH3)4]2+ RwUjwU
cÉk
² 154 [30M(NH3)4]2+
 wkLbdj: 7 [wm. ˆev. 2015  cÉk² bs 3]
eYÆnxb|
K. mvgÅ aË‚eK Kx? cÉk
1  ² 155 –
L. cÉfveK KxfvGe wewKÌqvi MwZ e†w«¬ KGi? 2
M. M ‰i kbvÚKiY cixÞvwU mgxKiYmn wjL| 3
K LMN
N. DóxcKwUi RwUj `ËeGYi eGYÆi cÉK‡wZ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
154 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ‰KwU wewKÌqvq Drc®² c`v^ÆmgƒGni ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi àYdj

‰es wewKÌqvq AskMÉnYKvix c`v^ÆmgƒGni ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi àYdGji  wkLbdj: 2 [e. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 2]
AbycvZGK mvgÅaË‚eK eGj| Dcv`vbmgƒGni ˆgvj msLÅvGK NvGZ K. ˆKÌvGgvGUvMÉvdx Kx? 1
D®²xZ Kiv nq| L. UV-iwkÄi mvnvGhÅ Zzwg KxfvGe Rvj UvKv mbvÚKiY
KiGe? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 31
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ wPGò meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii ˆKvqv´Ÿvg myZivs, DcGii ˆUwej ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq, N-kwÚÕ¦Gi ˆgvU AiweUvj
msLÅvmgƒGni gvb wnmve KGi ˆgvU AiweUvj msLÅv ‰es H = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16wU
kwÚ Õ¦Gi ˆgvU BGjKUÇb aviY ÞgZv ˆei KGiv| 3 ‰es N-ˆkj ‰ ˆgvU BGjKUÇb aviY ÞgZv = 2n2 = 2  42 = 32wU
N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ BGjKUÇGbi avcv¯¦Gii mgq
N cÉ`wkÆZ wPò nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq BGjKUÇb 4^Æ kwÚÕ¦i ˆ^GK 2q
cigvYy ˆ^GK wbMÆZ AvGjvi Ziã‹`NÆÅ ˆei Ki ‰es ‰wU
kwÚÕ¦Gi Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGœQ|
ˆKvb eGYÆi nGe? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
myZivs, ‰LvGb, n1 = 2 ‰es n2 = 4
48 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
weævbx wiWevGMÆi mƒò ˆ^GK cvB,
K ˆh c«¬wZi gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv wgkÉGYi Dcv`vbGK wÕ©i `kv ‰es
1 1
Pjgvb `kvi gvaÅGg c†^KxKiY Kiv nq ZvGK ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd eGj| ZiGãi msLÅv, v = RH n 2  n 2
1 2 ( )
L UV-iwkÄi gvaÅGg Lye mnGRB Rvj UvKv kbvÚ Kiv hvq|
‰LvGb, RH = wiWevMÆ aË‚eK = 1.097  107 m1
KviY, Avmj UvKvi gGaÅ ‰KwU weGkl aiGbi wbivcîv myZv Õ©vcb
Kiv ^vGK| ‰QvovI UvKvi wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb RjQvc ˆ`Iqv ^vGK hv  v = 1.097  107 12  12
Lvwj ˆPvGL ˆ`Lv bv ˆMGjI UV-iwkÄGZ cwiÓ•vi Avfv Qovq|
2 4 ( )
Avmj ˆbvUàGjvGZ ˆdÑvGiGmG´Ÿi KvwjGZ wKQy weGkl ˆjLvi Dci 1 1
UV-iwkÄ coGj ‰ ˆdÑvGiGm´Ö DœP UV iwkÄ ˆkvlY KGi `†kÅgvb
= 1.097  107 
4 16 ( )
AvGjv wewKiY KGi| wK¯§ Rvj UvKvq ‰B aiGbi ˆKvb RjQvc bv = 2.056875  106 m1
^vKvq ‰i Dci UV iwkÄ ˆdjGj ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ is ‰i wewKiY 1 1
cvIqv mÁ¿e nq bv| ‰fvGeB UV-iwkÄ eÅenvi KGi mnGRB Avmj  Ziã Š`NÆÅ,  = v = 2.056875  106
‰es bKj ˆbvGUi cv^ÆKÅ Kiv hvq| = 4.8617  107m
M DGÍÏwLZ wPGò meÆewntÕ© kwÚ Õ¦Gii bvg N-ˆkj| ‰B ˆkGj = 4.8617  107  109nm
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvàGjvi gvb wbÁ²i…c: = 486.175 nm
cÉavb mnKvix gÅvMGbwUK ˆKvqv´Ÿvg wÕ·b ˆKvqv´Ÿvg myZivs DcwiDÚ MYbvbymvGi cÉvµ¦ Ziã‹`GNÆÅi weÕ¦vi ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv msLÅvi (m) msLÅv (s)
msLÅv (n) (l) hvq wewKwiZ iwkÄi eYÆ nGe Avmgvbx bxj (  = 424  491nm
gvb kwÚÕ¦i gvb DcÕ¦i gvb AiweUvj Avmgvbx bxj eGYÆi iwkÄ)|
msLÅv 1 1
+ ,
0 4s 0 1 2 2
4 N-ˆkj 1 `1
1 4p +1,0,1 3 ( )
3 + 
2 2
1 `1
5(+   )
2 2
2 4d + 2,+ 1, 5
0,1,2
1 `1
3 4f +3+2+ 7
(
7 + 
2 2 )
1, 0, 1,
2,3
32 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

Z‡Zxq AaÅvq: ˆgŒGji chÆvqe†î agÆ I ivmvqwbK e®¬b

cÉk
² 125
 AvKvi eo nIqvq meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi cÉwZ mvjdvGii
AvKlÆY AGcÞvK‡Z Kg nq| dGj mvjdvi AGcÞv AwÝGRb
ˆkÉwY  1 16 17 AwaKZi Zwor FYvñK nq| ‰ KviGY H2O ˆhŒGM H–O e®¬bwU
 chÆvq H2S ˆhŒGMi H–S e®¬b AGcÞv AwaKZi ˆcvjvi| AwaK¯¦y,
1 X cvwbGZ AwÝGRb I nvBGWÈvGRGbi Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ (3.5 –
2 Y Z
3 M Q 2.1) = 1.4, hv ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM MVGbi mnvqK ˆKbbv, ‰KwU ˆhŒGM
 wkLbdj: == [Xv. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-7] `ywU ˆgŒGji Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ 0.5 ˆ^GK 1.7 chƯ¦ nGj
ˆhŒMwU ˆcvjvi nq| ˆcvjvi H2O AYymgƒGni gGaÅ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b
K. `ËveÅZv àYdj ejGZ Kx eyS? 1
MVb mÁ¿e| AGcvjvi H2S AYymgƒGni gGaÅ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MVb
L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v MwZkxj@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. Z ‰es Q ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi gvb ˆewk mÁ¿e bq| cvwbGZ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi DcwÕ©wZi dGj cvwbi
nGe? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 AYymgƒn ciÕ·iGK AvK‡Ó¡ KGi ‰es ARmË AYy msNe«¬fvGe weivR
N. X2Y ‰es X2M ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi wf®²Zvi KviY weGkÏlY KGi ‰i dGj, cvwbGZ Av¯¦tAvYweK `ƒiZ½ nËvm cvq ‰es cvwbi
KGiv| 4 Zij AeÕ©v cÉvµ¦ nq| Aciw`GK, H2S ‰i AYymgƒGn nvBGWÈvGRb
125 bs cÉGk²i Dîi e®¬b MVGbi ˆKvGbv myGhvM ˆbB eGj ‰wU c†^K AYy wnGmGe MÅvmxq
AeÕ©vq ^vGK| H2S AYymgƒGni gGaÅ `yeÆj fÅvbWvi Iqvjm ej
K ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq ˆKvGbv ZworweGkÏlÅ jeGYi mÁ·†Ú KvhÆKi ^vGK|
`ËeGY Drc®² AvqbmgƒGni ˆgvj cÉwZ wjUvi ‰KGK Nbgvòvi H–S H –– S H–S
àYdjGK mswkÏÓ¡ jeGYi `ËveÅZvi àYdj eGj| A
L DfgyLx wewKÌqvi mÁÃyL I cøvreZxÆ cÉwKÌqvi MwZGeM mgvb nGj H H H
wewKÌqvwU mvgÅveÕ©vq AeZxYÆ nq| ˆhGnZz mvgÅveÕ©vq mÁÃyLeZxÆ I wPò : nvBGWÈvGRb mvjdvBW (H2S) AYyi MVb
cøvreZxÆ cÉwKÌqvi MwZGeM mgvb ^vGK ZvB AvcvZ `†wÓ¡GZ AvgvG`i +
KvGQ wewKÌqvwU e®¬ AvGQ eGj gGb nq| wK¯§ cÉK‡ZcGÞ wewKÌqvwU 
H – O– -------- H+ –– O+ ----- H+ – O -----
Dfqw`GK mgvb MwZGZ PjGZ ^vGK| ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, ivmvqwbK
mvgÅveÕ©v MwZkxj| H+ H+ H+
M DóxcGKi Z I Q nj h^vKÌGg ˆdÑvwib (F) I ˆKÑvwib (Cl)| A H- e®¬b
MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ˆKvb ˆgŒGji ‰K ˆgvj wewœQ®² cigvYyi mvG^ ‰K ˆgvj wPò : cvwbi (H2O)n AYyi MVb
BGjKUÇb hyÚ KGi ‰K ˆgvj ‰KK FYvñK PvRÆhyÚ Avqb m†wÓ¡ KiGZ ˆh
cwigvY kwÚ wbMÆZ nq ZvGK ˆmB ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ eGj|
chÆvq mviwYGZ ‰KB MÉ‚Gc hZB Dci nGZ wbGPi w`GK hvIqv hvq  cÉk
² 126
ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ZZB KGg| wK¯§, ‰B wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg
nGjv ˆKÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆdÑvwib AGcÞv ˆewk| ˆgŒj ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm
‰i KviY ˆdÑvwib cigvYyi Þz`Ë AvKvi| F I Cl ˆgŒj `yBwUi A ns2np3 [n = 2]
B ns2np4
BGjKUÇb webÅvm E 2
ns np 2

F(9)  1s2 2s2 2p5  wkLbdj: == [g. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-7]

2 2
Cl(17)  1s 2s 2p 6 2
3s 3p 5 K.
ˆdÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦i nj w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦i|
Z‡Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gii Zzjbvq w«¼Zxq kwÚ Õ¦Gii AvKvi ˆQvU nIqvq ‰es
Þz`Ë cwimGi mvZwU BGjKUÇb ^vKvq ZvGZ BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi NbZ½
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe AGbK ˆewk| dGj AvMgbKvix BGjKUÇGbi cÉwZ
w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbmgƒGni cviÕ·wiK weKlÆY ˆewk nIqvq
mvgwMÉKfvGe ˆdÑvwiGbi AvmwÚi gvb Kg nq|
Aciw`GK, ˆKÑvwiGbi Z‡Zxq kwÚÕ¦i eo nIqvq ‰GZ ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii
mvZwU BGjKUÇb mnGR Õ©vb KGi ˆbq| BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi NbZ½ nËvm
cvIqvq BGjKUÇb-BGjKUÇb weKlÆY Kg nq| ‰GZ AvMgbKvix
BGjKUÇb mnGR ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gi cÉGek KiGZ cvGi| dGj ˆKÑvwiGbi
BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi gvb ˆdÑvwiGbi ˆPGq ˆewk nq|
N DóxcGKi AvGjvPÅ ˆhŒM `yBwU H2O ‰es H2S| A
AwÝGRb I mvjdvi chÆvq mviwYi ‰KB MÉ‚Gc AewÕ©Z| ‰ KviGY
ZvG`i ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wgj ^vKv AvekÅK| ZvG`i nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒGM H2O
‰es H2S ‰i aGgÆ MÉ‚cwfwîK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wgj ^vKv Õ¼vfvweK| wK¯¦y
mvaviY Zvcgvòvq H2S MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq weivR KGi A^P H2O
‰KwU Zij c`v^Æ| BGjKUÇb webÅvGm AwÝGRGbi cÉavb kwÚÕ¦i `ywU
‰es mvjdvGii wZbwU| AwÝGRb AGcÞv mvjdvGii cvigvYweK
AvqwbKiY kwÚ Kx? 1
L. 25C Zvcgvòvq NaCl ‰i `ËveÅZv 36 ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
M. AH3 ‰i AvK‡wZ msKiGYi mvnvGhÅ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. EH4 I H2B ‰i Õ¹zUbvGâi wf®²Zvi KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
126 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji ‰K ˆgvj wewœQ®² cigvYy ˆ^GK
‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb mwiGq MÅvmxq wewœQ®² ‰K ˆgvj ‰KK abvñK
AvqGb cwiYZ KiGZ ˆh cwigvY kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq, ZvGK ˆmB
ˆgŒGji AvqwbKiY wefe eGj| A
L NaCl ‰i `ËveÅZv 36| A^Ævr ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq 100 MÉvg
`ËveGK NaCl ‰i mGeÆvœP 36 MÉvg `Ëexf„Z nGq ‰KwU mÁ·†Ú `ËeY
ŠZwi KiGZ cviGe| myZivs, 100 MÉvg cvwbGZ hw` 40 MÉvg NaCl
ˆhvM Kiv nq, ZvnGj 4.0 MÉvg NaCl exKvGii Zjvq A`Ëexf„Z
AeÕ©vq cGo ^vKGe|
M DóxcGKi A ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm ns2 np3 ˆhLvGb n = 2|
myZivs, ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm 2s2 2p3| A^Ævr, ˆgŒjwU
bvBGUÇvGRb (N)| myZivs, AH3 «¼viv NH3 ˆK wbG`Æk Kiv nGqGQ|
‰B NH3 AYyi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy N|
bvBGUÇvGRGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 33
1
2s2 2px 2py 2pz
1 1 127 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
N(7) = 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 L @ @ @ K MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ‰K ˆgvj MÅvmxq cigvYyi gGaÅ ‰K ˆgvj
BGjKUÇb w`Gq ‰K ˆgvj ‰KK FYvñK AvqGb cwiYZ KiGZ ˆh
msKivqb
sp 3
cwigvb kwÚ wbMÆZ nq, ˆm cwigvb kwÚGK H cigvYyi ev ˆgŒGji
N-cigvYyi sp msKwiZ AiweUvGji wZbwUi cÉGZÅKwUGZ ‰KwU
3 BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ eGj| A
KGi Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb ‰es ‰KwUGZ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb AeÕ©vb KGi| L Avgiv Rvwb, ˆKvGbv cÉavb kwÚÕ¦Gi DcÕ¦i msLÅv mnKvix
wZbwU sp3 msKwiZ AiweUvGji mvG^ H cigvYyi s AiweUvGji ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi Dci wbfÆi KGi| 2d-AiweUvjwU w«¼Zxq
Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb AwaKÌgY KGi NH3 AYy MVb KGi| kwÚÕ¦Gii AiweUvj| w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gii ˆÞGò cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
msLÅvi gvb, n = 2| n = 2 nGj mnKvix ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb nq
l = 0, 1| ˆhLvGb l = 0 nGj s AiweUvj ‰es l = 1 nGj p
AiweUvj nq| wK¯§ d AiweUvGji RbÅ l ‰i gvb nGZ nGe 2|
‰LvGb ˆhGnZz n ‰i gvb 2, ZvB l ‰i gvb nGe 0 nGZ (n – 1)
chƯ¦| ZvB d AiweUvj A^Ævr 2q kwÚÕ¦Gi 2d AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq|A
M DóxcGKi A ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm ns2 np3 ˆhLvGb n = 2|
myZivs, ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm 2s2 2p3| A^Ævr, ˆgŒjwU
PZz^Æ sp3 msKi AiweUvGji BGjKUÇb `ywU wbtmã ˆRvo wnGmGe bvBGUÇvGRb (N)| myZivs, AH3 «¼viv NH3 ˆK wbG`Æk Kiv nGqGQ|
AeÕ©vb KGi| ZvB AvK‡wZ I e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb Av`kÆ sp3 msKi AYy ‰B NH3 AYyi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy N|
ˆ^GK wePzÅZ nGq hvq| dGj NH3 AYyi AvK‡wZ wòGKvYvKvi wcivwgWxq bvBGUÇvGRGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm
‰es e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb 10928 ˆ^GK 107 nq| 1
2s2 2px 2py 2pz
1 1

N DóxcK Abyhvqx B ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm ns2np4 ˆhLvGb n = 2| N(7) = 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 L @ @ @
myZivs, ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm 2s22p4| A^Ævr ˆgŒjwU AwÝGRb,
Avevi, E ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm ns2 np2 ev 2s2 2p2| myZivs, msKivqb
sp 3

ˆgŒjwU KveÆb (C)| A N-cigvYyi sp msKwiZ AiweUvGji wZbwUi cÉGZÅKwUGZ ‰KwU

3

DóxcK Abyhvqx EH4 ˆhŒMwU CH4 ‰es H2B ˆhŒMwU H2O| Dfq KGi Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb ‰es ‰KwUGZ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb AeÕ©vb KGi|
ˆhŒMB mgGhvRx e®¬Gb Ave«¬ ‰es Dfq ˆhŒMGZB `ƒeÆj wZbwU sp3 msKwiZ AiweUvGji mvG^ H cigvYyi s AiweUvGji
fÅv´£vi‰qvjm e®¬b we`Ågvb| ‰GÞGò `ywU ˆhŒMB mvaviY Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb AwaKÌgY KGi NH3 AYy MVb KGi|
ZvcgvòvGZ MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ^vKvi K^v| wK¯§ CH4 MÅvmxq
AeÕ©vq ^vKGjI H2O Zij AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ‰i KviY nj
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b|
MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ^vGK eGj CH4 ‰i Õ¹zUbvâ 161.6C|
AbÅw`GK, H2O ‰i Õ¹„Ubvâ 100C|
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b DcwÕ©Z ^vKvi dGj H2O AYymgƒn ciÕ·iGK
AvK‡Ó¡ KGi mse«¬ ev àœQ AYy (H2O)n AvKvGi ivGL| dGj H2O PZz^Æ sp3 msKi AiweUvGji BGjKUÇb `ywU wbtmã ˆRvo wnGmGe
AeÕ©vb KGi| ZvB AvK‡wZ I e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb Av`kÆ sp3 msKi AYy
Zij AeÕ©v cÉvµ¦ nq| Zij cvwbGZ Zvcgvòvi Dci wbfÆi KGi cÉwZ ˆ^GK wePzÅZ nGq hvq| dGj NH3 AYyi AvK‡wZ wòGKvYvKvi wcivwgWxq
H2O ‰i mvG^ 2wU ev 3wU MGo 3.4wU H-e®¬b mvaviYZ ^vGK| H- ‰es e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb 10928 ˆ^GK 107 nq| A
e®¬b MVb I fvãb AbeiZ PjGZ ^vGK| dGj cvwbi cÉevn agÆ
N DóxcGKi Q = 2s2 2p4 «¼viv AwÝGRb (O) ‰es R = 3s2 3p4
eRvq ^vGK| wK¯§, 0C-‰ ˆKjvmvKvi eiGd cÉwZ H2O AYyGZ
«¼viv mvjdvi (S) ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ|
meÆvwaK 4wU KGi H-e®¬b «¼viv lofzRxq ejq m†wÓ¡ nGq ^vGK| A^Ævr H2Q I H2R ˆhŒMàGjv nGjv H2O I H2S|
+ 
 
+ 
 
+ 
 
+ 
 
H2O I H2S ‰i MVbKvGj sp3 msKivqb NGU| sp3 msKivqGb m†Ó¡
HO ..........HO........... HO.......HO......... ˆhŒGM e®¬b ˆKvY 109.5 nGjI ˆhŒM«¼Gqi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyGZ `yBwU
gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb ^vKvi KviGY e®¬b ˆKvY KGg cvwbi AYyGZ
H+ H+ H+ H+
104.5 nq| KviY, e®¬b ˆRvo-gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi weKlÆY,
wPò: cvwb AYyi gGaÅ H-e®¬b e®¬b ˆRvo-e®¬b ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi weKlÆY AGcÞv ˆewk nq| dGj
cÉk
² 127
 e®¬b ˆKvY nËvm cvq|
‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj S ‰i ˆÞGòI H2S ˆhŒGM e®¬b ˆKvY
ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii BGjÙÇb cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ˆewk nËvm cvq| KviY O ‰i ˆPGq S ‰i Zwor
ˆgŒj FYvñKZv Kg ‰es e®¬b BGjKUÇb hyMj ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi
webÅvm msLÅv (n)
A ns2np3 2 wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK `ƒGi mGi hvq eGj e®¬b hyMj-e®¬b hyMj weKlÆY
Q ns2np4 2 nËvm cvq| ‰fvGe
R ns2np4 3 e®¬b BGjKUÇb hyMj
[‰LvGb, A, Q, R ˆgŒGji cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq] AviI KvQvKvwQ mGi
 wkLbdj: == [iv. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-5] AvGm| dGj H2S ‰ O S
K. ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ Kx? 1 e®¬b ˆKvY cvwbi H 104.5 H H 92.12 H
L. 2d AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq ˆKb? 2 e®¬b ˆKvY AGcÞv wPò: cvwb AYy wPò: H2S AYy
M. AH3 ˆhŒGMi msKivqb MVb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 Kg (cÉvq 92) nq|
N. H2Q ‰es H2R ˆhŒM«¼Gqi e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb wf®²Zvi myZivs, H2S ‰i e®¬b ˆKvY ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ‰KB msKiY ‰es gyÚ
KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 ˆRvo BGjKUÇb ^vKv mGî½I H2O AGcÞv nËvm cvq| A
34 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
cÉk
² 128 n = 2 nGj, Y I Z ‰i ˆkl KÞcG^ BGjKUÇb webÅvm `uvovq
X, Y ‰es Z ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 1, 7 ‰es 8| h^vKÌGg 2p3 I 2p4 ZvnGj ‰G`i cƒYÆ BGjKUÇb webÅvm@
 wkLbdj: == [w`. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-3] Y  1s2 2s2 2p3
Z  1s2 2s2 2p4
K. pH ‰i msæv `vI| 1
L. H2O ‰KwU ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 A^Ævr, ˆgŒj Y I Z nGjv h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb I AwÝGRb| ‰G`i
nvBWÈvBW nGjv NH3 I H2O|
M. Z ‰i ˆPGq Y-‰i AvqwbKiY kwÚi gvb ˆewk ˆKb? 3
Avgiv Rvwb, DfqGÞGòB sp3 msKiY we`Ågvb| A^Ævr ‰G`i e®¬b
N. X I Y ‰es X I Z «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒGMi msKiY ‰KB
ˆKvGYi gvb 109.5 nIqvi K^v|
nGjI AvK‡wZ wf®²@weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
128 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 7N = 1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z

K ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi nvBGWÈvGRb AvqGbi (H+) ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi = 1s2 21 12 13 14 (sp3 msKiY)
FYvñK jMvwi`gGK H `ËeGYi pH eGj| A 8O = 1s 2
2s2
2p2x 2p1y 2p1z
L cvwbi AYy `ywU nvBGWÈvGRb I ‰KwU AwÝGRb cigvYyi mg¯¼Gq
= 1s2 21 22 13 14 (sp3 msKiY)
MwVZ| Avgiv Rvwb, O ‰i Zwor FYvñKZv H2 nGZ ˆewk| 1
1H = 1s
AwÝGRGbi Zwor FYvñKZv 3.5 ‰es nvBGWÈvGRGbi Zwor bvBGUÇvGRGbi 12, 13, 14 msKi AiweUvGji
mvG^ 3wU H ‰i 1s1
FYvñKZv 2.1| AwÝGRb AwaK Zwor FYvñK nIqvq e®¬Gbi
AiweUvGji mvgbvmvgwb Awaò×gGbi gvaÅGg Z^v wmMgv e®¬Gbi
ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇb wbGRi w`GK ˆUGb ˆbq| dGj O AvswkK FYvñK 

‰es H AvswkK abvñK nq| ‰GZ ˆhŒMwUi `ywU ˆcvj ŠZwi nq| gvaÅGg AÅvGgvwbqvi H  N  H AYy MwVZ nq ‰es ˆK±`Êxq N-
 I 
‰RbÅ H2O ‰KwU ˆcvjvi AYyGZ cwiYZ nq| A  H 
M DóxcGKi Y I Z «¼viv h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb (N) I AwÝGRb cigvYyi 21 AiweUvGj ‰KGRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb eZÆgvb ^vGK|
(O) ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| A Abyi…cfvGe, AwÝGRGbi 13 I 14 ‰i mvG^ 2wU H ‰i 1s1
MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji ‰K ˆgvj wewœQ®² wbiGcÞ cigvYy O
ˆ^GK ‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb mwiGq ‰GK MÅvmxq wewœQ®² ‰K ˆgvj AiweUvGji mvgbvmvgwb AwaKÌgGY cvwbi H H AYy
‰KK abvñK AvqGb cwiYZ KiGZ ˆh cwigvY kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq MwVZ nq ‰es ˆK±`Êxq O-cigvYyGZ 1 I 2 AiweUvGj ˆgvU `yB
2 2

ZvGK H ˆgŒGji AvqwbKiY wefe ejv nq| ˆRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMj eZÆgvb ^vGK|
‰KB chÆvGqi evg ˆ^GK Wvb w`GK ˆMGj ˆgvj mgƒGni AvqwbKiY 1 wbtmã
kwÚ e†w«¬ cvq| ˆKbbv ‰KB chÆvGq cvigvYweK msLÅv e†w«¬i mvG^ weKlÆY BGjKUÇb ˆRvo
ˆgŒGji AvKvi nËvm cvq ‰es meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb ‰i weKlÆY
Ici wbDwKÑqvGmi AvKlÆY e†w«¬ cvq| ZvB BGjKUÇb ZÅvM KiGZ e®¬b
BGjKUÇb H
AwaK cwigvY kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq| ‰ ˆgvZvGeK ˆgŒj wZbwUi ˆRvo 107 H
AvqwbKiY kwÚi KÌg nIqv DwPZ O > N| wK¯§ bvBGUÇvGRb ‰es H
AwÝGRGbi ˆÞGò wKQyUv eÅwZKÌg cwijwÞZ nq| NH3 AYy
AwÝGRb I bvBGUÇvGRGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm I AvqwbKiY kwÚ wbÁ²i…c:
1 1 1
N(7)  1s22s22px2py2pz ; Ei = 1402 kJ mol1
2 2 2 1 1 Avgiv Rvwb, cigvYyi AiweUvjmgƒn ciÕ·iGK weKlÆY KGi|
O(8)  1s 2s 2px2py2pz ; Ei = 1314 kJ mol1
VSEPR Zî½ Abyhvqx, AiweUvGji ‰B weKlÆY eGji KÌg nGœQ:
AwÝGRGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm nIqvq Zv
2 1 1
O(8) = 1s22s22px2py2pz
wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo  wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo > wbtmã
ˆ^GK ‰KwU BGjKUÇb AcmviY KiGj BGjKUÇb webÅvm `uvovq
BGjKUÇb ˆRvo  e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo > e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo  e®¬b
1s22s22px2py2pz| ‰KK abvñK PvRÆhyÚ AwÝGRb O+ AvqGbi
1 1 1

BGjKUÇb ˆRvo ev lp  lp > lp  bp > bp  bp wPGò, NH3 AYyi

BGjKUÇb webÅvGm AaÆcƒYÆ 2p AiweUvjmgƒn ^vKvq Zv ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe
MVGb 1 AiweUvGj ‰KGRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo Aci wZbwU
AwaKZi wÕ©wZkxj| dGj AwÝGRb-‰i cÉ^g AvqwbKiY kwÚ
e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvoGK weKlÆY KGi| ‰GÞGò HNH e®¬b ˆKvY
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg| AbÅw`GK, bvBGUÇvGRb cigvYyi BGjKUÇb webÅvm
10928 nGZ KGg 107 nq|
nGœQ N(7)1s22s22p1x2p1y2p1z, hv AaÆcƒYÆ wZbwU 2p AiweUvGji
Aciw`GK, H2O AYyi MVGb 1 1 weKlÆY 2 wbtmã
KviGY ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ˆewk wÕ©wZkxj| ‰wU ˆ^GK ‰KwU BGjKUÇb BGjKUÇb
I 2 `yB AiweUvGji `yB ˆRvov
AcmviY KiGj ‰ wÕ©wZkxjZv fã nq| dGj bvBGUÇvGRGbi wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo Aci weKlÆY weKlÆY
ˆRvo
AvqwbKiY kwÚ Õ¼vfvweK AGcÞv wKQy ˆewk nq| ‰ KviGY `yBwU e®¬b BGjKUÇbGRvoGK e®¬b
bvBGUÇvGRb AGcÞv AwÝGRGbi cvigvYweK msLÅv ˆewk nGjI weKlÆY KGi| `yB ˆRvov wbsmã H 104.5 H BGjKUÇb
bvBGUÇvGRGbi cÉ^g AvqwbKiY kwÚ AwÝGRGbi cÉ^g AvqwbKiY kwÚ ˆRvo
BGjKUÇbKZ‡ÆK ‰B weKlÆY eGji H2O AYy
AGcÞv ˆewk ‰es AwÝGRGbi AvqwbKiY kwÚ Kg nq| gvb NH3-AYyi ‰K ˆRvov
ZvB ˆgŒj `yBwUi AvqwbKiY kwÚi cÉK‡Z KÌg nGe, N > O| wbtmã BGjKUÇb KZ‡ÆK weKlÆY eGji gvGbi ˆ^GK ˆewk nq| ZvB
N DóxcGKi X, Y I Z «¼viv h^vKÌGg nvBGWÈvGRb (H), bvBGUÇvGRb HOH e®¬b ˆKvY AvGiv KGg 104.5 nq|
(N) I AwÝGRb (O) ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| X I Y «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒMwU dGj NH3 ‰i AvK‡wZ nq wcivwgWvj I H2O ‰i AvK‡wZ nq ˆKŒwYK|
NH3 ‰es X I Z «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒMwU H2O| A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 35
cÉk
² 129
 cÉk
² 130

A(H2O)
Õ¹zUbvâ 
D(H2Te) ˆgŒj BGjKUÇb webÅvm n-‰i gvb
C(H2Se) A ns2 np3 3
B ns2 np4 3
B(H2S)
A X ns1 3
 wkLbdj: == [Kz. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-3] Y (n  1)d10 ns1 4
K. fiwKÌqv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
L. 4d I 4f ‰i ˆKvbwUGZ BGjKUÇb AvGM cÉGek KGi I ˆKb? 2 A [A, B, X, Y ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji cÉZxK bq]
M. A I B ˆhŒGMi e®¬b ˆKvGYi wf®²Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3  wkLbdj: == [Kz. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-4]
N. A, B, C I D ˆhŒGMi Õ¹zUbvGâi KÌGgi KviY eÅvLÅv K. ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv Kx? 1
KGiv| 4 L. Cr ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg ˆKb? 2
129 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M. DóxcK AbymvGi XCl I YCl ˆhŒM«¼Gqi ˆKvbwUi cvwbGZ
K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq, wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq ˆh ˆKvb wewKÌqvi nvi H mgGq `ËeYxqZv ˆewk? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
DcwÕ©Z wewKÌqKàGjvi mwKÌq fGii (A^Ævr ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv ev N. DóxcGKi A ˆgŒGji 1g AvqwbKiY wefe B ˆgŒGji ˆPGq
AvswkK PvGci) mgvbycvwZK| A ˆewk nGjI 2q AvqwbKiY wefe Kg nIqvi KviY eÅvLÅv
L 4d I 4f ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUGZ BGjKUÇb AvGM cÉGek KiGe, Zv KGiv| 4
wbfÆi KGi ZvG`i kwÚi DcGi| 130 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
4d ‰i ˆÞGò, n + l = 4 + 2 = 6 K ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv: cigvYyi ˆKG±`Ê abvñK PvRÆevnx
4f ‰i ˆÞGò, n + l = 4 + 3 = 7 wbDwKÑqvm I KÞcG^ FYvñK PvRÆevnx BGjKUÇb ^vKvq cigvYyi
AvDdevD bxwZ AbymvGi, BGjKUÇb cÉ^Gg wbÁ²kwÚi AiweUvGj Afů¦Gi we`yÅr ˆÞò I Zvi cÉfvGe ˆPŒÁ¼KGÞò m†wÓ¡ nq|
cÉGek KGi| myZivs, 4d ˆZ BGjKUÇb AvGM cÉGek KiGe| A ˆPŒÁ¼KGÞGòi cÉfvGe BGjKUÇGbi KÞcG^i wògvwòK w`K webÅvm
M A I B ˆhŒM `ywU nGjv h^vKÌGg H2O I H2S| NGU| ‰ webÅvm cÉKiYmgƒn cÉKvk Kivi RbÅ ˆh ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv
H2O I H2S ‰i MVbKvGj sp3 msKivqb NGU| sp3 msKivqGb m†Ó¡
eÅen†Z nq, ZvGK ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv eGj|A
ˆhŒGM e®¬b ˆKvY 109.5 nGjI ˆhŒM«¼Gqi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyGZ `yBwU
gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb ^vKvi KviGY e®¬b ˆKvY KGg cvwbi AYyGZ L ˆKÌvwgqvGgi cvigvYweK msLÅv nGjv 24| BGjKUÇb webÅvGm ˆkl
104.5 nq| KviY, e®¬b ˆRvo-gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi weKlÆY, BGjKUÇb d AiweUvGj cÉGek KGi| Cr-‰i AvGMi ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb
e®¬b ˆRvo-e®¬b ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi weKlÆY AGcÞv ˆewk nq| dGj webÅvm,
e®¬b ˆKvY nËvm cvq| 1s22s22p6 3s23p63d3 4s2
‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj S ‰i ˆÞGòI H2S ˆhŒGM e®¬b ˆKvY ZvnGj wbqg Abyhvqx Cr ‰i 3d4 nIqvi K^v| wK¯§ Avgiv Rvwb ˆh,
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ˆewk nËvm cvq| KviY O ‰i ˆPGq S ‰i Zwor AaÆcYƒ Æ I cƒYÆ AiweUvjàGjv AwaK wÕ©wZkxj nq| ‰B wÕ©wZkxjZv
FYvñKZv Kg ‰es e®¬b BGjKUÇb hyMj ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi ARÆGbi jGÞÅ ZvB Cr BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi ˆÞGò 3d4 KbwdMvGikb
wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK `ƒGi mGi hvq eGj e®¬b hyMj-e®¬b hyMj weKlÆY bv nGq 3d5 nq I 4s KbwdMvGikb 4s1 nGq hvq|
nËvm cvq| ‰fvGe 24Cr  1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1
e®¬b BGjKUÇb hyMj
AviI KvQvKvwQ mGi ZvB, ˆKÌvwgqvg eÅwZKÌgagÆx BGjKUÇb webÅvm ˆ`Lvq|A
AvGm| dGj H2S ‰ O S M DóxcGK X I Y «¼viv h^vKÌGg ˆmvwWqvg (Na) I Kcvi (Cu)
e®¬b ˆKvY cvwbi H 104.5 H H 92.12 H ˆK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| myZivs XCl I YCl h^vKÌGg NaCl I CuCl|
e®¬b ˆKvY AGcÞv wPò: cvwb AYy wPò: H2S AYy CuCl ˆhŒGM AwaK ˆcvjvivqb nevi KviGY ‰wU NaCl ‰i ˆPGq
Kg (cÉvq 92) nq| cvwbGZ Kg `ËeYxq| ˆKvGbv AvqwbK ˆhŒGMi mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å
myZivs, H2S ‰i e®¬b ˆKvY ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ‰KB msKiY ‰es gyÚ cÉKvk cvq ˆcvjvivqb aGgÆi KviGY| hLb ˆKvGbv KÅvUvqb ‰KwU
ˆRvo BGjKUÇb ^vKv mGî½I H2O AGcÞv nËvm cvq| AÅvbvqGbi Lye wbKGU AvGm, ZLb wbDwKÑqvm Z^v mvgwMÉK abvñK
N DóxcGKi A, B, C I D ˆhŒMàGjvi Õ¹zUbvâ B ˆ^GK D chƯ¦ AÅvbvqGbi BGjKUÇb ˆgNGK wbGRi w`GK AvKlÆY KGi| AvqwbK
AvYweK fi e†w«¬i mvG^ e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| A ˆhŒMwU H2O ‰es ˆhŒGM AÅvbvqGbi BGjKUÇb ˆgNGK KÅvUvqb KZƆK wbGRi w`GK
AvYweK fi AbÅme ˆhŒGMi ˆPGq Kg| wK¯§ ‰i Õ¹zUbvâ meGPGq ˆUGb ˆbqvi ÞgZvGK KÅvUvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv eGj| A
ˆewk| ‰i KviY nGjv, H2O ˆhŒGM H-e®¬Gbi DcwÕ©wZ| Avevi,
B(H2S), C(H2Se), D(H2Te) ˆhŒMàGjvGZ H-cigvYy AwaK Zwor NaCl I CuCl ‰i ˆÞGò AÅvbvqb ‰KB ‰es KÅvUvqGbi PvRÆ
FYvñK cigvYyi mvG^ hyÚ bv nIqvq H-e®¬b mÁ¿e bq| ZvB Awf®²| wK¯§ Zv mGî½I CuCl ‰i ˆcvjvivqb, NaCl ‰i ˆPGq ˆewk
ZvG`i Õ¹zUbvâ H2O ‰i ˆPGq Kg| H2O AYyGZ H cigvYy nq| ‰i KviY Cu+ AvqGbi PvRÆ NbZ½ Na+ AvqGbi ˆPGq ˆewk|
AGcÞv O cigvYy AwaK Zwor FYvñK nIqvq WvBGcvj m†wÓ¡ nq ˆKbbv Cu+ AvqGbi AvKvi Na+ AvqGbi ˆPGq ˆQvU| dGj Cu+
‰es H-e®¬Gbi gvaÅGg ‰KwU H2O AYy AvGiKwU H2O AYyi mvG^ Avqb ˆKÑvwib AvqGbi BGjKUÇb ˆgNGK AwaK weK‡Z KiGZ cvGi
hyÚ ^vGK| dGj Av¯¦:AvYweK nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi gvaÅGg e†n`vKvi ‰es ˆcvjvivqb ˆewk nq|
(H2O)n AYy MVb KGi|

DcGivÚ KviGY NaCl, CuCl ‰i ˆPGq AvqwbK I cvwbGZ ˆewk
H  `ËeYxq|
O– H

H

–
O H

O–

H

O H
 N DóxcGKi A I B «¼viv h^vKÌGg dmdivm (P) I mvjdvi (S)
H
 
H

 ˆK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji ‰K ˆgvj
wewœQ®² cigvYy ˆ^GK ‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb mwiGq ‰GK MÅvmxq
36 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
wewœQ®² ‰K ˆgvj ‰KK abvñK AvqGb cwiYZ KiGZ ˆh cwigvY gvaÅGg AÅvGgvwbqvi H  N  H AYy MwVZ nq ‰es ˆK±`Êxq N-
kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq, ZvGK ˆmB ˆgŒGji AvqbxKiY kwÚ ev wefe ejv  I 
 H 
nq| ‰GK Ei «¼viv cÉKvk Kiv nq| Ei ‰i gvb me mgq abvñK| cigvYyi 1 AiweUvGj ‰KGRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb eZÆgvb ^vGK|
2

dmdivm (15P) I mvjdvi (16S) ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c@ Abyi…cfvGe, AwÝGRGbi 13 I 14 ‰i mvG^ 2wU H ‰i 1s1
15P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 O
2 2 6 2
16S 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
4
AiweUvGji mvgbvmvgwb AwaKÌgGY cvwbi H H AYy
cÉ^g AvqwbKiY wefGei ˆÞGò, dmdivm ˆ^GK ‰KwU BGjKUÇb MwVZ nq ‰es ˆK±`Êxq O-cigvYyGZ 1 I 2 AiweUvGj ˆgvU `yB
2 2

AcmviY Kivi RbÅ AwaK wÕ©wZkxj AaÆcƒYÆ P-AiweUvj fvOGZ nq| ˆRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMj eZÆgvb ^vGK|
‰GZ kwÚ ˆewk jvGM| wK¯§ 16S ˆ^GK ‰KwU BGjKUÇb AcmviGY 1 wbtmã
AaÆcƒYÆ AiweUvj ˆbB eGj kwÚ Kg jvGM| ‰RbÅ dmdivGmi cÉ^g weKlÆY BGjKUÇb
ˆRvo
AvqwbKiY kwÚ mvjdvi cÉ^g AvqwbKiY kwÚ ˆ^GK ˆewk| weKlÆY
e®¬b
w«¼Zxq AvqwbKiY kwÚi ˆÞGò, dmdivGmi 3p AiweUvj ˆ^GK
2
BGjKUÇb H 107 H
‰KwU BGjKUÇb AcmviY Kiv nq| ‰GZ kwÚ Kg jvGM| wK¯§ ˆRvo
mvjdvGii AwaK mywÕ©Z 3p3 AiweUvj ˆ^GK BGjKUÇb AcmviY H
NH3 AYy
KiGZ AwaK kwÚ jvGM| ZvB dmdivGmi w«¼Zxq AvqwbKiY kwÚ
mvjdvGii w«¼Zxq AvqwbKiY kwÚ nGZ Kg| Avgiv Rvwb, cigvYyi AiweUvjmgƒn ciÕ·iGK weKlÆY KGi|
cÉk
 ² 131 VSEPR Zî½ Abyhvqx, AiweUvGji ‰B weKlÆY eGji KÌg nGœQ:
O N
wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo  wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo > wbtmã
BGjKUÇb ˆRvo  e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo > e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo  e®¬b
H H H H H BGjKUÇb ˆRvo ev lp  lp > lp  bp > bp  bp wPGò, NH3 AYyi
wPò-1 wPò-2 MVGb 1 AiweUvGj ‰KGRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo Aci wZbwU
 wkLbdj: == [Kz. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-5] e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvoGK weKlÆY KGi| ‰GÞGò HNH e®¬b ˆKvY
K. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v Kx? 1 10928 nGZ KGg 107 nq|
L. F I Cl ‰i gGaÅ Kvi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆewk? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 Aciw`GK, H2O AYyi MVGb 1 1 weKlÆY 2 wbtmã
M. wPò-2 ‰ Kx aiGbi msKivqb NGU? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 I 2 `yB AiweUvGji `yB ˆRvov BGjKUÇ
N. Dfq wPGò ‰KB msKivqb nGjI e®¬b ˆKvY wf®² wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo Aci b ˆRvo
wf®²@weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 `yBwU e®¬b BGjKUÇbGRvoGK weKlÆ Y weKlÆ Y
131 bs cÉGk²i Dîi e®¬b
weKlÆY KGi| `yB ˆRvov wbsmã H 104.5 H BGjKUÇb
K ivmvqwbK DfgyLx wewKÌqvq hLb mÁÃyL wewKÌqvi ˆeM ‰es cøvr BGjKUÇbKZ‡ÆK ‰B weKlÆY eGji ˆRvo
wewKÌqvi ˆeM mgvb nq ZLb ˆmB AeÕ©vGK ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v eGj| gvb NH3-AYyi ‰K ˆRvov H2O AYy
L mvaviYZ MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ˆKvb ˆgŒGji ‰K ˆgvj wewœQ®² wbtmã BGjKUÇb KZ‡ÆK weKlÆY eGji gvGbi ˆ^GK ˆewk nq| ZvB
cigvYy cÉGZÅGK 1 ˆgvj BGjKUÇGbi mvG^ hyÚ nGq MÅvmxq wewœQ®² HOH e®¬b ˆKvY AvGiv KGg 104.5 nq|
‰K ˆgvj ‰KK FYvñK PvRÆhyÚ Avqb m†wÓ¡ KiGZ ˆh cwigvY kwÚ dGj NH3 ‰i AvK‡wZ nq wcivwgWvj I H2O ‰i AvK‡wZ nq ˆKŒwYK|
wbMÆZ nq ZvGK ˆm ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ eGj| F AGcÞv Cl
‰i BGjKUÇGbi AvKvi eo nIqvq, `ƒiZ½ e†w«¬RwbZ KviGY F  cÉk
² 132
AGcÞv Cl ‰i cigvYyi w`GK AvMgbKvix BGjKUÇGbi Dci MÉ‚c 17
wbDwKÑqvGmi AvKlÆY Kg nIqvi K^v| ZGe F ‰i AvKvi AGbK chÆvq
Þz`Ë nIqvq ‰es ‰Z Þz`Ë cwimGi mvZwU BGjKUÇb ^vKvq
2 A
AvMgbKvix bZzb BGjKUÇGbi Dci ˆkl kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbmgƒGni
weKlÆGYi KviGY Cl AGcÞv F ‰i BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ Kg nq| A 3 B
4 C
M 127(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| 5 D
N A^Ævr, ˆgŒj Y I Z nGjv h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb I AwÝGRb|  wkLbdj: == [P. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-1]
‰G`i nvBWÈvBW nGjv NH3 I H2O| K. AvqwbKiY kwÚ KvGK eGj? 1
Avgiv Rvwb, DfqGÞGòB sp3 msKiY we`Ågvb| A^Ævr ‰G`i e®¬b L. AaÆcYƒ Æ 'p' AiweUvj AwaK wÕ©wZkxj ˆKb? 2
ˆKvGYi gvb 109.5 nIqvi K^v| M. NB3 ˆhŒMwUi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi AiweUvGji msKiY eÅvLÅv
7N = 1s
2
2s2 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z KGiv| 3
= 1s 1 2 3 4 (sp msKiY)
2 2 1 1 1 3 N. DóxcGKi ˆgŒjàGjvi Zwor FYvñKZvi KÌ Ggi mvG^
BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi KÌGgi eÅwZKÌg weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
8O = 1s
2
2s2 2p2x 2p1y 2p1z 131 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
= 1s2 21 22 13 14 (sp3 msKiY) K MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji ‰K ˆgvj wewœQ®² cigvYy ˆ^GK
1
1H = 1s ‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb mwiGq MÅvmxq wewœQ®² ‰K ˆgvj ‰KK abvñK
bvBGUÇvGRGbi 12, 13, 14 msKi AiweUvGji mvG^ 3wU H ‰i 1s1 AvqGb cwiYZ KiGZ ˆh cwigvY kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq, ZvGK ˆmB
AiweUvGji mvgbvmvgwb Awaò×gGbi gvaÅGg Z^v wmMgv e®¬Gbi ˆgŒGji AvqwbKiY kwÚ eGj| A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 37
L AiweUvGji wÕ©wZkxjZv cƒYÆZv I AaÆcYƒ ÆZvq AwaK nq| KviY, wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK ˆewk| dGj `ƒieZÆx H BGjKUÇGbi cÉwZ
`ywU ˆÞGòB mgkwÚ mÁ·®² AiweUvjàGjv BGjKUÇb «¼viv mgvbfvGe wbDwKÑqvGmi AvKlÆY Kg| A^Ævr, bevMZ BGjKUÇbwUGK aGi ivLvi
cƒYÆ nq| ‰GK eGj wmGgwUÇK wWwÕ¡ÈweDkb| BGjKUÇb «¼viv cÉeYZv ZZ Kg nGe| MÉ‚c-17 ‰i ˆgŒjàGjvGK BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ
Symmetrically distributed AiweUvGj wewbgq kwÚi dGj AbymvGi ‰fvGe mvRvGbv hvq@ Cl > F > Br > I
wÕ©wZkxjZv evGo| Symmetrical distribution `yBfvGe nq 17 MÉG‚ ci ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi KÌGg ‰KwU eÅwZKÌg jÞÅ Kiv
@ @ @ L L L hvq| Zv nGœQ ˆdÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆKÑvwib AGcÞv Kg|
p3 p6 KviY ˆdÑvwiGbi AvKvi ˆQvU| ˆdÑvwib ‰i 2q kwÚÕ¦Gi 7wU
‰RbÅ, AaÆcƒYÆ 'p' AiweUvj AwaK wÕ©wZkxj nq| BGjKUÇb ^vKvq BGjKUÇb NbZ½ Lye ˆewk| myZivs AbÅ BGjKUÇbGK
AvKlÆY KiGZ nGj ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi AvmwÚ KGg hvq|
M DóxcGKi B «¼viv ˆKÑvwib (Cl) ˆgŒjGK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| AbÅw`GK ˆKÑvwib 3q chÆvGqi ˆgŒj eGj ‰i AvKvi eo| dGj 3q
myZivs NB3 ˆhŒMwU nj NCl3| NCl3 ˆhŒGMi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy N ‰i kwÚÕ¦Gi 7wU BGjKUÇb AeÕ©vb Kivq ZvG`i gGaÅ ˆZgb weKlÆY
msKiY eÅvLÅv Kiv nj| nq bv| AbÅ BGjKUÇbGK Bnv mnGRB AvKlÆY KiGZ cvGi| ZvB
NCl3 ˆhŒGM ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy N ‰i sp3 msKiY NGU| cGi wZbwU ˆKÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆdÑvwib AGcÞv ˆewk|
ˆKÑvwib cigvYyi wZbwU 3px1 AiweUvGji mvG^ N ‰i wZbwU sp3
AiweUvGji AwaKÌgGYi dGj wòGKvYxq wcivwgWxq RÅvwgwZK ‰ KviGYB MÉ‚c-17 ‰i ˆgŒjmgƒGni BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ‰es Zwor
AvK‡wZ wewkÓ¡ NCl3 AYy MwVZ nq| ‰GÞGò ‰KwU sp3 AiweUvj FYvñKZvi KÌGgi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ cwijwÞZ nq|
AwaKÌgGY Ask ˆbq bv| cÉk
 ² 133 `yBRb wkÞv^Æx X ‰es Y h^vKÌGg H2O ‰es H2S
N(7) : 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 welqeÕ§i Dci ZvG`i cieZÆx KÑvGm ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ˆ`Iqvi K^v| ZvB
N(sp3 msKwiZ) : 1s2 211 221 231 241 Zviv `yRb ZvG`i wbw`ÆÓ¡ welqeÕ§i Dci cÉÕ§wZ wbGœQ| A
Y Y  wkLbdj: == [P. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-5]
Z K. jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1
X X L. cÉ k g Rjxq `Ë e GYi pH gvb 7  ˆKb? 2
M. wkÞv^Æx X ‰i welq mswkÏÓ¡ ˆhŒMwUi e®¬b ˆKvGYi Dci
Z gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇGbi cÉfve eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
2s msKwiZ AiweUvj
2p N. DóxcGKi AvGjvPÅ ˆhŒM `y GUvi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v ‰KB bv
wf®² weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
133 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆKvGbv wewKÌqv mvgÅveÕ©vq ^vKvKvGj hw` ‰KwU wbqvgK
Cl Cl Cl Cl (ˆhgb- Zvcgvòv, Nbgvòv I Pvc) cwieZÆb Kiv nq ZGe mvGgÅi
Cl
Cl AeÕ©vb ‰gbfvGe cwieZÆb nGe ˆhb wbqvgK cwieZÆGbi djvdj
wPò : NCl3 AYyi MVb cÉkwgZ nq|A
N DóxcGK 17bs MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒjmgƒn ˆ`Iqv iGqGQ| myZivs A, B,  L cÉkg Rjxq `ËeGYi H+ I OH AvqGbi Nbgvòv ‰KB| Zv
C, D ˆgŒjmgƒn h^vKÌGg ˆdÑvwib (F), ˆKÑvwib (Cl), ˆeËvwgb (Br) ‰es
wbGÁ²vÚ mgxKiGYi mvnvGhÅ cÉKvk Kiv hvq A
AvGqvwWb (I)| [H+] [OH] = 1014
+ + 14
ˆKvb AYyGZ AewÕ©Z `ywU cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇb [H+] [H ] 7= 10
hyMjGK ‰KwU cigvYyi ZzjbvgƒjK wbGRi w`GK AvKlÆY Kivi [H ] = 10
ÞgZvGK Zwor FYvñKZv eGj|  log[H+] =  log 107
pH = 7
chÆvq mviwYi ˆhGKvGbv MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒjàGjvi Zwor FYvñKZv Dci
nGZ wbGPi w`GK KÌgk KgGZ ^vGK| ˆhgb@ MÉ‚c 17 ‰i M DóxcK AbymvGi X ˆhŒMwU H2O| H2O ‰i e®¬b ˆKvY 104.5|

ˆgŒjàGjvGK Zwor FYvñKZv AbymvGi ‰fvGe mvRvGbv hvq@ H2O ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy AwÝGRGbi ˆhvMÅZv Õ¦Gii 6wUi gGaÅ `ywU
F > Cl > Br > I Ahy Mj BGjKUÇGbi mGã 2wU 'H' cigvYyi 1wU KGi BGjKUÇb ˆkqvi
4 > 3 > 2.8 > 2.5 «¼ v iv H2O AYy MwVZ nq|
KÌgvMZ wbGPi w`GKi ˆgŒjàGjvi Zwor FYvñKZv nËvm cvIqvi 8O
2
– 1s2 2s2 2px 2pz
1    H
O
 
O H
cÉavb KviY ‰B ˆh, ‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒjàGjvi DcGii ˆgŒj AGcÞv 
H
wbGPi ˆgŒjwUi cvigvYweK msLÅv AwaK nIqvi RbÅ BGjKUÇb sp3 msKiY H

msLÅvI ˆewk| ZvB ewaÆZ BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ bZzb kwÚÕ¦i ^vGK| ‰B dGj AwÝGRb cigvYyi ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gi 2 ˆRvov BGjKUÇb e®¬b
bZzb kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi `ƒiZ½ wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK `ƒGi ^vKvq MVGb AskMÉnY Kivq AewkÓ¡ 2 ˆRvov gyÚ BGjKUÇb ^vGK| ˆgvU 4
wbDwKÑqvGmi AvKlÆY nËvm cvq| A ˆRvov BGjKUÇb VSEPR bxwZ AbymvGi wògvwòKfvGe webÅÕ¦ KGi
AbÅw`GK, Amxg `ƒiZ½ nGZ MÅvmxq I wewœQ®² AeÕ©vq 1 ˆgvj H2O AYy ‰KwU mÁ¿veÅ PZzlZ & jKxq AvK‡wZ jvf Kivi K^v| wK¯§
cigvYyi meÆewntÕ© Õ¦Gi 1 ˆgvj BGjKUÇb Õ©vcb KiGj ˆh cwigvY `y’ˆRvov gyÚ BGjKUÇb ^vKvq Amg weKlÆGYi KviGY AvK‡wZwU
kwÚ wbMÆZ nq, ZvB nGœQ H ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ| weK‡Z nGq hvq ‰es P„ov¯¦fvGe V-AvK‡wZ jvf KGi| A
chÆvq mviwYi ‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒjàGjvi RbÅ BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ Dci . ..
.O ..O. .
nGZ wbGPi w`GK KÌgk KgGZ ^vGK| MÉ‚Gci wbGPi w`GK BGjKUÇb
AvmwÚ KGg hvIqvi cÉavb KviY wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK meÆewntÕ© H H H 104.5 H
kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi `ƒiZ½ ˆeGo hvIqv| ‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒjàGjvi
Dci ˆ^GK wbGPi w`GK bZzb bZzb kwÚÕ¦i ^vGK hvi `ƒiZ½ H2O AYyi P„ov¯¦ AvK‡wZ (V-AvK‡wZ)
38 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
gyÚ ˆRvo-e®¬bxi ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi weKlÆGYi KviGY H–O–H 135 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
e®¬b ˆKvY PZzlZ & jKxq ˆKvb 10928 AGcÞv nËvm cvq ‰es K cigvYyGZ we`Ågvb BGjKUÇbàGjv cÉ^Gg wbÁ²Zg kwÚÕ¦Gii
P„ov¯¦fvGe 104.5 ˆKvY nq| AiweUvj cƒYÆ KiGe ‰es cGi KÌgv®¼Gq DœPZi kwÚÕ¦Gii AiweUvj
N eBGqi AaÅvq-3 ‰i 125(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| cƒYÆ KiGe| ‰UvB AvDdevD bxwZ| A
cÉk
 ² 134 DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI: L Al(OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 3.7  10–15 ejGZ eySvq wÕ©i
A Zvcgvòvi Al(OH)3 ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY Al3+ Avqb I OH– AvqGbi
ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi h^vh^ NvZmn àYdj 3.7  10–15| A^Ævr,
Zwor FYvñKZv 

Al(OH)3 HooooI Al3+ + 3 OH–

Q
[Al3+]  [OH–]3 = 3.7  10–15 A
L T
M
A M 131(M)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|

N 131(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|

1 7 8 9 16 cÉk
² 136

 cvigvYweK msLÅv
 wkLbdj: == [wm. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-1] ˆkÉwY 14 16 17
K. ˆbvW KvGK eGj? 1 chÆvq
2 X Z
L. CH4 ‰KwU AGcvjvi AYy eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 3 Y W
M. DóxcGKi L I M ˆgŒj «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒGMi ˆK±`Êxq (cÉPwjZ AG^Æ X, Y, Z ‰es W ˆgŒGji mvaviY cÉZxK bq) A
cigvYyi msKivqb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3  wkLbdj: == [h. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-4]
N. DóxcGKi M I T ‰es M I A ˆgŒj «¼viv MwVZ K. ˆcvjvivqb Kx? 1
ˆhŒM«¼Gqi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v ‰KB nGe wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L. He ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm cwji eRÆbbxwZ ˆgGb PGjeÅvLÅv
134 bs cÉGk²i Dîi KGiv| 2
K wbDwKÑqvGmi Pviw`GK ˆh wbw`ÆÓ¡ wògvwòK Õ©vGb ˆKvb BGjKUÇb M. Õ¼vfvweK AeÕ©vq DóxcGKi XZ2 ‰es YZ2 ‰i ˆfŒZ
cvIqvi mÁ¿veÅZv kƒbÅ ZvGK ˆbvW eGj|A AeÕ©v wf®² eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi XW4 ‰es YW4 ˆhŒGMi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU Av`ËÆ
L mgGhvRx AYyGZ `ywU cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇbhyMjGK weGkÏwlZ nGe, ˆhŒwÚK eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
wbGRi w`GK ˆUGb Avbvi ÞgZvGK ˆcvjvwiwU eGj| AwaK 136 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆcvjvwiwUi KviGY BGjKUÇbàGjv ˆKvGbv ‰KwU cigvYyi KvGQ PGj
K ˆKvGbv AvqwbK ˆhŒGMi KÅvUvqb KZ‡ÆK AÅvbvqGbi BGjKUÇb
hvq| ZLb AvswkK abvñK I AvswkK FYvñK cÉv¯¦ m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰ ˆgGNi weK‡wZGK ˆcvjvivqb eGj|A
AeÕ©vq ˆhŒMwUGK ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM eGj| wgG^Gbi Pviw`GK PviwU
L cwji eRÆbbxwZ AbymvGi, “cigvYyi ˆKvb ‰KwU AiweUvGji
nvBGWÈvGRb ^vKvi KviGY ‰es C I H ‰i Zwor FYvñKZvi ˆhGKvb `ywU BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb KLGbv
cv^ÆKÅ Kg ^vKvi KviGY ˆKvGbv AvswkK abvñK ev FYvñK cÉvG¯¦i ‰KB nGe bv|” He(2) ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv
m†wÓ¡ nq bv| ZvB CH4 AGcvjvi| A
He (2)  1s2
M DóxcGKi L I M «¼viv h^vKÌGg nvBGWÈvGRb (H) I bvBGUÇvGRb 1
‰LvGb, n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s =  2
(N) ˆK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| nvBGWÈvGRb (H) I bvBGUÇvGRb (N) «¼viv
MwVZ ˆhŒMwU nGjv AÅvGgvwbqv (NH3)| A n, l, m ‰i gvb ‰KB nGjI s ‰i gvb wf®²| ZvB, He(2) ‰i
BGjKUÇb webÅvm cwji eRÆbbxwZ ˆgGb PGj|
AewkÓ¡ Ask 28(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
M eBGqi AaÅvq-3 ‰i 2(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
N DóxcGKi M, T I A «¼viv h^vKÌGg nvBGWÈvGRb (H), AwÝGRb
(O) I mvjdvi (S) ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| myZivs M I T «¼viv MwVZ
N eBGqi AaÅvq-3 ‰i 2(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
ˆhŒMwU H2O ‰es M I A «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒMwU H2S| H2O ˆZ H- cÉk
 ² 137
e®¬b DcwÕ©Z ^vKvq Õ¼vfvweK Zvcgvòvq H2O ‰es H2S ‰i ˆfŒZ
B(17)
AeÕ©v ‰KB nGebv| A
BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ

350
AewkÓ¡ Ask 125(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
A(9)
cÉk
 ² 135 C(35)
O N 300 D(53)
H H H HH
wPò-1 wPò-2 cvigvYweK msLÅv
[A, B, C ‰es D cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq]
 wkLbdj: == [h. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-3]
 wkLbdj: == [e. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-7]
K. AvDdevD bxwZ Kx? 1 K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b Kx? A 1
L. Al(OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 3.7  1015  K^vwUi A^Æ L. mvaviY Zvcgvòvq F2 MÅvm wK¯§ I2 KwVb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 M. C I D ‰i nvBWÈvwmWmgƒGni AvGcwÞK ZxeËZv eÅvLÅv
M. wPò-2 ‰ Kx aiGbi msKivqb NGU? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 KGiv| 3
N. Dfq wPGò ‰KB msKivqb nGjI e®¬b ˆKvY wf®² nq, N. A I B ˆgŒj«¼Gqi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi gvGbi ZviZGgÅi
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 KviY hywÚmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 39
137 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Þz`Ë cwimGi mvZwU BGjKUÇb ^vKvq ZvGZ BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi NbZ½
K nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy hyÚ `ywU ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx AYy ciÕ·Gii ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe AGbK ˆewk| dGj AvMgbKvix BGjKUÇGbi cÉwZ
wbKUeZxÆ nGj, ‰KwU AYyi AvswkK abvñK H+ cÉvG¯¦i mvG^ Aci w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbmgƒGni cviÕ·wiK weKlÆY ˆewk nIqvq
AYyi FYvñK cÉvG¯¦i `yeÆj AvKlÆYx ej «¼viv m†Ó¡ e®¬bGK mvgwMÉKfvGe ˆdÑvwiGbi AvmwÚi gvb Kg nq|
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b eGj| A Aciw`GK, ˆKÑvwiGbi Z‡Zxq kwÚÕ¦i eo nIqvq ‰GZ ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii
L AYyi AvKvi hZ eo nq, AYyGZ BGjKUÇGbi msLÅv ZZ ˆewk nq mvZwU BGjKUÇb mnGR Õ©vb KGi ˆbq| BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi NbZ½ nËvm
A^Ævr BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi PvRÆ NbZ½ ZZ ˆewk nq| ‰ KviGY AYyi AvKvi cvIqvq BGjKUÇb-BGjKUÇb weKlÆY Kg nq| ‰GZ AvMgbKvix
e†w«¬i mGã mGã fÅv´£vi Iqvjm AvKlÆY ejI e†w«¬ cvq| dGj BGjKUÇb mnGR ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gi cÉGek KiGZ cvGi| dGj ˆKÑvwiGbi
c`vG^Æi Õ¹zUbvâ KÌgv®¼Gq evGo| ˆhgb@ AYyi AvKvi KÌgv®¼Gq e†w«¬ BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi gvb ˆdÑvwiGbi ˆPGq ˆewk nq|
cvq eGj ˆdÑvwiGbi ˆPGq ˆKÑvwib, Zvi ˆPGq ˆeËvwgb I ZviI ˆPGq cÉk
² 138

AvGqvwWGbi Õ¹zUbvâ ˆewk| ‰RbÅ F2 MÅvmxq nGjI I2 KwVb c`v^Æ|
ˆgŒj ewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm n ‰i gvb
M DóxcGKi C I D ˆgŒj `ywU h^vKÌGg Br I I| Br I I ‰i P (n–1)d6ns2
nvBWÈvBWmgƒn h^vKÌGg HBr I HI| HBr I HI nGjv nvBWÈvwmW| Q (n–1)d10ns1 4
DóxcGKi P, Q I R «¼viv h^vKÌGg ˆdÑvwib (F), ˆKÑvwib (Cl) I R (n–1)d10ns2
ˆeËwgb (Br) ˆK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| ‰G`i «¼viv MwVZ nvBWÈvwmWàGjv [P, Q I R ˆgŒGji cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq]
nj HF, HCl I HBr| A  wkLbdj: 1 I 2 [Xv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-5]
nvBGWÈvnÅvwjK ‰wmW (HX) nj PviwU ˆhgb, HF (aq), HCl (aq), K. Zwor FYvñKZvi msæv `vI| 1
HBr (aq) I HI (aq)| ZvG`i e®¬b weGhvRb ‰b&^vjwc I weGqvRb L. üGíi bxwZ Abyhvqx dmdivGmi BGjKUÇb webÅvm eÅvLÅv
aË‚eK pKa ‰i gvb nGjv wbÁ²i…c: KGiv| 2
e®¬b weGhvRb ‰b&^vjwc (Hd)  M. 'P' ˆgŒjwU wewf®² RviY AeÕ©v cÉ`kÆb KGi ˆKb? eÅvLÅv
HF (+560) > HCl (+430) > HBr (+370) > HI (+300)
KGiv| 3
‰wmGWi weGqvRb aËe‚ K pKa 
HF (3.25) > HCl (7.4) > HBr (9.5) > HI (10) N. Q I R ˆgŒj«¼Gqi ˆKÑvivBW ˆhŒMmgƒGni eGYÆi wf®²Zvi
Rjxq `ËeGY HX mgƒGni AÁÏaGgÆi ZxeËZv HX ‰i e®¬b weGhvRb KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
‰b^vjwc I ZvG`i weGqvRb aË‚eGKi gvGbi Ici wbfÆi KGi| e®¬b 138 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
weGhvRb ‰b&^vjwc I ‰wmGWi weGqvRb aË‚eK pKa ‰i gvb hZ Kg K ˆKvb mgGhvRx ˆhŒGMi AYyGZ DcwÕ©Z `ywU wf®² ˆgŒGji
nGe H HX ‰wmGWi Rjxq `ËeGY ˆcÉvUb cÉ`vb ÞgZv ZZ evoGe cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇb hyMjGK ‰KwU ˆgŒGji cigvYy
A^Ævr ‰wmGWi AÁÏaGgÆi ZxeËZv ZZ e†w«¬ cvq| KZƆK wbGRi w`GK AwaK AvKlÆY Kivi ZzjbvgƒjK ÞgZvGK ˆmB
A^Ævr HX ‰wmWmgƒGni ZxeËZvi KÌg nGjv: ˆgŒGji Zwor FYvñKZv eGj|
HI > HBr > HCl > HF
DGÍÏLÅ, e®¬b weGhvRb ‰b&^vjwc I ‰wmGWi weGqvRb aË‚eK pKa L mgkwÚmÁ·®² AiweUvGj BGjKUÇbmgƒn ‰gbfvGe cÉGek
‰i gvb ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq HI nj ‰KwU ZxeË ‰wmW ‰es HX KGi ˆhb Zviv mGeÆvœP Ahy™Â AeÕ©vq ^vKGZ cvGi ‰es
‰wmWmgƒGni gGaÅ ZxeËZg| DcwiDÚ Dfq aGgÆi gƒGj iGqGQ ZvG`i wÕ·b ‰KBgyLx nq|
nÅvGjvGRb cigvYymgƒGni AvKvGii cÉfve| ˆdÑvwib cigvYyi AvKvi üGíi bxwZ AbymvGi dmdivm (P) ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm:
meGPGq ˆQvU ‰es ˆKÑvwib I ˆeËvwgb cigvYyi AvKvGii ˆPGq 15
P  1s2 2s2 2p6 @E @ @ @
AvGqvwWb cigvYyi AvKvi AGbK eo| ‰RbÅ H  F, H  Cl, H  Br
3s 3p
e®¬Gbi Zzjbvq H  I e®¬Gbi BGjKUÇb hyMGji Ici AvGqvwWb
cigvYyi wbDwKÑqvGmi AvKlÆY ev Uvb Kg ^vGK| ZvB HI ‰i ˆejvq ‰wUB üí bxwZ AbymvGi 15P‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm|
‰ e®¬b mnGR ˆfGO cvwbGZ H+ Z^v H3O+ Drc®² nq| M P ˆgŒjwUi meÆGkl Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm 3d6 4s2| myZivs, P
N DóxcGK A I B «¼viv h^vKÌGg ˆdÑvwib (F) I ˆKÑvwib (Cl) ˆgŒjwU nGœQ Avqib (Fe)| Fe-‰i cwieZÆbkxj Rvib AeÕ©v
ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| cÉ`kÆGbi KviY wbGÁ² eÅvLÅv Kiv nj
DóxcGKi Z I Q nj h^vKÌGg ˆdÑvwib (F) I ˆKÑvwib (Cl)| Fe-‰i cwieZÆbkxj RviY AeÕ©v cÉ`kÆGbi cÉavb KviY Fe
MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ˆKvb ˆgŒGji ‰K ˆgvj wewœQ®² cigvYyi mvG^ ‰K ˆgvj cigvYyi ewntÕ©Õ¦Gi AvswkKfvGecƒYÆ d-AiweUvGji DcwÕ©wZ|
BGjKUÇb hyÚ KGi ‰K ˆgvj ‰KK FYvñK PvRÆhyÚ Avqb m†wÓ¡ KiGZ ˆh ewntÕ©Õ¦i d-AiweUvj ^vKvq cigvYyi BGjKUÇbhyMj ˆfGO wMGq
cwigvY kwÚ wbMÆZ nq ZvGK ˆmB ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ eGj| wf®² msLÅK AhyMj BGjKUÇb m†wÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi| dGj wewf®² ˆgŒGji
chÆvq mviwYGZ ‰KB MÉ‚Gc hZB Dci nGZ wbGPi w`GK hvIqv hvq mvG^ msGhvGMi mÁ¿veÅZv m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰ Qvov AeÕ©v¯¦i avZz mgƒGni
ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ZZB KGg| wK¯§, ‰B wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg 4d ‰es 4s Dfq AiweUvGji kwÚ gvb Lye KvQvKvwQ| ZvB ˆKvGbv
nGjv ˆKÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆdÑvwib AGcÞv ˆewk| ‰KwU AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒGji cigvYyi ewntÕ© 4s2 AiweUvGji `ywU
‰i KviY ˆdÑvwib cigvYyi Þz`Ë AvKvi| F I Cl ˆgŒj `yBwUi BGjKUÇb AcmviGYi ci ciewZÆ 3d AiweUvj nGZ wewf®² mgGq
BGjKUÇb webÅvm wewf®² msLÅK BGjKUÇb ZÅvM KGi cÉvq mgvb Õ©vwqGZ½i ‰KvwaK
F(9)  1s2 2s2 2p5 Avqb MVb KiGZ cvGi| ‰ RbÅ Fe cwieZÆbkxj ˆhvRÅZv cÉ`kÆb
KGi|
Cl(17)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
26Fe– 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d64s2
ˆdÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦i nj w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦i| 3d n+l ‰i gvb = 3 + 2 = 5 
Z‡Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gii Zzjbvq w«¼Zxq kwÚ Õ¦Gii AvKvi ˆQvU nIqvq ‰es 4s n + l ‰i gvb = 4 + 0 = 4 kwÚi gvb Lye KvQvKvwQ|
40 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
ˆhgb: i. 2Fe + O2  2FeO ; [RviY gvb + 2] L avZe jeYmgƒn Aby«¼vqx ev Kg D«¼vqx| wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl
1
ii. Fe + H2O + O2  Fe(OH)2 eÅenvi KiGj avZe jeYmgƒn Mvp HCl ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi avZe
2
4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2  2Fe2O3.3H2O ; [RviY gvb + 3] ˆKÑvivBW jeGY cwiYZ nq| avZe ˆKÑvivBW jeY ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe
N ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, AwaK D«¼vqx| ‰B jeYGK eybGmb evbÆvGii RviY wkLvq aiGj
Q2+ AvqGbi meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm 3d9| A mnGRB evGÓ· cwiYZ nq| evÓ·xf„Z AeÕ©vq avZe KÅvUvqb
Q2+ ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv wbKUÕ© AÅvbvqb ˆ^GK BGjKUÇb MÉnY KGi wewœQ®² avZe cigvYyGZ
2+ 2 2 6 2 6 9 0
Q  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s cwiYZ nq| cGi ‰B avZe cigvYy wkLv ˆ^GK wbw`ÆÓ¡ Ziã‹`GNÆÅi
ZvB ˆgŒjwU nGjv (Cu)|
AvGjv ˆkvlY KGi DGîwRZ nq| Avevi ‰B DGîwRZ cigvYy kwÚ
Avevi, R2+ AvqGbi ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm 3d10| R2+ ‰i
wewKiY KGi wkLvq weGkl eYÆ m†wÓ¡ KGi cƒeÆveÕ©vq wdGi AvGm|
BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv
R2+  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s0 ZvB ˆgŒjwU nGjv (Zn)| ‰RbÅ wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq|
AeÕ©v¯¦i avZzi AwaKvsk ˆhŒM ‰es ZvG`i AvqGbi `ËeYmgƒn M DóxcGKi Z ˆgŒGji cvigvbweK fi 24| myZivs ˆgŒjwU nGjv

iwOb| AeÕ©v¯¦i avZz I AvqGb AcƒYÆ d AiweUvj ^vGK eGjB ‰iv ˆKÌvwgqvg KviY ˆKÌvwgqvGgi cvigvYweK fi 24| ˆKÌvwgqvg RwUj
iwOb nq|
ˆhŒM MVb KGi KviY ‰KwU AeÕ©v¯¦i avZz| mvaviYZ AeÕ©v¯¦i
AeÕ©v¯¦i avZzi cigvYyi ewnÕ¦Gii d AiweUvjmgƒGni kwÚ mgvb|
‰GK wWGRvbvGiU AeÕ©v eGj| wK¯§ ˆhŒM MVGbi mgq AbÅ avZzi cigvYy ev AvqbB RwUj ˆhŒM MVGb ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy wnGmGe
cigvYyi AiweUvGji mGã AeÕ©v¯¦i avZe AvqGbi d AiweUvGji Ask ˆbq|
AwaKÌgY NUvq d AiweUvjmgƒGni gGaÅ kwÚi wKQyUv cv^ÆKÅ m†wÓ¡ AeÕ©v¯¦i Cr RwUj ˆhŒM MVGbi KviY: AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj (Cr) ‰i
nq (bb-wWGRbvGiU AeÕ©v)| myZivs ˆhŒGMi `ËeGY AvGjv coGj d
wewf®² RviY Õ¦Gi ˆh RwUj ˆhŒM MVGbi cÉeYZv ˆ`Lvq Zvi cÉavb
BGjKUÇb `†kÅgvb AçGji AvGjv ˆkvlY KGi KvQvKvwQ kwÚi Aci
d AiweUvGj Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| ˆh eGYÆi AvGjv ˆkvlY KGi Zvi wZbwU KviY nGjv A
mÁ·ƒiK eGYÆi AvGjv `†kÅgvb nq| dGj AeÕ©v¯¦i avZzi AvqGbi 1. AeÕ©v¯¦i Cr3+ AvqGbi AvKvi Þz`Ë|
`ËeYwU H wbw`ÆÓ¡ eGYÆi nq| Zn2+ AvqGb mywÕ©Z d10 KbwdMvGikb 2. Cr AvqGbi DœP Zwor Avavb (‰B `yB KviGY avZe
^vKvq BGjKUÇGbi ˆKvb d-d Õ©vbv¯¦i mÁ¿e bq| ‰RbÅ wRsK AvqbàGjvi c†Ó¤G`Gk abvñK Avavb NbGZ½i gvb ˆewk nq ‰es
jeYmgƒn eYÆnxb| wK¯§ Cu2+ AvqGb AcƒYÆ d AiweUvj AvGQ| ‰RbÅ
djÕ¼i…c BGjKUÇb ˆRvo cÉ`vbKvix wjMÅv´£àGjv avZe Avqb
wKDwcÉK jeYàGjv iwOb|
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ ‰ Cu2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 «¼viv mnGR AvK‡Ó¡ nq|)
3. Cr3+ AvqGbi ˆhvRÅZv AiweUvGj DchyÚ kwÚwewkÓ¡ ‰K ev
L@
L L L L @ wjMÅv´£ wdΣ d-d Õ©vbv¯¦i ‰KvwaK duvKv d AiweUvj ^vKvq wjMÅv´£ ˆ^GK BGjKUÇb
9
3d L LL ˆRvo MÉnY KGi avZe Avqb I wjMÅvG´£i gGaÅ mw®²Gek
wWGRbvGiU AeÕ©v bb-wWGRbvGiU mgGhvRx e®¬b MwVZ nq|
wPò: AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒGji iwOb ˆhŒGMi MVGbi eÅvLÅv
[Cr(NH3)6]3+ RwUj AvqGbi MVb:
iwOb ˆhŒGMi ˆÞGò gGb ivLGZ nGe ˆh, wjMÅv´£, AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj,
Cr cigvYyi cvigvYweK msLÅv 24 ‰es BGjKUÇb webÅvm,
AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒGji PvRÆ, wjMÅvG´£i msLÅv-‰G`i ˆhGKvGbvwUi 5 1 0
cwieZÆb nGj bb-wWGRbvGiUi AeÕ©vq kwÚi cv^ÆKÅ wf®² nGe| Cr(24) = [Ar] 3d 4s 4p
‰GZ kwÚi ˆkvlY-wewKiY wf®² nGe hv wf®² wf®² eYÆ cÉ`kÆb KiGe| Cr cigvYyi ˆhvRÅZvÕ¦i 4^Æ kwÚÕ¦Gii 4s AiweUvGji ‰KwU
ˆhvRÅZvÕ¦Gii wbGPi Õ¦i 3d AiweUvGji 2wU, meÆGgvU 3wU
cÉk
 ² 139 1Y I 24Z `ywU ˆgŒj| ˆhLvGb Y I Z cÉPwjZ A^Æ enb
BGjKUÇbGK `vb KGi Cr3+AvqwbK AeÕ©vcÉvµ¦ nq|
KGi bv| 2 I 3 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq [Xv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-8]
3d 4s 4p
K. mgGhvRx eÅvmvaÆ KvGK eGj? 1 Cr(24)3eCr3+([Ar] 3d3 4s0 4p0) @ @ @
L. wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl eÅen†Z nq ˆKb? 2
d2sp3 msKivqY
M. 'Z' ˆgŒjwU RwUj ˆhŒM MVb KGi ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. ˆevi ZGî½i mvnvGhÅ 'Y' ˆgŒGji eYÆvjx eÅvLÅv Kiv hvGe
Kx? gZvgZ `vI| 4 Cr3+ AvqwbK AeÕ©vq 2wU 3d, 1wU 4s I 3wU 4p AiweUvj wgwjZ
139 bs cÉGk²i Dîi nGq d2sp3 msKivqGbi gvaÅGg QqwU msKwiZ AiweUvGji m†wÓ¡
K ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji `ywU cigvYyi ‰KK mgGhvRx e®¬Gb hyÚ
 ..
KGi| wjMÅv´£ NH3 cÉGZÅGK ‰K ˆRvov BGjKUÇb `vb KGi QqwU
AeÕ©vq Dfq cigvYyi wbDwKÑqvGmi gaÅKvi `ƒiGZ½i AGaÆKGK H
cigvYyi mgGhvRx eÅvmvaÆ eGj| A mw®²Gek e®¬Gbi gvaÅGg [Cr(NH3)6]3+ RwUj Avqb MVb KGi|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 41
N DóxcGKi Y ˆgŒjwUi cvigvYweK msLÅv-1| 1 cvigvYweK  wkLbdj: 7 [iv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-2]
msLÅv wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒjwU nGjv nvBGWÈvGRb| ˆevi ZGî½i mvnvGhÅ K. α KYv Kx? 1
nvBGWÈvGRGbi cvigvYweK eYÆvjx Lye mnGR eÅvLÅv Kiv hvq| A L. ˆdÑvwib meÆvwaK Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. A ˆgŒjwUGK h^vh^ cixÞvmn mbvÚ KGiv| 3
N. “DóxcGKi ˆgŒj I Avqb iwOb ˆhŒM MVGb I wkLv
eËvGKU wmwiR dzb&W wmwiR cixÞvq mvov ˆ`q”@ ‰ DwÚi mZÅZvi mcGÞ ˆZvgvi
hywÚ `vI| 4
140 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K `ywU ˆcÉvUb I `ywU wbDUÇGbi mg®¼Gq MwVZ wnwjqvg wbDwKÑqvmB

jvBgÅvb wmwiR
cÅvGøb wmwiR 1 nGjv  KYv (24He2+)| A
2
3 L ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇb wbGRi w`GK AvKlÆY Kivi ÞgZvGK Zwor
4
5 FYvñKZv eGj| ˆKvb chÆvGq evg ˆ^GK Wvbw`GK BGjKUÇb I
evgvi wmwiR 6 ˆcÉvUb msLÅv e†w«¬ cvq wK¯¦y kwÚÕ¦i e†w«¬ cvq bv| dGj abvñK
PvRÆhyÚ wbDwKÑqvGmi BGjKUÇb AvKlÆY ÞgZv e†w«¬ cvq| ZvB evg
ˆ^GK WvGb Zwor FYvñKZv ˆewk| 2q chÆvGqi ˆÞGò Li ˆ^GK F
chƯ¦ chÆvqKÌGg Zwor FYvñKZv evGo| Avevi VIIA MÉ‚Gci ˆÞGò F
7
6 ˆ^GK I chƯ¦ chÆvqKÌGg Zwor FYvñKZv nËvm cvq| ZvB ejv hvq, F
5
dzb&W wmwiR meÆvwaK Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj| A
4
eËvGKU wmwiR M DóxcGKi A ˆgŒjwU meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbwU N

3
cÅvGøb wmwiR kwÚÕ¦Gi AvGQ A^Ævr ‰LvGb n = 4 ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm
kwÚÕ¦i

2
evgvi wmwiR
1 ‰KwU cixÞvbGj 1–2 mL gƒj `ËeY wbGq ZvGZ `yB-wZb ˆduvUv
jvBgÅvb wmwiR (AwZGeàbx Açj)
wPò: ˆevi cigvYy gGWj AbymvGi nvBGWÈvGRGbi wewKiY eYÆvjxi Drm
ˆevGii ZGî½i mvnvGhÅ nvBGWÈvGRGbi cvigvYweK eYÆvwjGZ
ˆiLvàGœQi ˆh cuvPwU mvwi ˆ`Lv hvq ZvG`i Drm mÁ·GKÆ hywÚcƒYÆ
eÅvLÅv cvIqv hvq| mvaviY AeÕ©vq nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyGZ
AveZÆbkxj BGjKUÇbwU meÆwbÁ² kwÚÕ¦Gi (n = 1) AeÕ©vb KGi|
‰GK ejv nq H cigvYyi f„wgÕ¦i AeÕ©v (ground state)| wK¯¦y
evBGi ˆ^GK ˆKvGbv kwÚ (ˆhgb Zvc ev AvGjvK) ˆkvlY KGi
nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYywU DGîwRZ AeÕ©vq ‰Gj ‰i K(n = 1) KGÞi
BGjKUÇbwU DœPZi kwÚwewkÓ¡ ˆh ˆKvGbv KGÞ [ˆhgb L(n = 2),
M(n = 3), N(n = 4) ..... BZÅvw`) PGj ˆhGZ cvGi| ‰Lb ˆhGnZy
wKQy cwigvY nvBGWÈvGRb MÅvGmi gGaÅ AmsLÅ cigvYy eZÆgvb| ZvB
wf®² wf®² cigvYyi BGjKUÇb wf®² wf®² cwigvY kwÚ (ˆKvqv´Ÿv) ˆkvlY
KGi, wf®² wf®² kwÚ Õ¦Gi D®²xZ nq| ‰ici evwnÅK kwÚi Drm mwiGq
wbGj H BGjKUÇbàGjv cybivq wbÁ²Zi kwÚ wewkÓ¡ ˆhGKvGbv KÞcG^
wdGi AvGm ‰es ewRÆZ kwÚ wewf®² KÁ·vGâi wewKiYi…Gc wbMÆZ nGq
eYÆvwjGZ ˆiLvi AvKvGi ˆ`Lv ˆ`q|
myZivs ˆ`Lv hvq, nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyGZ ‰KwU gvò BGjKUÇb
^vKGjI H BGjKUÇbwUi RbÅ AGbKàGjv mÁ¿veÅ KÞc^ eZÆgvb|
‰B KviGY nvBGWÈvGRGbi eYÆvwjGZ AGbKàGjv ˆiLv cvIqv hvq|
cÉk
² 140 (i) A = .................. (n – 1)d (8  10) ns1 ˆgŒjwUi kwÚmÁ·®²| wK¯§, ˆK±`Êxq Avqb wjMvG´£i wbKUeZÆx nIqvq ‰es
meÆ ewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbwU N kwÚÕ¦Gi AvGQ|
(ii) B2+ = ......... (n –1)p6ns0 (n = 4)
mgw®¼Z AaÅvq 2 I 3 (E) m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰GZ mgkwÚmÁ·®² d-AiweUvjàGjvi wefvRb NGU|
A.............................................3d8 10 4s1 A
‰LvGb d-AiweUvGj e msLÅv 8 ˆ^GK 10 chƯ¦ DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ
‰es s AiweUvGj 1wU BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb ZvB ˆgŒjwU nGe Kcvi|
KviY KcvGii BGjKUÇb webÅvm Cu = [Ar] 3d10 4s1|
Kcvi (Cu2+) AvqGbi mbvÚKiY cixÞv :
NH4OH `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj ÞviKxq Cu(OH)2 ‰i nvjKv bxj eYÆ
AatGÞc m†wÓ¡ KGi hvi gGaÅ AwZwiÚ NH4OH `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj
Mvp bxj eGYÆi `ËeY ŠZwi KGi| ‰GZ `ËeGY Kcvi AvqGbi
DcwÕ©wZ cÉgvwYZ nq| A
2CuSO4 + 2NH4OH (A͸)  Cu(OH)2 .CuSO4 + (NH4)2SO4
nvjKv bxj AatGÞc
Cu(OH)2 .CuSO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + NH4OH 
2[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + 8H2O
Mvp bxj `ËeY (ˆmvGqURvi weKviK)
(ˆUUÇvwgb wKDwcÉK mvjGdU)
wm«¬v¯¦: cÉ`î bgybv ˆhŒM Cu2+ Avqb DcwÕ©Z I wbwøZ|
N DóxcGKi Avqb B2+ wUi ˆÞGò n = 4 nGj BGjKUÇb webÅvm
B2+............3p64s myZivs B2+ AvqbwU nGjv Ca2+ Avqb ‰es ‘M’
nGZ cÉvµ¦ A ˆgŒjwU nGjv Cu| A
Cu ‰i iwOb ˆhŒM MVb: Cu ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv
Cu(29) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1
Cu2+(29) 1s22s22p63s23p63d94s0
BGjKUÇb webÅvm Abyhvqx Cu2+ Avqb Cu2+ wUGZ ewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gi
AmÁ·ƒYÆ d-AiweUvj iGqGQ| cÉv^wgKfvGe 5wU d-AiweUvj mg-
e®¬b MVGbi mgq avZzi d-AiweUvGji gGaÅ wKQyUv kwÚ cv^ÆGKÅi
42 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
Cu2+ ‰i ˆÞGò wefvRbwU wbÁ²i…c : Na+ AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm Ne ‰i Abyi…c nIqvq BGjKUÇb
dz22 ddx
dz 2 22
-y
x2y webÅvmwU wÕ©wZkxj nq| Na+ AvqGbi eÅvmvaÆ 0.095 nm ‰i
L @ cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ 0.157 nm AGcÞv Kg| ZvB Na+ ‰i ewntÕ©
LLLL @ E dxy
dxy dxz
dxz ddyz
yz
Õ¦Gi BGjKUÇbàGjv wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^ `†pfvGe AvK‡Ó¡ nq dGj Na+
LLL AvqbÕ© ewntÕ© KÞc^ nGZ BGjKUÇb AcmviGY cÉPzi kwÚi
(4562 kJ/mol) cÉGqvRb nq weavq Na+ nGZ AviI ‰KwU BGjKUÇb
L @ AcmviY KGi Na2+ MVb mÁ¿eci bq|
`†kÅgvb ˆiwWGqkb BGjKUÇb Õ©vbv¯¦i
LLL M ‰LvGb, X, M, R h^vKÌGg nvBGWÈvGRb, mvjdvi I AwÝGRb|
A^Ævr X2M  A2S I X2R  H2O| AwÝGRGbi I mvjdvi chÆvq
Cu2+ ‰i Rjxq `ËeGY `†kÅgvb AçGji ( = 375  750 nm) mviwYi ‰KB MÉ‚Gc AewÕ©Z (MÉ‚c : VIA)| ‰ KviGY ZvG`i
ˆiwWGqkb AvcwZZ nGj Cu2+ AvqGbi d-AiweUvGji BGjKUÇb `ywU ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wgj ^vKv AvekÅK| ZvG`i nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒGM H2O ‰es H2S
wbw`ÆÓ¡ Ziã‹`GNÆÅi AvGjv ˆkvlY KGi wbKUeZÆx kwÚi d-AiweUvGj ‰i aGgÆ MÉ‚cwfwîK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wgj ^vKv Õ¼vfvweK| wK¯¦y mvaviY
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| `†kÅgvb AvGjvi AewkÓ¡ Ziã‹`GNÆÅi AvGjv Zvcgvòvq H2S MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq weivR KGi A^P H2O ‰KwU Zij
cÉwZdwjZ nq, hvi eYÆ ˆkvwlZ AvGjvKiwkÄi mÁ·ƒiK nq| A^Ævr c`v^Æ| BGjKUÇb webÅvGm AwÝGRGbi cÉavb kwÚÕ¦i `ywU ‰es
Cu2+ Avqb ‰B eYÆB (bxj) aviY KGi| mvjdvGii wZbwU| AwÝGRb AGcÞv mvjdvGii cvigvYweK AvKvi
ZvB, Cu2+ Avqb bxj eYÆwewkÓ¡ nq| eo nIqvq BGjKUÇGbi cÉwZ mvjdvGii AvKlÆY AGcÞvK‡Z Kg nq|
Cu ‰i wkLv cixÞv: Cu jeGYi wkÞv cixÞvq wkLvi ZvGci dGj mvjdvi AGcÞv AwÝGRb AwaKZi Zwor FYvñK nq| ‰
ˆgŒGji ewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb mywÕ©Z AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK DœPZi DGîwRZ KviGY H2O ˆhŒGM H–O e®¬bwU H2S ˆhŒGMi H–S e®¬b AGcÞv
AeÕ©vGb Mgb KGi| wkLv mwiGq wbGj DGîwRZ BGjKUÇb cybivq AwaKZi ˆcvjvi| AwaK¯¦y, cvwbGZ AwÝGRb I nvBGWÈvGRGbi Zwor
mywÕ©Z AeÕ©vGb wdGi Avmvi mgq ŠewkÓ¡ÅgƒjK eYÆhyÚ Ziã Š`NÆÅ FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ (3.5 – 2.1) = 1.4, hv ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM MVGbi mnvqK
wewkÓ¡ AvGjvK iwkÄ wewKiY KGi| Cu ‰i ˆÞGò bxjvf meyR eGYÆi ˆKbbv, ‰KwU ˆhŒGM `ywU ˆgŒGji Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ 0.5 ˆ^GK
wkLv ˆ`Lv hvq| 1.7 chƯ¦ nGj ˆhŒMwU ˆcvjvi nq| ˆcvjvi H2O AYymgƒGni gGaÅ
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MVb mÁ¿e| AGcvjvi H2S AYymgƒGni gGaÅ
Ca2+ ‰i iwOb ˆhŒM MVb: Ca2+ AvqGbi BGjKUb webÅvGm ˆKvGbv
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MVb mÁ¿e bq| cvwbGZ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi
weGRvo ev Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb bv ^vKvq ‰i ˆhŒM eYÆnxb nq| DcwÕ©wZi dGj cvwbi AYymgƒn ciÕ·iGK AvK‡Ó¡ KGi ‰es ARmË
Ca2+ ‰i wkLv cixÞv: ‰KwU IqvP ™ÏvGm Mvp HCl ‰wmW wbGq H AYy msNe«¬fvGe weivR KGi ‰i dGj, cvwbGZ Av¯¦tAvYweK `ƒiZ½
‰wmGW ‰KwU we÷«¬ µÏvwUbvg ZvGii AMÉfvM WzweGq ‰es cGi nËvm cvq ‰es cvwbi Zij AeÕ©v cÉvµ¦ nq| Aciw`GK, H2S ‰i
gv^vq Mvp HCl wmÚ CaCl2 jeY wKbvivq aGi cÉ^Gg Lvwj ˆPvGL I AYymgƒGn nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MVGbi ˆKvGbv myGhvM ˆbB eGj ‰wU c†^K
cGi eÐ~ ™ÏvGm jÞ KiGj h^vKÌGg BGUi gZ jvj I nvjKv meyR eYÆ AYy wnGmGe MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ^vGK| H2S AYymgƒGni gGaÅ `yeÆj
aviY KGi| A^Ævr Ca2+ wkLv cixÞv cÉ`kÆb KGi| fÅvbWvi Iqvjm ej KvhÆKi ^vGK|
DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq, Ca2+ Avqb iwOb ˆhŒM MVb H–S H –– S H–S
KGi ‰B Z^ÅwU Qvov AbÅvbÅ ZG^Åi ˆÞGò DwÚwU mZÅ| H H H
cÉk
² 141
 wPò : nvBGWÈvGRb mvjdvBW (H2S) AYyi MVb
 IA IVA VA VIA +
MÉ‚c H – O– -------- H+ –– O+ ----- H+ – O -----
chÆvq 
1g X H+ H+ H+
2q Y Z R H- e®¬b
3q M wPò : cvwbi (H2O)n AYyi MVb
 wkLbdj: 2 I 6 [iv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-4] N cÉ`î AYy `yBwU nGjv CH4 I NH3| wbGÁ² ‰G`i MVb weGkÏlY

K. wcÉRviGfwUfm Kx? 1 Kiv nGjv: A
L. Na+ MwVZ nGjI Na2+ MwVZ nq bv ˆKb? 2 CH4 ‰i MVb: CH4 AYyGZ C ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm:
M. X2M I X2R ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi wf®²Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv C6  1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz0
KGiv| 3 *C6  1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1
N. YX4 I ZX3 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi msKiY ‰KB A^P wgG^b AYyGZ KveÆGbi PviwU sp3 msKi AiweUvGji mGã PviwU H-
‰G`i RÅvwgwZK MVb wf®²@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 cigvYyi s AiweUvj AwaKÌgY KGi PviwU KveÆb nvBGWÈvGRb wmMgv
141 bs cÉGk²i Dîi e®¬b MVb KGi| ˆhGnZz, sp3 msKiY ZvB kZÆmvGcGÞ AYyi AvK‡wZ
K ˆhme Dcv`vb LvG`Åi mvG^ cwiwgZ cwigvGY wgwkGq LvG`Åi PZzÕ¦jKxq I e®¬b ˆKvY nq 109.5|
H H
wewf®² AYyRxemgƒGni AvKÌgY I esk weÕ¦vi wbq¯¨Y KGi ZvG`iGK 109.28
wcÉRviGfwUf eGj| C C 10928 C 10928
L Na cigvYyi cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ, 3q chÆvGqi AbÅvbÅ ˆgŒGji + 4 H H H
ev,
10928
10928

H H
cigvYy AGcÞv ˆewk nIqvq, Na ‰i cÉ^g AvqbxKiY kwÚ Kg nq| H H
wPò : wgG^b AYyi MVb
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
NH3 ‰i MVb: Aciw`GK, NH3 AYyGZ N cigvYyi ˆkl KÞcG^
3wU weGRvo BGjKUÇb AvGQ| wZbwU H-cigvYyi ˆkl KÞcG^i
‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb N ‰i mvG^ hyÚ nGq sp3 msKiGYi gvaÅGg
NH3 AYy MVb KGi| sp3 msKiY eGj ‰LvGbI AvK‡wZ PZzÕ¦jKxq
nIqvi K^v| wK¯§ NH3 AYyGZ ‰KwU wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo
we`Ågvb hv e®¬b ˆRvo BGjKUÇbGK weKlÆY KGi| dGj e®¬b ˆKvY e®¬Gb
109.5 ˆ^GK KGg 107 nGq hvq I AvK‡wZ nq wòGKvYvKvi
wcivwgW|
107
43
wK¯§ 0C Zvcgvòvq mvaviY evqyPvGc eid AeÕ©vq cvwb
(H2O) AYyi AwÝGRb cigvYy `y’ˆRvov gyÚ BGjKUÇb eÅenvi KGi
cÉwZGekx `ywU H2O AYyi mGã `ywU nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MVb KGi|
‰fvGe eiGd cvwbi AYyÕ© cÉwZwU AwÝGRb cigvYy ˆgvU PviwU
nvBGWÈvGRGbi mGã PZzÕ¦jKxq (sp3-tertrahedral) AvKvGi 109.5
ˆKvGY hyÚ ^vGK| ‰G`i gGaÅ `ywU nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy mgGhvRx
‰es Aci `ywU nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi
mvnvGhÅ hyÚ ^vGK| `yeÆj e®¬Gbi KviGY nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi Š`NÆÅ
mgGhvRx e®¬Gbi Š`NÆÅ AGcÞv eo nq| ‰ KviGY Zij cvwb
AGcÞv eid AeÕ©vq cvwbi AYyàGjv `ƒGi `ƒGi AeÕ©vb Kivq
eiGdi NbZ½ Kg nq|

wPò: NH3 AYyi AvK‡wZ 0.96Å

myZivs DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq, AYy `yBwUi AvK‡wZi

wf®²Zvi KviY gƒjZ AYyGZ we`Ågvb gyÚ ˆRvo I e®¬b ˆRvo
BGjKUÇGbi gGaÅKvi weKlÆY|
cÉk
 ² 142 A I B chÆvq mviwYi w«¼Zxq chÆvGqi MÅvmxq w«¼- AZ‰e, KÞZvcgvòvi ˆPGq 0C Zvcgvòvq H2O (eid) ‰i NbZ½
cigvYyK ˆgŒj| ˆgŒj `ywU evqygíGj cÉPzi cwigvGY we`Ågvb| ‰i Kg nq|
gGaÅ A ˆgŒjwU cÉvq wbwÓ˜q ‰KwU ˆgŒj|  N (M) bs cÉGk²vîi ˆ^GK cvB, A I B ˆgŒj«¼q nGjv
 wkLbdj: 7 I 10 [Kz. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-6] bvBGUÇ vGRb I AwÝGRb| bvBGUÇvGRb I AwÝGRGbi nvBWÈvBW«¼q
K. wewKÌqvi nvi KvGK eGj? 1 nGjv NH3 I H2O|
L. AvdevD bxwZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 Avgiv Rvwb, DfqGÞGòB sp3 msKiY we`Ågvb| A^Ævr ‰G`i e®¬b
M. KÞ Zvcgvòvi ˆPGq 0C Zvcgvòvq H2B ‰i NbZ½ Kg ˆKvGYi gvb 109.5 nIqvi K^v|
ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 N = 1s2 2s2 2p1 2p1 2p1
7
N. DóxcGKi A I B ‰i nvBWÈvBGWi RÅvwgwZK AvK‡wZ x y z

ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 = 1s 1 2 3 4 (sp3 msKiY)

2 2 1 1 1

142 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 2

2s2 2p2x 2p1y 2p1z
8O = 1s
K ‰KK mgGq ‰KwU wewKÌqvi wewKÌqKmgƒGni Nbgvòv KZUzKz nËvm
= 1s2 21 22 13 14 (sp3 msKiY)
cvq ev Drc®² c`vG^Æi Nbgvòv KZUzKz e†w«¬ cvq ZvGK H wewKÌqvi 1
1H = 1s
MwZ eGj|
bvBGUÇvGRGbi 12, 13, 14 msKi AiweUvGji mvG^ 3wU H ‰i 1s1
L cigvYyi BGjKUÇbàGjv Dnvi AiweUvGj kwÚi DœPKÌg AbymvGi
AiweUvGji mvgbvmvgwb Awaò×gGbi Z^v wmMgv e®¬Gbi gvaÅGg
cÉGek KGi| A^Ævr ˆh AiweUvjwUi kwÚ (Energy) Kg ˆmB 
AiweUvjwU cƒYÆ nevi ci DœP kwÚi AiweUvGj BGjKUÇb cÉGek AÅvGgwbqvi H  N  H ‰i AYy MwVZ nq ‰es ˆKw±`Êq N-
 I 
KiGe| ‰ bxwZGK AvDdevD bxwZ eGj|  H 
M DóxcK AbymvGi A I B chÆvq mviwYi 2q chÆvGqi MÅvmxq w«¼- cigvYyi 21 AiweUvGj ‰KGRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb eZÆgvb ^vGK|
cigvYyK ˆgŒj, DfGqB evqygíGji cÉavb Dcv`vb ‰es A ˆgŒjwU Abyi…cfvGe, AwÝGRGbi 13 I 14 ‰i mvG^ 2wU H ‰i 1s1
cÉvq wbwÓ˜q ˆgŒj| myZivs A I B ˆgŒj«¼q h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb (N2)
O
I AwÝGRb (O2) ‰es H2B ˆhŒMwU nGjv cvwb (H2O)| AiweUvGji mvgbvmvgwb AwaKÌgGY cvwbi H H AYy
KÞ Zvcgvòvi ˆPGq 0C Zvcgvòvq H2O ‰i NbZ½ Kg nIqvi
MwVZ nq ‰es ˆK±`Êxq O-cigvYyGZ 1 I 2 AiweUvGj ˆgvU `yB
2 2
KviY wbGÁ² eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv
Avgiv Rvwb, mvaviY evqyPvc I 0C Zvcgvòvq cvwb eiGd cwiYZ ˆRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMj eZÆgvb ^vGK|
nq| ZxeË Zwor FYvñKZvi KviGY H2O AYymgƒn cÉwZGekx AYyi 1 wbtmã
mGã H-e®¬b «¼viv msGhvwRZ nGq weivU AvYweK àœQ ŠZwi KGi| weKlÆY BGjKUÇb
ˆRvo
weKlÆY
‰ KviGY `ywU (O  H) mgGhvRx ‰es ‰KwU (O....H) nvBGWÈvGRb
e®¬b «¼viv cÉwZwU cvwbi AYy Zij AeÕ©vq wbÁ²i…c e®¬Gb Ave«¬ e®¬b
BGjKUÇb H 107 H
^vGK| ˆRvo
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H
+  +  +  +  +  + NH3 AYy
H O H O H O H O H O H
Avgiv Rvwb, cigvYyi AiweUvjmgƒn ciÕ·iGK weKlÆY KGi|
VSEPR Zî½ Abyhvqx, AiweUvGji ‰B weKlÆY eGji KÌg nGœQ:
44 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo  wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo > wbtmã ˆhGnZz cÉ`î E I A ˆgŒj `ywUi cvigvYweK msLÅv 1 I 7| myZivs A
BGjKUÇb ˆRvo  e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo > e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo  I E ˆgŒj `ywU nGjv h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb (N) I nvBGWÈvGRb (H)
e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo ev lp  lp > lp  bp > bp  bp wPGò, NH3 ‰es ‰G`i «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM nGjv NH3| ‰B NH3 AYyi ˆK±`Êxq
AYyi MVGb 1 AiweUvGj ‰KGRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo Aci cigvYy N|
wZbwU e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvoGK weKlÆY KGi| ‰GÞGò HNH e®¬b bvBGUÇvGRGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm
ˆKvY10928 nGZ KGg 107 nq| 1
2s2 2px 2py 2pz
1 1

Aciw`GK, H2O AYyi MVGb 1 I 2 `yB AiweUvGji `yB ˆRvov N(7) = 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 L @ @ @
wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo Aci `yBwU e®¬b BGjKUÇbGRvoGK weKlÆY
KGi| `yB ˆRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇbKZ‡ÆK ‰B weKlÆY eGji gvb sp msKivqb
3

NH3-AYyi ‰K ˆRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb KZ‡ÆK weKlÆY eGji gvGbi N-cigvYyi sp msKwiZ AiweUvGji wZbwUi cÉGZÅKwUGZ ‰KwU
3

ˆ^GK ˆewk nq| ZvB, HOH e®¬b ˆKvY AvGiv KGg 104.5 nq| KGi Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb ‰es ‰KwUGZ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb AeÕ©vb KGi|
1 weKlÆY 2 wbtmã wZbwU sp3 msKwiZ AiweUvGji mvG^ H cigvYyi s AiweUvGji
BGjKUÇb Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb AwaKÌgY KGi NH3 AYy MVb KGi|
weKlÆY weKlÆY ˆRvo
e®¬b
H 104.5
H BGjKUÇb
ˆRvo
H2O AYy

dGj NH3 ‰i AvK‡wZ nq wcivwgWvj I H2O ‰i AvK‡wZ nq

ˆKŒwYK| PZz^Æ sp3 msKi AiweUvGji BGjKUÇb `ywU wbtmã ˆRvo wnGmGe
AeÕ©vb KGi| ZvB AvK‡wZ I e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb Av`kÆ sp3 msKi AYy
cÉk
 ² 143 w«¼Zxq chÆvGqi cici wZbwU ˆgŒj cÉGZÅGK ˆ^GK wePzÅZ nGq hvq| dGj NH AYyi AvK‡wZ wòGKvYvKvi wcivwgWxq
3
nvBGWÈvGRGbi mvG^ ‰KB msKiGYi gvaÅGg nvBWÈvBW MVb KGi| ‰es e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb 107 nq|
 wkLbdj: 6 I 9 [P. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-4]
K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b Kx? 1  N DóxcK AbymvGi, w«¼Zxq chÆvGqi avivevwnK ˆgŒj wZbwU nGjv
L. NH4+ AvqGbi gGaÅ ˆKvb aiGbi e®¬b we`Ågvb- eÅvLÅv KveÆ b (C), bvBGUÇvGRb (N) I AwÝGRb (O)| ‰G`i nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒM
wZbwU h^vKÌGg wgG^b (CH4), AÅvGgvwbqv (NH3) I cvwb (H2O)
KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ w«¼Zxq ˆgŒjwU «¼viv MwVZ AYyi AvK‡wZ wbGP ˆhŒM wZbwUi ciÕ·Gii gGaÅ `ËveÅZvi Zzjbv Kiv nGjv
wbYÆq KGiv| 3 CH4 ˆhŒGM C I H ‰i Zwor FYvñKZvi gvGbi cv^ÆKÅ = (2.5 
N. DóxcGKi ˆhŒM wZbwUi ciÕ·Gii gGaÅ `ËveÅZvi Zzjbv 2.1) = 0.4| A^Ævr CH4 nGjv AGcvjvi mgGhvRx ˆhŒM| ZvB CH4
KGiv| 4 ‰i wbRÕ¼ AYymgƒGni gGaÅ `yeÆj fÅvbWvi Iqvjm AvKlÆY ej
143 bs cÉGk²i Dîi we`Ågvb| ‰GZ H e®¬b m†wÓ¡ nq bv|
K nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy hyÚ `ywU ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx AYy ciÕ·Gii NH3 ˆhŒGM N I H ‰i Zwor FYvñKZvi gvGbi cv^ÆKÅ = (3 
wbKUeZxÆ nGj, ‰KwU AYyi abvñK cÉvG¯¦i mvG^ Aci AYyi 2.1) = 0.9| A^Ævr NH3 nGjv ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx ˆhŒM| Zij NH3
FYvñK cÉvG¯¦i `yeÆj AvKlÆYx ej «¼viv m†Ó¡ e®¬bGK nvBGWÈvGRb ˆZ AvswkK FYvñK PvRÆhyÚ nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy I Aci ‰KwU NH3
e®¬b eGj| AYyi FYvñK PvRÆhyÚ bvBGUÇvGRb cigvYyi gGaÅ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b
L NH4 ‰ `yB cÉKvi e®¬b AvGQ  NH4 ‰i ˆÞGò cÉ^Gg H I wÓ¡ nq|
+ + m†
H H H H
N ‰i BGjKUÇb ˆkqvGii gvaÅGg NH3 Drc®² nq| NH3 ‰i e®¬b | | | |
.................... .................... ....................
MVGbi ci ‰KGRvov gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb e®¬bGRvo ^vGK ‰es ‰wU HN
| 
HN
|
HN
|
HN
|
H+ ‰i mw®²Gek mgGhvRx e®¬b MVb KGi| H H-e®¬b H H H
A^Ævr NH+4 MVGbi 1g avGc mgGhvRx e®¬Gbi gGaÅ NH3 ‰es wPò: NH3 AYyGZ H e®¬b
mw®²Gek mgGhvRx e®¬Gbi gvaÅGg NH4 Drc®² nq|
+
H2O ˆhŒGM O I H ‰i Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ = (3.5  2.1 =
H+ 1.4| A^Ævr H2O nGjv ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx ˆhŒM| Zij cvwbGZ

 
H N H AvswkK FYvñK PvRÆhyÚ H2O ˆhŒGM O I H ‰i Zwor FYvñKZvi

H cv^Æ K Å = (3.5  2.1) = 1.4| A^Ævr H2O nGjv ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx
ˆhŒM| Zij cvwbGZ AvswkK FYvñK PvRÆhyÚ H cigvYy I Aci
M DóxcK AbymvGi chÆvq mviwYi 2q chÆvGqi cici wZbwU
‰KwU H O AYyi FYvñK PvRÆhyÚ O cigvYyi gGaÅ nvBGWÈvGRb
ˆgŒj hviv nvBGWÈvGRGbi mvG^ ‰KB (sp3) msKiGbi gvaÅGg e®¬b m†wÓ¡2 nq|
nvBWÈvBW MVb KGi ˆmB ˆgŒjòq nGjv KveÆb, bvBGUÇvGRb I
H H H H
AwÝGRb| myZivs C, N I O ‰i nvBWÈvBW wZbwU nGjv CH4, NH3 |
....................
|
....................
|
....................
|

I H2O ‰es ‰G`i gGaÅ 2q ˆhŒMwU nGjv AÅvGgvwbqv (NH3)| H  O HO HO HO

wbGÁ²i ‰i MVb AvK‡wZ eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv H-e®¬b
wPò: H2O AYyGZ H e®¬b
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 45
myZivs ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, CH4 AYy AGcvjvi mgGhvRx e®¬Gbi gvaÅGg N DóxcK AbymvGi Z ˆgŒjwU chÆvq mviwYi 3q chÆvGqi 17 bs
hyÚ nIqvq ‰GZ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b mÁ¿e bq eGj ‰wU ˆcvjvi MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj| myZivs ˆgŒjwU nGjv ˆKÑvwib| Aciw`GK A I X
cvwbGZ (H2O) ˆZ A`ËeYxq| cÞv¯¦Gi NH3 AYyGZ nvBGWÈvGRb ˆgŒjwU 2q chÆvGqi 1 I 2-bs MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj nIqvq ‰iv h^vKÌGg Li
e®¬b we`Ågvb ^vKvq ‰wU ˆcvjvi AYy cvwb (H2O) ˆZ `ËeYxq nq| I Be|
A^Ævr DóxcGKi ˆhŒM wZbwU gGaÅ NH3 I H2O ciÕ·i `ËeYxq myZivs DóxcGKi AZ I XZ2 ˆhŒM«¼q nGjv LiCl I BeCl2|
wK¯§ CH4 I H2O ciÕ·i A`ËeYxq|
LiCl I BeCl2 ˆhŒM `yBwUi gGaÅ BeCl2 ‰i Mjbvâ LiCl AGcÞv
cÉk
² 144 Kg| BeCl2 I LiCl ˆhŒM«¼q DfGqB AvqwbK ˆhŒM wK¯§
ˆkÉwY 1 2 15 16 17
ˆcvjvivqGbi KviGY BeCl2 ˆhŒGM mgGhvRx ŠewkGÓ¡Åi AvwaGKÅi
 chÆvq KviGY ‰i Mjbvâ Kg nq| dvhvGbi bxwZ AbymvGi, KÅvUvqGbi PvRÆ
2 A X L M hZ ˆewk ‰es AvKvi hZ Þz`Ë H KÅvUvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv ˆewk,
3 Z dGj AvqwbK ˆhŒGM mgGhvRx Pwiò ˆewk nq| mgGhvRx Pwiò ˆewk
cËPwjZ AG^Æ A, X, L, M I Z cÉZxK bq| nIqvi KviGY Mjbvâ nËvm cvq| LiCl I BeCl2 ˆhŒM«¼Gqi ˆÞGò
 wkLbdj: 2 I 3 [P. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-7]
K. fÅv´£viIqvjm ej Kx? 1 Li+ I Be2+ ‰i ˆÞGò Be2+ ‰i ZzjbvgƒjK AwaK PvRÆ I Þz`Ë
L. s-AiweUvj cvB e®¬b MVGb Ask ˆbq bv ˆKb? 2 AvKvGii KviGY BeCl2 ˆhŒGMi ˆcvjvivqb LiCl AGcÞv AGbK
M. L I M ‰i AvqwbKiY kwÚi KÌGgi eÅwZKÌg eÅvLÅv ˆewk| dGj BeCl2 ˆhŒGM mgGhvRx Pwiò ˆewk I wecixZfvGe LiCl
KGiv| 3 ˆhŒGM AvqwbK Pwiò ˆewk| dGj LiCl ‰i Mjbvâ BeCl2 AGcÞv
N. AZ I XZ2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi Mjbvâ Kg eÅvLÅv ˆewk|
KGiv| 4 cÉk
² 145

144 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Y
K ˆKvGbv AGcvjvi mgGhvRx ˆhŒGM Zvi AYymgƒn ˆh `yeÆj AvKlÆY
eGji gvaÅGg ciÕ·Gii mvG^ hyÚ ^vGK ZvGK fÅv´£viIqvjm AvqwbKiY kwÚ  X
AvKlÆY ej eGj|
L s-AiweUvGji AwaKÌgGbi dGj wmMgv e®¬b MwVZ nq -e®¬b Y
Z
MwVZ nq bv| KviY- s-AiweUvj ‰i ˆMvjvKvi AvK‡wZi RbÅ X
8 9 17
Aw`KgyLx AiweUvj dGj ‰wU cvkvcvwk AwaKÌgGb Ask ˆbq bv|
Aciw`GK w`KgyLx agÆ mÁ·®² p-AiweUvj cvkvcvwk AwaKÌgGbi cvigvYweK msLÅv
dGj -e®¬Gb AskMÉnY KGi|  wkLbdj: 3 I 6 [wm. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-2]
myZivs s-AiweUvGji Aw`KgyLxZvi KviGY ‰wU ˆKej wmMgv e®¬Gb K. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v KvGK eGj? 1
Ask ˆbq wK¯§ cvB e®¬Gb Ask ˆbq bv| L. ˆcvjvwiwU I ˆcvjvivqGbi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ Kx? 2
M DóxcGKi L I M ˆgŒj«¼q h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb (N) I M. H2Z + H+  A
AwÝGRb (O)| ‰iv ‰KB chÆvGqi ˆgŒj nIqvq cvigvYweK msLÅv
e†w«¬i KÌgvbymvGi N AGcÞv O-‰i AvqbxKiY kwÚ ˆewk nIqvi A ‰i e®¬bàGjvi AiweUvj MVb AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
K^v| wK¯§ evÕ¦weKcGÞ O AGcÞv N ‰i AvqbxKiY kwÚ ˆewk N. cvigvYweK msLÅvi mvG^ DóxcGKi ˆgŒjàGjvi
nq| ‰i KviY wbGP eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv AvqwbKiY kwÚi cwieZÆb hywÚmnKvGi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji evBGii Õ¦i nGZ ‰KwU BGjKUÇb mwiGq wbGq ZvGK 145 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
‰KK abvñK AvqGb cwiYZ KiGZ ˆh kwÚ cÉGqvRb ZvGK H K ivmvqwbK DfgyLx wewKÌqvq hLb mÁÃyL wewKÌqvi ˆeM ‰es cøvr
ˆgŒGji cÉ^g AvqbxKiY kwÚ eGj| wewKÌqvi ˆeM mgvb nq ZLb ˆmB AeÕ©vGK ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v eGj|
AwÝGRb I bvBGUÇvGRGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c
[I.P = AvqbxKiY kwÚ] L

2 2 2 1
O(8) = 1s 2s 2p x 2p y 2p z 1
I.P = 1314 kJ/mol ˆcvjvwiwU ˆcvjvivqb
N(7) = 1s2 2s2 2p1x 2py1 2pZ1 I.P = 1402 kJ/mol i. ˆKvGbv ˆhŒGM abvñK I ˆKvGbv KÅvUvqb KZ‡ÆK
Avgiv Rvwb, ˆhme ˆgŒGji evBGii kwÚÕ¦i BGjKUÇb «¼viv cƒYÆ A^ev
FYvñK cÉv¯¦ ^vKvi agÆB nGjv AÅvbvqGbi PvRÆ weK‡wZ Kivi
AaÆcYƒ Æ Zviv ivmvqwbKfvGe ˆewk wÕ©wZkxj| O I N ‰i BGjKUÇb
webÅvm ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq, N ‰i evwnGii kwÚÕ¦Gii p AiweUvGj ˆcvjvwiwU| agÆGK ˆcvjvivqb eGj|
mgwÕ·bwewkÓ¡ 3wU BGjKUÇb mylgfvGe webÅÕ¦ nGq mylg BGjKUÇb ii. ˆcvjvwiwU ˆewk nGj ˆKvGbv ˆcvjvivqb ˆewk nGj
NbZ½ iPbv KGi AaÆcYƒ Æ AeÕ©vq weivRgvb ^vKvq N ‰i ˆhŒGMi AvqwbK Pwiò ˆewk AvqwbK ˆhŒGMi mgGhvRx
wÕ©wZkxjZv ˆewk| KvGRB ‰ AiweUvj ˆ^GK 1wU BGjKUÇb nq| Pwiò ˆewk nq|
AcmviY KiGZ ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ˆewk kwÚi cÉGqvRb| AbÅcGÞ O iii. ‰wU Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ ‰wU dvhvGbi bxwZ «¼viv
‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq, ‰i evwnGii kwÚÕ¦i BGjKUÇb «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z nq| wbqw¯¨Z Kiv nq|
«¼viv AaÆcƒYÆ ev cwicƒYÆ bq| dGj ˆmLvb ˆ^GK 1wU BGjKUÇb
M DóxcGKi Z ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK msLÅv 4 nIqvq ˆgŒjwU nGjv

AcmviY Kiv N ‰i Zzjbvq mnR| ‰ KviGY AwÝGRGbi cÉ^g
AvqbxKiY cGUbwkqvGji gvb N-‰i Zzjbvq Kg nq| AwÝGRb (O)|
46 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
H2Z + H+  A cÉk
² 146
H2O + H+  H3O+ (A) chÆvq
myZivs cÉGk² DwÍÏwLZ A nGjv nvBGWÈvwbqvg Avqb (H3O+)| H3O+  13 15 17
AvqGb mgGhvRx I mw®²Gek mgGhvRx ‰B `yB aiGbi e®¬b MÉ‚c 
we`Ågvb| cÉ^gZ H2O ˆhŒGM mgGhvRx I H2O ‰i mvG^ H+ ‰i 2 Y
mw®²Gek mgGhvRx e®¬b we`Ågvb| 3 X Z
2 I 3 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq [h. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-1]
cvwbi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy AwÝGRGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm O(8) = 1s2 2s2
K. AvswkK cvZb KvGK eGj? 1
2px2 2py1 2pz1| AwÝGRb cigvYyi 2s I 2p AiweUvjmgƒGni sp3
L. KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv `ËeYGK KvGPi ˆevZGj msiÞY Kiv hvq bv
msKiY nq| Drc®² PviwU msKi AiweUvj ‰KwU PZzÕ¦jGKi
ˆKb? 2
kxlÆwe±`yi w`GK cÉmvwiZ ^vGK| ‰ PZzÕ¦jGKi ˆKG±`Ê AwÝGRb M. DóxcGKi Y ˆgŒjwUi meÆGkl AiweUvGji
cigvYyi AeÕ©vb| PviwU msKi AiweUvGji `ywUGZ wbtmã BGjKUÇbàGjvi ˆÞGò PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi cÉGqvM
BGjKUÇbhyMj ^vGK| ‰iv e®¬b m†wÓ¡GZ eÅen†Z nq bv| Aci `ywU ˆ`LvI| 3
AiweUvGj ‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb ^vGK| ‰ AiweUvj `ywU nvBGWÈvGRb N. Z ‰i mvG^ c†^KfvGe ˆhŒM MVGb X I Y ‰KB ˆhvRbx
cigvYyi 1s AiweUvGji mvG^ AwaKÌgY KGi `ywU O-H e®¬b m†wÓ¡ cÉ`kÆb KiGjI ‰G`i AvK‡wZ wf®² nq hywÚmn eÅvLÅv
KGi; ‰fvGeB cvwbi AYy m†wÓ¡ nq| KGiv| 4
Z Z 146 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
1

+ X
sp3

4 O 2
K cvZb cÉwKÌqvq cvZb dÑvÝ I kxZGKi gvGS Ask Kjvg Õ©vcb

msKiY KGi wewf®² wbKU Õ¹zUbvGâi `yB ev ZGZvwaK Zij Dcv`vbGK
Y Y 3
1wU s-AiweUvj 3wU p-AiweUvj 4wU sp -nvBweËW AiweUvj
3 ZvG`i wgkÉY nGZ c†^K Kivi cÉwKÌqvGKB AvswkK cvZb eGj| A
wPò: sp nvBweËW AiweUvj MVb
3
L KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv (NaOH) nGjv kwÚkvjx Þvixq c`v^Æ hvi

ÞqKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å we`Ågvb| Aciw`GK KvGPi gƒj Dcv`vb nGjv
AÁÏxq SiO2 hv Þvixq NaOH ‰i mvG^ cÉkgb wewKÌqv KGi jeY I
O O cvwb Drc®² KGi| dGj KvGPi Þq mvwaZ nq|
+ 3 H H+ SiO2 + NaOH  NaSiO3 + H2O
H
KvP
wPò: H3O+ MVb ‰B KviGY KwÕ¡K ˆmvWvGK KvGPi ˆevZGj msiÞY Kiv hvq bv|
M DóxcGK AbymvGi Y ˆgŒjwU chÆvq mviwYi 2q chÆvGqi 15 bs
MÉ‚Gc AewÕ©Z| myZivs Y ˆgŒjwU nGjv bvBGUÇvGRb (N)| N-‰i
‰fvGe MwVZ H2O ‰i AYyGZ `yBwU gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb ^vGK| DÚ
BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c
‰KwU gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇGbi mvG^ ˆcÉvUb (H+) ‰i mw®²Gek e®¬Gbi 7N  1s2 2s2 2p3
gvaÅGg H3O+ Avqb MwVZ nq| ‰GÞGò H2O `vZv AYy I H+ MÉnxZv N-‰i meÆGkl AiweUvj nGjv 2p AiweUvj ‰B 2p-AiweUvGj PviwU
wnGmGe KvR KGi| ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi cÉGqvM ˆ`LvGbv nGjv
2 2 1 1 1
N DóxcGKi X I Y ˆgŒj«¼Gqi cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 9 I 7N  1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
17 dGj ˆgŒj«¼q h^vKÌGg ˆdÑvwib I ˆKÑvwib| (M) bs cÉGk²vîi AiweUvj cËavb mnKvix gÅvMGbwUK wÕ·b
ˆ^GK Z nGjv AwÝGRb| myZivs Z, X I Y ˆgŒj wZbwU h^vKÌGg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
AwÝGRb, ˆdÑvwib I ˆKÑvwib| msLÅv (n) msLÅv (l) msLÅv (m) msLÅv (s)
2px1 2 1 1 1
ˆdÑvwib I ˆKÑvwiGbi ˆÞGò chÆvq mviwYi ‰KB MÉ‚Gc Dci ˆ^GK +
2
wbGPi w`GK AMÉmi nGj AvKvi e†w«¬i mvG^ ‰KB MÉ‚Gc Dci ˆ^GK 2py1 2 1 0
+
1
2
wbGPi w`GK AvqwbKiY kwÚ nËvm cvq| dGj Cl ‰i AvqwbKiY 2pz1 2 1 +1 1
kwÚ ˆdÑvwib AGcÞv Kg nq| Aciw`GK chÆvq mviwYi ‰KB MÉ‚Gc +
2
evg ˆ^GK Wvb w`GK AMÉmi nGj AvKvi nËvGmi mvG^ mvG^  N DóxcK AbymvGi, X I Z ˆgŒj«¼q chÆvq mviwYi 3q chÆvGqi 13
AvqwbKiY kwÚ e†w«¬ cvIqvi KviGY F-‰i AvqwbKiY kwÚ I 17 bs MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj| myZivs X I Z ˆgŒj«¼q h^vKÌGg Al I Cl|
AwÝGRb AGcÞv ˆewk nGqGQ| ‘M’ ˆ^GK cvB Y nGjv bvBGUÇvGRb|
Aciw`GK AwÝGRb I ˆKÑvwiGbi gGaÅ AwÝGRGbi AvKvi ˆKÑvwib A^Ævr DóxcK mswkÏÓ¡ ˆhŒM `ywU nGjv AÅvjywgwbqvg ˆKÑvivBW
AGcÞv ˆQvU nIqvq ‰i AvqwbKiY kwÚ ˆKÑvwib AGcÞv ˆewk (AlCl ) I bvBGUÇvGRb UÇvB ˆKÑvivBW (NCl )| AlCl ˆhŒGM ˆK±`Êxq
3 3 3
nGqGQ| cigvYy Al ‰i sp2 msKiY NGU| cGi wZbwU sp2 AiweUvGji
‰G`i AvqbxKiY kwÚi KÌg nGe AwaKÌgGYi dGj wòGKvYxq mgZjxq RÅvwgwZK AvK‡wZ wewkÓ¡
F(1680) > O(1313) > Cl(1251) AlCl3 AYy MwVZ nq|
AZ‰e, DóxcGKi ˆgŒj wZbwUi AvqwbKiY kwÚi mvG^ cvigvYweK Al (13) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 1 3p 0 3p 0
x y z
msLÅvi ‰KwU Mfxi mÁ·KÆ we`Ågvb| Al* (13) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p 1 3p 1 3p 0
x y z
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 47
Al (msKwiZ) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 311 321 3pz0 Rf ‰i gvb ‰KwU we÷«¬ msLÅv| ‰wU mgRvZxq ivwki AbycvZ
nIqvq ‰i ‰KK ˆbB|
M DóxcGKi cvigvYweK msLÅvwewkÓ¡ ˆgŒjàGjv h^vKÌGg ˆdÑvwib
(F), ˆKÑvwib (Cl), ˆeËvwgb (Br) I AvGqvwWb (I)| ‰B ˆgŒjàGjvi
ˆmvwWqvg jeYàGjv h^vKÌGg ˆmvwWqvg ˆdÑvivBW (NaF), ˆmvwWqvg
ˆKÑvivBW (NaCl), ˆmvwWqvg ˆeËvgvBW (NaBr) I ˆmvwWqvg
AvGqvWvBW (NaI)| ‰G`i MjYvGâi KÌg dvRvGbi ˆcvjvivqb
wPò: AlCl3 AYyi MVb wbqg «¼viv eÅvLÅv Kiv hvq|
dvRvGbi ˆcvjvivqb wbqg AbymvGi, ˆhŒGM KÅvUvqGbi AvKvi I
NCl3 ˆhŒGM ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy N ‰i sp3 msKiY NGU| cGi wZbwU
PvRÆ mgvb wK¯§ AÅvbvqGbi AvKvi hGZv ˆewk nq, Zvi ˆcvjvivwqZ
ˆKÑvwib cigvYyi wZbwU 3px1 AiweUvGjj mvG^ N ‰i wZbwU sp3 nIqvi cÉeYZv ZGZv ˆewk nq| AÅvbvqGbi AvKvi e†w«¬ ˆcGj
AiweUvGji AwaKÌgGYi dGj wòGKvYxq wcivwgWxq RÅvwgwZK meÆewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi mvG^ wbDwKÑqvGmi Mo `ƒiZ½ e†w«¬
AvK‡wZ wewkÓ¡ NCl3 AYy MwVZ nq| ‰GÞGò ‰KwU sp3 AiweUvj cvq| dGj BGjKUÇGbi Dci AÅvbvqGb wbDwKÑqvGmi AvKlÆY nËvm
AwaKÌgGY Ask ˆbq bv| cvq| ZLb KÅvUvqb mnGRB ˆcvjvivwqZ KiGZ cvGi| cÉ`î
2 2 1 1
N(7) : 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 1 ˆhŒMàGjvi AÅvbvqbmgƒGni ˆcvjvivwqZ nIqvi cÉeYZvi KÌg
wbÁ²i…c:
N(sp3 msKwiZ) : 1s2 212 221 221 231 241    
F < Cl < Br < I
Avevi, ˆKvGbv AvqwbK ˆhŒGM ˆcvjvivqb hGZv ˆewk nGe ˆmB ˆhŒGM
mgGhvRx agÆ ZGZv ˆewk nGe ‰es djÕ¼i…c MjYvâ ZGZv nËvm
cvGe| KvGRB DóxcGKi ˆmvwWqvg jeYàGjvi MjYvGâi KÌg nGe
wbÁ²i…c:
NaF > NaCl > NaBr > NaI
N chÆvq mviwYGZ ‰KB MÉ‚Gc hZB Dci ˆ^GK wbGPi w`GK hvIqv
hvq, ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ZZB KGg| ˆKbbv ‰KB MÉ‚Gc
ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK msLÅv e†w«¬i dGj BGjKUÇGbi kwÚÕ¦i msLÅv
evoGZ ^vGK; A^Ævr cigvYyi AvKvi e†w«¬ cvq| dGj AvMgbKvix
BGjKUÇGbi Dci wbDwKÑqvGmi AvKlÆY KÌgk Kg nq| AekÅ ‰B
mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg jÞ Kiv hvq KwZcq w«¼Zxq chÆvGqi
cÉk
² 147
 ˆgŒGji ˆÞGò| MÉ‚cwfwîK nÅvGjvGRb ˆgŒjmgƒGni gGaÅ ˆdÑvwib
ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ meGPGq ˆewk nIqv DwPZ| wK¯§ ZvG`i
BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi KÌg nGjv Cl > F > Br> I|
BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ
‰i KviY ˆdÑvwib cigvYyi AvKvi Þz`Ë| ˆdÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi
(kJmol1)
meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦i nj w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦i| Z‡Zxh kwÚÕ¦Gii Zzjbvq w«¼Zxq
9 17 35 53 kwÚÕ¦Gii AvKvi ˆQvU nIqvq ‰es Þz`Ë cwimGi mvZwU BGjKUÇb
cvigvYweK msLÅv ^vKvq ZvGZ BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi NbZ½ ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe AGbK ˆewk|
 wkLbdj: 2 I 3 [h. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-6]
dGj AvMgbKvix BGjKUÇGbi cÉwZ w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbmgƒGni
K. mwKÌqb kwÚ KvGK eGj? 1 cviÕ·wiK weKlÆY ˆewk nIqvq mvgwMÉKfvGe ˆdÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb
L. Rf gvGbi ˆKvGbv ‰KK ^vGK bv ˆKb? 2 AvmwÚi gvb Kg nq|
M. DóxcGKi cvigvYweK msLÅvwewkÓ¡ ˆgŒjàGjvi ˆmvwWqvg Aciw`GK ˆKÑvwiGbi Z‡Zxq kwÚÕ¦i eo nIqvq ‰GZ ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii
jeGYi MjbvGâi Zzjbv KGiv| 3 mvZwU BGjKUÇb mnGR Õ©vb KGi ˆbq| BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi NbZ½ nËvm
N. DóxcK AbymvGi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi KÌg cwieZÆb hywÚmn cvIqvq BGjKUÇb- BGjKUÇb weKlÆY Kg nq| ‰GZ AvMgbKvix
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 BGjKUÇb mnGR ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gi cÉGek KiGZ cvGi| dGj ˆKÑvwiGbi
147 bs cÉGk²i Dîi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi gvb ˆdÑvwiGbi ˆPGq ˆewk nq|
K bƒÅbZg ˆh cwigvY kwÚ ARÆb KGi ˆKvGbv wewKÌqvi wewKÌqK 
 cÉk
² 148
AYymgƒnGK wewKÌqvq AskMÉnGYi DchyÚZv ARÆb KiGZ nq ˆmB
chÆvq 
cwigvY kwÚGK mwKÌqb kwÚ eGj| 2 14 16 17
ˆkÉwY 
L ˆKvb ˆhŒGMi meGPGq ˆekx Nbgvòv wewkÓ¡ Ask hZ`ƒi AwZKÌg 2q P Q X
KGi ZvGK `ËveGKi AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ «¼viv fvM KiGj ˆh gvb cvIqv
3q Y
hvq ZvGK Rf eGj|
4^Æ A Z
ˆhŒM KZ‡ÆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½  wkLbdj: 3 I 6 [e. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-3]
Rf =
`ËveK KZ‡ÆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½
48 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
K. Þvi avZz KvGK eGj? 1 C (6)  1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1
*

L. wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 H(1)  1s2

M. A ˆgŒGji mvG^ c†^KfvGe X, Y I Z «¼viv MwVZ O(8)  1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1
ˆhŒMmgƒGni MjbvsGKi mwVK KÌg eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 CH4 MVb (C‰i sp3 msKiY):
N. ‘P’ wf®² wf®² msKiGYi gvaÅGg nvBWÈvBW MVb KiGjI Z

Z
‘Q’ ÷aygvò ‰K aiGbi msKiGYi gvaÅGg nvBWÈvBW MVb 109.28
sp3 
KGi weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 + X
msKiY
C 

148 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Y

1wU s-AiweUvj

Y 3wU p-AiweUvj
4wU sp3-nvBweËW AiweUvj
K ˆm mKj avZz LyeB mwKÌq ‰es cvwbi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi Þvi
Drc®² KGi ZvG`iGK Þvi avZz eGj| H H

10928 10928
L avZe jeYmgƒn mvaviYZ Kg D«¼vqx nq| wkLv cixÞvq Mvp
109.28
 C
4 H C
C
+
HCl eÅenvi KiGj avZe jeYmgƒn Mvp HCl ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi H H
H H

10928

10928
avZe ˆKÑvivBW jeGY cwiYZ nq| Drc®² ‰B avZe ˆKÑvivBW jeY H
H

ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe AwaK D«¼vqx nq| ‰B jeYGK eybGmb evbÆvGii wgG^b AYyi MVb
RviY wkLvq aiGj mnGRB evGÓ· cwiYZ nq ‰es wkLvi eGYÆi
cwieZÆb KGi ŠewkÓ¡ÅgƒjK eYÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi| ZvB Avgiv ejGZ CH2 = CH2 MVb (C ‰i sp2 msKiY):
Y
cvwi, Aby«¼vqx jeYGK D«¼vqx jeGY cwiYZ KGi wkLv cixÞvq Y
Z

mvnvhÅ KivB nGjv Mvp HCl ‰i KvR| Z

sp2
sp2

X X C
M DóxcGKi A ˆgŒjwU chÆvq mviwYi 4^Æ chÆvGqi 2bs MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj sp2
sp2

nIqvq A ˆgŒjwU nGjv Ca| Aciw`GK X, Y I Z chÆvq mviwYi 17 2s AiweUvj

2p AiweUvj AmsKwiZ pz AiweUvj (ZGji Dci jÁ¼ eivei)
bs MÉ‚Gci nÅvGjvGRbmgƒn ‰es ‰iv nGjv h^vKÌGg ˆdÑvwib, ˆKÑvwib I wPò: sp2 nvBweËW AiweUvGji MVb
ˆeËvwgb| A ˆgŒGji mvG^ c†^KfvGe X, Y I Z «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒMmgƒn
nGjv CaF2, CaCl2 I CaBr2 ‰es ‰iv cÉGZÅGKB AvqwbK e®¬Gbi sp2 sp2
H
sp2
 e®¬b
sp2
H

gvaÅGg MwVZ nq| wK¯§ AÅvbvqGbi eo AvKvGii KviGY dvhvGbi 2 H + sp2

C sp2 + sp2 C
sp2
+ 2 H
H
sp 2
C sp2
 e®¬b
sp2 C
sp2
s s
bxwZ AbymvGi ˆcvjviGbi dGj ‰G`i gGaÅ mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvk H

cvq| dvhvGbi bxwZ AbymvGi Avgiv Rvwb, AÅvbvqGbi AvKvi eo H


120
H
nGj DÚ AÅvbvqb KÅvUvqb KZ‡ÆK AwaK ˆcvivjvqb NGU| F, Cl, H
C

C
H
Br ‰i AvKvGii KÌg wbÁ²i…c: Bw^wjb AYyi MVb
F < Cl < Br
H2O MVb (O ‰i ˆKej sp3 msKiY Ki):
F, Cl I Br ‰i gGaÅ AvKvi e†w«¬i KÌgvbymvGi Br ‰i meÆvwaK Z
ˆcvjvivqb NGU| dGj CaCl2 I CaBr2 ‰i gGaÅ KÌgv®¼Gq mgGhvRx Z


PwiGòi gvòv AvKvi e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ evoGZ ^vGK| mgGhvRx sp3 
109.28
+ X
Pwiò e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ CaF2, CaCl2 I CaBr2 ‰i Mjbvâ msKiY
C 

KÌgv®¼Gq nËvm cvq| dGj ‰G`i MjbvGâi KÌg nGjv CaF2 > Y
1wU s-AiweUvj

Y 3wU p-AiweUvj
4wU sp3-nvBweËW AiweUvj
CaCl2 > CaBr2|
sp 3 H
sp 3 H H H O
sp 3 2 2 104.5
C sp C = C sp H 104.5 H
H
H H
H wPò: H2O O iAYy
H2AYy MVb I e®¬b ˆKvY
i MVb
H H H
H
cÉk
² 149

AZ‰e, P ˆgŒjwU wf®² wf®² msKiGYi gvaÅGg wewf®² nvBWÈvBW MVb
Mjbvâ (C)

Mjbvâ (C)

KiGjI Q ˆgŒjwU ˆKej sp3 msKiGbi gvaÅGg ‰KwU gvò

nvBWÈvBW H2O MVb KGi|
N DóxcGKi P I Q ˆgŒj«¼q chÆvq mviwYi 2q chÆvGqi 14 I 16 11 13 14 15 16 17 Li Na K Rb
bs MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj| myZivs ˆgŒj«¼q nGjv KveÆb I AwÝGRb| (A) (B)
 cvigvYweK msLÅv


wPò-II
C cigvYy sp3, sp2 cÉf‡wZ wf®² wf®² msKiGYi gvaÅGg nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒM wPò-I
 wkLbdj: 3 I 10 [e. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-6]
ˆhgb- wgG^b (CH4), Bw^b (CH2 = CH2) BZÅvw` MVb KiGZ
K. Zwor FYvñKZvi msæv ˆjGLv| 1
cvGi| AwÝGRGbi nvBWÈvBW H2O MVGbi ˆÞGò O- ‰i sp3 L. Cr AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
msKwiZ nq| AwÝGRGbi H2O Qvov Avi ˆKvGbv nvBWÈvBW ˆbB| M. I bs ˆjLwPGò A ‰i AvKvi B AGcÞv eo wK¯§ A ‰i
dGj ‰wU wf®² wf®² msKiGYi gvaÅGg AbÅ ˆKvGbv nvBWÈvBW MVGbi mywÕ©Z AvqGbi AvKvi B ‰i mywÕ©Z Avqb AGcÞv
ˆKvGbv mÁ¿vebv ˆbB| ˆQvU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
N. DóxcGKi ˆjLwPò `ywUi cÉK‡wZ wf®²Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 4 BGjKUÇb ^vGK ‰es AÅvjywgwbqvGgi ˆKjvGm wòAvavbwewkÓ¡ Al3+
149 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆKvb mgGhvRx ˆhŒGMi AYyGZ DcwÕ©Z `ywU wf®² ˆgŒGji
cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇb hyMjGK ‰KwU ˆgŒGji cigvYy
KZƆK wbGRi w`GK AwaK AvKlÆY Kivi ZzjbvgƒjK ÞgZvGK ˆmB
ˆgŒGji Zwor FYvñKZv eGj|
L ˆhme d-eÐK ˆgŒGji mywÕ©Z AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm d-
 Si e®¬b fvOv cÉGqvRb, ZvGZ AGbK kwÚi cÉGqvRb| AZ‰e
AiweUvj AvswkKfvGe cƒYÆ ^vGK ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj|
Cr ‰i mywÕ©Z AvqbàGjv nGjv Cr3+, Cr4+, Cr2+ BZÅvw`|
3+
24Cr  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3
ˆhGnZz Cr3+ AvqGbi 3d AiweUvj AvswkKfvGe cƒYÆ ZvB Cr ‰KwU
AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj|
M DóxcGKi A I B ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 11 I 17|
myZivs A I B ˆgŒj«¼q nGjv ˆmvwWqvg (Na) I ˆKÑvwib (Cl) ‰es ‰iv
h^vKÌGg 3q chÆvGqi meÆ evGgi I meÆ WvGbi ˆgŒj|
ˆh ˆKvb chÆvGq hZB evgw`K ˆ^GK Wvbw`GK hvIqv hvq, A^Ævr
cvigvYweK msLÅv hZB evGo, cigvYyi AvKvi ZZB nËvm cvq| ‰i
KviY nGœQ ‰KB chÆvGq cvigvYweK msLÅv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^
‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb hyÚ nq, wK¯§ BGjKUÇGbi Õ¦i msLÅv evGo bv|
cvigvYweK msLÅv e†w«¬i A^Æ wbDwKÑqvGmi abvñK AvavGbi e†w«¬|
dGj BGjKUÇbmgƒn wbDwKÑqvm KZ‡ÆK AvGiv ˆRvGi AvK‡Ó¡ nq| dGj
cigvYyi AvKvi Z^v cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ nËvm cvq|
AZ‰e, A ‰i AvKvi B AGcÞv eo| A ev Na ‰i mywÕ©Z Avqb
Na+ ‰i AvKvi B ‰i mywÕ©Z Avqb Cl AGcÞv ˆQvU| wbGÁ² ‰i
KviY weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
P = 11 P = 17
Na+ Cl 
e = 10 e = 18
Na+ ‰i ˆÞGò cÉavb kwÚÕ¦i nGjv w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦i wK¯§ Cl‰i
ˆÞGò cÉavb kwÚÕ¦i nGjv Z‡Zxq kwÚÕ¦i| ‰B KviGY Cl ‰i
AvKvi Na+ ‰i Zzjbvq eo ev wecixZfvGe Na+ ‰i AvKvi Cl
AGcÞv ˆQvU|
N (I) bs wPGòi 3bs chÆvGqi ˆgŒjmgƒGni cvigvYweK msLÅvi
mvG^ Mjbvâ cwieZÆb ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| ÞviavZzimgƒGni ‰KwU
KGi ˆhvRÅZv BGjKUÇb ^vKvq ‰G`i avZe e®¬b `yeÆj nq| ZvB ‰
avZzàGjv big avZz, wbÁ²MjbvâwewkÓ¡ nq| ‰KB MÉ‚Gc cvigvYweK
msLÅv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ cigvYyi AvKvi e†w«¬ cvq ‰es ˆhvRÅZv
Õ¦Gi BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi NbZ½ KGg hvq| dGj cigvYyi e®¬b AvKlÆY
KGg hvq eGj ˆgŒjmgƒGni Mjbvâ axGi axGi KGg| ZGe Li
cigvYyi AvKvi LyeB ˆQvU nIqvq ‰i avZe Mjbvâ axGi axGi
KGg| ZGe Li cigvYyi AvKvi LyeB ˆQvU nIqvq ‰i avZe e®¬b
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe `†p nq| ‰RbÅ Li ‰i Mjbvâ I Õ¹zUbvâ ‰
MÉ‚Gci AbÅG`i Zzjbvq ˆewk nq| (II) bs wPGò 2q chÆvGqi
ˆgŒjmgƒGni cvigvYweK msLÅvi mvG^ MjbvGâi cwieZÆb ˆ`LvGbv
nGqGQ|
ˆmvwWqvg ˆ^GK AÅvjywgwbqvg chƯ¦ avZe e®¬b we`Ågvb| ˆmvwWqvg
ˆKjvGm Na+ Avqb we`Ågvb| ‰ AvqGbi AvKvi eo ‰es gyÚ ‰KwU
gvò BGjKUÇGbi Dci AvKlÆY Kg| ‰ KviGYB ‰i ˆKjvGmi
MjGbi RbÅ Lye ˆewk kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq bv; A^Ævr ‰i Mjbvâ
Kg|
49
gÅvMGbwmqvg ˆKjvGm w«¼-AvavbwewkÓ¡ Mg2+ AvqGb `ywU gyÚ
Avqb I wZbwU gyÚ BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb| gyÚ BGjKUÇGbi Ici ‰G`i
AvKlÆY ˆewk| ‰ KviGY ‰G`i avZe e®¬Gbi `†pZvi e†w«¬i mvG^
Mjbvâ I Õ¹„Ubvâ AwaK nq|
wmwjKGbi ˆKjvGm AwZ e†nr AYy we`Ågvb, hv Si-Si e®¬Gbi gvaÅGg
wògvwòK Rvj wnGmGe MwVZ| ‰ ˆKjvmGK MjGbi RbÅ AGbK Si-
wmwjKGbi Mjbvâ I Õ¹zUbvâ AGbK ˆewk|
cieZÆx ˆgŒj dmdivm ‰i i…cGf` ˆk¼Z P4 AYy wnGmGe ^vGK| ‰
AYy we÷«¬ mgGhvRx cÉK‡wZi| wewf®² AYyi gGaÅ `yeÆj fÅvbWvi
IqvjGmi kwÚ Av¯¦tAvYweK kwÚ wnGmGe we`Ågvb| ZvB ‰i
Mjbvâ I Õ¹„Ubvâ AGbK Kg|
mvjdvGii AYy S8 wnGmGe we`Ågvb| ‰KB ˆgŒGji cigvYy «¼viv m†Ó¡
nIqv mvjdvGii AYy mgGhvRx| dGj wewf®² AYyi gGaÅ `yeÆj
fÅvbWvi Iqvjm kwÚ Av¯¦tAvYweK kwÚ wnGmGe we`Ågvb| ZvB ‰i
Mjbvâ I Õ¹„Ubvâ Kg|
ˆKÑvwib AYy `ywU cigvYy «¼viv m†Ó¡| ‰KB ˆgŒGji cigvYy «¼viv m†Ó¡
nIqvq Cl2 AYy cyGivcywi AvGcvjvi mgGhvRx| dGj wewf®² Cl2 AYyi
gGaÅ `yeÆj fÅvbWvi Iqvjm kwÚ Av¯¦tAvYweK kwÚ wnGmGe
we`Ågvb| ‰ KviGY Cl2 ‰i Mjbvâ I Õ¹„Ubvâ AGbK Kg|
cÉk
 ² 150 ˆgŒj meÆewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm
A (n-2)s1
‰LvGb,
B (n-1)s2(n-1)p3 n=3
C (n-1)s2(n-1)p4
D ns2 np4
 wkLbdj: 7 I 10 [Xv. ˆev.; w`. ˆev.; wm. ˆev.; h. ˆev. 18; cÉk²-4]
ˆcvjvwiwU Kx?
K. 1
L.
Fe ˆK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj ejv nq ˆKb? 2
A2D ‰KwU MÅvmxq c`v^Æ eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. 3
B I C ‰i nvBWÈvBW«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi e®¬b ˆKvY
N.
ˆewk? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
150 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K mgGhvRx e®¬Gb Ave«¬ `ywU AavZe cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆkqviK‡Z
BGjKUÇbGK AwaK Zwor FYvñK cigvYy KZ‡ÆK wbGRi w`GK ˆUGb
ˆbIqvi dGj H cigvYywUi ‰KwU cÉv¯¦ AvswkK FYvñK PvRÆhyÚ ‰es
Aci cÉv¯¦ AvswkK abvñK PvRÆhyÚ nq| ‰GK WvBGcvj eGj|
WvBGcvj m†wÓ¡i ‰B agÆGK ˆcvjvwiwU eGj| A
L ˆh me d-eÐK ˆgŒj A¯¦Z ‰gb ‰KwU mywÕ©Z Avqb MVb KGi,
hvi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm d-AiweUvj AvswkKfvGe cƒYÆ
(d1  d9) ^vGK, ZGe ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj|
Fe(26) = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
 Fe ‰KwU d eÐK ˆgŒj ‰es ‰i `ywU mywÕ©Z AvqGbi (Fe2+ I
Fe ) ewn:Õ¦ d-AiweUvj AvswkKfvGe cƒYÆ ^vGK
3+
 Fe2+(26) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6
Fe3+(26) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
ZvB, Fe ‰KwU AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj| A
M DóxcGKi A = (n  2) s1 = (3  2) s1 = 1s1 ‰es

D = ........... ns2 np4 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 ˆgŒj«¼Gqi
50 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ cvB, A ˆgŒjwU nvBGWÈvGRb [H(1)] ‰es D Al3+ + 3NaOH  Al(OH)3 + 3Na+
ˆgŒjwU mvjdvi [S(16)]| ‰iv DfGqB AavZz| (mv`v AvVvGjv ˆRjx)
AZ‰e, A2D ˆhŒMwU nj H2S ‰es Bnv ‰KwU mgGhvRx ˆhŒM| Al(OH)3 + NaOH  NaAl(OH)4
mvaviY Zvcgvòvq nvBGWÈvGRb mvjdvBW ‰KwU MÅvmxq c`v^Æ| Zvc
NaAl(OH)4 + NH4Cl  Al(OH)3 + NaCl + NH3 + H2O
Avgiv Rvwb, mgGhvRx e®¬Gb Ave«¬ Dfq AavZe cigvYyi Zwor (mv`v ˆRjx)
FYvZ½KZvi cv^ÆKÅ 0.5 ‰i Kg nGj ˆgvUvgywU AGcvjvi mgGhvRx ‰fvGe `ËeGY we`Ågvb Al3+ Avqb mbvÚ Kiv hvq|
AYy MwVZ nq| ‰LvGb, S I H ‰i Zwor FYvZ½KZvi gvb h^vKÌGg N DóxcGKi Y ‰es Z ˆgŒj«¼q h^vKÌGg KÅvjwmqvg (Ca) ‰es
2.5 I 2.1 ‰es ZvG`i Zwor FYvZ½KZvi cv^ÆKÅ (2.5  2.1) = 0.4 wRsK (Zn)| ˆKbbv, 20 I 30 cvigvYweK msLÅvwewkÓ¡ ˆgŒj«¼q
< 0.5 nIqvq H2S ‰KwU AGcvjvi mgGhvRx ˆhŒM| A^Ævr H2S h^vKÌGg Ca ‰es Zn| myZivs ˆgŒj«¼Gqi ˆKÑvivBW nGjv CaCl2 I
ˆhŒGMi AYyGZ ˆKvb AvswkK abvZ½K ev FYvZ½K ˆcvj ˆbB| dGj, ZnCl2 wbGP AvqwbK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi ZviZGgÅi KviY eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv:
H2S ‰i AYymgƒGni gGaÅ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MwVZ nGZ cvGi bv|
dvhvGbi bxwZ ˆ^GK Avgiv Rvwb,
H2S ‰i AYymgƒGni gGaÅ ÷aygvò `yeÆj fÅvbWvi Iqvjm& AvKlÆY ej
i. KÅvUvqGbi AvKvi Þz`Ë
KvR KGi| mvaviY Zvcgvòvq AYymgƒGni KÁ·b RwbZ weKlÆY ej
ii. AÅvbvqGbi AvKvi eo
‰B `yeÆj fÅvbWvi Iqvjm& ej nGZ ˆewk nq| dGj mvaviY ev KÞ
KÅvUvqb I AÅvbvqGbi PvRÆ ˆewk
Zvcgvòvq H2S ‰KwU MÅvmxq c`v^Æ| A
iii. KÅvUvqGbi d I f AiweUvGj BGjKUÇb ^vKGj
N DóxcK nGZ, B = .... (n  1) s2 (n  1) p3 = ..... (3  1) s2 (3  1) p3 AvqwbK ˆhŒGM ˆcvjvivqb AwaK nGe| dGj AvqwbK ˆhŒGM
= 1s2 2s2 2p3 [7N ‰i Abyi…c] A mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKU nGe|
C = ...... (3  1) s2 (3  1) p4 = 1s2 2s2 2p4 [8O ‰i Abyi…c] CaCl2 jeY ZnCl2 jeY nGZ ˆewk AvqwbK ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ`Lvq| ˆhgb- CaCl2
AZ‰e, B I C ˆgŒj«¼q h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb, I AwÝGRb ‰es ‰i Mjbvâ (772C) ZnCl2 ‰i Mjbvâ (290C) AGcÞv ˆewk|
‰G`i nvBWÈvBW h^vKÌGg NH3 I H2O. AvqwbK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi ZviZGgÅi welqwU wbGÁ² eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv:
AewkÓ¡vsk 131(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| i. ‰KB chÆvGqi evg w`K nGZ Wvb w`GK ˆMGj ˆgŒjmgƒGni
cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ, AvqwbK eÅvmvaÆ nËvm ˆcGZ ^vGK| ˆhgb-
cÉk
² 151
 ˆgŒj X Y Z 4^Æ chÆvGqi evg w`GKi Ca2+ ‰i eÅvmvGaÆi (114 pm) Zzjbvq
cvigvYweK msLÅv 13 20 30 Wvbw`GKi Zn2+ ‰i eÅvmvaÆ ˆQvU (74 pm)| dvRvGbi
 wkLbdj: 5 [iv. ˆev.; Kz. ˆev.; P. ˆev.; e. ˆev. 18; cÉk²-3] mƒòvbymvGi, ˆKvb AÅvbvqGbi weK‡wZ ev ˆcvjvivqb Kivi ÞgZv
K. AGUv cÉfveK Kx? 1 KÅvUvqGbi AvKvi nËvGmi mvG^ e†w«¬ cvq| ‰GÞGò Zn2+ AvqGbi
L. wkLv cixÞvq HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 AvKvi Ca2+ ‰i Zzjbvq ˆQvU ZvB Zn2+ ‰i wbDwKÑqvm I Cl
M. `ËeGY X3+ AvqGbi kbvÚKiY cixÞv mgxKiYmn wjL| 3 AvqGbi BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi `ƒiZ½ KGg hvq, dGj AvKlÆY e†w«¬
N. Y ‰es Z ˆgŒGji ˆKÑvivBW ˆhŒGMi AvqwbK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi
cvq| dGj CaCl2 ‰i Zzjbvq ZnCl2 ˆZ ˆcvjvivqb ˆewk nq|
ZviZGgÅi ˆhŒwÚK KviY gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4 ‰RbÅ ZnCl2 ‰i AvqwbK ŠewkÓ¡Å KGg hvq|
151 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ii. Avevi, dvRvGbi mƒòvbyhvqx Avgiv Rvwb `ywU KÅvUvqGbi gGaÅ
K ˆh me ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvq Drc®² c`vG^Æi ˆKvb ‰KwU c`v^Æ H meÆewntÕ¦ Õ¦Gi AvU BGjKUÇb wewkÓ¡ KÅvUvqb AGcÞv AvVvGiv
wewKÌqvi MwZGK e†w«¬ KGi A^Ævr Drcv` hLb wbGRB cÉfveK BGjKUÇb wewkÓ¡ KÅvUvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv ˆewk|
wnGmGe KvR KGi ZvGK AGUv cÉfveK eGj| A
Ca2+(20) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
L avZe jeYmgƒn mvaviYZ Kg D«¼vqx nq| wkLv cixÞvq Mvp
HCl eÅenvi KiGj avZe jeYmgƒn Mvp HCl ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi Zn2+(30) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
avZe ˆKÑvivBW jeGY cwiYZ nq| Drc®² ‰B avZe ˆKÑvivBW jeY ‰LvGb, Zn2+ I Ca2+ AvqGbi meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gi h^vKÌGg ˆgvU
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe AwaK D«¼vqx nq| ‰B jeYGK eybGmb evbÆvGii 18Uv I 8Uv BGjKUÇb AvGQ|
RviY wkLvq aiGj mnGRB evGÓ· cwiYZ nq ‰es wkLvi eGYÆi myZivs Zn2+ AvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv ˆewk| AZ‰e, ZnCl2 ‰i
cwieZÆb KGi ŠewkÓ¡ÅgƒjK eYÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi| ZvB Avgiv ejGZ AvqwbK ŠewkÓ¡Å CaCl2 AGcÞv Kg nq| A
cvwi, Aby«¼vqx jeYGK D«¼vqx jeGY cwiYZ KGi wkLv cixÞvq
mvnvhÅ KivB nGjv Mvp HCl ‰i KvR| cÉk
² 152 A = ................... np2

B = ................... np3
M DóxcGKi X ˆgŒjwUi cvigvYweK msLÅv 13, ZvB X3+ AvqbwU C = ................... np4 [n = 2]
AÅvjywgwbqvg (iii) Avqb ev Al3+. A  wkLbdj: 6 I 7 [iv. ˆev.; Kz. ˆev.; P. ˆev.; e. ˆev. 18; cÉk²-4]
Al3+ AvqGbi kbvÚKiY cixÞv K. AvswkK cvZb Kx? 1
‰KwU cixÞvbGj Al3+ ‰i 1-2 mL `ËeY wbGq ‰GZ 1-2 ˆduvUv L. R ‰i gvb 1 ‰i ˆPGq Kg nq ˆKb? 2
NaOH `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj mv`v ˆRjxi bÅvq AatGÞc cGo| ‰ M. DóxcGKi A ‰i nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒGMi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi
AatGÞGci gGaÅ AwZwiÚ NaOH `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj mv`v ˆRjx msKiY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
`Ëexf„Z nGq hvq| ‰ AeÕ©vq `ËeGY wKQy KwVb NH4Cl ˆhvM KGi N. DóxcGKi B ‰es C ˆgŒGji nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒGMi e®¬b
D KiGj cybivq mv`v ˆRjx `ËeGY wdGi AvGm| ˆKvGYi wf®²Zv iGqGQ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 51
152 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 153 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K cvZb cÉwKÌqvq cvZb dÑvÝ I kxZGKi gvGS Ask Kjvg Õ©vcb K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq 100g `ËveGK `ËGei mÁ·†Ú `ËeY cÉÕ§wZGZ
KGi wewf®² wbKU Õ¹zUbvGâi `yB ev ZGZvwaK Zij Dcv`vbGK eÅen†Z `ËGei MÉvg cwigvYB H `ËGei `ËveÅZv| A
ZvG`i wgkÉY nGZ c†^K Kivi cÉwKÌqvGKB AvswkK cvZb eGj| A L bvBGUÇvGRb I AwÝGRb DfqB 2q chÆvGqi h^vKÌGg MÉ‚c-15 I
L TCL ˆµÏGUi Afů¦Gi Dcv`vb KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ I `ËveK MÉ‚c-16 ‰ AewÕ©Z ˆgŒj| chÆve†î agÆ AbymvGi ‰KB chÆvGq evg
KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiGZ½i AbycvZGK Rƒ eGj| A ˆ^GK WvGb ˆMGj AvKvi nËvm cvq| KviY ‰KB chÆvGq evg ˆ^GK
Dcv`vb KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ Wvb w`GK cÉavb kwÚÕ¦i msLÅv ‰KB ^vGK wK¯§ bZzb bZzb BGjKUÇb
Rƒ =
`ËveK KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ cÉGeGki KviGY BGjKUÇb I ˆcÉvUGbi gaÅKvi AvKlÆY ej e†w«¬ cvq
AwaGkvlY gvòvi (adsorption) wf®²Zvi RbÅ `ËveGKi ˆPGq Dcv`vGbi ‰es AvKvGii msGKvPb NGU| ‰LvGb bvBGUÇvGRGbi 2q cÉavb
Õ·UàGjv axGi PGj ZvB Rƒ ‰i gvb meÆ`v 1 AGcÞv Kg nq| kwÚÕ¦Gi 5wU ‰es AwÝGRGbi 2q cÉavb kwÚÕ¦Gi 6wU BGjKUÇb
M DóxcGKi nGZ, we`Ågvb| ZvB AwÝGRb cigvYyi AvKvi bvBGUÇvGRb AGcÞv ˆQvU
A = ........... np2 = 1s2 2s2 2p2 [C(6) ‰i Abyi…c] nq|
AZ‰e, A ˆgŒjwU KveÆb C(6) ‰es ‰i nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒM wgG^b ev CH4|
M Avgiv Rvwb, AvDdevD bxwZ AbymvGi BGjKUÇbmgƒn cÉ^Gg wbÁ²
KveÆGbi sp3 msKiY I CH4 AYy MVb: KveÆb cigvYyi BGjKUÇb
kwÚi AiweUvj cƒYÆ KGi ‰i cGi KÌgv®¼Gq DœP kwÚi AiweUvGj
webÅvm nGœQ C(6) = 1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y 2p0z; ‰GZ `ywU weGRvo
cÉGek MÉnY KGi| A
BGjKUÇb AvGQ| ˆhŒM m†wÓ¡i cÉvØvGj kwÚ ˆkvlY KGi DóxwcZ ˆKvb AiweUvGj kwÚ KZUzKz Zv cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv (n) I
KveÆb cigvYy ‰i 2s AiweUvj ˆ^GK ‰KwU BGjKUÇb Lvwj 2pz mnKvix ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv (l) ‰i ˆhvMdGji Dci wbfÆi KGi|
AiweUvGj Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ KGi| ˆhgb, kwÚKÌg wbYÆGqi ˆejvq `ywU AiweUvGji gGaÅ hvi (n + l) ‰i gvb
C* (6) = 1s2 2s1 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z Kg Zvi kwÚI Kg| Avevi hw` (n + l) ‰i gvb mgvb nq ZGe ˆh
‰ AeÕ©vq KveÆb cigvYyi ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii AiweUvjmgƒn mswgwkÉZ nGq AiweUvGj n ‰i gvb Kg Zvi kwÚ Kg|
3d AiweUvGji ˆÞGò, n = 3, l = 2
bZzb PviwU mgkwÚi msKi AiweUvj 11, 12, 31 I 14 ŠZwi KGi|
 n + l = 3 + 2 = 5
‰ cÉwKÌqvGK KveÆGbi sp3 AiweUvj msKiY ejv nq| sp3 msKiGY ‰es 4s AiweUvGji ˆÞGò, n = 4, l = 0
m†Ó¡ msKi AiweUvjmgƒn ‰KwU PZzÕ¦jGKi kxlÆwe±`yi w`GK cÉmvwiZ  n + l = 4 + 0 = 4
^vGK| ‰ mgkwÚi msKi AiweUvjmgƒn cieZÆxGZ PviwU ˆhGnZz 3d AiweUvGji Zzjbvq 4s AwieUvGji kwÚ Kg| ZvB
nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi 1s1 AiweUvjmgƒGni mvG^ gyGLvgywL AwaKÌgY BGjKUÇb cÉ^Gg 4s AiweUvGj cÉGek KGi| 4s AiweUvGj cÉGek
KGi wgG^b AYy (CH4) m†wÓ¡ KGi| dGj Av`kÆ AeÕ©vq ‰ sp3 Kivi ci Avi ˆKvGbv AewkÓ¡ BGjKUÇb bv ^vKvq 3d AiweUvjwU
msKiGYi dGj m†Ó¡ AYyGZ e®¬b ˆKvYmgƒn 10928 nq| wbGÁ² C- duvKv ^vGK|
cigvYyi sp3 msKiY I nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi mvG^ CH4 AYy MVb
N cÉ`î II ‰i "A" ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c
ˆ`LvGbv nj| CH4 AYyi AvK‡wZ nGjv mylg PZzÕ¦jKxq| 2 2 6 2 6 8 2
28 A  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ cvB, 'A' ˆgŒjwU ‰KwU d-eÐK ˆgŒj ‰es
ˆgŒjwU nGjv wbGKj (Ni)| Avevi Avgiv Rvwb, ˆh mKj d-eÐK
ˆgŒGji mywÕ©Z AvqGbi d-AiweUvj AvswkKfvGe (d19) BGjKUÇb
«¼viv cƒYÆ ^vGK, ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj ejv nq| Ni ‰i
cigvYyGZ AvswkKfvGe cƒYÆ AiweUvGj weGRvo BGjKUÇb ^vKvq
ˆgŒGji cigvYyàGjv wewf®² cwigvY kwÚi ˆkvlY ‰es cÉGqvRGb IB
ˆkvwlZ kwÚ ARÆb KiGZ mÞg nq| ‰B ŠewkÓ¡ÅGK KvGR jvwMGq
wPò: KveÆb cigvYyi sp3 msKiGYi gvaÅGg PZzÕ©jKxq CH4 AYyi m†wÓ¡ wbGKj ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq kwÚi ˆhvMvb w`GZ mÞg
N 131 (N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
 nq| wbGKGji mywÕ©Z Avqb (Ni2+) ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv A
Ni2+  L L L L L L L L L @
cÉk
² 153
 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3d8 4s0
I. L L L L @ wbGKGji cigvYyGZ d AiweUvj BGjKUÇGbi DcwÕ©wZi dGj ‰iv
3s 3p 3d 4s wewf®² RviY Õ¦Gi wewKÌqK AYyi mvG^ wewKÌqv NwUGq bvbv aiGbi
II. A(28) AÕ©vqx A¯¦eZÆx ˆhŒM MVb KiGZ mÞg nq ‰es ‰fvGe wbÁ²Zi
 wkLbdj: 8 [Xv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-2] mwKÌqKiY kwÚmÁ·®² weK͸ wewKÌqv cG^i gvaÅGg ivmvqwbK
K. `ËveÅZv Kx? 1 wewKÌqvGK Z½ivw®¼Z KGi| AwaGkvlY Zî½ AbymvGi, wbGKj ˆhGnZz
L. 'N' I 'O' cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi AvKvi ˆQvU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj ZvB, ‰i c†Ó¤G`Gk AwaK cwigvY c†Ó¤ZGji ˆhvMvb
M. DóxcK I ‰i 3d AiweUvj duvKv ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 w`GZ mÞg nq| c†Ó¤ZGj avZzi cigvYyàGjv gyÚGhvRÅZv ^vKvq ‰K
N. DóxcK II ‰i 'A' ˆgŒjwU cÉfveb agÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi Kx? ev ‰KvwaK wewKÌqK AYy avZzi c†Ó¤ZGj AwaGkvwlZ nq| ‰i dGj
ˆZvgvi Dîi weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 avZe AbyNUGKi c†Ó¤G`Gk wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv e†w«¬ cvq| dGj
52 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
Kvw›ÞZ wewKÌqv mnGR mÁ·®² nq| ˆhgb: Bw^b ˆ^GK BG^b  N DóxcK cÉ`î mviwY Abyhvqx, P, Q I R ˆgŒj wZbwU h^vKÌGg
Drcv`Gbi wewKÌqvq Ni cÉfveK wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| Na, Mg I Si ‰es Y ˆgŒjwU Cl; ˆhLvGb 3q chÆvGqi 1bs MÉ‚Gci
Ni
H2C = CH2 + H2  H3C  CH3 ˆgŒjwU Na, 2 bs MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj Mg ‰es 14 bs MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj Si,
150C Avevi 3q chÆvGqi 17 bs MÉ‚Gci Y ˆgŒjwU Cl| myZivs Y ‰es mvG^
myZivs DcGii AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq ˆh cÉ`î ˆgŒjwU P, Q I R ˆgŒj wZbwUi MwVZ ˆhŒM h^vKÌGg NaCl, MgCl2 SiCl4|
AeÕ©v¯¦i avZz ‰es cÉfveK wnGmGe ˆgŒjwU AÅvjwKb ˆ^GK wbGP ˆhŒMàGjvi cÉK‡wZ weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
nvBGWÈvGRGbkb cÉwKÌqvq AÅvjGKb cÉÕ§wZGZ eÅen†Z nq|
dvRvGbi bxwZ AbymvGi
cÉk
 ² 154
1. KÅvUvqb I AÅvbvqGbi PvGRÆi cwigvY hZ ˆewk nq|
ˆkÉwY 
chÆvq 
1 2 14 17 2. KÅvUvqGbi AvKvi hZ ˆQvU nq ‰es AÅvbvqGbi AvKvi hZ
2 X eo nq|
3 P Q R Y 3. KÅvUvqGbi d I f AiweUvj BGjKUÇb ^vGK|
 wkLbdj: 2 [Xv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-3] ZvnGj AvqwbK ˆhŒGMi ˆcvjvivqb gvòv AwaK nq ‰es AvqwbK
K. chÆvqe†î agÆ Kx? 1 ˆhŒM mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å jvf KGi|
L. wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 ˆhŒM wZbwUGZ AÅvbvqb ‰KB ‰es Zv nGjv (Cl) ˆKÑvivBW Avqb
M. 'X' I 'Y' ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆewk? ‰es KÅvUvqbàGjv nGjv h^vKÌGg Na+, Mg2+ ‰es Si4+| dvhvGbi
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 bxwZ AbymvGi KÅvUvqGbi PvRÆ e†w«¬i mvG^ AvqwbK ˆhŒGMi mgGhvRx
N. 'Y' ‰i mvG^ c†^KfvGe P, Q I R ‰i ˆhŒMàGjvi cÉK‡wZ agÆ e†w«¬ cvq| ‰B KÅvUvqb wZbwUi PvRÆ e†w«¬i KÌg nGjv Si4+ >
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 Mg2+ > Na+
154 bs cÉGk²i Dîi myZivs ˆhŒM wZbwUi mgGhvRx agÆ e†w«¬i KÌg nGjv
K chÆvq mviwYi ˆgŒjmgƒGni cvigvYweK msLÅv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ SiCl4 > MgCl2 > NaCl
wbw`ÆÓ¡ eÅeavb A¯¦i aGgÆi cybive†wîGK ˆgŒGji chÆvqe†wîK agÆ ev A^Ævr wecixZfvGe ˆhŒMàGjvi AvqwbK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi (AwaK MjbvsK,
chÆvqe†îZv eGj| Õ¹zUbvsK, Zwor cwievwnZv ‰es cvwbGZ `ËveÅZv) KÌg nGjv
NaCl > MgCl > SiCl4
L avZe jeYmgƒn mvaviYZ Kg D«¼vqx nq| wkLv cixÞvq Mvp myZivs ejv hvq2 ˆh, dvhvGbi bxwZ AbymiY KGi cÉ`î ˆhŒMmgƒGni
HCl eÅenvi KiGj avZe jeYmgƒn Mvp HCl ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi
KÅvUvqGbi PvRÆ NbZ½ AbymvGi ‰G`i AvqwbK I mgGhvRx ŠewkGÓ¡Åi
avZe ˆKÑvivBW jeGY cwiYZ nq| Drc®² ‰B avZe ˆKÑvivBW jeY
KÌg wbYÆq ‰es AvbylvwãK ŠewkÓ¡Å wbaÆviY Kiv hvq|
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe AwaK D«¼vqx nq| ‰B jeYGK eybGmb evbÆvGii
RviY wkLvq aiGj mnGRB evGÓ· cwiYZ nq ‰es wkLvi eGYÆi  ² 155 Q, R I T ˆgŒjòGqi cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 6, 7
cÉk
cwieZÆb KGi ŠewkÓ¡ÅgƒjK eYÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi| ZvB Avgiv ejGZ I 15|  wkLbdj: 6 [Xv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-8]
cvwi, Aby«¼vqx jeYGK D«¼vqx jeGY cwiYZ KGi wkLv cixÞvq K. wmMgv e®¬b Kx? 1
mvnvhÅ KivB nGjv Mvp HCl ‰i KvR| L. H2O Zij wK¯§ H2S MÅvmxq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M cÉ`î 'X' I 'Y' ˆgŒj `ywU MÉ‚c-17 ‰i 2q I 3q chÆvGq M. 'Q' I 'R' ‰KB msKiY cÉ `kÆ b KiGjI ZvG`i
AewÕ©Z| myZivs ˆgŒj `ywU nGjv ˆdÑvwib (F) ‰es ˆKÑvwib (Cl)| nvBWÈvBGWi AvK‡wZ wf®²’ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
‰G`i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c N. ˆKÑ v wiGbi mvG^ 'R' ‰KwU ˆhŒM MVb KiGjI 'T' `y wU
 ˆhŒM MVb KGi weGkÏ l Y KGiv| 4

 155 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

  Cl  
F 
 K mgGhvRx e®¬b m†wÓ¡i mgq `ywU cigvYyi ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii `ywU
 AiweUvGji mvgbvmvgwb AwaKÌgGYi dGj m†Ó¡ e®¬bGK wmMgv

ˆdÑvwib ˆKÑvwib e®¬b eGj| A

myZivs ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh, ˆdÑvwiGbi meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦i nGjv w«¼Zxq  L chÆvq mviwYi ‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj AwÝGRb I mvjdvGii
kwÚÕ¦i| w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gii AvKvi ˆQvU eGj Þz`Ë cwimGi ˆdÑvwiGbi nvBWÈvBW nGjv H2O I H2S| ZvB H2O ‰es H2S ‰i aGgÆ wgj
‰B 7wU BGjKUÇb weivR Kivi KviGY PvRÆ NbZ½ e†w«¬ cvq| dGj ^vKv Õ¼vfvweK| wK¯§ KÞ Zvcgvòvq H2O Zij ‰es H2S nGjv
AvMgbKvix BGjKUÇGbi 2q kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbmgƒGni Abyi…c MÅvm| ‰i KviY nGjv cvwb ˆcvjvi AYy| Aciw`GK H2S AGcvjvi|
weKlÆY kwÚI e†w«¬ cvq| ZvB mvgwMÉKfvGe ˆdÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb ˆcvjvi cvwbi AYymgƒGni gGaÅ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi KviGY
AvmwÚi gvb Kg nq| Av¯¦tAvYweK `ƒiZ½ nËvm cvq| dGj cvwb Zij nq| wK¯§ H2S
Aciw`GK ˆKÑvwiGbi 3q kwÚÕ¦Gii AvKvi 2q kwÚÕ¦i AGcÞv eo AGcvjvi weavq ‰GZ ÷aygvò `yeÆj fÅvbWvi Iqvjm ej KvR KGi
nIqvq AvMgbKvix BGjKUÇb mnGR ‰i ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gi cÉGek KiGZ ZvB H2S MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq weivR KGi|
cvGi| dGj ˆKÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi gvb ˆdÑvwib AGcÞv AwaK +  +  + 
H  O ........H  O ...........H  O
nq|
H+ H+ H+
H
ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, cigvYy«¼Gqi kwÚÕ¦Gii AvKvGii Dci wfwî KGi
ˆgŒj«¼Gqi meÆGkl KÞc^ BGjKUÇGbi Dci AvmwÚ cÉ`kÆb KGi| A wPò: cvwbi AYymgƒGni H e®¬b (.......)
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 53
M eBGqi AaÅvq-3 ‰i 84(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| M Avgiv Rvwb üG´£i bxwZwU nGjv A
 ‰KB kwÚmÁ·®² wewf®² AiweUvGj BGjKUÇbàGjv ‰gbfvGe AeÕ©vb
N ‰LvGb cÉ`î cvigvYweK msLÅv AbymvGi 'R' I 'T' ˆgŒj `ywU
KiGe ˆhb Zviv meÆvwaK Ahy™Â AeÕ©vq ^vKGZ cvGi| ‰B me
nGjv h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb (N) I dmdivm (P) ‰es ‰G`i BGjKUÇb
webÅvm wbÁ²i…c A Ahy™Â BGjKUÇGbi wÕ·b ‰KBgyLx nGe|
2 2 1
7N  1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
1 1 A^Ævr mgkwÚi AiweUvGj BGjKUÇbmgƒn cÉ^Gg Ahy™Â msLÅvq
2 2 2 6 2 1
15P  1s 2s 2p 2p 3s 3px 3py 3pz 3d
1 1 0 ‰KgyLx wÕ·Gb cÉGek KGi ‰es ciewZÆGZ AewkÓ¡ BGjKUÇb
* 2 2 6 1 1
15P  1s 2s 2p 3s 3px 3py 3pz 3d
1 1 1
wecixZgyLx wÕ·Gb cÉGek KGi|
bvBGUÇvGRb I dmdivm DfGqi meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gi p AiweUvGj cÉ`î BGjKUÇb webÅvm AbymvGi (2s22p4) 'A' ˆgŒjwU nGjv AwÝGRb (O)|
2 2 4
wZbwU KGi weGRvo BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb| ZvB DfqB mgGhvRÅZv 3 8O  1s 2s 2p

cÉ`kÆb KGi ‰es AavZe cigvYy ˆKÑvwiGbi mvG^ mgGhvRx ˆhŒM üG´£i bxwZGZ AwÝGRb ˆgŒjwUi 2BGjKUÇ b webÅvm wbÁ²i…c
1s 2s 2px 2py1 2pz1
NCl3 I PCl3 MVb KGi|
8O = \ \ \ ` `
A^Ævr 2p DckwÚÕ¦Gi 3wU AiweUvj we`Ågvb| dGj 2p DcÕ¦Gii
Cl 4wU BGjKUÇGbi gGaÅ cÉ^g 3wU ‰KgyLx wÕ·Gb 3wU p AiweUvGj
cÉGek KGiGQ ‰es AewkÓ¡ BGjKUÇbwU 2px AiweUvGj wecixZgyLx
Cl N Cl
Cl wÕ·Gb cÉGek KGiGQ|
myZivs, DcGivÚ üG´£i bxwZ cÉ`î A ˆgŒGj ev AwÝGRGbi BGjKUÇb
wPò: NCl3 ‰i e®¬b| webÅvGm cÉZxqgvb nGqGQ|
N DóxcGKi A I B ˆgŒj«¼q h^vKÌGg AwÝGRb (O) I dmdivm
ˆhŒGMi MVb]
[wPò : PCl3 (P)| ˆgŒj `ywUi nvBWÈvBW h^vKÌGg H2O I PH3| wbGP ˆgŒj«¼Gqi
wK¯§ DGîwRZ AeÕ©vq dmdivGmi 3s2-AiweUvGji ‰KwU BGjKUÇb nvBWÈvBGWi AvK‡wZi Dci gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇGbi cÉfve AvGjvPbv
duvKv 3d AiweUvGj Õ©vbv¯¦i mÁ¿e eGj ZLb dmdivGmi
Kiv nGjv
mgGhvRÅZv 5 nq ‰es PCl5 MwVZ nq| Aciw`GK 2q kwÚÕ¦Gi d
AiweUvj ^vGK bv eGj bvBGUÇvGRGbi Abyi…c mgGhvRÅZv e†w«¬ ev AYyi Dci: H2O ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy AwÝGRGbi msKiY sp3
H2O
AÓ¡K mÁ·ÉmviY mÁ¿e nq bv| cÉKvGii| ‰ PviwU sp3 msKi AiweUvGji `ywU AiweUvj H2O
AYyÕ© `ywU H cigvYyi 1s1 AiweUvGji mvG^ AwaKÌwgZ nGe ‰es
P AewkÓ¡ `ywU sp3 AiweUvGj AwÝGRGbi `yGRvov wbtmã gyÚ
BGjKUÇb AeÕ©vb KiGe| dGj H2O AYyi AvK‡wZ PZzÕ¦jKxq bv
myZivs eYÆbvbymvGi ‰ K^v ejv hvq ˆh, ˆKÑvwiGbi mvG^ bvBGUÇvGRb nGq BsGiwR V AÞGii Abyi…c nGe ‰es HOH e®¬b ˆKvY
‰KwU ˆhŒM NCl3 MVb KiGjI dmdivGmi cwieZÆbkxj ˆhvRÅZv 3 10928 ‰i AGbK wbGP 104.5 nq| ‰LvGb l.p.  l.p. weKlÆY
I 5 nIqvq ‰wU `ywU ˆhŒM PCl3 I PCl5 MVb KGi| NGU|
cÉk
² 156 ns np ; n = 2
2 4 2 3
ns np ; n = 3 
 2 H O
(A) (B) O
O
2 I 3 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq [iv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-1]  
H H 104.5 H
K. ˆbmjvi weKviK Kx? 1
H
L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 O ‰i sp3 msKi H2O AYyi DΟv V AvK‡wZ
M. "A" ˆgŒjwUi ˆÞGò üG´£i bxwZwUi cÉGqvM ˆ`LvI| 3 AiweUvj AiweUvj wPò H2O AYy
N. "A" I "B" ˆgŒj«¼Gqi nvBWÈvBGWi AvK‡wZi Dci
gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇGbi cÉfve eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 PH3 AYyi Dci: PH3 AYyi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy P ‰i BGjKUÇb
156 bs cÉGk²i Dîi webÅvm
2 2 6 2 1 1 1
K Þvixq cUvwmqvg ˆUUÇvAvGqvGWv gviwKDGiU (II) ‰i `ËeYGK P(15) = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3px 3py 3pz
ˆbmjvi weKviK (K2HgI4) eGj| A 3s2 3px13py13pz1

L ˆh AeÕ©vq ˆKvb DfgyLx wewKÌqvi mÁÃyLgyLx wewKÌqvi nvi cøvrgyLx mwKÌq AeÕ©vq : *P = 1s2 2s2 2p6 L @ @ @

wewKÌqvi nvGii mgvb nq ZvGK ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v eGj| A sp 3

 
H2(g) + I2(g) HooooI 2HI(g)  3 H  P
N 93.3
‰ wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò, cÉ^g w`GK H2 I I2 ‰i Nbgvòv ˆewk ^vKvq P P
mÁÃyLgyLx wewKÌqvi nvi ˆewk ^vGK| dGj mgGqi mvG^ mvG^ HI ‰i H H H H

Nbgvòv e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK ‰es HI ‰i weGqvRb wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬ H H

ˆcGZ ^vGK| ‰K mgq Dfq wewKÌqvi nvi mgvb nq ‰es wewKÌqvwU P ‰i spmsKi
3
PH3 AYyi wòGKvY wcivwgWxq
mvgÅveÕ©v cÉvµ¦ nq| AiweUvj AiweUvj wPò PH3 AYy
54 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
msKwiZ AiweUvGji ˆRvo BGjKUÇbB gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb| VSEPR ‰KBfvGe Z‡Zxq chÆvGqi ˆÞGòI mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg NGU|
Zî½ AbymvGi gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇGbi weKlÆY e®¬bGRvo AGcÞv A^Ævr dmdivGmi AvqbxKiY kwÚ AwÝGRb AGcÞv ˆewk nq|
AwaK| A^Ævr, Avevi ‰KB MÉ‚Gc Dci ˆ^GK wbGP cigvYyi AvKvi e†w«¬i KviGY
l.p.l.p. > l.p.  b.p. > b.p.  b.p.
AvqwbKiY kwÚi gvb nËvm cvq| A^Ævr MÉ‚c-15 ‰ bvBGUÇvGRGbi
AvqwbKiY kwÚ dmdivm AGcÞv ‰es MÉ‚c -16 ‰ AwÝGRGbi
‰ KviGY sp3 msKiY nIqv mGî½I e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb gyÚGRvo AvqwbKiY kwÚ mvjdvi AGcÞv AwaK|
BGjKUÇGbi weKlÆGYi KviGY AGbK Kg nq| ZvQvov P ‰i ˆÞGò myZivs DcGivÚ eYÆbvbymvGi ‰es chÆve†î agÆvbymvGi ˆgŒj PviwUi
3d duvKv AiweUvj DcwÕ©Z ^vKvq gyÚGRvo  gyÚGRvo weKlÆGYi ˆÞGò ‰KB chÆvGq Wvb ˆ^GK evGg ‰es ‰KB MÉ‚Gc Dci ˆ^GK wbGP
dGj e®¬b msGKvPGbi gvòv PH3 (e®¬b ˆKvY 107) AGcÞv hG^Ó¡ AvqwbKiY kwÚi gvb nËvm cvq| ˆgŒjmgƒGni AvqwbKiY kwÚi KÌg
ˆewk nq| ZvB HPH e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvGbi AÕ¼vfvweK nËvm NGU A>B>C>D
93.3 nq| ev, N > O > P > S
cÉk
² 157
 MÉ‚c  cÉk
² 158 D, Q I R ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 6, 7 I 8|

15 16
chÆvq   wkLbdj: 7 [w`. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-3]
2q A B K. fÅv´£viIqvjm ej Kx? 1
3q C D L. CaCl2 ‰es AlCl3 jeY«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU cvwbGZ AwaK
 wkLbdj: 2 I 10 [iv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-5] `ËeYxq ‰es ˆKb? 2
K. AvDdevD bxwZ Kx? 1 M. DóxcGKi DH4 ‰es H2R ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi ˆÞGò gƒjZ
L. `ËveÅZvi Dci Zvcgvòvi cÉfve eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬bB `vqx eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
M. B ˆgŒjwUi nvBWÈvBW Zij nGjI D ˆgŒjwUi nvBWÈvBW N. DóxcGK AYy wZbwUi AvK‡wZi wf®²Zvi KviY weGkÏlY
MÅvmxq ˆKb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 KGiv| 4
N. A, B, C, D ˆgŒj PviwUi MÉc ‚ wfwîK ‰es chÆvqwfwîK 158 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
AvqbxKiY kwÚi cwieZÆb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 K ˆKvGbv AGcvjvi mgGhvRx ˆhŒGM Zvi AYymgƒn ˆh `yeÆj AvKlÆY
157 bs cÉGk²i Dîi eGji gvaÅGg ciÕ·Gii mvG^ hyÚ ^vGK ZvGK fÅv´£viIqvjm
K cigvYyGZ we`Ågvb BGjKUÇbàGjv cÉ^Gg wbÁ²Zg kwÚÕ¦Gii AvKlÆY ej eGj| A
AiweUvj cƒYÆ KiGe ‰es cGi KÌgv®¼Gq DœPZi kwÚÕ¦Gii AiweUvj L CaCl2 I AlCl3 ‰i gGaÅ Al3+ ‰i AvKvi Ca2+ AGcÞv ˆQvU|
cƒiY KiGe| ‰UvB AvDdevD bxwZ| A ZvB ‰i PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk| myZivs dvRvGbi bxwZ AbymvGi AlCl3 ‰i
L `ËveÅZvi Dci Zvcgvòvi weGkl cÉfve cwijwÞZ nq| mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å CaCl2 AGcÞv ˆewk I Al3+ KZƆK Cl AvqGbi
mvaviYfvGe Zvcgvòv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ `ËGei `ËveÅZv e†w«¬ cvq| ˆcvjvivqbI ˆewk nq| Aciw`GK, CaCl2 ‰i AvqwbK ŠewkÓ¡Å
KviY DœP Zvcgvòvq `ËveK I `Ëe DfGqi MwZkwÚ e†w«¬ cvq dGj ˆewk eGj cvwbGZ ‰i Ca2+ ‰es 2Cl cvwbi wecixZagxÆ PvRÆ «¼viv
AwaK `Ëe `Ëexf„Z nq| wK¯§ wKQy `ËGei ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv e†w«¬i mvG^ mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆewÓ¡Z ^vGK| ZvB CaCl2 ‰i `ËeYxqZv AlCl3 jeY AGcÞv
mvG^ `ËveÅZv nËvm cvq| ˆhgb NaOH, Ca(OH)2 BZÅvw`| B ˆewk| A
Avevi ‰gb wKQy `Ëe iGqGQ hvG`i ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv e†w«¬GZ cÉ^Gg M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, D I R ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 6 I
`ËveÅZv e†w«¬ cvq wK¯§ Zvcgvòv AviI e†w«¬ ˆcGj `ËveÅZv nËvm cvq| 8| myZivs D ˆgŒjwU nGjv KveÆb I R ˆgŒjwU nGjv AwÝGRb| ZvB
ˆhgb Na2SO4.10H2O| DH4 ˆhŒMwU nGjv CH4 I H2R nGjv H2O|
M eBGqi AaÅvq-3 ‰i 39(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| KÞ Zvcgvòvq cÉ`î H2O Zij AeÕ©vq ^vKGjI CH4 ‰i ˆfŒZ
AeÕ©v MÅvmxq nq| KviY H2O AYyGZ nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi mvG^
N cÉ`î chÆvq mviwY AbymvGi A, B, C I D ˆgŒj PviwU nGjv
hyÚ AwÝGRb cigvYy AwZkq Zwor FYvñK nIqvq H I O ‰i
h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb (N), AwÝGRb (O), dmdivm (P) I mvjdvi
Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ AGbK ˆewk| dGj H2O AYyGZ mgGhvRx
(S)| ‰G`i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c: A
 1s2 2s2 2p3
e®¬Gb AwZgvòvq WvBGcvGji m†wÓ¡ nq| e®¬Gb m†Ó¡ ‰B ˆcvjvwiwU
7N
2
8O  1s 2s 2p
2 4 ev WvBGcvj H2O AYyGZ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi m†wÓ¡ KGi| Avi
2 2 6
15P  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 3 ‰fvGe m†Ó¡ H-e®¬Gbi KviGYB H2O AYymgƒn ciÕ·i ciÕ·iGK
16 S  1s 2
2s2
2p 6
3s2
3p 4
AvK‡Ó¡ KGi mse«¬ AvKvi aviY KGi| ZvB H2O Zij|
MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ‰K ˆgvj wewœQ®² cigvYyi cÉwZwU ˆ^GK ‰KwU KGi +
H O
2 +
H O
2 +
H O
2

‰K ˆgvj BGjKUÇb AcmviY KGi cigvYywUGK ‰K ˆgvj abvñK + + +

AvqGb cwiYZ KiGZ ˆh kwÚi cÉGqvRb ZvGK AvqbxKiY kwÚ
eGj|
Avgiv Rvwb, ‰KB chÆvGq evg ˆ^GK WvGb cvigvYweK AvKvi nËvGmi
mvG^ mvG^ AvqwbKiY kwÚ e†w«¬ cvq| ‰GÞGò 2q chÆvGqi
AwÝGRGbi AvqwbKiY kwÚ bvBGUÇvGRb AGcÞv AwaK nIqvi
K^v| wK¯§ AaÆcƒYÆ 2p AiweUvj AwaKZi mywÕ©Z weavq
bvBGUÇvGRGbi AvqwbKiY kwÚ AwÝGRGbi AGcÞv AwaK|
H H H
wPò: cvwbi AYymgƒGni gGaÅ m†Ó¡ H e®¬b
AcicGÞ CH4 AYyGZ C I H ‰i gGaÅ Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ
Lye Kg| ZvB kZÆmvGcGÞ CH4 AYyGZ CH e®¬Gb LyeB mvgvbÅ
ˆcvjvivqb NGU| hvi dGj CH4 AYyi gGaÅ Avi H-e®¬b MwVZ nq
bv| ZvB CH4 mvaviY Zvcgvòvq MÅvmxq nq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 55
DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq, cÉ`î ˆhŒM«¼Gqi Zwor  cÉk
² 159
FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ weGePbvq ˆhŒM«¼Gq WvBGcvj ev ˆcvjvivqGbi ˆkÉwY 
1 15 17
D«¿e nq| Avi ‰B D«¿„Z ˆcvjvivqGb H-e®¬b we`Ågvb hv chÆvq 
ˆhŒM«¼Gqi mÁ·ƒYÆ wf®² evwnÅK AeÕ©v `vb KGi| 1 X  
myZivs ejv hvq, DH4 I H2R ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi ˆÞGò gƒjZ H- 2  Y 
e®¬bB `vqx| A 3   Z
 wkLbdj: 7 [Kz. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-1]
N [we.`Ë.: cÉ`î cÉk²wU ò‚wUhyÚ| cÉGk² AYy wZbwUi AvK‡wZi e`Gj K. cÉfveK wel Kx? 1
ˆgŒj wZbwUi nvBWÈvBGWi AvK‡wZi wf®²Zv nGe|] L. HCl ‰KwU ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM ˆKb? 2
‰LvGb D, Q, R ˆgŒj wZbwU nGjv KveÆb, bvBGUÇvGRb, AwÝGRb| M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK YX4Z ˆhŒGM we`Ågvb e®¬bmgƒn
‰G`i nvBWÈvBWàGjv nGjv CH4, NH4, H2O| ‰B wZbwU ˆhŒM eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
cÉGZÅKwUi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi msKiY ‰KB nGjI e®¬b ˆKvY wf®² nGq N. YX 3 ‰es YX 4
+
‰i ˆÞGò ‰KB msKiY ^vKv mGî½ I
^vGK| ‰i KviY wbGÁ² eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv e®¬b ˆKvY wf®² nq ˆKb? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
159 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
cÉ`î AYy wZbwU nGjv CH4, NH3 I H2O| A
‰Lb, CH4 AYyGZ C ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm: K ˆh me c`v^Æ cÉfveGKi cÉfveb ÞgZv nËvm ‰gbwK e®¬ KGi
2 1 1
*C6  1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 1 1 ˆ`q ZvG`iGK cÉfveK wel eGj| A
wgG^b AYyGZ KveÆGbi PviwU sp msKi AiweUvGji mGã PviwU H- 
3
L HCl ˆhŒGM Cl ‰i Zwor FYvñKZv H AGcÞv AGbK ˆewk|
cigvYyi s orbital AwaKÌgY KGi PviwU KveÆb nvBGWÈvGRb wmMgv dGj HCl ˆhŒGM mgGhvRx e®¬Gb ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇb Cl AGbKUv
e®¬b MVb KGi| ˆhGnZz, sp3 msKiY ZvB kZÆmvGcGÞ AYyi AvK‡wZ wbGRi w`GK ˆUGb ˆbq I AvswkK FYvñK PvGRÆ (Cl) cwiYZ nq|
PZzÕ¦jKxq I e®¬b ˆKvY nq 109.5|
dGj H AvswkK abvñK PvGRÆ (H+) cwiYZ nq| ‰fvGe HCl
 H
ˆhŒGM `ywU wecixZ ˆgi‚i ev ˆgŒGji m†wÓ¡ nq| ZvB ejv nq HCl
sp3

‰KwU ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM| A

 sp3 C
sp3  H M ‰LvGb, X ˆgŒjwU chÆvq mviYxi MÉ‚c 1 ‰i chÆvq 1, Y ˆgŒjwU
H MÉ‚c 15 ‰i chÆvq 2 I Z ˆgŒjwU MÉ‚c 17 ‰i chÆvq 3 ‰ AewÕ©Z|
sp3

 H ZvB X, Y, Z ˆgŒjàGjv nGjv h^vKÌGg H, N I Cl| myZivs YX4Z

[wPò: wgG^b (CH4) AYyi AiweUvj wPò] ˆhŒMwU nGjv NH4Cl|
Aciw`GK, NH3 AYyGZ N cigvYyi ˆkl KÞcG^ 3wU weGRvo NH4Cl ‰i gGaÅ wZb cÉKvi e®¬b ˆhgb 1. mgGhvRx e®¬b 2.
BGjKUÇb AvGQ| wZbwU H-cigvYyi ˆkl ˆLvjGKi ‰KwU KGi mw®²Gek e®¬b I 3. AvqwbK e®¬b AvGQ| A
BGjKUÇb N ‰i mvG^ hyÚ nGq sp3 msKiGYi gvaÅGg NH3 AYy MVb +

KGi| sp3 msKiY eGj ‰LvGbI AvK‡wZ PZzÕ¦jKxq nIqvi K^v|  H|  

H  NH  Cl
wK¯§ NH3 AYyGZ ‰KwU wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo we`Ågvb hv e®¬b  H 
|

ˆRvo BGjKUÇbGK weKlÆY KGi| dGj e®¬b ˆKvY 109.5 ˆ^GK

Avevi, NH4+ Avqb I Cl Avqb ‰i mvG^ AvqwbK e®¬b we`Ågvb|
KGg 107 nGq hvq I AvK‡wZ nq wòGKvYvKvi wcivwgW|
 wbGÁ² Zv eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv
N 
1. ‰KwU N cigvYy wZbwU H cigvYyi mvG^ wZbwU mgGhvRx NH
N e®¬b mnGhvGM NH3 AYy MVb KGi|
   
+ 3H   H  N  H ev, NH3

H N
 H   
H H H N

2. AÅvGgvwbqv AYy (NH3) ‰i wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMj mnGhvGM
H
[wPò: NH3 AYyi AvK‡wZ] ‰KwU nvBGWÈvGRb Avqb (H+) mw®²Gek e®¬Gb Ave«¬ nq|
Avevi, H2O ‰i AYyGZI sp msKiY we`Ågvb| wK¯§ ‰LvGb `ywU
3
H+ + NH3  [H NH3]+ ev, NH4+

gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb ^vKvq weKlÆY AviI ˆeGo hvq I AvK‡wZ 3. abvñK NH4+ Avqb I FYvñK Cl Avqb wÕ©i Še`yÅwZK
ˆKŒwYK ev DΟv V AvK‡wZi nGq hvq| dGj e®¬b ˆKvY nq 104.5| AvKlÆY «¼viv AvqwbK e®¬Gb Ave«¬ nGq NH4Cl MVbm KGi|
 
O  NH4+ + Cl  NH4+ Cl
ZvB DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq ˆh DGÍÏwLZ NH4Cl
H H
ˆhŒGM AvGjvPÅ wZb cÉKvi e®¬b A¯¦wbÆwnZ iGqGQ|
[wPò: AYyi AvK‡wZ]
H2O
N cÉ`î chÆvq mviwY AbymvGi YX3 ˆhŒMwU nGjv NH3 I YX4+

myZivs DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq, AYy wZbwUi AvK‡wZi
wf®²Zvi KviY gƒjZ AYyGZ we`Ågvb gyÚ ˆRvo I e®¬b ˆRvo AvqbwU nGjv NH4 | NH3 ˆhŒGM N ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm,
+

2 2 1 1 1
7N  1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
BGjKUÇGbi gGaÅKvi weKlÆY|
56 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
N cigvYyi wZbwU weGRvo BGjKUÇGbi mvG^ wZbwU H cigvYyi FeCl2 I FeCl3 ˆhŒM«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK AvqwbK dvRvGbi
weGRvo BGjKUÇb ˆkqvGii gvaÅGg sp3 msKivqGbi «¼viv NH3 MwVZ wbqg AbymvGi eÅvLÅv Kiv hvq| dvRvGbi bxwZ nGjv
nq| ˆhGnZz, sp3 msKivqb ZvB kZÆvbymvGi AvK‡wZ PZzÕ©jKxq I i. KÅvUvqGbi AvKvi Þz`Ë nGj
e®¬b ˆKvY 109.5 nIqvi K^v| wK¯§ NH3 AYyGZ ‰K ˆRvov ii. AÅvbvqGbi AvKvi eGov nGj
wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo ^vKvq Zv we`Ågvb e®¬b ˆRvo BGjKUÇbGK iii. KÅvUvqGbi d I f AiweUvGj BGjKUÇb ^vKGj
iv. KÅvUvqb I AÅvbvqGbi PvRÆ AwaK nGj ˆhŒGM ˆcvjvivqGbi
weKlÆY KGi| dGj AvK‡wZ nGq hvq wòGKvYvKvi wcivwgW I e®¬b
gvòv AwaK nGe| ˆh ˆhŒGM ˆcvjvivqGbi gvòv hZ AwaK nq
ˆKvY nq 107|
ˆm ˆhŒGM mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å ZZ AwaK nq| NaCl I NaBr
Avevi, NH4+ AvqGbi gGaÅI sp3 msKivqb we`Ågvb| ‰GÞGò N
FeCl2 ˆhŒGMi KÅvUvqb Fe2+ I AÅvbvqb Cl| Avevi, FeCl3 ˆhŒGM
‰i wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo H+ ˆK `vb KGi mw®²Gek e®¬b MVb KÅvUvqb Fe3+ I AÅvbvqb Cl| FeCl3 ˆhŒGMi Fe3+ ‰i PvRÆ NbZ½
KGi| dGj ‰LvGb wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo bv ^vKvq e®¬b ˆRvo FeCl2 ‰i Fe2+ AGcÞv ˆewk| ZvB FeCl2 ‰i ˆ^GK FeCl3 ˆZ
BGjKUÇGbi mvG^ weKlÆY nq bv| ZvB e®¬b ˆKvY nq 109.5 A^Ævr Fe3+ I Cl hLb wbKGU AvGm ZLb Fe3+ «¼viv Cl ‰i BGjKUÇb
AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK| ˆgGNi weK‡wZ ev ˆcvjvivqb ˆewk NGU| KviY Avgiv Rvwb,
e®¬bGRvo  H+ Avqb gyÚGRvo  dvhvGbi bxwZ AbymvGi PvRÆ NbZ½ hZ ˆewk nq ˆcvjvivqb ZZ ˆewk
BGjKUÇb BGjKUÇb nq I ˆhŒM ZZ ˆewk mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ`Lvq|
weKlÆY
C N myZivs ejv hvq dvhvGbi bxwZ AbymiY KGi cÉ`î ˆhŒGM we`Ågvb

H cigvYy
  
KÅvUvqGbi PvRÆ NbZ½ weGePbv KGi ˆhŒM«¼Gqi gGaÅ mgGhvRx
 
ŠewkGÓ¡Åi Zzjbv Kiv nq| ZvB Fe3+ AvqGbi PvRÆ NbZ½ Fe2+ ‰i
NH4 ‰i MVb
+
NH3 ‰i MVb ˆPGq ˆewk nIqvq FeCl2 I FeCl3 ‰i gGaÅ FeCl3 ˆewk mgGhvRx|
myZivs, DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, cÉ`î ˆhŒM«¼Gq msKiY  N eBGqi AaÅvq-3 ‰i 66(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
‰KB A^Ævr sp3| wK¯§ ‰G`i AvK‡wZ I e®¬b ˆKvGY ˆh wf®²Zv ˆ`Lv
hvq Zvi KviY nGjv ˆhŒM«¼Gq we`Ågvb gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi  cÉk
² 161 chÆvq mviwYi w«¼Zxq chÆvGqi `y’wU ˆgŒj X ‰es Y|
DcwÕ©wZ I e®¬b ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi mvG^ weKlÆY| ‰G`i ˆhvRbx Õ¦Gii webÅvm h^vKÌGg ns2np3 ‰es ns2np4|
 wkLbdj: 4 [P.ˆev. 17; cÉk²-3]
cÉk
² 160
 K. jÅv¯©vbvBW Kx? 1
ˆgŒGji bvg ewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm L. Kc ‰i gvb kƒbÅ nq bv ˆKb? 2
A 3d6 4s2 M. XH3 ‰es YH2 ‰i e®¬b ˆKvGYi Zzjbv KGiv| 3
B 4d104s2 N. XH3 AGcÞv YH2 kwÚkvjx ‰wmW weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
C 3s2 3p5 161 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
 wkLbdj: 8 [Kz. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-5]
K 6Ó¤ chÆvGqi jÅv¯©vbvg, La(57) ˆ^GK cieZxÆ jyGUwmqvg Lu(71)

K. mwKÌqb kwÚ Kx? 1
chƯ¦ cGbiwU ˆgŒjGK jÅv¯©vbvBW ev jÅv¯©vbvBW wmwiR eGj| B
L. ˆKÌvwgqvg eÅwZKÌgagxÆ BGjKUÇb webÅvm ˆ`Lvq ˆKb? 2
M. AC2 I AC3 ˆhŒM«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK mgGhvRx L mvgÅaË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb KLGbv kƒbÅ nGZ cvGi bv|
AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3 KviY fiwKÌqv mƒògGZ ‰KwU mvaviY DfgyLx wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò,
N. DóxcGKi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi? weGkÏlY A + B HooI C + D
KGiv| 4 [C]  [D]
mvgÅaË‚eK, Kc = [A]  [B]
160 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
‰GÞGò hw` Kc ‰i gvb kƒbÅ nGZ nq ZGe Drcv` C I D ‰i gGaÅ
K bƒÅbZg ˆh cwigvY kwÚ mçq KGi ˆKvGbv wewKÌqvi wewKÌqK nq C ‰i Nbgvòv [C] bv nq D ‰i Nbgvòv [D] ‰i gGaÅ A¯¦Z
AYymgƒnGK wewKÌqvq AskMÉnGYi DchyÚZv ARÆb KiGZ nq ˆmB ‰KwUGK kƒbÅ nGZ nGe| A^Ævr cøvrgyLx wewKÌqv mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe ˆkl
cwigvY kwÚGK mwKÌqb kwÚ eGj| A nGZ nGe| wK¯§ evÕ¦Ge Zv KLGbvB nq bv|
L Cr ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv 24| Cr-‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvGm ˆkl myZivs mvgÅaË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb KLGbv kƒbÅ nGZ cvGi bv| A
BGjKUÇb d AiweUvGj cÉGek KGi| Cr ‰i AvGMi ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb
M cÉ`î X ˆgŒjwU chÆvq mviwYi 2q chÆvGq AewÕ©Z ‰es ‰i
webÅvm, 1s22s22p6 3s23p63d3 4s2
ZvnGj wbqg Abyhvqx Cr ‰i 3d4 nIqvi K^v| wK¯§ Avgiv Rvwb ˆh, ˆhvRbx BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv 2s2 2p3|
AaÆcYƒ Æ I cƒYÆ AiweUvjàGjv wÕ©wZkxj| ‰B wÕ©wZkxjZv ARÆGbi ‰KBfvGe Y ˆgŒjwUI 2q chÆvGq AewÕ©Z ‰es ‰i ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii
jGÞÅ ZvB Cr ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi ˆÞGò 3d4 KbwdMvGikb bv BGjKUÇb webÅvm 2s2 2p4|
nGq 3d5 nq I 4s KbwdMvGikb ‰ 4s1 nGq hvq| myZivs X I Y ˆgŒj `ywU nGjv h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb (N) I AwÝGRb
2 2 6 2 6
24Cr  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
5 1 (O) ‰es ‰G`i nvBWÈvBW«¼q nGjv NH3 I H2O|

‰RbÅ Cr eÅwZKÌgagÆx BGjKUÇb webÅvm ˆ`Lvq| A AewkÓ¡vsk 9(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
M cÉ`î A I C ˆgŒGji ewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm h^vKÌGg 3d64s2 I  N cÉkv² bymvGi XH3 ‰es YH2 ˆhŒM `ywU nGjv NH3 I H2O|
3s 3p | myZivs A ˆgŒjwU nGjv Fe ‰es C ˆgŒjwU nGjv Cl| myZivs AC2 NH3 ‰es H2O ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy N I O ‰KB chÆvGqi h^vKÌGg
2 5

ˆhŒMwU nGjv FeCl2 I AC3 ˆhŒMwU nGjv FeCl3| MÉ‚c-15 ‰es MÉ‚c-16 ˆZ AewÕ©Z| ‰KB chÆvGqi evg w`K nGZ
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 57
Wvb w`GK Zwor FYvñKZvi gvb e†w«¬ cvq| ZvB chÆvqe†î agÆ 1 1
2s2 2px 2py 2pz
1

AbymvGi AwÝGRGbi Zwor FYvñKZv (3.5) bvBGUÇvGRGbi Zwor N(7) = 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 L @ @ @
FYvñKZv (3.0) AGcÞv AwaK| dGj AwaK Zwor FYvñKZvi
sp msKivqb
3
`i‚Y AwÝGRb cigvYy mnGR gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb `vb KiGZ Pvq
bv| Aciw`GK bvBGUÇvGRb cigvYy mnGRB gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb cÉ`vb N-cigvYyi sp3 msKwiZ AiweUvGji wZbwUi cÉGZÅKwUGZ ‰KwU
KGi| B KGi Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb ‰es ‰KwUGZ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb AeÕ©vb KGi|
jyBm gZev` AbymvGi, ˆh mKj ˆhŒM BGjKUÇb hyMj `vb KiGZ wZbwU sp3 msKwiZ AiweUvGji mvG^ H cigvYyi s AiweUvGji
cvGi Zviv nGjv Þvi| myZivs NH3, H2O AGcÞv ZxeË Þvi ˆKbbv Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb AwaKÌgY KGi NH3 AYy MVb KGi|
N-cigvYy Lye mnGR BGjKUÇb hyMj `vb KiGZ cvGi| wecixZfvGe
NH3 AGcÞv cvwb kwÚkvjx ‰wmW| ˆKbbv NH3 I H2O ‰i
gaÅKvi wewKÌqvq NH3 cvwb ˆ^GK ˆcÉvUb MÉnY KGi NH4+ ‰ cwiYZ
nq| ‰GÞGò cvwb H+ `vb KGi weavq ‰wU ‰wmW Aciw`GK NH3
H+ MÉnY KGi weavq ‰wU Þvi|
NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH
myZivs ejv hvq ˆh BGjKUÇb `vb ‰es MÉnGYi cÉK‡wZ Abyhvqx ejv PZz^Æ sp3 msKi AiweUvGji BGjKUÇb `ywU wbtmã ˆRvo wnGmGe
hvq NH3 AGcÞv H2O kwÚkvjx ‰wmW|A AeÕ©vb KGi| ZvB AvK‡wZ I e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb Av`kÆ sp3 msKi AYy
cÉk
² 162 ˆ^GK wePzÅZ nGq hvq| dGj NH3 AYyi AvK‡wZ wòGKvYvKvi wcivwgWxq
ˆgŒj cvigvYweK msLÅv ‰es e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb 107 nq| A
E 1 N ‰LvGb cvigvYweK msLÅv AbymvGi A I B ˆgŒj `ywU nGjv
A 7 h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb (N) I wmwjKb (Si) ‰es ‰G`i WvBAÝvBW
B 14 `ywU nGjv h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb WvBAÝvBW (NO2) ‰es wmwjKb
 wkLbdj: 4 [P. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-5] WvBAÝvBW SiO2| chÆvqe†î agÆgGZ, chÆvq mviwYGZ evg ˆ^GK Wvb
K. wewKÌqv Zvc Kx? 1 w`GK KÌgk avZe agÆ nËvm cvq ‰es AavZe agÆ e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK|
L. mw®²Gek e®¬b nGjv wmMgv e®¬b eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 Avgiv Rvwb, avZe AÝvBWmgƒn Þvixq ‰es AavZe AÝvBWmgƒn
M. A I E ˆgŒj «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒGMi msKivqb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 AÁÏagxÆ nq| bvBGUÇvGRb MÉ‚c-15 ˆZ AewÕ©Z ‰es wmwjKb MÉ‚c-14
N. A I B ˆgŒGji WvB AÝvBW `ywUi AÁÏ aGgÆi ZzjbvgƒjK ˆZ AewÕ©Z weavq bvBGUÇvGRGbi AavZe agÆ wmwjKb AGcÞv
AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4 AwaK| ZvB chÆvq mviwYi ŠewkÓ¡ÅvbymvGi NO2 kwÚkvjx AÁÏxq
162 bs cÉGk²i Dîi AÝvBW ‰es SiO2 `yeÆj AÁÏxq AÝvBW|
K ˆKvGbv wewKÌqvi mgZvK‡Z mgxKiY gGZ wewKÌqKmgƒGni ‰B NO2 kxZj cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z nGq HNO2 ‰es HNO3 ‰wmW
msLÅvbycvwZK ˆgvj cwigvGY mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc wewKÌqvi dGj Drc®² ev Drc®² KGi ‰es ÞvGii mvG^ wewKÌqvq jeY I cvwb Drc®² KGi|
ˆkvwlZ ZvGci cwigvYGK wewKÌqv Zvc eGj| A NO2 + 2H2O  HNO2 + HNO3
2NO2 + 2NaOH  NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O
L `ywU AiweUvGji mvgbvmvgwb ev gyGLvgywL AwaKÌgGYi dGj Aciw`GK SiO g†`y AÁÏagxÆ weavq Zv cvwbi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi bv
2
wmMgv e®¬Gbi m†wÓ¡ nq| NH3 AYyGZ PZz^Æ msKi AiweUvj `ywU
wK¯§ ÞvGii mvG^ wewKÌqvq jeY I cvwb Drc®² KGi|
BGjKUÇb aviY KGi hv AGkqviK‡Z AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ‰B 4^Æ msKi SiO2 + 2NaOH  Na2SiO3 + H2O
AiweUvjwUi BGjKUÇb hyMj ‰KwU H+ AvqGbi BGjKUÇb wenxb 1s jeY
AiweUvGji mvG^ gyGLvgywL AwaKÌgY KGi mw®²Gek e®¬b MVb KGi| myZivs DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰K^v Õ·Ó¡ KGi ejv hvq A ‰i
ˆhGnZz gyGLvgywL AwaKÌgY ZvB ‰fvGe m†Ó¡ e®¬bwU wmMgv () AÝvBW ev NO2 ZxeË AÁÏ nGjI chÆve†î agÆ AbymvGi B ‰i AÝvBW
e®¬b| A ev SiO2 g†`y AÁÏ|
H
L L
cÉk
² 163

N cvigvYweK msLÅv ˆgŒj
+ H+  N 6 X
L L 7 Y
H L L
L H H 8 Z
H L H
H 16 R
NH4+ gƒjGKi MVb  wkLbdj: 6 [wm. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-1]
myZivs ejv hvq mw®²Gek e®¬b ‰KwU wmMgv e®¬b| K. `ËveÅZv Kx? 1
M ˆhGnZz cÉ`î E I A ˆgŒj `ywUi cvigvYweK msLÅv 1 I 7| L. cwji eRÆb bxwZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
myZivs A I E ˆgŒj `ywU nGjv h^vKÌGg bvBGUÇvGRb (N) I M. mvaviY ZvGc Z ‰i nvBWÈvBW Zij wK¯§ R ‰i nvBWÈvBW
nvBGWÈvGRb (H) ‰es ‰G`i «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM nGjv NH3| ‰B MÅvm eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
NH3 AYyi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy N| N. X, Y ‰es Z ‰i nvBWÈvBWàGjv Awf®² msKiGYi gvaÅGg
bvBGUÇvGRGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm ŠZwi nGjI BnvG`i AvK‡wZ wf®² wf®² weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
58 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
163 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Cl
180
Cl
K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq 100 MÉvg `ËveKGK mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY cwiYZ KiGZ Cl Be Cl
ˆKvb `ËGei hZ MÉvg `Ëexf„Z KiGZ nq `ËGei ˆm fi cÉKvkK
msLÅvB `ËveÅZv| A M DóxcGKi M ˆgŒjwU ˆKÑvwib (Cl)| ˆKÑvwib AmvgémÅZv wewKÌqv
L cwji eRÆb bxwZ: “‰KB cigvYyGZ ˆh ˆKvb `ywU BGjKUÇGbi cÉ`kÆY KGi| wbGP Zv eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv A
PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb KLbI ‰KB nGZ cvGi bv|” ˆh wewKÌqvq ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji `ywU cigvYy ev ‰KB AvqbmgƒGni gGaÅ
`ywU BGjKUÇGbi 3wU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb ‰KB nGjI PZz^Æ ‰KB mvG^ RviY I weRviY NGU ˆm wewKÌqvGK DÚ ˆgŒGji
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv AekÅB wf®² nGe| ˆhgb- `yBwU BGjKUÇb wewkÓ¡ AmvgémÅZv wewKÌqv eGj|
KÞ Zvcgvòvq jNy Þvi `ËeY ˆhgb NaOH `ËeY I Cl2 wewKÌqvq
‰KwU cigvYyGZ A
1 ˆmvwWqvg ˆKÑvivBW (NaCl), ˆmvwWqvg ˆKÑvGiU (I) jeY, (aClO) I
1g BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 2 cvwb Drc®² KGi|
1 0 <25 C 1 +1
2q BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ, n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s =  2 Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(l)
A^Ævr ‰KB cigvYyi 2wU BGjKUÇGbi KÞcG^i AvKvi (n), AvK‡wZ ‰GÞGò wewKÌqK ˆKÑvwiGbi `ywU cigvYyi RviYgvb kƒbÅ (0)|
(l), ˆKŒwYK AeÕ©vb (m) ‰KB nGZ cvGi hw` ZvG`i wbR AGÞi weRviY
Dci NƒYÆGbi w`K ciÕ·i wecixZgyLx nq|
+1 70C 1 +7
M ˆhGnZz ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, Z I R ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 8 NaClO  NaCl + NaClO4
‰es 16| ZvB Z ˆgŒjwU nGjv AwÝGRb (O) ‰es R ˆgŒjwU nGjv
mvjdvi (S)| Z ˆgŒjwUi nvBWÈvBW nGjv H2O ‰es R ˆgŒjwUi RviY
nvBWÈvBW nGjv H2S| ‰LvGb NaClO ‰i ˆÞGò ˆKÑvwiGbi (Cl) RviY msLÅv +1| wK¯§
AewkÓ¡ Ask 5(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c| 70C Zvcgvòvq Zv NaCl I NaClO4 Drc®² KGi ‰es ˆmLvGb
N ‰LvGb QK AbymvGi X, Y, Z ˆgŒjàGjv nGœQ h^vKÌGg C, N, O| 1
RviY msLÅv h^vKÌGg  1 I + 7| NaClO ˆ^GK NaCl nGZ RviY
myZivs ‰G`i mvaviY nvBWÈvBWàGjv nGjv CH4, NH3, H2O| ‰G`i
msLÅv + 1 ˆ^GK 1 ‰ cwiewZÆZ nq| myZivs ‰GÞGò weRviY NGU|
RÅvwgwZK AvK‡wZ wbÁ²i…c: B
Avevi NaClO ˆ^GK NaClO4 ŠZwi nGZ RviY msLÅv +1 ˆ^GK + 7
AewkÓ¡ Ask 7(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|
‰ cwiewZÆZ nq| ‰GÞGò RviY NGUGQ|
cÉk
² 164
 myZivs ejv hvq, Cl AmvgémÅZv wewKÌqv cÉ`kÆb KGi|
ˆgŒj chÆvq ˆkÉwY N eBGqi AaÅvq-3 ‰i 2(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|A
A 2q 14
B 3q 14 cÉk
 ² 165
M 3q 17 MÉ‚c IA VIA VIIA

 wkLbdj: 5 [wm. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-7] chÆvq

K. mwKÌqb kwÚ Kx? 1 1 A
L. ˆewiwjqvg ˆKÑvivBW mij‹iwLK ˆKb? 2 2 D E
M. M ˆgŒjwU AmvgémÅZv wewKÌqv cÉ`kÆb KGieÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 3 M
N. BM4 Av`ËÆ weGkÏwlZ nq wK¯§ AM4 Av`ËÆ weGkÏwlZ nq bv  wkLbdj: 7 [h. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-5]
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 K. cwji eRÆb bxwZ Kx? 1
164 bs cÉGk²i Dîi L. KjGqW KYvi mywÕ©wZ KxfvGe webÓ¡ Kiv hvqeÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
K ˆKvGbv wewKÌqvq cviÕ·wiK AvYweK msNlÆ «¼viv ev AbÅ ˆKvb
 M. AE AGcÞv A2D ‰i Õ¹zUbvsK ˆewk ˆKbeÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
DcvGq wewKÌqGKi ‰KwU Ask wewKÌqGKi Mo kwÚ AGcÞv ˆh N. A2D I A2M ‰i e®¬b ˆKvGYi cv^ÆGKÅi KviY weGkÏlY
cwigvY AwaK kwÚ jvf KGi wewKÌqvq AskMÉnGYi DchyÚZv ARÆb KGiv| 4
KGi, ZvGK H wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚ eGj| A 165 bs cÉ Gk² i Dîi
L ˆewiwjqvg ˆKÑvivBGWi Be cigvYyi BGjKUÇb webÅvm: K “‰KB cigvYyGZ ˆhGKvb `ywU BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
Õ¼vfvweK AeÕ©vq Be(4)  1s 2s 2 2 msLÅvi gvb KLbI ‰KB nGZ cvGi bv”| A
DGîwRZ AeÕ©vq Be*(4)  1s 2s 2px 2 1 1
L KjGqW KYvi mywÕ©wZ webÓ¡ Kivi Dcvq nGjv A
‰LvGb, `ywU Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb ‰es ‰G`i mvG^ ˆKÑvwiGbi i. `ywU wecixZ AvavbhyÚ mjGK mgGgvjvi AbycvGZ ˆgkvGj
‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb hyÚ nGq e®¬b MVb KiGe| DfGqiB ˆKvqvàGjkb nGe|
Cl(17) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3px2 3py2 3pz1 ii. mvaviYfvGe dzwUGq ˆKvb ˆKvjGqW `ËeYGK ˆKvqvàGjkb Kiv
myZivs ‰fvGeB sp msKiGYi gvaÅGg BeCl2 ˆhŒM MwVZ nq ‰es hvq|
mij‹iwLK KvVvGgv MVb KGi| A iii. ZworPvjb cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGgI KjGqGWi mywÕ©wZ webÓ¡ Kiv
hvq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 59
M cÉ`î A ˆgŒjwU 1 bs MÉ‚Gci 1g chÆvGq AewÕ©Z| ZvB ˆgŒjwU N. [A(NH3)4]2+ AvqbwU iwOb nGjI [B(NH3)4]2+
nGjv nvBGWÈvGRb (H) Avevi D ˆgŒjwU VIA MÉ‚Gci 2q chÆvGq eYÆnxbeÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
AewÕ©Z| ZvB ˆgŒjwU nGjv AwÝGRb (O) ‰es E ˆgŒjwU VIIA 166 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
MÉ‚Gci 2q chÆvGq AewÕ©Z| ZvB ˆgŒjwU nGjv ˆdÑvwib (F)| A K mevi RbÅ cwiwgZ cwigvGY mylg LvG`Åi wbøqZvGK Lv`Å
myZivs A2D ˆhŒMwU nGjv H2O ‰es AE ˆhŒM nGjv HF| wbivcîv eGj| A
HF AGcÞv H2O ‰i Õ¹zUbvâ ˆewk| KviY cvwb I HF DfqB
L avZe jeYmgƒn mvaviYZ Kg D«¼vqx nq| wkLv cixÞvq Mvp
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MVb KiGjI H2O ˆZ `ywU H – bond `vZv ‰es
HCl eÅenvi KiGj avZe jeYmgƒn Mvp HCl ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi
`ywU H– bond MÉnxZv we`Ågvb| ZvB cÉwZwU cvwbi AYyGZ `ywU H–
avZe ˆKÑvivBW jeGY cwiYZ nq| Drc®² ‰B avZe ˆKÑvivBW jeY
bond we`Ågvb| dGj e®¬b kwÚi gvb AwaK nq ‰es Õ¹zUbvâ
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe AwaK D«¼vqx nq| ‰B jeYGK eybGmb evbÆvGii
e†w«¬ cvq|
RviY wkLvq aiGj mnGRB evGÓ· cwiYZ nq ‰es wkLvi eGYÆi
Aciw`GK HF AYyGZ 3wU H– bond `vZv ‰es ‰KwU H– bond
cwieZÆb KGi ŠewkÓ¡ÅgƒjK eYÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi| ZvB Avgiv ejGZ
MÉnxZv we`Ågvb ^vKvq cÉwZwU HF cigvYyGZ ÷aygvò ‰KwU H– bond
cvwi, Aby«¼vqx jeYGK D«¼vqx jeGY cwiYZ KGi wkLv cixÞvq
we`Ågvb ^vGK| ZvB HF ‰i Õ¹zUbvâ (19.5C) cvwbi Õ¹zUbvâ
mvnvhÅ KivB nGjv Mvp HCl ‰i KvR|
(100C) AGcÞv Kg nq|
H H
M DóxcGKi A2+ AvqGbi meÆewnÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm 3d9
O  A cigvYyi BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGe 3d10 4s1

H
[3d9 4s2 bq ˆKbbv 3d10 AwaK wÕ©wZkxj]
A^Ævr A ˆgŒjwU Cu(29)
O F F F
H H H H H [Cu(NH3)4]2+ MVb:
H
O O H
wPò : HF AYyGZ H- bond Cu2+ AvqGbi mGã PviwU AÅvGgvwbqv AYy mw®²Gek e®¬b «¼viv hyÚ
H O H nGq ˆUUÇvAÅvwgb wKDwcÉK RwUj Avqb [Cu(NH3)4]2+ MVb KGi|
H ‰GÞGò RwUj AvqbwUGZ Cu2+ Avqb nGjv ˆK±`Êxq avZe Avqb ‰es
wPò : cvwbi AYyi H- bond NH3 ‰i AYymgƒn wjMÅv´£| Cu2+ AvqGbi mGã PviwU mw®²Gek
N A, D, M ˆgŒjàGjv nGjv h^vKÌGg H, O, S. e®¬b «¼viv wjMv´£ NH3 ‰i PviwU AYy hyÚ eGj Cu2+ AvqGbi
A^Ævr A2D I A2M ˆhŒMàGjv nGjv H2O I H2S. mw®²Gek msLÅv Pvi|
H2O I H2S ‰i MVbKvGj sp3 msKivqb NGU| sp3 msKivqGb m†Ó¡ [Cu(NH3)4]2+ AvqbwU cÅvivgÅvMGbwUK A^Ævr Cu2+ AvqGbi
ˆhŒGM e®¬b ˆKvY 109.5 nGjI ˆhŒM«¼Gqi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyGZ `yBwU weGRvo BGjKUÇb AvGQ ‰es iébiwkÄ cixÞv gGZ mgZjxq
gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb ^vKvi KviGY e®¬b ˆKvY KGg cvwbi AYyGZ eMÆvKvi| ZvB ‰GZ wbGÁ²vÚ BGjKUÇb webÅvm mnGhvGM PviwU wjMÅv´£
104.5 nq| KviY, e®¬b ˆRvo-gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi weKlÆY, (:NH3) cÉ`î PviwU BGjKUÇb hyMGj sp2d msKiY NGU|
e®¬b ˆRvo-e®¬b ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi weKlÆY AGcÞv ˆewk nq| dGj
e®¬b ˆKvY nËvm cvq|
‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj S ‰i ˆÞGòI H2S ˆhŒGM e®¬b ˆKvY
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ˆewk nËvm cvq| KviY O ‰i ˆPGq S ‰i Zwor
FYvñKZv Kg ‰es e®¬b BGjKUÇb hyMj ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi
wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK `ƒGi mGi hvq eGj e®¬b hyMj-e®¬b hyMj weKlÆY
nËvm cvq| ‰fvGe e®¬b BGjKUÇb hyMj AviI KvQvKvwQ mGi AvGm|
dGj H2S ‰ e®¬b ˆKvY cvwbi e®¬b ˆKvY AGcÞv Kg (cÉvq 92)
nq|

O S
H 104.5 H H 92.12 H H3N: ‰i mgZjxq eMÆvKvi MVb
wPò: cvwb AYy wPò: H2S AYy N ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A 2+
AvqGbi meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb
myZivs H2S ‰i e®¬b ˆKvY ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ‰KB msKiY ‰es gyÚ webÅvm 3d9| A
ˆRvo BGjKUÇb ^vKv mGî½I H2O AGcÞv nËvm cvq| A2+ ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv
A2+  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s0
cÉk
² 166 A2+ I B2+ Avqb `yBwUi meÆewntÕ© BGjKUÇb webÅvm
ZvB ˆgŒjwU nGjv (Cu)|
h^vKÌGg 3d9 I 3d10|  wkLbdj: 8 [e. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-8]
Avevi, B2+ AvqGbi ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm 3d10| B2+ ‰i
K. Lv`Å wbivcîv Kx? 1
BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv
L. wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2
B2+  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s0 ZvB, ˆgŒjwU nGjv (Zn)|
M. [A(NH3)4]2+ ‰i MVb cÉwKÌqv AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
60 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
AeÕ©v¯¦i avZzi AwaKvsk ˆhŒM ‰es ZvG`i AvqGbi `ËeYmgƒn  cÉk² 168
iwOb| AeÕ©v¯¦i avZz I AvqGb AcƒYÆ d AiweUvj ^vGK eGjB ‰iv H B¨ ¨:
D
iwOb nq| A
109.5
107 H H 104.5 H
AeÕ©v¯¦i avZzi cigvYyi ewnÕ¦Gii d AiweUvjmgƒGni kwÚ mgvb| H
H H2D
‰GK wWGRbvGiU AeÕ©v eGj| wK¯§ ˆhŒM MVGbi mgq AbÅ H H H
BH3
AH4
cigvYyi AiweUvGji mGã AeÕ©v¯¦i avZe AvqGbi d AiweUvGji
AwaKÌgY NUvq d AiweUvjmgƒGni gGaÅ kwÚi wKQyUv cv^ÆKÅ m†wÓ¡ A, B I D ˆgŒGji
cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 6, 7 I 8|
nq (bb-wWGRbvGiU AeÕ©v)| myZivs ˆhŒGMi `ËeGY AvGjv coGj d
 wkLbdj: 7 I 10 [w`. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 1]
BGjKUÇb `†kÅgvb AçGji AvGjv ˆkvlY KGi KvQvKvwQ kwÚi Aci
K. meyR imvqb Kx? 1
d AiweUvGj Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| ˆh eGYÆi AvGjv ˆkvlY KGi Zvi
mÁ·ƒiK eGYÆi AvGjv `†kÅgvb nq| dGj AeÕ©v¯¦i avZzi AvqGbi L. iGÚi evdvi wKÌ q v eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
`ËeYwU H wbw`ÆÓ¡ eGYÆi nq| Zn2+ AvqGb mywÕ©Z d10 KbwdMvGikb M. DóxcGKi AH4 ‰es H2D ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi ˆÞGò gƒjZ
^vKvq BGjKUÇGbi ˆKvb d-d Õ©vbv¯¦i mÁ¿e bq| ‰RbÅ wRsK nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬bB `vqx eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
jeYmgƒn eYÆnxb| wK¯§ Cu AvqGb AcƒYÆ d AiweUvj AvGQ| ‰RbÅ
2+
N. DóxcGKi AYy wZbwUi AvK‡wZ I e®¬b ˆKvGYi Dci gyÚ
wKDwcÉK jeYàGjv iwOb| ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi cÉfve weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ ‰ Cu2+  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 168 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
L@ K imvqGbi ˆh kvLvq Kg cwiGek `ƒlY KGi ‰gb me cÉwKÌqv I
L L L L @ wjMÅv´£ wdΣ d-d Õ©vbv¯¦i
Drcv`b c«¬wZ wbGq AvGjvPbv Kiv nq ZvGK meyR imvqb eGj|
3d9 L LL
wWGRbvGiU AeÕ©v L iGÚ dmGdU (PO43–) gƒjK, evBKveÆGbU (HCO3–) gƒjK I ˆcÉvwUb
bb-wWGRbvGiU
wPò: AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒGji iwOb ˆhŒGMi MVGbi eÅvLÅv evdvi wKÌqvq Ask ˆbq| iGÚ AGÁÏi cwigvY ˆeGo ˆMGj H+ Avqb
iwOb ˆhŒGMi ˆÞGò gGb ivLGZ nGe ˆh, wjMÅv´£, AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj, ˆkvwlZ +
nGq wbGÁ²i ˆKŒkj AbymvGi cÉkwgZ nq|
–
AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒGji PvRÆ, wjMÅvG´£i msLÅv-‰G`i ˆhGKvGbvwUi H + HCO 3  H2CO3

cwieZÆb nGj bb-wWGRbvGiUi AeÕ©vq kwÚi cv^ÆKÅ wf®² nGe| H2CO3  H2O + CO2
‰GZ kwÚi ˆkvlY-wewKiY wf®² nGe hv wf®² wf®² eYÆ cÉ`kÆb KiGe| CO2 dzmdzGmi gvaÅGg cÉk¼vGmi mvG^ wbMÆZ nq| AbÅw`GK ÞvGii
cwigvY ˆeGo ˆMGj ÞvGii OH– gƒjK wbGÁ²vÚ DcvGq ˆkvwlZ nq|
cÉk
 ² 167  MÉ‚c
15 16 17 OH– + H2CO3  HCO3– + H2O
chÆvq
wK¯§ dmGdU evdvi wmGÕ¡gwU ‰KwU Av¯¦tGKvlxq evdvi ‰es iGÚi
2 P Q R
ˆÞGò ‰i wbÁ² Nbgvòvi RbÅ ‰wU ˆZgb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ bq| Avi µÏvRgvi
3 X Y Z
 wkLbdj: 3 I 7 [Xv. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 3]
evdvi `ÞZv ˆcÉvwUb evdvi wmGÕ¡g «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z nq|
K. wjMÅv´£ Kx? 1 M 158 (M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|

L. we÷«¬ NaCl ˆKjvmGb HCl ˆhvM Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 N cÉ`î ˆhŒM wZbwU nGjv h^vKÌGg CH4, NH3 ‰es H2O| ‰G`i
M. R I Z ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb Avmwî× ˆewk KviYmn AvK‡wZ I e®¬b ˆKvGYi Dci gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi cÉfve wbGP
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi P I Q ‰i mvG^ nvBGWÈvGRb MwVZ ˆhŒGMi eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv
e®¬b ˆKvGY wf®²Zv iGqGQ wKbv@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 AewkÓ¡ Ask 156(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|
167 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk
² 169

K RwUj ˆhŒM MVGbi mgq ˆh AYy ev Avqb BGjKUÇb ˆRvo `vb

KGi ZvGK wjMÅv´£ eGj|
500 1000 1500 2000 (K)

C D E
A
L we÷«¬ NaCl ˆKjvmGb ˆKjvm mÁ·®² Kivi RbÅ kxZj `ËeGY G H I
MjbvsK 

Mvp HCl ‰i KGqK ˆduvUv ˆhvM Kiv nq| ‰i dGj `ËeGY Cl– ‰i F
J

Nbgvòv e†w«¬ cvq| djkÉ‚wZGZ AvqwbK àYdj e†w«¬ cvq ‰es

K
`ËveÅZv nËvm cvq| ZvB kZÆvbymvGi AvqwbK àYdGji gvb `ËveÅZv
àYdj ˆ^GK ˆewk nIqvq ˆmvwWqvg ˆKÑvivBW ˆKjvwmZ nGe| 3d-eÐGKi ˆgŒj
M eBGqi AaÅvq-3 ‰i 3(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|  wkLbdj: 1 I 3 [Kz. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 6]
N cÉ`î chÆvq mviwY AbymvGi P ˆgŒjwU bvBGUÇvGRb ‰es Q ˆgŒjwU K. msKivqb Kx? 1
AwÝGRb| myZivs, bvBGUÇvGRGbi mvG^ nvBGWÈvGRb MwVZ ˆhŒM nGjv L. Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞGY evqygyÚ ivLv nq ˆKb? 2
NH3 ‰es AwÝGRGbi mvG^ nvBGWÈvGRb MwVZ ˆhŒM nGjv H2O| M. DóxcGK J ‰i mvG^ NH3 KxfvGe RwUj Avqb ŠZwi KGi
2+

Dfq AYyGZ sp3 msKiY NUGjI ‰G`i e®¬b ˆKvGY wf®²Zv iGqGQ| eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
DîGii evwK Ask 131(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| N. DóxcGKi A, F I K ‰i MjbvsGKi cwieZÆb weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 61
169 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cwigvGY mçviYkxj nGq avZe e®¬Gb Ask ˆbq| ZvB kZÆvbymvGi
K `yB ev ZGZvwaK wf®² wK¯§ KvQvKvwQ kwÚmÁ·®² AiweUvj
 ‰LvGb e®¬b AwaK kwÚkvjx nIqvq ‰i MjbvsK meGPGq ˆewk|
ciÕ·Gii mvG^ wgwkÉZ nGq mgkwÚmÁ·®² AiweUvj ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvGK myZivs, DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq ˆh, cÉ`î ˆgŒjmgƒGn
msKivqb ev nvBweËWvBGRkb eGj| we`Ågvb avZe e®¬Gbi kwÚi cÉK‡wZ AbymvGi ˆgŒjmgƒGni Mjbvâ
cwiewZÆZ nGqGQ|
L AwÝGRGbi DcwÕ©wZGZ Lv`Å`ËGeÅi RviY NGU| dGj LvG`Åi
eYÆ, M®¬ I Õ¼v` bÓ¡ nq| ZvB Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞGY evqygyÚ ivLv nq cÉk
² 170 MÉ‚c
14 15 16 17
hvGZ ˆKŒUv ev cÅvGKU ‰i gGaÅ AwÝGRb mieivn e®¬ ^vGK| ‰GZ chÆvq
2q A B C X
Lv`ÅgaÅwÕ©Z RxevYy a»sm nGq hvq KviY AwÝGRGbi AbycwÕ©wZGZ
bZzb ˆKvGbv RxevYyi R¯Ã ‰es ‰G`i eskweÕ¦vi mÁ¿e nq bv| dGj 3q D Y
 wkLbdj: 6 I 10 [P. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 2]
Lv`Å`ËeÅ `xNÆw`b aGi LvIqvi DcGhvMx ^vGK|
K. Zwor FYvñKZv Kx? 1
M cÉ`î ˆjLwPGò J2+ ˆgŒjwU nGjv Kcvi Avqb (Cu2+)| NH3 AYy L. we÷«¬ cvwbi pH ‰i gvb 7 nq ˆKb? 2
Cu2+ ‰i mvG^ hyÚ nGq wbÁ²i…Gc [Cu(NH3)4]2+ bvgK RwUj Avqb M. DóxcGKi C ‰es D ‰i nvBWÈvBGWi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v wf®²-
MVb KGi| DîGii cGÞ hywÚ `vI| 3
Cu-‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c: N. A, B ‰es C ˆgŒj wZbwUi mvG^ c†^KfvGe DóxcGKi Y
Cu(29) = 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1
ˆK hyÚ KiGj ˆh ˆhŒM wZbwU ŠZwi nq ˆmàGjv ‰KB
BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq, Kcvi ‰KwU d eÐK ˆgŒj| ‰B d
msKiGYi gvaÅGg MwVZ nGjI AvK‡wZ wf®² wf®² @ weGkÏlY
eÐK ˆgŒjwU `ywU BGjKUÇb ZÅvM KGi Cu2+ Avqb MVb KGi| dGj
KGiv| 4
‰i d AiweUvGj duvKv Õ©vb ŠZwi nq| ‰B duvKv d-AiweUvj
170 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMj cÉ`vbKvix wjMv´£ AÅvGgvwbqvi (:NH3) mvG^
mw®²Gek e®¬b «¼viv hyÚ nGq RwUj KvVvGgvi Avqb ev RwUj Avqb K mgGhvRx e®¬Gb Ave«¬ AYyi `ywU cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆkqviK‡Z
MVb KGi| dGj wjMv´£ AÅvGgvwbqv hLb ‰i wbKGU AvGm ZLb BGjKUÇb hyMjGK ‰KwU cigvYy KZƆK wbGRi w`GK AvKlÆY Kivi
cÉGZÅK Kcvi Avqb PviwU :NH3 wjMÅv´£ ‰i mvG^ hyÚ nGq ÞgZvGK Zwor FYvñKZv ejv nq|
ˆUUÇvAÅvg&wgb Kcvi (II) Avqb bvgK abvñK RwUj Avqb L ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb wbfÆi KGi H `ËeGY we`Ågvb H+ ‰es
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ MVb KGi| ‰LvGb Kcvi Avqb (II) wjMv´£ NH3 ‰i OH AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi Dci| we÷«¬ cvwbi weGqvRGb Drc®²
mvG^ mw®²Gek e®¬b «¼viv hyÚ nq| KviY NH3 ‰i N cigvYyGZ ‰K [H+] ‰es [OH] ‰i Nbgvòv cÉvq mgvb nIqvq ‰i AvqwbK àYdGji
ˆRvov gyÚ BGjKUÇb Kcvi (II) ˆK `vb KGi| mgxKiY `uvovq [H+] [OH] = 1014
H3N: :NH3 ev, [H+] [H+] = 1014
Cu 2+  [H+] = 107
H3N: :NH3
‰Lb DfqcvGk log wbGj cvIqv hvq log [H+] =  log 107
ev, pH = 7
MVb
[Cu(NH3)4] 2+
A^Ævr we÷«¬ cvwbi pH = 7|
Avi ‰fvGeB PviwU NH3 wjMv´£ Pvi ˆRvov gyÚ BGjKUÇb Kcvi (II) myZivs ejv hvq, we÷«¬ cvwbi weGqvRGb Drc®² Avqb«¼Gqi Nbgvòv
ˆK `vb KGi mw®²Gek e®¬Gb hyÚ nGq ˆUUÇvAÅvg&wgb Kcvi (II) bvgK mgvb nIqvq we÷«¬ cvwbi pH nq 7|
RwUj Avqb MVb KGi| M 125(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
N ‰LvGb A, F ‰es K ˆgŒj nGjv h^vKÌGg Õ•Åvw´£wbqvg (Sc), N cÉGk² ewYÆZ A, B ‰es C ˆgŒj wZbwU h^vKÌGg KveÆb (C),
gÅvãvwbR (Mn) ‰es wRsK (Zn)| cÉvµ¦ ˆgŒjòGqi gGaÅ bvBGUÇvGRb (N) ‰es AwÝGRb (O)| ‰iv ˆgŒj Y A^Ævr ˆKÑvwiGbi
Õ•Åvw´£wbqvGgi Mjbvâ mGeÆvœP ‰es Zv 1539C| Aciw`GK, mvG^ hyÚ nGq h^vKÌGg CCl4, NCl3 ‰es OCl2 ˆhŒM MVb KGi|
gÅvãvwbR ‰es wRsK ‰i ˆÞGò ‰B gvb nq h^vKÌGg 1245C ‰es ˆhŒM wZbwUB ‰G`i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi sp3 msKiGYi gvaÅGg MwVZ
419C| nGjI ‰G`i AvK‡wZ wf®² wf®²| KviYmn ‰B NUbv wbÁ²i…Gc eÅvLÅv
mvaviYZ ˆgŒGji Mjbvâ I Õ¹zUbvâ ‰i ˆcÉvUb msLÅv e†w«¬i KÌg Kiv nGjv
AbymvGi e†w«¬ cvIqvi K^v ^vKGjI Mn ‰es Zn ˆgŒGj Zv nËvm cÉ^g ˆhŒM CCl4 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq KveÆb cigvYyGZ sp3 msKiY nq|
cvq| ‰i KviY ‰G`i AwaKZi mywÕ©Z BGjKUÇb webÅvm| ˆhgb 2 2 1 1 0
(Õ¼vfvweK AeÕ©vq)
6C 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
25Mn  1s22s22p63s23p6 3d54s2
2 2 6 2 6 10 2
30Zn  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s @ @ @ @ (msKwiZ AeÕ©vq)
‰LvGb gÅvãvwbR ‰ AaÆcYƒ Æ ‰es wRsK ‰ cƒYÆ d AiweUvj ev 2s 2px 2py 2pz
wÕ©wZkwj d AiweUvj we`Ågvb| ‰ Õ©vqx d-AiweUvGji KveÆGb meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gii 2s ‰es 2p AiweUvj«¼q msKiGYi gvaÅGg
BGjKUÇbmgƒn avZe e®¬b MVGbi RbÅ Kg cwigvGY mçviYkxj PviwU mgkwÚi sp3 AiweUvj MVb KGi| ‰ PviwU weGRvo
nGZ cvGi| dGj ‰G`i avZe e®¬b `yeÆj cÉK‡wZi nq ‰es Mjbvâ BGjKUÇbhyÚ AiweUvj PviwU ˆKÑvwib cigvYyi mvG^ hyÚ nGq CCl4
AbÅvbÅ ˆgŒj AGcÞv Kg nq| ˆhŒM MVb KGi ˆhLvGb ClCCl ‰i e®¬b ˆKvY nq cÉvq 10928
Aciw`GK, Sc(21)  1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2 ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, ‰es AvK‡wZ nq PZzÕ¦jKxq|
‰ ˆgŒGji d AiweUvj AcƒYÆ ‰es ‰LvGb BGjKUÇb aviGYi RbÅ
AGbK duvKv RvqMv iGqGQ| dGj BGjKUÇbmgƒn ‰LvGb AwaK
62 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
cÞv¯¦Gi NCl3 ˆhŒGMi ˆÞGò N cigvYyGZ wbÁ²i…Gc sp3 msKiY sp msKi
3pZ  AiweUvj  3pZ
NGU
2 2 3 1 1 1
7N 1s 2s 2p 2px2py2pz (Õ¼vfvweK AeÕ©vq) Cl Be Cl

L @ @ @ (msKwiZ AeÕ©vq) ZvB AvGjvPÅ eÅvLÅvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ‰ K^v Õ·Ó¡ KGi ejv hvq BeCl2
2s 2px 2py 2pz ˆhŒGM Be ‰i sp msKiY NGU ev sp msKiGYi gvaÅGg BeCl2 ˆhŒM
‰LvGbI 2s ‰es 2p AiweUvj«¼Gqi msKiGYi dGj PviwU mgkwÚi MwVZ nq|
wK¯§ wf®² BGjKUÇb msLÅvi AiweUvj MwVZ nq| ˆhLvGb ‰KwU 2s N Avgiv Rvwb, ˆKvGbv AYyi AvKvi AYyGZ AewÕ©Z ˆK±`Êxq
AiweUvGj ‰KGRvov BGjKUÇb ^vGK| AbÅ wZbwU weGRvo BGjKUÇb ˆgŒGji e®¬b ˆRvo ‰es gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi Dci wbfÆi KGi|
hyÚ sp3 AiweUvj wZbwU ˆKÑvwib cigvYyi mvG^ hyÚ nGq NCl3 MVb cÉ`î A ˆhŒM nGjv CCl4 ‰es C ˆhŒM nGjv NH3| Dfq AYyGZ sp3
KiGj N cigvYyGZ we`Ågvb wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMGji weKlÆGYi msKiY NUGjI AvKvGi wf®²Zv ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰G`i ‰B AvKviMZ
KviGY ClNCl e®¬b ˆKvY 10928 nGZ KGg 107 ‰i KvQvKvwQ cv^ÆGKÅi KviY wbGP eYÆbv Kiv nGjv:
nq ‰es AvK‡wZ nq wòGKvbvKvi wcivwgWvj| CCl4 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq ˆgŒj KveÆb ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv@
Aciw`GK OCl2 ˆhŒGM ‰KBfvGe MwVZ sp3 msKi AiweUvj«¼Gqi 1 1 0
C(6) = 1s2 2s2 2px 2py 2pz
`yGUvGZ `yB ˆRvov BGjKUÇb ^vKvq wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMj e®¬b 1 1 1
BGjKUÇb hyMjGK weKlÆY KGi| ‰ weKlÆY NCl3 ˆhŒGMi Zzjbvq C*(6) = 1s2 2s1 2px 2py 2pz
ˆewk cÉej| wK¯§ Cl ‰es O ‰i Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ Kg DGîwRZ AeÕ©vq KveÆb ‰i meÆewntÕ© KÞcG^i PviwU AiweUvj
nIqvq ‰LvGb ClOCl e®¬b ˆKvY bv KGg eis 110.9 nq| wgwkÉZ nGq PviwU msKi AiweUvj MVb KGi hv ‰KwU PZzÕ¦jGKi kxlÆ
cÉk
 ² 171 wbGPi ˆhŒMàGjv jÞ KGiv: we±`yi w`GK cÉmvwiZ nq| ‰ mgkwÚi PviwU AiweUvj cieZxÆGZ Cl
(A) CCl4 (B) BeCl2 (C) NH3 ‰i PviwU cigvYyi meÆewntÕ© KÞcG^i 3p1z AiweUvGji mvG^
 wkLbdj: 6 [h. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 5] AwaKÌgGYi gvaÅGg CC14 ˆhŒM MVb KGi| ˆhGnZz ‰GÞGò sp3
K. mvmGcbkb Kx? 1 msKiY NGU ‰es ˆK±`Êxq ˆgŒGji ˆKvGbv gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb ˆbB ZvB
L. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj Kx? D`vniYmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 ‰i AvK‡wZ PZzÕ¦jKxq ‰es e®¬b ˆKvY 109o28 nq| AbÅw`GK NH3
M. B bs ˆhŒGMi msKivqb cÉYvjx AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq ˆgŒj N ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv@
N. A I C bs ˆhŒGMi AvKviMZ cv^ÆGKÅi KviY weGkÏlY N(7) = 1s2 2s2 2p1 2p1 2p1
KGiv| 4 x y z
N ‰i meÆewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇbmgƒn mswgwkÉZ nGq PviwU msKi
171 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
AiweUvj MVb KGi| PviwU msKi AiweUvj ‰i gGaÅ Ahy™Â
K ‰KwU c`v^Æ Aci ‰KwU c`vG^Æi gGaÅ 105 ‰i AwaK
BGjKUÇb aviYKvix wZbwU AiweUvj wZbwU H ‰i 1s1 AiweUvGji
eÅvmvaÆwewkÓ¡ KYvi…Gc wefvwRZ nGq weÕ¦‡Z ^vKGj ˆh Amgmî½ ‰es
mvG^ AwaKÌgY NUvq| ˆhGnZz ‰GÞGòI N ‰i sp3 msKiY NGU ZvB
AÕ©vqx wgkÉY Drc®² nq, ZvGK mvmGcbkb eGj|
MVb PZzÕ¦jKxq nIqvi K^v wK¯§ N ‰i ‰KwU msKi AiweUvGj
L ˆh mKj ˆgŒGji mywÕ©Z BGjKUÇb webÅvGm meÆewntÕ© KÞcG^i gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb ^vKvq weKlÆGYi KviGY e®¬b ˆKvGYi cwigvY
d AiweUvj BGjKUÇb «¼viv AvswkK cƒYÆ ^vGK ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i
109o28 nGZ KGg 107o nq ‰es MVb cwiewZÆZ nGq wòGKvYvKvi
ˆgŒj eGj| ˆhgb: wcivwgGWi bÅvq nq|
Fe3+ (26)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s0
‰LvGb Fe ˆgŒGji meÆGkl Õ¦Gii d AiweUvjAaÆcƒYÆ ^vGK| myZivs ejv hvq ˆh, gƒjZ gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi DcwÕ©wZi KviGY
ZvB ejv hvq, AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒGji msævbymvGi Avqib ‰KwU ‰KB msKiY nIqv mGî½I CCl4 AYyi AvK‡wZ nq PZzÕ©jKxq ‰es
AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj| NH3 AYyi AvK‡wZ nq wòGKvYvKvi wcivwgGWi bÅvq|

M cÉ`î B ˆhŒMwU nGjv BeCl2| BeCl2 ‰i msKiY wbGÁ²  cÉk² 172
AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:@ Z‡Zxq
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
BeCl2 ˆhŒGMi ˆK±`Êxq ˆgŒj Be ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm 1s2 2s2| 1g chÆvGqi ˆgŒj
`†wÓ¡GZ Be ‰i ˆhvRbx kƒbÅ gGb nGjI DóxwcZ AeÕ©vq 2s ˆ^GK AvqbxKiY
‰KwU BGjKUÇb 2p ˆZ Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| kwÚ 495.8 737.7 577.6 786.5 1011.8 999.6 1251.1 1520.5
2 2
Be(4) = 1s 2s
1 (kJ/mol)
Be(4) = 1s2 2s1 2px
 wkLbdj: 3 I 4 [Xv. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 2]
dGj ˆewiwjqvGg meÆewntÕ© Õ¦Gi `ywU Ahy™Â BGjKUÇGbi m†wÓ¡ nq| K. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj KvGK eGj? 1
m†Ó¡ `ywU BGjKUÇb mswgwkÉZ nGq mgkwÚ mÁ·®² `ywU AiweUvj m†wÓ¡
KGi| ZvB BeCl2 ˆhŒGM Be ‰i sp msKivqb NGU| m†Ó¡ msKi L. ˆdÑvwiGbi Zwor FYvñKZv ˆKÑvwiGbi ˆPGq ˆewk eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 2
AiweUvj `ywU Cl ‰i `ywU cigvYyi (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2x 3p2y 3p1z)
M. DóxcGKi ˆgŒjàGjvi AÝvBGWi AÁÏ-Þvi agÆ AvGjvPbv
gGaÅ ‰K BGjKUÇb wewkÓ¡ AiweUvGji mvG^ (3p1z) AwaKÌgY KGiv| 3
cÉwKÌqvq `ywU Be – Cl e®¬b m†wÓ¡ KGi| N. “chÆvGqi evg ˆ^GK WvGb AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvGbi
cwieZÆb” DóxcGKi AvGjvGK eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 63
172 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Mg I P ‰i AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvGbi ˆÞGò DcGivÚ wbqGgi

K ˆh mKj d-eÐK ˆgŒGji mywÕ©Z AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm

 eÅwZKÌg jÞ Kiv hvq A^Ævr Mg ‰i AvqbxKiY kwÚ Al AGcÞv
ewntÕ© KÞcG^i dAiweUvj AvswkK fvGe cƒYÆ (d1-9) ^vGK, ˆm ‰es P ‰i AvqbxKiY kwÚ S AGcÞv ˆewk| gƒjZ ˆgŒjmgƒGni
mKj ˆgŒjGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj| BGjKUÇb webÅvGm mywÕ©wZi KviGY ‰i„c eÅwZKÌg NGU| mvaviYZ
cƒYÆ I AaÆcYƒ Æ AiweUvjmgƒn AwaK wÕ©wZkxj| Mg I Al ‰i
L Zwor FYvñKZv ‰KwU chÆvqwfwîK agÆ| ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji Zwor ewntÕ© KÞcG^i BGjKUÇb webÅvm h^vKÌGg 3s2 I 3s2 3px1| Mg
FYvñKZv cigvYyi AvKvi nËvGmi mvG^ ‰es wbDwKÑqvGmi PvRÆ e†w«¬i ‰i 3s2 DckwÚ BGjKUÇb «¼viv cƒYÆ nIqvq Zv Al ‰i ewntÕ©
mvG^ mvG^ e†w«¬ cvq| ˆdÑvwib cigvYyi AvKvi ˆKÑvwib cigvYyi KÞcG^i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ AwaK mywÕ©Z| dGj Mg AGcÞv
AvKvGii ˆPGq ˆQvU nIqvq ˆdÑvwiGbi Zwor FYvñKZv (cvDwjs Al ‰i AvqbxKiY kwÚ Kg| ‰KBfvGe, S I P ‰i ewntÕ©
ˆÕ•j AbymvGi 4.0) ˆKÑvwiGbi Zwor FYvñKZvi (cvDwjs ˆÕ•j KÞcG^i BGjKUÇb webÅvm h^vKÌGg 3s2 3px2 3py1 3pz1 ‰es 3s2
AbymvGi 3.0) ˆPGq ˆewk nq| KviY cigvYyi AvKvi hGZv ˆQvU nq, 3px1 3py1 3pz1|
wbDwKÑqvm «¼viv cigvYyi BGjKUÇbmgƒn ZGZv ˆewk ZxeËfvGe AvKwlÆZ
BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh P ‰i ewntÕ© KÞcG^i p
nq ‰es ‰i dGj Zwor FYvñKZvi gvbI ˆewk nq| AiweUvj AaÆcYƒ Æ nIqvi KviGY S AGcÞv ‰wU ˆewk wÕ©wZkxj|
M chÆvqe†î agÆ AbymvGi chÆvq mviwYi ‰KwU chÆvGqi evg nGZ ZvB S AGcÞv P ‰i AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvb ˆewk|
Wvb w`GK AMÉmi nGj ˆgŒjmgƒGni avZe agÆ nËvm cvq ‰es AavZe DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ Õ·Ó¡ ejv hvq, cigvYyi AvKvi,
agÆ e†w«¬ cvq| mvaviYZ avZe AÝvBW ÞviagxÆ ‰es AavZe wbDwKÑqvGmi PvRÆ I BGjKUÇb webÅvm ˆgŒGji AvqbxKiY kwÚi
AÝvBW AÁÏagxÆ nIqvq ‰KwU chÆvGqi evg nGZ Wvb w`GK AMÉmi gvbGK cÉfvweZ KGi|
nGj mswkÏÓ¡ ˆgŒGji AÝvBGWi agÆ KÌgvMZ ÞviagxÆ nGZ AÁÏagxÆ
nGZ ^vGK| cÉk
² 173 A, B, R I X ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 11,6,
17 I 47| A, B I X ‰i mvG^ R AvqwbK I mgGhvRx ˆhŒM MVb
cÉ`î 3q chÆvGqi ˆgŒjàGjvi AÝvBWàGjv nGjv- Na2O, MgO,
KGi|  wkLbdj: 6 I 9 [iv. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 3]
Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, SO2, Cl2O7| ‰G`i gGaÅ Na2O I MgO
K. ˆnGmi mƒò Kx? 1
ÞviagÆx, Al2O3 I SiO2 DfagxÆ ‰es P2O5, SO2, Cl2O7 AÁÏagÆx
AÝvBW| Avevi wbwÓ˜q MÅvm nIqvGZ AvMÆb (Ar) ˆKvb AÝvBW MVb L. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi ˆKb? 2
KGi bv| ŠewkÓ¡Å AbymvGi Þvixq AÝvBW, AGÁÏi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi M. B I R «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒMwUi msKiY eYÆbv KGiv| 3
jeY I cvwb Drc®² KGi ‰es AÁÏxq AÝvBW, ÞvGii mvG^ wewKÌqv N. AR ˆhŒMwU cvwbGZ `ËeYxq wK¯§ XR cvwbGZ A`ËeYxq@
KGi jeY I cvwb Drc®² KGi| AcavZz ev DcavZzi AÝvBW DfagxÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
nIqvq Zv AÁÏ I Þvi DfGqiB mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi jeY I cvwb Drc®² 173 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
KGi| K hw` cÉviwÁ¿K I ˆkl AeÕ©v wÕ©i ^vGK ZGe ˆKvb ivmvqwbK
avZe AÝvBW + ‰wmW  jeY + cvwb wewKÌqv ‰K ev ‰KvwaK avGc msNwUZ ˆnvK bv ˆKb cÉwZGÞGòB
Na2O + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O wewKÌqv ‰b^vjwc ev wewKÌqv Zvc mgvb ^vKGe|
DcavZzi AÝvBW + ‰wmW  jeY + cvwb
L AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒjàGjv iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi| hLb AeÕ©v¯¦i
Al2O3 + 6HCl  2AlCl3 + 3H2O
avZzmgƒGni d AiweUvGji ‰KwU BGjKUÇb DGîwRZ nGq Aci
DcavZzi AÝvBW + Þvi  jeY + cvwb ‰KwU dAiweUvGj AeÕ©vb ˆbq, ZLb cigvYyGZ ˆkvwlZ kwÚi
Al2O3 + NaOH  NaAlO2 + H2O
KÁ·vâ mvaviYZ Zwor ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq iwkÄi `†kÅgvb AsGki gGaÅ cGo|
AavZzi AÝvBW + Þvi  jeY + cvwb
Cu2+ ‰i ˆÞGò cÉZÅwÞZ eGYÆi Drm wbGÁ² ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:
Cl2O7 + 2NaOH  2NaClO4 + H2O
ˆhgb, Cu (II) nGjv AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj|
N ‰LvGb ˆgŒjmgƒGni AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvGbi DœPKÌg nGjv:

DGîwRZ AeÕ©v
Na < Al < Mg < Si < S < P < Cl < Ar
3d dx2-y2 dz2
Avgiv Rvwb ˆh, ˆgŒGji AvqbxKiY kwÚ cigvYyi AvKvi e†w«¬GZ ‰es L @ @ @ @ E = hv
wbDwKÑqvGmi PvRÆ e†w«¬ cvIqvi mvG^ mvG^ e†w«¬ cvq| wWGRbvGiU AeÕ©v dxy dyz dzx
ˆhGnZz ‰LvGb chÆvq mviwYi 3q chÆvGqi ˆgŒjmgƒGni cvigvYweK L L L MÉvD´£ AeÕ©v
eÅvmvaÆ, chÆvGqi evg nGZ Wvb w`GK AMÉmi nGj KÌgvMZ nËvm cvq| gƒjZ AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj KZ‡ÆK ˆkvwlZ AvGjvK iwkÄ `†kÅgvb AçGj
myZivs ˆgŒjmgƒGni cvigvYweK eÅvmvGaÆi KÌg wbÁ²i…c weivR KGi weavq ‰G`i ˆhŒMmgƒn iwOb nGq ^vGK|
Na > Mg > Al > Si > P > S > Cl > Ar
M cÉ`î 6 I 17 cvigvYweK msLÅvwewkÓ¡ B I R ˆgŒj `ywU h^vKÌGg

Avevi 3q chÆvGqi evg w`K nGZ Wvb w`GK AMÉmi nGj ˆgŒjmgƒGni KveÆb (C) I ˆKÑvwib (Cl)| KveÆb I ˆKÑvwib ˆgŒj mg®¼Gq mgGhvRx
wbDwKÑqvGmi PvRÆ e†w«¬ cvq| dGj 3q chÆvGqi ˆgŒjmgƒGni e®¬b «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒMwU nGjv KveÆb ˆUUÇvGKÑvivBW (CCl4)|
wbDwKÑqvGmi PvGRÆi e†w«¬i KÌg nGjv Na < Mg < Al < Si < S < P Õ¼vfvweK I DGîwRZ AeÕ©vq C cigvYyi BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c:
< Cl < Ar|
64 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
1 1 0
2s2 2p 2p 2p
x y z 4p6 4d10 5s1) AvqGbi ˆhŒGMi (AgCl) gGaÅ mgGhvRx ŠewkGÓ¡Åi
2 2 1 1 0
C(6)  1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz L d d AvwaKÅ ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰ KviGYB AvqwbK cÉK‡wZi NaCl ˆhŒM cvwbGZ
1 1 1
2s1 2p 2p 2p
x y z `ËeYxq nGjI mgGhvRx ŠewkGÓ¡Åi AvwaKÅhyÚ nIqvq AgCl ˆhŒMwU
C*(6) 
1
1s2 2s1 2px 2py 2pz
1 1
d d d d cvwbGZ A`ËeYxq nq|
myZivs DcGivÚ eYÆbvi AvGjvGK ‰es dvRvGbi bxwZ AbymvGi ‰
sp3 nvBweËWvBGRkb
K^v ejv hvq ˆh, NaCl `ËeYxq wK¯§ AgCl A`ËeYxq|
DcGivÚ BGjKUÇb webÅvm ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, ˆhŒMwUi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi
cÉk
² 174

ewntÕ¦Gi 4wU Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb ^vKvq ‰GZ sp3 msKiY NUGe|
ˆgŒj meÆGkl Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm
ˆKÑvwib cigvYyi BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c
2 2 1 A ns2 np3
Cl(17)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3px 3py 3pz
B ns2 np4
KveÆb cigvYyi ‰ PviwU sp3 nvBweËW AiweUvGji mGã 4wU Cl
n = 2 | A I B DfqB H2 ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi nvBWÈvBW MVb
cigvYyi 3p1z AiweUvGji c†^KfvGe mshywÚi dGj PviwU (C  Cl)
KGi| DÚ DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wbGÁ²i cÉkಠGjvi Dîi `vI:
wmMgv e®¬b () Drc®² nGqGQ ‰es KveÆb ˆUUÇvGKÑvivBW (CCl4) AYy
 wkLbdj: 6 [w`. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 1]
m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| ‰i dGj CCl4 AYyi PviwU e®¬Gbi cÉK‡wZ ‰KB iKg
nq ‰es ‰ PviwU e®¬b ‰KwU ZzÕ¦jGKi PviwU kxlÆwe±`yi w`GK K. cÉ f veK mnvqK Kx? 1
cÉmvwiZ ^vGK| L. Zvcgvòv evovGj wewKÌqvi MwZGeM evGo ˆKb? 2
Y M. AH3 ˆhŒGM we`Ågvb e®¬b MVb cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv Ki| 3
Z N. A I B ‰i nvBWÈvBGWi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi msKiY cÉwKÌqv
sp3 C ‰KB nIqv mGî½I ZvG`i AvK‡wZ wf®²@ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
X X 
Y 174 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Y
K ˆh me c`vG^Æi DcwÕ©wZi KviGY cÉfveGKi cÉfveb ÞgZv

e†w«¬ cvq, ZvG`iGK cÉfveK mnvqK eGj|
C +4 L wewKÌqvi MwZi Dci Zvcgvòvi hG^Ó¡ cÉfve iGqGQ| weævbx
C
AviGnwbqvGmi cixÞv ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, cÉwZ 10°C Zvcgvòv
1 e†w«¬i RbÅ cÉvq me wewKÌqvi nvi w«¼àY ev wZbàY e†w«¬ cvq| ‰i
4wU ZzjÅ 4wU 2pz AiweUvj
sp3-AiweUvj KviY nGjv
sp3 msKi AiweUvj I PviwU i. Zvcgvòv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ wewKÌqK AYy ev AvqbàGjvi
ˆKÑvwib cigvYy AiweUvjmn MwZGeM e†w«¬ cvq|
CCl4 AYy MVb
ii. AYyàGjvi gGaÅ msNGlÆi nvi e†w«¬ cvq|
wPò: CCl4 AYy MVb cÉwKÌqv iii. AwaKZi msLÅK AYy wewKÌqvi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq mwKÌqb kwÚ
jvf KGi ^vGK|
N ‰LvGb 11 I 47 cvigvYweK msLÅvwewkÓ¡ A I X ˆgŒj `ywU
h^vKÌGg ˆmvwWqvg (Na) I wmjfvi (Ag) ‰es R ˆgŒjwU nGjv  M cÉ`î A ˆgŒjwU nGjv bvBGUÇvGRb (N)| myZivs AH3 ˆhŒMwU
ˆKÑvwib (Cl)| KvGRB AR ˆhŒMwU nGjv ˆmvwWqvg ˆKÑvivBW (NaCl) nGjv NH3| wbGP NH3 ‰i e®¬b MVb cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv Kiv nGjv:
‰es XR ˆhŒMwU nGjv wmjfvi ˆKÑvivBW (AgCl)| N I H ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c:
Avgiv Rvwb, NaCl cvwbGZ `ËeYxq nGjI AgCl cvwbGZ `ËeYxq bq| N(7)  1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1
KviY wnGmGe dvRvGbi bxwZ «¼viv welqwU eÅvLÅv Kiv hvq| ‰ bxwZ H(1)  1s1
Abyhvqx, ˆKvGbv KÅvUvqb «¼viv AÅvbvqGbi hZ ˆewk ˆcvjvivqb nGe, BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, H cigvYyi ˆhvRbx BGjKUÇb
ˆhŒMwUi e®¬b cÉK‡wZ Av`kÆ AvqwbK e®¬Gbi cÉK‡wZ ˆ^GK ZZ ˆewk nGjv 1wU| Aciw`GK N cigvYyi ewntÕ©Õ¦Gi Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb AvGQ
wePzÅZ nGq mgGhvRx e®¬Gbi ŠewkÓ¡Å jvf KiGe| ‰GÞGò 3wU| ZvB 3wU H cigvYy I 1wU N cigvYy KvQvKvwQ ‰Gm ZvG`i
KÅvUvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ dÅvÙi| chÆvq ZvwjKvq gGaÅ 3wU BGjKUÇb hyMj m†wÓ¡ I ˆkqvi KGi 3wU c†^K mgGhvRx
d I f AiweUvGji BGjKUÇbhyÚ KÅvUvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv, s I p ‰KK e®¬Gb Ave«¬ nGq AÅvGgvwbqv AYy MVb KGi|
AiweUvGji BGjKUÇbhyÚ KÅvUvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv AGcÞv  
N + 3Hx  H xNxH ev, NH3
ˆewk| A^Ævr wbwÓ˜q MÅvGmi ns2np6 MVGbi ˆPGq ns2np6nd10  x
H
MVbKvix KÅvUvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv AGbK ˆewk| ‰ KviGY 8
BGjKUÇb MVbKvix Na+ (1s22s22p6) AvqGbi ˆhŒGMi (NaCl) myZivs DcGivÚ eYÆbv AbymvGi ejv hvq, 1wU N I 3wU H cigvYyi
Zzjbvq 18 BGjKUÇb MVbavix Ag+ (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 Ahy™Â BGjKUÇbàGjvi ˆkqvGii dGj NH3 AYy MwVZ nq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 65
N ‰LvGb cÉkv² bymvGi A ˆgŒjwU nGjv bvBGUÇvGRb ‰es B ˆgŒjwU KÞc^ ev wÕ©wZkxj AeÕ©v nGZ BGjKUÇb AcmviGY AwaK kwÚi
nGjv AwÝGRb| cÉGqvRb nq|
‰Lb, A I B ‰i mvG^ nvBGWÈvGRb MwVZ ˆhŒM nGjv NH3 ‰es N(7)  1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 I. P = 1403 kJ/mol
O(8)  1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1 I.P = 1314 kJ/mol.
H2O| ‰G`i AvK‡wZ ‰K nGjI e®¬b ˆKvY wf®²|
ZvB ejv hvq BGjKUÇb webÅvm KvVvGgvi wÕ©wZkxjZvi wfwîGZ cÉ`î
AewkÓ¡ Ask m†Rbkxj 38 ‰i ‘N’ bs cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|
cigvYy `ywUi AvqbxKiY kwÚ wbfÆi KGi|
Aciw`GK H2O AYyi ˆK±`Éxq cigvYyGZ 2wU e®¬b ˆRvo I 2wU gyÚ
ˆRvo BGjKUÇb ^vGK ‰es ‰LvGbI sp3 msKiY nq| wK¯§ gyÚ ˆRvo N ‰LvGb A I B «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM nGjv NH3 ‰i Rjxq `ËeY
NH4OH ‰es jeY NH4F ‰i wgkÉY| cÉK‡ZcGÞ ‰wU ‰KwU Þvixq
BGjKUÇb ‰K ˆRvov ˆewk ^vKvq AwÝGRGb weKlÆY ˆewk nq dGj
e®¬b ˆKvY AwaKZi KGg 104.5 nq| cÉK‡wZi evdvi `ËeY, hv `ËeGYi pH wbq¯¨Y KGi|
evdvi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ ‰wmW wKsev ÞvGii `ËeY wgwkÉZ Kivi dGj pH
myZivs DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰ K^v ejv hvq ˆh, gyÚ ˆRvo
‰i mvgvbÅ cwieZÆbGK cÉwZGiva KGi| Avi Þvixq evdvi `ËeGYi
BGjKUÇGbi DcwÕ©wZi KviGYB NH3 I H2O ‰i e®¬b ˆKvGYi pH 8.5 ˆ^GK 10.0 ‰i gGaÅ nGq ^vGK| ˆKbbv Þvixq evdvi `ËeY
gGaÅ Õ·Ó¡ cv^ÆKÅ iGqGQ| àGjv g†`y ÞviK I H ÞviGKi mvG^ ZxeË ‰wmW mnGhvGM m†Ó¡ ˆKvb
cÉk
² 175 1A, 7B, 8C DóxcGKi ˆgŒjàGjvi gGaÅ A I B «¼viv jeY nGZ cÉÕ§Z Kiv nq|
MwVZ ˆhŒGMi Rjxq `ËeY I Zvi ˆdÑvivBW jeGYi `ËeY wgwkÉZ Kiv cÉ`î NH4OH I NH4F wgkÉYwU ‰KwU Þvixq evdvi `ËeY| ‰B
nj| mgw®¼Z AaÅvq 3 I 4 evdvi `ËeYwUGZ NH4+, OH ‰es F Avqb DcwÕ©Z| ‰B `ËeYwUGZ
 wkLbdj: 2 [Kz. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 2] H+ wgwkÉZ Kiv nGj, Zv NH4OH ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqvq AÅvGgvwbqvg
K. ivBWvi aË‚eK Kx? 1 jeY I H2O Drc®² KGi|
L. ˆKb Al2O3 ‰KwU DfagÆx AÝvBW? 2 H+(aq) + NH4OH(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O (cÉvq AweGhvwRZ)
M. B I C ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvb ˆewk? cybivq, `ËeGY OH wgwkÉZ Kiv nGj Zv `ËeYÕ© NH4+ Avqb-‰i
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi NH4OH Drc®² KGi|
 +
N. pH wbq¯¨GYi ˆÞGò wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi ÞgZv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 OH (aq) + NH4 (aq) HoooooI NH4OH(aq)
175 bs cÉGk²i Dîi AZ‰e, NH4OH I NH4F ‰i Rjxq `ËeGY AÁÏ wKsev Þvi hvB ˆhvM
Kiv ˆnvK bv ˆKb AÁÏ wKsev ÞvGii cwigvY ZzjbvgƒjK ˆewk bv nGj,
K ivmvqwbK wbwÚi exGgi Š`GNÆÅi Ici cÉwZ kZvsGk eÅen†Z Zv cÉ`î evdvi `ËeGYi pH cwieZÆGbi djvdj cÉkwgZ KGi|

ivBWvGii Ici cÉwZ kZvsGk eÅen†Z ivBWvGii cv^ÆKÅGK ivBWvi
aË‚eK eGj| cÉk
 ² 176

L ˆh mKj AÝvBW AÁÏ I ÞviK Dfq wnGmGe AvPiY KGi chÆvq cigvYy ˆgŒGji cÉK‡wZ ˆhŒGMi MVb
ZvG`iGK DfagÆx AÝvBW eGj| ‰LvGb Al2O3 AÁÏ ‰es Þvi 1g X AavZz I MÅvmxq X–Y Y
DfGqi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi jeY Drc®² KGi| ZvB ŠewkGÓ¡Åbyhvqx Z
X–Y Y
Al2O3 ‰KwU DfagÆx AÝvBW|
Al2O3 + NaOH  2NaAlO2 + H2O (‰wmW wnGmGe)
2q Y AavZz I MÅvmxq
Al2O3 + 6HCl  2 AlCl3 + 3H2O (Þvi wnGmGe) 3q Z AavZz I KwVb
M cÉ`î 7 I 8 cvigvYweK msLÅv wewkÓ¡ B, C ˆgŒj `ywU h^vKÌGg
bvBGUÇvGRb (N) ‰es AwÝGRb (O)| Y I Z ‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj ‰es e®¬bàGjv ˆhvRbx wbG`Æk KGi|
Avgiv Rvwb, cigvYyi AvKvi e†w«¬GZ ˆgŒGji AvqbxKiY kwÚ nËvm  wkLbdj: 6 I 9 [Kz. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 3]

‰es wbDwKÑqvGmi PvRÆ e†w«¬GZ AvqbxKiY kwÚ e†w«¬ cvq| ‰KwU K. mvmGcbkb Kx? 1
chÆvGqi evg nGZ Wvb w`GK AMÉmi nGj ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ L. Kp ev Kc ‰i gvb kƒbÅ ev Amxg nGZ cvGi wK eÅvLÅv
nËvm cvq ‰es wbDwKÑqvGmi PvRÆ e†w«¬ cvq| dGj AvqbxKiY kwÚ KGiv| 2
e†w«¬ cvq| Avevi, ‰KwU MÉ‚Gci Dci nGZ wbGPi w`GK ˆgŒjàGjvi M. ‰es
Y Z ˆgŒj«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi ˆnÝvGdÑvivBW MVb
KÞc^ msLÅv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆI e†w«¬ cvq| mÁ¿e evLÅv KGiv| 3
dGj ZvG`i AvqbxKiY kwÚ nËvm cvq| Avevi, wÕ©wZkxj BGjKUÇb N. DóxcGKi ˆhŒMwUi Õ¹zUbvGâi cÉK‡wZ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
webÅvm wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒGji AvqbxKiY kwÚ, AwÕ©wZkxj BGjKUÇb 176 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
webÅvm wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒGji AvqbxKiY kwÚ AGcÞv ˆewk nq| KviY,
cƒYÆ ev AaÆcYƒ Æ AiweUvj mvaviYZ ˆewk wÕ©wZkxj nq| K ‰KwU c`v^Æ Aci ‰KwU c`vG^Æi gGaÅ 105 ‰i AwaK

eÅvmvaÆwewkÓ¡ KYvi…Gc wefvwRZ nGq weÕ¦‡Z ^vKGj ˆh Amgmî½ ‰es
N I O ‰i AeÕ©vb chÆvGq mviwY ‰KB chÆvq A^Ævr 2q chÆvGq ‰es
AÕ©vqx wgkÉY Drc®² nq, ZvGK mvmGcbkb eGj|
wbDwKÑqvGmi PvRÆ N AGcÞv O ‰i ˆewk nIqv mGî½I N ‰i
AvqbxKiY kwÚ O AGcÞv ˆewk| KviY N ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm O  L ‰KwU DfgyLx wewKÌqv : A + B HoooooI C + D
‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm AGcÞv AwaK wÕ©wZkxj nIqvq, N ‰i 2q fiwKÌqv mƒòvbyhvqx KC = [C] [D]
[A] [B]
66 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq mvgÅaË‚eK (KC ev KP)-‰i gvb wbw`ÆÓ¡|
mvjwdDwiK ‰wmW ‰i AYyGZ `ywU OH MÉ‚c ^vKvi RbÅ eü msLÅK
mvgÅaË‚eGKi gvb Amxg ev kƒbÅ nGZ cvGi bv| KviY mvgÅaË‚eGKi
H2SO4 AYy Av¯¦tAvYweK nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi gvaÅGg AwaK gvòvq
gvb Amxg nGZ nGj nGii gvb A^Ævr wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv kƒbÅ nGZmsGhvwRZ ^vGK ‰es eü AYyK [(H2SO4)n] MVb KGi| evÓ·xf„Z
nIqvi RbÅ cÉwZwU H2SO4 AYyGZ we`Ågvb H e®¬b fvãGZ
nGe| ˆKbbv KC = [C]0[D] =  A^Ævr wewKÌqv mÁ·ƒYÆ nGZ nq| wK¯§
cÉGqvRbxq kwÚi gvb AwaK nIqvq, H2SO4 ‰wmGWi Õ¹zUbvâ
mvgÅveÕ©vq Zv mÁ¿e bq| Avevi, Kp ‰i gvb Amxg nGZ nGj
AwaK nq|
wewKÌqGKi AvswkK Pvc kƒbÅ nGZ nGe hv mvgÅveÕ©vq mÁ¿e bq|
myZivs KC ev KP-‰i gvb Amxg nGZ cvGi bv| ..... H  O O  H ..... O O  H .....
O
KC I KP-‰i gvb kƒbÅ nGZ nGj h^vKÌGg Drcv`mgƒGni Nbgvòv S S
AvswkK Pvc kƒbÅ nGZ nGe| KviY KC = [A][0][B] = 0| wK¯§ .....H ..... O O  H ..... O O  H .....
(H SO )
mvgÅveÕ©vq ZvI mÁ¿e bq| A^Ævr mÁ·ƒYÆ Drcv` wewKÌqGK i…cv¯¦wiZ 2 4 n

nGe bv| ZvB mvgÅaË‚eGKi gvb kƒbÅI nGZ cvGi bv| DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ Õ·Ó¡ ˆh, H2SO4 ˆhŒGMi AYyi fi ‰es
AYyi H e®¬b MVGbi mÞgZvi RbÅ H2SO4 ‰wmGWi Õ¹zUbvâ
M cÉ`î Z^Å Abyhvqx Y ‰es Z ˆgŒj«¼Gqi gGaÅ Y ˆgŒjwU
(337°C) ‰Z DœP nq|
AwÝGRb (O) ‰es Z ˆgŒjwU mvjdvi (S)| S ˆgŒGji mGeÆvœP
ˆhvRbx 6 nIqvq S, F ‰i mvG^ SF6 MVb KiGZ cviGe| cÉk
² 177 B D

Mjbvâ C
mvaviY AeÕ©vq I DGîwRZ AeÕ©vq S ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm: A

S (16)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3px2 3py1 3pz1 C

E
S* (16)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3px1 3py1 3pz1 3dxy1 3dyz1
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
F ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm, F(9)  1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1
cvigvYweK msLÅv
S-‰i ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gi Lvwj 3d AiweUvj ^vKvq ‰i 3s2 I 3px2  wkLbdj: 1 [Kz. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 6]
AiweUvGji hyMj BGjKUÇb nGZ ‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb DóxwcZ K. fiwKÌqvi mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
AeÕ©vq 3dxy I 3dyz AiweUvGj D®²xZ nGj S-cigvYyi ˆhvRÅZv L. Lv`Å msiÞGY wcÉRvGfÆwUf wnGmGe wPwbi f„wgKv eÅvLÅv
Õ¦Gii QqwU weGRvo BGjKUÇb m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰B 6wU weGRvo BGjKUÇb F KGiv| 2
cigvYyi mvG^ SF6 MVb KGi| dGj S-‰i AÓ¡K mÁ·ÉmviY NGU|
M. D ˆgŒj iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KiGjI E KGi bv eÅvLÅv
F
F  F KGiv| 3
S
F  F ev, SF6
N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK B, C, D I E ‰i AeÕ©vGbi wf®²Zvi
F
KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
S-‰i
Pviw`GK 12wU BGjKUÇb (SF6 ‰i MVb)
177 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
AwÝGRb cigvYyi BGjKUÇb webÅvm,
2
O(8)  1s2 2s2 2px 2py 2pz
1 1 K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq, wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq ˆh ˆKvb wewKÌqvi nvi H mgGq

DcwÕ©Z wewKÌqKàGjvi mwKÌq fGii mgvbycvwZK|
‰GÞGò AwÝGRb cigvYyi ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦i 2q kwÚ Õ¦Gi| Avi 2q kwÚ
Õ¦Gi d AiweUvj ^vGK bv eGj ‰wU AÓ¡K mÁ·ÉmviY KiGZ cvGi L Lv`Å msiÞK i…Gc wPwbi Nb `ËeY eÅen†Z nq| wPwbi NbZ½ hZ
bv| dGj OF6 MwVZ nq bv| ˆewk nGe Lv`Å msiÞK wnGmGe ‰wU ZZ ˆewk KvhÆKi nGe| ˆKbbv
Nb wPwbi `ËeY LvG`Åi cvwbGK `ËeGY cwiYZ KGi| dGj AYyRxe
KvGRB DcGivÚ eYÆbv AbymvGi S I O ‰i gGaÅ ˆKej S ˆgŒjwU
gyÚ cvwb cvq bv eGj eskweÕ¦vi KiGZ cviGe bv| ZLb Avevi
ˆnÝvGdÑvivBW MVb KiGZ cvGi|
eÅvcGbi KviGY AYyRxGei ˆ`Gni cÉvPxi a»sm cÉvµ¦ nq| dGj
N cÉ`î ˆhŒMwU nGœQ mvjwdDwiK ‰wmW|
 AYyRxe euvPGZ cvGi bv|
XY Y HO O M cvigvYweK msLÅvbyhvqx cÉ`î E ˆgŒjwU Zn ‰es D ˆgŒjwU Ni|
Z S ‰LvGb E, d-eÐGKi ˆgŒj nGjI, AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bv nIqvq iwOb
XY Y HO O ˆhŒM MVb KGi bv| wK¯§ Ni AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj nIqvq iwOb ˆhŒM
mgGhvRx ˆhŒGMi Mjbvâ ‰es Õ¹zUbvâ H ˆhŒGMi AvYweK fi MVb KGi|
‰es AYyi gaÅeZxÆ e®¬b cÉK‡wZ AYymgƒGni gGaÅ AvKlÆY eGji Dci wbGKj (Ni) I wRsGKi (Zn) wÕ©wZkxj AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm,
wbfÆi KGi| AYyi AvYweK fi e†w«¬i mvG^ ‰es AYyàGjvi gaÅeZxÆ Ni2+ (28)  1s22s2 2p63s23p63d8
AvKlÆY eGji e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ mgGhvRx AYyi Mjbvâ I Zn2+ (30)  1s22s2 2p63s23p63d10
Õ¹zUbvâ e†w«¬ cvq| AeÕ©v¯¦i avZz I ZvG`i AvqGb AcƒYÆ dAiweUvj ^vKGj Zviv
mvjwdDwiK ‰wmW AYyi AvYweK fi 98 ‰es mvjwdDwiK ‰wmW iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi| wK¯§ ˆh mgÕ¦ AeÕ©v¯¦i avZzi d AiweUvj
AYymgƒn ciÕ·Gii mvG^ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b «¼viv hyÚ| cÉwZwU kƒbÅ ^vGK ev d-AiweUvj cwicƒYÆ ^vGK Zviv eYÆnxb ˆhŒM MVb
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
KGi| ‰LvGb Ni cigvYyi wÕ©wZkxj AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm d-
AiweUvj AcƒYÆ (8wU BGjKUÇb) ^vKvq d-AiweUvjmgƒGni bb-
wWGRbvGiU AeÕ©vq BGjKUÇbàGjv kwÚ ˆkvlY KGi d-d Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ
nIqvi myGhvM cvq| ‰RbÅ wbGKj ˆgŒGji ˆhŒM ˆhgb, wbGKj
nvBGWÈvÝvBW [Ni(OH)2] ˆhŒGMi eYÆ iwOb (meyR) nq| wK¯§ wRsK
cigvYyi wÕ©wZkxj AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm cwicƒYÆ d10 BGjKUÇb
webÅvm ^vKvq ‰KB kGZÆ d-AiweUvGji BGjKUÇbàGjvi kwÚ ˆkvlY
KGi d-d Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nIqvi ˆKvGbv myGhvM ˆbB| ‰RbÅ wRsK
ˆgŒGji ˆhŒM ˆhgb, wRsK nvBWÈÝvBW [Zn(OH)2] ˆhŒGMi eYÆ
eYÆnxb (mv`v) nq|
N cÉ`î B, C, D I E ˆgŒjmgƒn h^vKÌGg fÅvbvwWqvg (V),
gÅvãvwbR (Mn), wbGKj (Ni) ‰es wRsK (Zn)|
‰LvGb 3d eÐK ˆgŒjàGjvi cvigvYweK msLÅv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^
Mjbvâ KÌgk e†w«¬ ˆcGq fÅvbvwWqvGg (V) meÆvwaK nq| ‰ici
gÅvãvwbGRi (Mn) ˆÞGò Zv hG^Ó¡ nËvm cvq| wbGKGji ˆejvq
Mjbvâ gÅvãvwbR AGcÞv ˆewk nq ‰es wRsGKi ˆÞGò Mjbvâ
meÆwbÁ² nq| ‰i…c nËvme†w«¬i KviY nGjv 3d eÐK ˆgŒjmgƒGni gGaÅ
cÉ^g ˆ^GK fÅvbwWqvg (V) chƯ¦ ˆgŒjàGjvi d-AiweUvj KÌgv®¼Gq
BGjKUÇb cƒYÆ nq| dGj fÅvbwWqvg (V) ˆgŒGj mçviYkxj d-
BGjKUÇb msLÅv e†w«¬ cvIqvq ‰i avZe e®¬b hG^Ó¡ `†p nq ‰es
67
L Na cigvYyi cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ, 3q chÆvGqi AbÅvbÅ ˆgŒGji
cigvYy AGcÞv ˆewk nIqvq, Na ‰i cÉ^g AvqbxKiY kwÚ Kg|
Na+ AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm Ne ‰i Abyi…c nIqvq BGjKUÇb
webÅvmwU wÕ©wZkxj| Na+ AvqGbi eÅvmvaÆ (0.095 nm) ‰i
cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ 0.157 nm AGcÞv Kg| ZvB Na+ ‰i ewntÕ©
Õ¦Gi BGjKUÇbàGjv wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^ `†pfvGe AvK‡Ó¡ nq dGj Na+
AvqbÕ© ewntÕ© KÞc^ nGZ BGjKUÇb AcmviGY cÉPzi kwÚi
(4562 kJ/mol) cÉGqvRb nq weavq Na+ nGZ AviI ‰KwU BGjKUÇb
AcmviY KGi Na2+ MVb mÁ¿e bq|
M cÉ`î X ˆgŒjwU chÆvq mviwYi MÉ‚c- ШA ‰es 2q chÆvGqi
nIqvq ˆgŒjwU nGjv ˆevib (B)| myZivs XF3 ˆhŒMwU nGjv BF3 ‰es
XF4 AvqbwU BF3 I F– ‰i gGaÅ mw®²Gek e®¬b «¼viv MwVZ nq|
‰LvGb BF3 ˆhŒMwUGZ AÓ¡K ZGî½i msGKvPb msMwVZ nGqGQ|
KviY BF3 ˆhŒMwU DGîwRZ B ‰i mvG^ F ‰i Ahy™Â BGjKUÇGbi
ˆkqvi «¼viv MwVZ nGjI B ‰i ewntÕ© KÞcG^i AvUwU BGjKUÇb
mw®²GewkZ nqwb| BF3 ˆhŒMwUGZ wZbwU BF mgGhvRx e®¬b
we`Ågvb| B ‰i ewntÕ© KÞcG^i 2pz1 AiweUvj AcƒYÆ ^vKvq F
AvqGbi BGjKUÇb cƒYÆ 2pz1 AiweUvGji mvG^ gyGLvgywL AwaKÌgGb
BF3 I F gaÅeZxÆ mw®²Gek e®¬b MwVZ nGq BF 4 MwVZ nq|


Mjbvâ e†w«¬ cvq| gÅvãvwbGRi (Mn) ˆejvq avZe e®¬b MVGb d- F F

BGjKUÇbmgƒGni mçviYkxjZv meÆwbÁ² nq| KviY ‰GÞGò d- | |
AiweUvj AaÆcƒYÆ I s-AiweUvj cƒYÆ ^vGK| ‰ KviGY gÅvãvwbGRi F  B + F  F  B  F ev, BF4
(Mn) Mjbvâ wbÁ²gvGbi nq| cieZÆx wbGKj (Ni) ˆgŒGji ˆÞGò d- | |
F F
AiweUvGj BGjKUÇb cƒYÆ nevi mvG^ mvG^ mçviYkxj d-AiweUvGj
BGjKUÇb msLÅv e†w«¬ NGU ‰es wbGKGji (Ni) Mjbvâ gÅvãvwbGRi N cÉk² AbymvGi cÉ`î wewKÌqvi gvaÅGg BF3 I F gaÅeZxÆ e®¬b
ˆPGq ˆewk nq| Avevi wRsK (Zn) ˆgŒGji d- AiweUvj ‰es ˆm MVb KvGj B ‰i msKivqb cÉK‡wZ cwiewZÆZ nq|
mvG^ s-AiweUvjI mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe BGjKUÇb «¼viv cƒYÆ ^vKvq avZe e®¬b
KviY ˆhvRbx e®¬b gZev` AbymvGi, `ywU Ahy™Â BGjKUÇbavix
MVGbi RbÅ ˆKvGbv mçviYkxj BGjKUÇb ^vGK bv| ˆmRbÅ Zn ‰iAiweUvj wKsev ‰KwU hy™Â I ‰KwU BGjKUÇb kƒbÅ AiweUvGji gGaÅ
avZe e®¬b Lye `yeÆj nq ‰es Mjbvâ meÆwbÁ² nq| gyGLvgywL AwaKÌgGY mgGhvRx e®¬b MwVZ nq| wewKÌqvKvGj ˆKvb
myZivs ˆ`Lv hvGœQ V, Mn, Ni ‰es Zn ‰i Mjbvâ gvb wf®²| ‰B
cigvYyi ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii wewf®² AiweUvjmgƒn ciÕ·Gii mvG^ wgwkÉZ
KviGY, cÉ`î Mjbvâ ebvg cvigvYweK msLÅv ˆjLwPGò ˆgŒjàGjvi
nGq cGi mgkwÚi AiweUvj m†wÓ¡ KGi| e®¬b MVbKvGj ˆK±`Êxq
AeÕ©vbI wf®² wf®²| cigvYyi msKi AiweUvGji mvG^ wewf®² cigvYyi Ahy™Â wKsev
cÉk
 ² 178 w«¼Zxq chÆvq, MÉ‚c-lllA-‰i ‰KwU ˆgŒj, X-‰i BGjKUÇb cƒYÆ AiweUvGji AwaKÌgY msNwUZ nq|
ˆdÑvivBW, XF3 wbÁ²i…Gc XF4– AvÅvbvqb MVb KGi: B(5)  1s2 2s2 2px1 2py° 2pz°
F F
B*(5)  1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz°
|  | – –
F–X+F
|
F – X|  F  ev, XF 4 sp2

F  F  B*(5)  1s1 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1

 wkLbdj: 6 [P. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 3] sp3
K. cwiÓ•viK wgkÉY Kx? 1 F(9)  1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2
L. Na MwVZ nGjI Na MwVZ nq bv ˆKb?
+ ++
2 sp3 msKivwqZ B ‰i 2pz AiweUvGji mvG^ BGjKUÇbcƒYÆ F(9) ‰i
M. XF3 I F– ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvb cÉKvGii e®¬b MwVZ nq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 2pz2 AiweUvGji gyGLvgywL AwaKÌgGY [BF3F] ˆhŒMwU MwVZ nq|
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi gvaÅGg X ‰i msKiY cwiewZÆZ nq wK ZvB BF4 AvqGbi MVb AvK‡wZ PZzÕ¦jKxq| Aciw`GK BF3
bv hvPvB KGiv| 4 ˆhŒGMi MVb AvK‡wZ wòGKvYx mgZjxq|
178 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, BF3 ˆhŒGMi AvK‡wZ ‰es BF4 AvqGbi AvK‡wZ
K ˆKÌvwgK ‰wmW (K2Cr2O7 + Mvp H2SO4) ˆK cwiÓ•viK wgkÉY wf®² nIqvq cÉgvwYZ nq ˆh BF3 ˆhŒM ‰es BF4 AvqGbi msKivqb

eGj| cÉK‡wZ wf®² nq|
68 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
cÉk
² 179
 AÅvGgvwbqvGZ (NH3) ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy H
cËZxKx ˆgŒj meÆewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm bvBGUÇ v GRb ‰ ‰KGRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇ b
A (n –1)s1 hyMj ^vGK| dGj BGjKUÇb ˆRvGoi Dci H
H
B ns2 np2 weKlÆGYi KviGY e®¬b ˆKvY 120 bv nGq
2 3 N
C ns np KGg 107 nq| ..
ns2np4
D
wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMGji DcwÕ©wZi wPò: AÅvGgvwbqv
[n = 2]
 wkLbdj: 10 [wm. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 2]
KviGYB NH3 ‰i e®¬b ˆKvY CH4 ‰i
K. `ËveK wbÓ•vkb Kx? 1 ˆ^GK Kg nq|
L. 25 ˆm. Zvcgvòvq M(OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 2.510 –39
cÉk
 ² 180
ejGZ Kx eyS? 2 MÉ‚c
M. mvaviY Zvcgvòvq A2D, BD2 ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v wf®² ˆKb? chÆvq  IA IVA VA VIA
@ eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
1 A   
N. DóxcK gGZ B I C ‰i nvBWÈvBW«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi
2  X Y Z
e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb ˆewk @ KviYmn weGkÏlY Ki| 4  wkLbdj: 7 [h. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 2]
179 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. AiweU Kx? 1
K ˆh c«¬wZGZ ˆKvb `ËveGK `Ëexf„Z ‰KvwaK ˆhŒGMi wgkÉYGK L. ˆdÑ v wib meÆ v waK Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
mywbw`ÆÓ¡ DcGhvMx `ËveK «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡ `ËeGK wgkÉY ˆ^GK c†^K Kiv M. YA3 ˆhŒGMi AvK‡wZ eYÆbv KGiv| 3
nq ZvGK `ËveK wbÓ•vkb eGj| N. XA 4 ‰es YA 3 c† ^KfvGe A 2 Z ‰i mvG^ hy Ú KiGj ˆKvbwU
mgmî½ wgkÉY ŠZwi KiGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
L 25C Zvcgvòvq M(OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 2.5  1039 ejGZ
180 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆevSvq, 25C Zvcgvòvq M3+ Avqb ‰es OH AvqGbi Nbgvòvi
NbdGji àYdGji gvb 2.5  1039| K cigvYyi wbDwKÑqvGmi PZzw`ÆGK BGjKUÇGbi AveZÆGbi RbÅ ˆhme
3+
M(OH)3 HoooooI M + 3OH  e†îvKvi wÕ©i KÞc^ ev kwÚÕ¦i AvGQ ZvG`iGK AiweU eGj|
Ksp = [M3+]  [OH]3 L Avgiv Rvwb, chÆvqe†î agÆ AbymvGi chÆvq mviwYi ‰KB chÆvGqi
= 2.5  1039 evg ˆ^GK Wvb w`GK ˆMGj Zwor FYvñKZvi gvb e†w«¬ cvq| Avevi,
M DóxcGKi A, B ‰es D h^vKÌGg nvBGWÈvGRb, KveÆb ‰es ‰KB MÉ‚Gci wbP ˆ^GK DcGii w`GK ˆMGjI Zwor FYvñKZv e†w«¬
AwÝGRb| myZivs, A2D nj cvwb H2O. cvq| wbwÓ˜q MÅvm Qvov ‰Kgvò ˆdÑvwibB chÆvq mviwYi meÆ WvGb
‰es mevi IcGi AewÕ©Z, ZvB chÆvqe†î agÆ AbymvGi ‰ K^v ejv
BD2 nj KveÆb WvB AÝvBW CO2.
hvq ˆh ˆdÑvwiGbi Zwor FYvñKZv meGPGq ˆewk|
hw`I H2O ‰es CO2 `ywUB AÝvBW Z^vwc ZvG`i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v
wf®²| cvwbi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v Zij ‰es CO2 ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v  M cÉ`î mviwY AbymvGi A I Y ˆgŒj `ywU h^vKÌGg nvBGWÈvGRb (H)
MÅvmxq| ‰i gƒj KviY nj nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b| I bvBGUÇvGRb (N)| YA3 A^Ævr NH3 ˆhŒGMi AvK‡wZ wbGP eYÆbv
H2O ˆZ AwÝGRb ‰i Zwor FYvñKZv 3.5| dGj BGjKUÇb ˆRvGUi
Kiv nGjv:
Dci O ‰i AvKlÆY AGbK ˆewk| dGj O cigvYy AvswkK FYvñK NH3 AYyi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy N| N ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK msLÅv 7 ‰es
‰es H cigvYy AvswkK abvñK nGq cGo| dGj cvk¼eÆ ZÆx `ywU AYyi ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm
2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1
gGaÅ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MwVZ nq| N(7) = 1s22s22p 12p 12p 1 L @ @ @
    x y z
H+  O O ...... H+  O .....H+  O
| | | | mwKÌq, N* = 1s 2s
2 2
2px12py12pz1 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1
H H H H L @ @ @
Aciw`GK CO2 AYyGZ KveÆb ‰es AwÝGRb ‰i Zwor FYvñKZvi
==

cv^ÆKÅ Kg nIqvq ˆKvGbv ˆcvjvivqb NGU bv| dGj Zv KÞ N cigvYyi sp -msKwiZ AiweUvGji wZbwUi cÉGZÅKwUGZ ‰KwU
3

Zvcgvòvq MÅvmxq nq| KGi Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb ‰es ‰KwUGZ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb AeÕ©vb KGi|
N-cigvYyi wZbwU sp3-AiweUvGji Ahy™Â BGjKUÇGbi mvG^
N DóxcK gGZ B I C ‰i nvBWÈvBW«¼q h^vKÌGg wgG^b (CH4) nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi s AiweUvGji Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb AwaKÌgY KGi
H
‰es AÅvGgvwbqv (NH3)| NH3 AYyi MVb KvVvGgv m†wÓ¡ KGi|
wgG^b ‰i MVb PZzÕ©jxq ‰es e®¬b L
L
ˆKvY 10928 ‰es AÅvGgvwbqvi MVb
wcivwgWxq ‰es e®¬b ˆKvY 107| C
H
H H @ @ L L
@ L

wgG^b AYyi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy C ‰i ˆKvb wbtmã BGjKUÇb ^vGK bv|

dGj ‰i MVb PZzÕ©jKxq nq ‰es e®¬b ˆKvb 10928 nq| wòGKvYx wcivwgWxq MVb
wPò: NH3 AYyi MVb
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 69
msKwiZ AiweUvGji ˆRvo BGjKUÇbB wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo L AeÕ©v¯¦i avZz I AvqGb AaÆcƒYÆ d AiweUvj ^vGK eGjB ‰iv
wnGmGe ˆ^GK hvq| wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo iwOb nq| AeÕ©v¯¦i avZzi AaÆcƒYÆ d AiweUvjmgƒGni kwÚi gvb
weKlÆY ej, e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo-e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo weKlÆY ej mgvb ^vGK| wK¯§ ˆhŒM MVGbi mgq AbÅ cigvYyi AiweUvGji mGã
AGcÞv ˆewk nIqvq NH3 AYyi AvK‡wZ PZzÕ¦jKxq MVb KvVvGgv bv AeÕ©v¯¦i avZe AvqGbi d AiweUvGji AwaKÌgY NUvq d
nGq wòGKvYvKvi wcivwgWxq MVb nq| AiweUvjmgƒGni gGaÅ wKQyUv kwÚi cv^ÆKÅ m†wÓ¡ nq| myZivs ˆhŒGMi
N cÉ`î Z^Åvbyhvqx, X ˆgŒjwU nGœQ KveÆb ‰es A ˆgŒjwU nGjv `ËeGY AvGjv coGj d BGjKUÇb `†kÅgvb AçGji AvGjv ˆkvlY KGi
nvBGWÈvGRb| myZivs XA4 nGœQ wgG^b (CH4)| Avevi Y ˆgŒjwU KvQvKvwQ kwÚi Aci d AiweUvGj Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| ˆh eGYÆi AvGjv
nGjv bvBGUÇvGRb ‰es Z ˆgŒjwU nGœQ AwÝGRb| myZivs YA3 ˆkvlY KGi Zvi mÁ·ƒiK eGYÆi AvGjv `†kÅgvb nq| dGj AeÕ©v¯¦i
ˆhŒMwU nGjv NH3 ‰es A2Z nGjv H2O|
avZzi AvqGbi `ËeYwU H wbw`ÆÓ¡ eGYÆi nq|
XA4 ev wgG^bGK A2Z ev cvwbi (H2O) mvG^ hyÚ Kiv nGj ˆKvGbv
M DóxcGKi A, D I X h^vKÌGg ˆevib, bvBGUÇvGRb I ˆKÑvwib|
mgmî½ wgkÉY ŠZwi nGe bv| KviY cÉ^gZ, wgG^b ‰KwU AGcvjvi
ˆhŒM ‰es cvwb ‰KwU ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM| w«¼ZxqZ, wgG^b ‰KwU MÅvm myZivs, AX3 nj ˆevib UÇvB ˆKÑvivBW BCl3.
‰es cvwb Zij AeÕ©vq ^vGK| “Like dissolves like" bxwZ DH3 nj AÅvGgvwbqv NH3
Abyhvqx wgG^b I cvwbi gGaÅ ˆKvb wg^wÕ˜qv NUGe bv ‰es ‰i BCl3 ‰i mvG^ bvBGUÇvGRb I nvBGWÈvGRb «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM NH3 ‰i
dGj ˆKvb mgmî½ wgkÉYI ŠZwi nGe bv| gGaÅ mw®²Gek mgGhvRx e®¬b we`Ågvb|
Aciw`GK YA3 ev NH3 ˆK A2Z ev cvwbi mvG^ wgwkÉZ KiGj AÅvGgvwbqv AYyi bvBGUÇvGRb cigvYyGZ ‰KGRvov gyÚ BGjKUÇb
‰KwU mgmî½ wgkÉY ŠZwi nGe| ^vGK| AbÅw`GK ˆevib UÇvB ˆKÑvivBW AYyGZ ˆevib cigvYyi
+
NH3(g) + H2O(l)  NH4 (aq) + OH (aq)  ewnÕ¦Gi QqwU BGjKUÇb A^Ævr AÓ¡GKi ˆPGq `yBwU BGjKUÇb Kg
‰GÞGò AÅvGgvwbqv Þvi wnGmGe KvR KGi, ˆKbbv ‰wU cvwb ˆ^GK ^vGK| myZivs AÅvGgvwbqv I ˆevib UÇvB ˆKÑvivBWGK ciÕ·Gii
‰KwU ˆcÉvUb MÉnY KGi| mvw®²GaÅ AvbGj bvBGUÇvGRb ‰KGRvov BGjKUÇb mieivn KGi hv
Avevi AÅvGgvwbqv I cvwbi gGaÅ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MwVZ nq eGj ‰ bvBGUÇvGRb I ˆevib cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆkqvi nGq DfGqi gGaÅ mw®²Gek
`ywUi gGaÅ mgmî½ wgkÉY ŠZwi nq ‰es ‰ wgkÉGYi pH > 7.0 nGq e®¬b MwVZ nq|
^vGK|  


 
Cl  H  Cl 
H  H
x  
   x
|  +  
C  B
C B Nx H =  
H  N ........ H  O ......  x x
 x Nx
  x
| | 
 Cl
 H  Cl
  H
H H  

myZivs cÉ`î ˆhŒMmgƒGni cÉK‡wZ Abyhvqx ejv hvq ˆh ˆhŒMmgƒn  N DóxcGKi, B, D I E h^vKÌGg KveÆb, bvBGUÇvGRb ‰es AwÝGRb
cvwbGZ wgwkÉZ nGq mgmî½ wgkÉY ŠZwi KiGe| myZivs, BH4 nj wgG^b CH4
cÉk
² 181 DH3 nj AÅvGgvwbqv NH3
ˆgŒj ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm, (n = 2) H2E nj cvwb H2O
A ns2np1 CH4, NH3 I H2O AYymgƒGni ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy C, N I O ‰i sp3
B ns2np2 msKiY AiweUvj we`Ågvb| myZivs cÉGZÅK AYyi MVb ‰KB iKg
D ns2np3
E 2
ns np 4 nIqvi K^v|
X 2
(n+1)s (n+1)p 5
CH 4 ‰i MVb sp3 AiweUvj msKiY Abyhvqx PZzÕ¦jKxq ‰es H  C  H
 wkLbdj: 10 [e. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 3] e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb 10928| AbÅw`GK NH3 ‰i MVb wòGKvYxq
K. KjGqW Kx? 1 wcivwgW AvK‡wZi ‰es e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb 107 ‰es H2O AYyi
L. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGieÅvLÅv Ki| 2 MVb V  AvK‡wZi ‰es e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb 104.5| NH3 AYyGZ
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ ˆgŒj A I X «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM AX3 ‰i ‰KGRvov gyÚ BGjKUÇb ^vKvq ZvG`i weKlÆGYi RbÅ AvK‡wZ weK‡Z
mvG^ D I nvBGWÈvGRb «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM DH3-‰i gGaÅ nGq hvq ‰es H O AYyGZ AwÝGRGbi `yB ˆRvov gyÚ BGjKUÇb
2
ˆKvb aiGbi e®¬b we`Ågvb @ KviY DGÍÏLmn AvGjvPbv ^vKvq weKlÆY AviI ˆewk nq dGj weKwlÆZ nGq V- AvK‡wZ aviY
Ki| 3
KGi|
N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ ˆgŒj B, D I E «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM BH4, H

DH3, ‰es H2E; wZbwUB ‰KB aiGbi msKivqb «¼viv MwVZ 109.5
N
nGjI ZvG`i MVb ‰es e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb wf®² nIqvi 
C  
 O
KviY eÅvLÅv Ki| 4 H H H 107 H

181 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
H H H H
K ˆKvGbv ‰KwU c`v^Æ hw` Aci ‰KwU c`vG^Æi gGaÅ ˆgvUvgywU CH4 AYyi NH3 AYyi wòGKvYxq H2O AYyi
10–5 ˆ^GK 10–7m eÅvmvaÆwewkÓ¡ KYvi…Gc QwoGq ^vGK ZvnGj Drc®² PZzÕ¦jKxq MVb wcivwgW MVb V- AvK‡wZi MVb
Amgmî½ wgkÉYGK KjqW eGj|
70
cÉk
² 182

cvigvYweK
2q 3 4 5 6 7 8
msLÅv
chÆvGqi
AvqbxKiY
ˆgŒj 520 900 800 1086 1403 1314 1680
kwÚ kJmol
 wkLbdj: 2 [e. ˆev. 2015 cÉk² bs 6]
K. fi wKÌqv mƒòwU wjL| 1 ewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii `ƒiZ½ evoGZ ^vGK| dGj ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii
L. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv eÅenvi bv KGi AÅvGgvwbqv
eÅenvGii KviY eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 AcmviY mnR nq| AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvb Kg nq|
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ cvigvYweK msLÅv wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒjmgƒGni
gGaÅ ˆKvb ˆgŒGji Zwor FYvñKZvi gvb chÆvq mviwYGZ
meÆvwaK @ eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 ewntÕ¦ Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi Dci AvKlÆY ˆewk nq, AvqbxKiY
N. DóxcGKi DGÍÏwLZ cvigvYweK msLÅv wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒjmgƒGni
AvqbxKiY wefGei KÌg cwieZÆb hywÚmn eÅvLÅv Ki| 4 (iii) cigvYyi wbDwKÑqvm I ewntÕ© kwÚ Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi gGaÅ
182 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K wÕ©i Zvcgvòvq ˆKvb wewKÌqvi MwZi nvi wewKÌqvÕ©Gj DcwÕ©Z
cÉwZwU wewKÌqGKi mwKÌq fGii mgvbycvwZK|
L ™ÏvGmi gqjv `ƒi Kivi RbÅ NaOH eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| KviY
KvP nj w«¼wmwjGKU, Na2O, CaO, x SiO2| NaOH KvGPi Dcv`vb
wmwjKvi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi KvPGK Þq KGi ˆdGj|
dGj ™ÏvGmi MvGq ÞZ ŠZwi nq| ZGe AÅvGgvwbqvGK ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii
Dcv`vb wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq| KviY ‰wU KvGPi gqjv cwiÓ•vi
KiGjI KvGPi Dcv`vGbi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi bv| dGj KvP Þq nq bv|
M ˆKvb AYyGZ DcwÕ©Z `y’wU cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇb
hyMjGK ‰KwU cigvYyi wbGRi w`GK AvKlÆY Kivi ÞgZvGK Zvi
Zwor FYvñKZv eGj| ‰wU ‰KwU chÆve†î agÆ| ‰wU gƒjZ (i)
cigvYyi AvKvi (ii) ewntÕ© BGjKUÇb Õ¦Gii Dci Abyf„Z wbDwKÑqvi
PvGRÆi AvKlÆY (iii) ewntÕ© kwÚ Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇbxq KvVvGgvi Ici
wbfÆi KGi|
cigvYyi AvKvi hZ Þz`Ë nq BGjKUÇGbi Dci wbDwKÑqvGmi
AvKlÆYI ZZ ˆewk nq| myZivs Zwor FYvñKZvi gvbI DœP nq|
Avevi wbDwKÑqvm I ewntÕ©Gii gGaÅ AeÕ©vbiZ kwÚÕ¦iàGjvi
cÉwZGiva hZ Kg nGe ewntÕ© BGjKUÇGbi Dci wbDwKÑqvGmi
AvKlÆYI ZZ ZxeË nGe| dGj Zwor FYvñKZvi gvb DœP nGe|
‰Qvov AÓ¡K cƒYÆZvi Lye KvQvKvwQ webÅvGmi ˆgŒjàGjvi (ˆhgb
nÅvGjvGRb, s2p5) cƒYÆZv jvGfi cÉeYZvi KviGY BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ
ˆewk| ‰RbÅ ‰eviI ZxeË FYvñK nq| ‰KwU chÆvGqi evg ˆ^GK
WvGb ˆMGj cigvYyi AvKvi nËvGmi mvG^ mvG^ wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK
cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii `ƒiZ½ KGg hvq| dGj BGjKUÇGbi AvKlÆY ÞgZv
ˆeGo hvq| ‰RbÅ cvigvYweK msLÅv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ Zwor
9
FYvñKZvi gvb ˆewk nq| myZivs, DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ 9 cvigvYweK
msLÅv wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒj F ‰i Zwor FYvñKZvi gvb meÆvwaK nq|
N AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvb wbÁ²aviv KÌGg cwiewZÆZ nq
(i) cigvYyi AvKvi evovi mvG^ mvG^ wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK cigvYyi
BGjKUÇGbi cÉwZ wbDwKÑqvGmi AvKlÆY KGg hvq dGj BGjKUÇb
(ii) cvigvYweK msLÅv e†w«¬ ˆcGj wbDwKÑqvGmi ˆcÉvUb msLÅvI
e†w«¬ cvq| dGj wbDwKÑqvGmi PvRÆI ˆewk nq| dGj cigvYyi
kwÚi gvbI evoGZ ^vGK|
AGbK kwÚÕ¦i ^vKGjI AvKlÆY nËvm cvq| dGj AvqbxKiY
kwÚi gvb Kg nq|
DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ cvigvYweK msLÅv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ cigvYyi
AvKvi nËvm cvq, wbDwKÑqvm meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi Dci
AvKlÆY ej e†w«¬ cvq dGj AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvb KÌgk evoGZ
^vGK| wK¯§ ˆUwej ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, cvigvYweK msLÅv 4 wewkÓ¡
ˆgŒj Be ‰i AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvb cvigvYweK msLÅv 5 wewkÓ¡
ˆgŒj B ‰es cvigvYweK msLÅv 7 wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒj N ‰i AvqbxKiY
kwÚi gvb 8 cvigvYweK msLÅv wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒj O ‰i ˆPGq ˆewk|
BGjKUÇb webÅvm ˆ^GK eÅwZKÌGgi cwiÓ•vi aviYv cvIqv mÁ¿e|
Be I B BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c:
Be (4)  1s2 2s2
B(5)  1s2 2s22p1
Be ‰i meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gi
BGjKUÇb hyMj AeÕ©vq ^vGK eGj Be
‰i BGjKUÇb AcmviY B ‰i Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb AcmviY ˆ^GK
KwVb| dGj AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvbI ˆewk nq|
AbÅw`GK, O I N ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c:
N(7) = 1s22s22px12py12pz1
O(8) = 1s22s22px22py12pz1
N cigvYyi ewnÕ¦Gi wZbwU AiweUvj wZbwU BGjKUÇb «¼viv webÅÕ¦|
dGj ‰wU AwaK mywÕ©Z AeÕ©v| Avevi AwÝGRb cigvYyi ewntÕ©
kwÚÕ¦Gi welgfvGe BGjKUÇb webÅÕ¦ | dGj kwÚi ZviZGgÅi RbÅ
O ‰i BGjKUÇb AcmviY Kiv bvBGUÇvGRb cigvYyi Zzjbvq AGbK
mnR nq ^vGK| ZvB O ‰i AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvb Kg nq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 71

PZy^Æ AaÅvq: ivmvqwbK cwieZÆb

cÉk
² 105
 Zv we`Ågvb CH3COO AvqGbi mvG^ hyÚ nGq g†`y ZworweGkÏlÅ
CH3COOH Drc®² KGi| CH3COOH g†`y ‰wmW weavq Zv mvgvbÅ
16 mL
9 mL
cwigvY weGqvwRZ nq| dGj H+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv weGkl evGo bv|
0.1 M
CH COOH
0.1 M A+B ZvB pH AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK|
Avevi, 3bs cvGò mvgvbÅ cwigvY ZxeË Þvi ev OH ˆhvM KiGj Zv
3
5 NaOH
K = 1.8  10
a

'A' 'B' cvò-3 `ËeGY we`Ågvb H+ AvqGbi mvG^ hyÚ nGq g†`y ZworweGkÏlÅ H2O
 wkLbdj: == [iv. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-6] Drc®² KGi| ZLb CH3COOH ‰i mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK AMÉmi
1 nGq H AvqGbi NvUwZ cƒiY KGi| dGj ZLbI `ËeGYi pH ‰i
+
K. AvqwbKiY kwÚ Kx?
L. Fe ‰es Fe Avqb `ywUi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK Õ©vqx? ˆZgb ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nq bv| A
2+ 3+

eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 myZivs, ejv hvq ˆh, 3bs cvGòi `ËeGY A͸ cwigvY H+ ev OH
M. DóxcGKi 'B' cvGòi `ËeGYi pH MYbv KGiv| 3 ˆhvM Kiv mGî½I ‰B ‰wmWxq evdvi, evdvi `ËeGYi wKÌqv ˆKŒkjGK
N. cvò-3 `ËeGY mvgvbÅ ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvGM pH ‰i gvGbi KvGR jvwMGq mswkÏÓ¡ `ËeGYi pH AcwiewZÆZ ivGL|
ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb NUGe wKbv? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
cÉk
² 106 25 ˆmjwmqvm Zvcgvòvq 11 ˆgvj A2 MÅvm, 9 ˆgvj
105 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
B2 MÅvGmi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi mvgÅveÕ©vq 7 ˆgvj AB MÅvm Drc®²
K MÅvmxq AeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji ‰K ˆgvj wewœQ®² cigvYy ˆ^GK
KGi| wewKÌqvq H =  Ve|  wkLbdj: == [iv. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-7]
‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb mwiGq MÅvmxq wewœQ®² ‰K ˆgvj ‰KK abvñK
AvqGb cwiYZ KiGZ ˆh cwigvY kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq, ZvGK ˆmB K. fi wKÌ q vi mƒ ò wU Kx? 1
ˆgŒGji AvqwbKiY kwÚ eGj|A L. ˆKvGbv `Ë eGY Na +
AvqGbi DcwÕ©wZ KxfvGe kbvÚ KiGe? 2
L ˆdivm Avqb ‰KwU weRviK| ‰wU RviK c`v^Æ «¼viv mnGR M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvbymvGi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
RvwiZ nq| ˆdivm jeGYi Rjxq `ËeYGK evqyGZ D¯ÃyÚ ivLGj evqyi N. DóxcGKi wewKÌ q vq AwaK Drcv` cÉ v wµ¦ i ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv I
O2 «¼viv Zv mnGR RvwiZ nGq ˆdwiK jeGY cwiYZ nq| A PvGci cÉ f ve weGkÏ l Y KGiv| 4
1
2Fe2+ + O2 + 2H+ = 2Fe3+ + H2O
106 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
2
K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq, wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq ˆh ˆKvb wewKÌqvi nvi H mgGq

Aciw`GK, ˆdwiK jeY RviK c`v^Æ nIqvq ‰wU O2 «¼viv RvwiZ DcwÕ©Z wewKÌqKàGjvi mwKÌq fGii (A^Ævr ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv ev
nq bv| ‰RbÅ Fe2+ ‰i Zyjbvq Fe3+ `ËeGYi Õ©vwqZ½ ˆewk nq|A AvswkK PvGci) mgvbycvwZK|A
M DóxcGKi B cvòwU nGjv NaOH ‰i Rjxq `ËeY ˆhLvGb  L mvgvbÅ cwigvY Na-jeGYi gGaÅ KGqK ˆduvUv cUvwkqvg
NaOH ‰i Nbgvòv 0.1 M| ‰GÞGò, NaOH wbÁ²i…Gc weGqvwRZ cvBGiv AÅvw´ŸGgvGbU ˆhvM KiGj mv`v AatGÞc cGo, hv Na+
nq@ A AvqGbi DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ KGi| wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c
+ –
NaOH  Na + OH
myZivs, `ËeGYi pOH = – log[OH–] K2H2Sb2O7(aq) + 2NaCl(s)  2KCl + Na2H2Sb2O7(s)
= – log [0.1] cUvwkqvg cvBGiv mv`v AatGÞc
=1 AÅvw´ŸGgvGbU
Avevi, pH + pOH = 14 M DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU, A2(g) + B2(g) HooooI 2 AB(g)
pH = 14 – pOH
= 14 – 1 = 13 wewKÌqvi ÷i‚GZ : 11 mol 9 mol 0 mol
myZivs, B cvGòi `ËeYwUi pH = 13| 7 7
mvgÅveÕ©vq : 11 – mol 9 –  mol 7 mol
2 2
N DóxcGKi 'A' I 'B' cvò«¼Gqi `ËeYGK 3-bs cvGò wgwkÉZ KiGj  .  .
ev, 7.5 mol 5.5 mol 7 mol
wbGÁ²vÚ wewKÌqv mÁ·®² nGe
 mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = (7.5 + 7 + 5.5) mol = 20 mol
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)  CH3COONa(aq) + H2O() [PAB]2
myZivs, Kp =
ˆhGnZz, CH3COOH `ËeY I NaOH `ËeGYi Nbgvòv ‰KB, ˆmGnZz [PA2] [PB2]
9 mL 0.1 M NaOH ‰i mvG^ 9 mL 0.1 M CH3COOH wewKÌqv  7P 2
KiGe| ZvnGj, AewkÓ¡ CH3COOH ^vKGe 7 mL 0.1 M| myZivs 20
. 
= = 0.169
‰wU ‰KwU AÁÏxq evdvi| KviY, 3-bs cvGò `ƒeÆj ‰wmW I jeY .
 7.5P
.
  5.5P
^vKGe|  .20   .20 
ˆhGnZz `ËeGY CH3COONa Drc®² nq ‰es ‰LvGb AvswkK weGqvwRZ myZivs, wewKÌqvwUi Kp = 0.169|
CH3COOH ^vGK, ZvB CH3COOH I CH3COONa ‰i ‰B N A2(g) + B2(g) HooooI 2AB(g), H = (– Ve)
wgkÉGYi Rjxq `ËeY AÁÏxq evdvi `ËeY wnGmGe KvR KGi| DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU ‰KwU Zvc Drcv`x wewKÌqv ‰es wewKÌqvwUi n
OH msGhvM H2O = MÅvmxq DrcvG`i ˆgvjmsLÅv – MÅvmxq wewKÌqGKi ˆgvjmsLÅv
CH3COOH HoooI CH3COO + H+
= (2) – (1 + 1)
CH3COONa  CH3COO + Na+ =0
H+ msGhvM CH3COOH
myZivs, wewKÌqvwUGZ Drcv` e†w«¬i ˆÞGò PvGci ˆKvGbv cÉfve ˆbB|
‰B AÁÏxq evdvi wgkÉGY CH3COO, Na+ I H+ Avqb ^vGK| ‰Lb,
3bs cvGòi `ËeGY hLb mvgvbÅ ZxeË ‰wmW ev H+ ˆhvM Kiv nq ZLb
72 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
wK¯§, Drcv` e†w«¬i ˆÞGò Zvcgvòvi cÉfve we`Ågvb| ˆhGnZz ‰wU Zvc  K = 2P
p
Drcv`x wewKÌqv, A^Ævr Zvcgvòv nËvm KiGj Zvi djvdj cÉkwgZ Kivi 1  2
RbÅ jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZ Abyhvqx mÁÃyL wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬ cvGe| ‰LvGb, weGqvRb gvòv,  = 0.30
A^Ævr, AB ‰i Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvGe| wewKÌqvwU nGjv ˆkl Pvc, P = 1.0 atm
A2(g) + B2(g) HooooI 2AB(g) 2P (0.30)2  1
 Kp = 1 – 2 = 1 – (0.30)2 = 0.0989 atm
myZivs, Zvcgvòv nËvmKiGYi gvaÅGg DóxcGKi wewKÌqv nGZ AwaK
Drcv` cvIqv mÁ¿e| myZivs, DcwiDÚ MYbvbymvGi DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi Kp nGjv 0.098 atm|
cÉk
 ² 107 N DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU nGjv: A
AB5(g) HooooI AB3(g) + B2(g); H = + Ve
ZY5(g) HooooI ZY3(g) + Y2(g)  Zvc
A^Ævr, cÉ`î wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix wewKÌqv| wewKÌqvwUi RbÅ AwaK
ZY5(g) ‰i weGqvRb gvòv 0.30 ‰es ˆgvU Pvc 1.0 atm|
 wkLbdj: == [w`. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-1]
Drcv` cvIqvi kZÆvejx wbGÁ² weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv:
K. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv KvGK eGj? 1 Zvcgvòv Z^v ZvGci cÉfve: wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix wewKÌqv| dGj
L. BeCl2 AYyi AvK‡wZ mij‹iwLK@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 wewKÌqvwUi Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZ AbymvGi
M. wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3 mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK mGi hvGe| Avgiv Rvwb, ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqvi
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU ˆ^GK KxfvGe mGeÆvœP cwigvY Drcv` ˆÞGò Zvc nËvmKiGY ‰es Zvcnvix wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Zvc cÉGqvGM
cvIqv hvGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK mGi hvq| ‰ wewKÌqvq Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ Kiv nGj
Drcv` e†w«¬ cvGe ‰es Zvcgvòv nËvm Kiv nGj Drcv` nËvm cvGe|
107 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
PvGci cÉfve: wewKÌqvwUGZ PvGci cÉmviY nGqGQ, A^Ævr MÅvmxq
K cigvYyi BGjKUÇGbi kwÚÕ¦Gii AvKvi, AvK‡wZ, wògvwòK w`K DrcvG`i ˆgvjmsLÅv (1 + 1 = 2) MÅvmxq wewKÌqGKi ˆgvj msLÅv (1)
webÅvm, BGjKUÇGbi NƒYÆGbi w`K wbG`ÆkKvix PviwU ivwkGK ‰KGò nGZ ˆewk| jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZ AbymvGi Avgiv Rvwb, wewKÌqvq
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv eGj|A A MÅvmxq DrcvG`i ˆgvj msLÅv I MÅvmxq wewKÌqGKi ˆgvj msLÅv mgvb
L ˆewiwjqvg ˆKÑvivBGWi Be cigvYyi BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv nGj H wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©vq PvGci ˆKvGbv cÉfve ˆbB| wK¯§
Õ¼vfvweK AeÕ©vq Be(4)  1s2 2s2 DrcvG`i ˆgvj msLÅv wewKÌqGKi Zzjbvq ˆewk nGj Pvc nËvm KiGj
DGîwRZ AeÕ©vq Be*(4)  1s2 2s1 2px1 ‰es wewKÌqGKi Zzjbvq Kg nGj Pvc e†w«¬ KiGj mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb
‰es Cl(17) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3px2 3py2 3pz1 w`GK mGi hvGe| ‰ wewKÌqvq Pvc nËvm KiGj mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK
‰LvGb, Be ‰i meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gi `ywU Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb ‰es mGi hvGe I DrcvG`i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe| B
‰G`i mvG^ ˆKÑvwiGbi ‰KwU KGi 3pz1 AiweUvGji AwaKÌgY wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv e†w«¬: jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZ AbymvGi ˆKvGbv DfgyLx
cÉwKÌqvq `ywU Be–Cl e®¬b m†wÓ¡ nq| dGj BeCl2 AYy MwVZ nq| wewKÌqvq wewKÌqGKi cwigvY e†w«¬ Kiv nGj mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK AMÉmi
‰GÞGò ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy Be ‰i msKiY sp msKiY nIqvq nGe ‰es DrcvG`i cwigvY e†w«¬ Kiv nGj mvgÅveÕ©v evg w`GK AMÉmi
ClBeCl = 180 nq| A^Ævr BeCl2 AYyi MVbvK‡wZ mij‹iwLK| nGe| ‰ wewKÌqvq wewKÌqK AB5 ˆhvM KiGj ‰B e†w«¬i cÉfveGK
180
Cl Cl cÉkwgZ Kivi RbÅ DrcvG`i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe|
Cl Be Cl A^Ævr Pvc KgvGj, DúZv evovGj ‰es wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv evovGj
DóxcGKi wewKÌqv ˆ^GK AwaK Drcv` cvIqv hvGe|
M weGqvRb gvòv  aGi ZY5 ‰i weGqvRb ‰i RbÅ Kp ‰i  cÉk
² 108
ivwkgvjv cÉwZcv`b: gGb Kwi, ZY5 ‰i ˆgvj msLÅv 1 mol| ‰KwU
50 mL
Ave«¬ cvGò ZY5 ˆK wbGq D Kivq  ˆgvj ZY5 weGqvwRZ nq| 50 mL 0.175 M
0.09 M X+Y
mvgÅveÕ©vq  ˆgvj ZY3 ,  ˆgvj Y2 Drc®² nq ‰es (1 – ) ˆgvj wg^vbwqK ‰wmW KwÓ¡K ˆmvWv
ZY5 AweGqvwRZ ^vGK| X Y Z
ZY5 (g) HoooooI ZY3 (g) + Y2 (g)
[Ka = 1.8  10–4]
cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq ˆgvj msLÅv : 1 0 0  wkLbdj: == [w`. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-5]
mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvj msLÅv: (1 – )   K. sp2 msKiY KvGK eGj? 1
myZivs, mvgÅveÕ©vq wgkÉGYi ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = [(1 – ) +  + ] L. FeCl3 ‰es FeCl2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi Mjbvâ ˆewk ‰es
= (1 + ) mol ˆKb? 2
mvgÅveÕ©vq wgkÉGYi ˆgvU Pvc P nGj, mvgÅveÕ©vq, ZY5 ‰i M. Z-cvGòi `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| 3
1–
AvswkK Pvc, PZY5 =  1 +  P N. Z-cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGj
 pH gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ZY3 ‰i AvswkK Pvc, PZY3 = 1 +  P ‰es Y2 ‰i AvswkK Pvc, 108 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
 K ˆKvGbv cigvYyi ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii ‰KwU s AiweUvj I `ywU p
PY2 = P
1+
AiweUvGji gGaÅ mswgkÉGYi dGj mgkwÚmÁ·®² mgvb msLÅK
fi wKÌqv mƒòvbymvGi mvgÅvâ,
nvBweËW AiweUvj ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvGK sp2 msKiY ejv nq|A A
PZY  PY
   P.    P L Fe3+ ‰i AvqwbK eÅvmvaÆ 0.60Å ‰es Fe2+ ‰i AvqwbK eÅvmvaÆ
3 2  1 +  1 +  2P 2P
Kp = = = =
PZY
5
(1 – ) (1 + ) (1 – ) 1 – 2 0.75Å| dvhvGbi bxwZ Abyhvqx, ˆKvGbv ZworGhvRx e®¬Gb
.P
(1 + ) AskMÉnYKvix KÅvUvqGbi AvKvi hGZv ˆQvU nq, Zvi AÅvbvqbGK
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 73
ˆcvjvivwqZ Kivi mvg^ÆÅI ZZ AwaK nq| KÅvUvqGbi eÅvmvaÆ Kg awi, wewKÌqGKi weGqvRb gvòv = 
nGj PvRÆ NbGZ½i gvòv e†w«¬ cvq ‰es wbDwKÑqvm nGZ AÅvbvqGbi  AB5(g) HoooooI AB3(g) + B2(g)
BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi cÉwZ AvKlÆYI e†w«¬ cvq| dGj, ZworGhvRx wewKÌqvi ÷i‚GZ ˆgvj msLÅv : 1 0 0
e®¬Gbi mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆeGo hvq| ZvB, FeCl3 jeGYi mgGhvRx mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvj msLÅv : 1–  
ŠewkÓ¡Å, FeCl2 jeGYi ˆPGq AwaKZi nq| mgGhvRx ˆhŒGMi  mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = 1 –  +  + 
Mjbvâ ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg nq| ZvB, FeCl2 AGcÞv FeCl3 ‰i =1+
Mjbvâ Kg nq|A wewKÌqvi ˆgvU Pvc P nGj,
PAB3  PB2
M DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU@ A Kp =
PAB5
H – COOH + NaOH  H – COONa + H2O
50    P     P
( )
‰LvGb, NaOH ‰i ˆgvjmsLÅv 1000  0.09 ev 4.5  10–3 mol ev,
1 +   1 +  
 1 –   P
hv mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc HCOOH ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi 4.5  10–3 mol H – 1 +  
COONa Drc®² KiGe ‰es `ËeGY H – COOH AewkÓ¡ ^vKGe 2P
50 ev, Kp = 1 – 2
= (1000  0.175 – 4.5  10 ) = 4.25  10
–3 –3
mol
2(1.5)
ev, 0.0444 = 1 – 2
ˆn´£vimb nvGmjevL mgxKiY Abyhvqx,
[jeY] ev, 0.0444 (1 – 2) = 1.52
pH = – log(Ka) + log
[AÁÏ] ev, 2 (1.5 + 0.0444) = 0.0444
= – log [1.8  10–4] + log
[4.5]
= 3.77
ev, 2 = 0.0287
[4.25] ev,  = 0.17
N 105(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c| myZivs, wewKÌqvwUi weGqvRb gvòv,  = 0.17|
cÉk
 ² 109 25C Zvcgvòvq I 1.5 atm PvGc wbGÁ²i wewKÌqvwUi  N eBGqi AaÅvq-4 ‰i 15(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|
@3
Kc ‰i gvb 1.815  10 mol L | 1
cÉk
 ² 110 2PQ(g) HooooooI P2(g) + Q2(g); H = + YkJ, aGi
AB5(g) HooooI AB3(g) + B2(g); H = +40 kJmol1 bvI ˆh, wewKÌqvwU ‰KwU e«¬ bGj msNwUZ nGœQ| wewKÌqGKi
 wkLbdj: == [Kz. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-7]
cÉv^wgK cwigvY 2a ˆgvj ‰es mvgÅveÕ©vq cÉwZwU DrcvG`i cwigvY
K. Avjdv KYv Kx? 1
L. we÷«¬ cvwbi pH ‰i gvb 7 ˆKb? 2  ˆgvj|  wkLbdj: == [P. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-7]
M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi weGqvRb gvòvi gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3 K. ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM KvGK eGj? 1
N. wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©vi Dci Zvcgvòv I Nbgvòvi L. AiweUvj wPò ‰uGK O2 AYyGZ we`Ågvb  ‰es -e®¬b
cÉfve@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 ˆ`LvI| 2
M. DóxcGKi mgxKiYwUi RbÅ Kp I KC ‰i gGaÅ ‰KwU
109 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
mÁ·KÆ cÉwZÓ¤v KGiv| 3
K `ywU ˆcÉvUb I `ywU wbDUÇGbi mg®¼Gq MwVZ wnwjqvg wbDwKÑqvmB N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU ˆ^GK KxfvGe AwaK cwigvY Drcv`
nGjv  KYv (24He2+)|A cvIqv hvq? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
L ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb wbfÆi KGi H `ËeGY we`Ågvb H+ 110 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
‰es OH AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi Dci| we÷«¬ cvwbi weGqvRGb  K ˆh mKj mgGhvRx ˆhŒGMi e®¬Gb AskMÉnYKvix ˆgŒj mgƒGni
Drc®² [H+] ‰es [OH] ‰i Nbgvòv cÉvq mgvb nIqvq ‰i AvqwbK Zwor FYvñKZvi cv^ÆKÅ 0.5  1.9 ^vGK Zviv ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM|A
àYdGji mgxKiY `uvovq [H+] [OH] = 1014 L pz pz
ev, [H+] [H+] = 1014
sp2  sp2
 [H+] = 107
‰Lb, DfqcvGk log wbGj cvIqv hvq log [H ] =  log 10
+ 7
sp2 sp2
ev, pH = 7
A^Ævr we÷«¬ cvwbi pH = 7| 
myZivs ejv hvq, we÷«¬ cvwbi weGqvRGb Drc®² Avqb«¼Gqi Nbgvòv O2 AbyGZ ‰KwU wmMgv () e®¬b sp2  sp2 AwaKÌgGYi dGj ŠZwi
mgvb nIqvq we÷«¬ cvwbi pH nq 7| A A nq| `ywU pz AiweUvj cvkvcvwk AwaKÌgY KGi ‰KwU - e®¬b
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, wewKÌqvwUi, Kc = 1.815  10 mol L
–3 –1 ŠZwi KGi|
Zvcgvòv, T = 25C = 298 K M awi, wewKÌqvwUi weGqvRb gvòv = 
wewKÌqvi Pvc, P = 1.5 atm 2 PQ(g) HoooooI P2(g) + Q2(g)
‰LvGb, Kp = Kc(RT) n wewKÌqvi ÷i‚GZ: 2a 0 0
= (1.815  10–3)  (0.0821  298)1+1 – 1 mvgÅveÕ©vq: (2a – 2)  
= (1.815  10–3)  (0.0821  298) awi, wewKÌqvwU VL AvqZGbi ‰KwU cvGò msNwUZ nq|
= 0.0444 atm
74 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
[P ] [Q ]
myZivs Kc = [PQ]
2
2
2 M weGqvRb gvòv  aGi PCl5 ‰i weGqvRb ‰i RbÅ Kp ‰i
ivwkgvjv cÉwZcv`b: gGb Kwi, PCl5 ‰i ˆgvj msLÅv 1 mol| ‰KwU
     Ave«¬ cvGò PCl5 ˆK wbGq D Kivq  ˆgvj PCl5 weGqvwRZ
V V 2
= = 2 nq| mvgÅveÕ©vq  ˆgvj PCl3 ,  ˆgvj Cl2 Drc®² nq ‰es (1 –
2a – 2 (2a – 2)
2

 V  ) ˆgvj PCl5 AweGqvwRZ ^vGK| A

2 PCl5 (g) HoooooI PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)
=
4(a – )2
cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq ˆgvj msLÅv : 1 0 0
Avevi, wewKÌqvwUGZ n = (1 + 1) – 2 = 0
Kp = Kc(RT)n mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvj msLÅv: (1 – )  
= Kc(RT)0 myZivs, mvgÅveÕ©vq wgkÉGYi ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = [(1 – ) +  + ]
= Kc.1 = Kc
= (1 + ) mol
2
myZivs wewKÌqvwUGZ, Kp = Kc = 4(a – )2 mvgÅveÕ©vq wgkÉGYi ˆgvU Pvc P nGj, mvgÅveÕ©vq PCl5 ‰i
1–
N DóxcGKi wewKÌqwU nGjv: A
 AvswkK Pvc, PPCl5 =  1 +  P
2PQ(g) HooooI P2(g) + Q2(g) – heat 
PCl3 ‰i AvswkK Pvc, PPCl3 = 1 +  P ‰es Cl2 ‰i AvswkK Pvc,
ZvGci cÉfve : wewKÌqvwU ‰KwU Zvcnvix wewKÌqv| dGj wewKÌqvwUi
Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb PCl2 =

P
w`GK mGi hvGe| A^Ævr PQ ‰i wewKÌqvq P2 I Q2 ‰i Drcv`b ˆeGo 1+
hvGe| Avevi, Zvcgvòv nËvm KiGj Zvcgvòv nËvm Kivi djvdj fi wKÌqv mƒòvbymvGi mvgÅvâ
cÉkwgZ nGq mvgÅveÕ©v evg w`GK mGi hvGe ‰es P2 I Q2 ˆfGã    P.  P
PQ ˆZ cwiYZ nGe| PPCl  PCl
3 2  1 +  (1 + ) 2P 2P
Kp = = = =
PPCl (1 – ) (1 + ) (1 – ) 1 – 2
AZ‰e, wewKÌqvwUGZ Zvcgvòvi h^vh^ cÉfve iGqGQ| 5 .P
(1 + )
PvGci cÉfve : wewKÌqvwUGZ 2 ˆgvj PQ wewKÌqv KGi 1 ˆgvj P2 I 1 2
ˆgvj Q2 Drc®² KGi| A^Ævr, ‰LvGb wewKÌqvi cƒGeÆ I wewKÌqvi cGi  Kp =  P 2
1
AvqZGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nq bv| AZ‰e, wewKÌqvi cƒGeÆ I cGi
c`vG^Æi AvqZGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb bv nIqvq A^Ævr AvqZb mgvb ‰LvGb,  = 25% ev, 0.25
nIqvq ‰LvGb PvGci ˆKvGbv cÉfve ^vKGe bv| ‰LvGb n = 0 ‰es Pvc, P = 1.5 atm
Kp = Kc (RT) = Kc.1 = Kc  Kp = Kc
(0.25)2  1.5
myZivs, ejv hvq ˆh, DóxcGKi wewKÌqvq Zvcgvòvi cÉfve ^vKGjI Kp = 1 – (0.25)2 = 0.1 atm
PvGci ˆKvGbv cÉfve ˆbB|
cÉk
 ² 111 DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv : N cÉ`î wewKÌqvwU nGjv A A
N2 + 3H2 HoooooooI 2NH3; H =  Ve
(i) PCl5(g) HoooI PCl3(g) + Cl2(g); H = + Ve
(ii) N2(g) + 3H2(g) HoooI 2NH3(g); H =  Ve wewKÌq vwUi Dci Zvcgvòv I PvGci cÉfve jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZi
 wkLbdj: == [wm. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-5] AvGjvGK eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv:
K. jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1 cÉ^gZ, ‰ wewKÌqvwU ‰KwU ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqv| myZivs Zvcgvòv
L. mvgÅaË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nq bv ˆKb? 2 e†w«¬ KiGj jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi wewKÌqvwU cøvr w`GK
M. 450K Zvcgvòvq 1.5 atm PvGc (i) bs mvgÅ wewKÌqvwUi AMÉmi nq| KvGRB Zvcgvòv nËvm KiGj Zvcgvòv nËvGmi djvdj
wewKÌqK 25% weGqvwRZ nGj Kp ‰i wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi (ii) bs wewKÌqvi Dci Zvcgvòv I PvGci cÉfve cÉkwgZ Kivi RbÅ Zvc Drcv`x mÁÃyL cÉwKÌqv e†w«¬ cvq| Avi ‰i
AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4 dGj mvgÅveÕ©vi AeÕ©vb Wvbw`GK mGi hvq ‰es NH3 ‰i
111 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvq|
K ˆKvGbv wewKÌqv mvgÅveÕ©vq ^vKvKvGj hw` ‰KwU wbqvgK w«¼ZxqZ, wewKÌqvwUGZ 1 ˆgvj N2 I 3 ˆgvj H2 ˆ^GK 2 ˆgvj NH3
(ˆhgb- Zvcgvòv, Nbgvòv I Pvc) cwieZÆb Kiv nq ZGe mvGgÅi MÅvm Drc®² nGqGQ| A^Ævr, ‰LvGb AvqZGbi msGKvPb NGUGQ|
AeÕ©vb ‰gbfvGe cwieZÆb nGe ˆhb wbqvgK cwieZÆGbi djvdj myZivs, jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi Pvc cÉGqvM Kiv nGj wewKÌqvwU
cÉkwgZ nq|A Wvb w`GK AMÉmi nGq ewaÆZ Pvc cÉkgb KGi dGj Drcv`b e†w«¬
L mvgÅ-aË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nGZ cvGi bv| A cvq| KvGRB, DœP PvGc NH3 ‰i Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvq|
A + B HooooI C + D wewKÌqvi RbÅ fiwKÌqvi mƒòvbyhvqx ˆjLv hvq mGeÆvcwi, wewKÌqvwU DfgyLx| myZivs cøvrgyLx wewKÌqv ˆiva Kivi
[C] [D] RbÅ NH3 Drcv`Gbi mGã mGã wewKÌqvÕ©j ˆ^GK Drcv` NH3 ˆK
Kc =
[A] [B]
‰LvGb Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nGZ nGj wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv kƒbÅ nGZ mwiGq wbGZ nGe|
[C] [D] DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv AbymvGi ejv hvq ˆh, jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZ
nGe, A^Ævr Kc = 0
ˆgvZvGeK wewKÌqvi cÉK‡wZ AbymvGi wewKÌqvwUi Dci Kg Zvc I DœP
wK¯§, mvgÅeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv KLGbvB Pvc cÉGqvM KGi ‰es ‰KBmvG^ Drcv` AcmviY KGi wewKÌqvGK
kƒbÅ nq bv| ZvB, mvgÅaË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nGZ cvGi bv| A ˆKej mÁÃyLgyLx KGi Drcv`b gvòv e†w«¬ Kiv mÁ¿e|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 75
² 112 DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI:
cÉk
 HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰i ˆÞGò ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy bvBGUÇvGRb I
dmdivGmi abvñK RviY msLÅvi gvb mgvb| wK¯§, bvBGUÇvGRGbi
CH3COOH NaOH
AvKvi dmdivm AGcÞv ˆQvU weavq ‰GZ PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk| ZvB
30 mL 15 mL Õ¼fveZB HNO3 ‰i ZxeËZv H3PO4 AGcÞv AwaK nq|
0.5 M 0.5 M
cvò-X cvò-Z cvò-Y
M wewKÌqvwUGZ mvgÅveÕ©vq we`Ågvb ˆgvj msLÅv, A

[Ka= 1.8  105] PCl5(g) HoooI PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
 wkLbdj: == [wm. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-8] ÷i‚GZ: 1 0 0
K. pH ‰i msæv `vI| 1
mvgÅveÕ©v: 1-0.5 0.5 0.5
L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v MwZkxj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. cvò-X ‰i `ËeGYi pH MYbv KGiv| 3 myZivs, Kc =
[PCl3] [Cl2] ‰LvGb,
[PCl5] cvGòi AvqZb = 1L
N. cvò-Z ‰ mvgvbÅ cwigvY ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGj pH .0.5 .0.5
gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe wKbv? Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4   
 1  1 
112 bs cÉGk²i Dîi =
.0.5 
K ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi nvBGWÈvGRb AvqGbi (H+) ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi  1 
FYvñK jMvwi`gGK H `ËeGYi pH eGj| A = 0.5 mol L1
L DfgyLx wewKÌqvi mÁÃyL I cøvreZxÆ wewKÌqvi MwZGeM mgvb nGj myZivs,wewKÌqvwUi Kc = 0.5 mol L1|
wewKÌqvwU mvgÅveÕ©vq AeZxYÆ nq| ˆhGnZz mvgÅveÕ©vq mÁÃyLeZxÆ I N DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU nGjv:
cøvreZxÆ cÉwKÌqvi MwZGeM mgvb ^vGK ZvB AvcvZ `†wÓ¡GZ AvgvG`i 1.5 atm
KvGQ wewKÌqvwU e®¬ AvGQ eGj gGb nq| wK¯§ cÉK‡ZcGÞ wewKÌqvwU PCl5(g) HoooooooooI PCl3(g) + Cl2 (g)
30C
Dfqw`GK mgvb MwZGZ PjGZ ^vGK| ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©vi Dci wKÌqvkxj wbqvgKàGjv nGjv Pvc,
mvgÅveÕ©v MwZkxj| A Zvcgvòv, Nbgvòv| wbGP wewKÌqvwUi Dci ‰me wbqvgGKi cÉfve
M Avgiv Rvwb, A weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
Ka = 2 C ‰LvGb,
PvGci cÉfve: DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUGZ wewKÌqK AGcÞv DrcvG`i
ev,  =
Ka weGqvRb aË‚eK, Ka = 1.8  103
C Nbgvòv, C = 0.5 M MÅvmxq ˆgvj msLÅv ˆewk| ˆmRbÅ ‰B DfgyLx wewKÌqvwUi
1.8  105
mvgÅveÕ©vq Pvc e†w«¬ KiGj wewKÌqv ˆcQGbi w`GK AMÉmi nGe|
=
0.5 A^Åvr, PCl5 ‰i weGqvRGbi nvi nËvm cvGe ‰es PCl3 I Cl2 ‰i
= 6  103 Drcv`b KGg hvGe|
 pH = log [H+] Zvcgvòvi cÉfve: DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi H abvñK| ZvB ‰B
=  log [C]
= log [6  103  0.5] wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix cÉK‡wZi| ˆmRbÅ ‰ DfgyLx wewKÌqvwUi
= 2.523 mvgÅveÕ©vq Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj wewKÌqvwU mvgGbi w`GK AMÉmi
myZivs, X cvGòi `ËeYwUi pH = 2.523| nGe| djÕ¼i…c, PCl5 ‰i weGqvRGbi cwigvY evoGe ‰es Drcv`
N 105(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c| PCl3 I Cl2 ‰i cwigvY evoGZ ^vKGe|
Nbgvòvi cÉfve: DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©vq wKQy cwigvY
cÉk
² 113 PCl5(g) HoooooI PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
PCl5 ˆhvM Kiv nGj Zv PCl5 ‰i Nbgvòv e†w«¬RwbZ cÉfve
1.0 wjUvi cvGò msNwUZ wewKÌqvwUGZ Zvc cÉGqvM Kiv nGj wKQy
cÉkgGbi RbÅ PCl5 cybivq weGqvwRZ nGq PCl3 I Cl2 ŠZwi KiGe|
wewKÌqK DrcvG` cwiYZ nq ‰es Zvc nËvm Kiv nGj wKQy Drcv`
wewKÌqGK cwiYZ nq| PCl5 ‰i cÉv^wgK ˆgvj msLÅv 1.0 I A^Ævr, wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©vq wewKÌqK PCl5 ‰i Nbgvòv e†w«¬ ˆcGj
mvgÅveÕ©vq Cl2 ‰i ˆgvj msLÅv 0.5| wewKÌqvwU mvgGbi w`GK AMÉmi nGe| ‰GZ PCl5 ‰i weGqvRb nvi
 wkLbdj: == [h. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-6] evoGe ‰es ‰KB mvG^ PCl3 I Cl2 ‰i Drcv`b nviI e†w«¬ cvGe|
K. ˆbmjvi weKviK Kx? 1 
cÉk² 114
L. HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK kwÚkvjx ‰es
ˆKb? 2 g†`y AÁÏ ZxeË Þvi I + II
HA MOH
M. DwÍÏwLZ wewKÌqvi RbÅ Kc ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3 100 mL 30 mL
wgkÉY
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi Dci mvgÅveÕ©vq Zvc I PvGci 0.1 M 0.1 M
cÉfve eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 cvò-I cvò-II cvò-III
113 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
 wkLbdj: == [h. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-7]
K Þvixq cUvwmqvg ˆUUÇvAvGqvGWv gviwKDGiU (II) ‰i `ËeYGK K. g†rÞvi avZz Kx? 1
ˆbmjvi weKviK (K2HgI4) eGj| A L. Kc ‰i gvb kƒbÅ nGZ cvGi bv ˆKb? 2
L Avgiv Rvwb, AwÝ ‰wmWmgƒGni ˆÞGò hvi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi M. DóxcGKi I bs cvGòi `ËeGYi pH MYbv KGiv
abvñK RviY msLÅv hZ ˆewk Zvi ZxeËZvI ZGZv ˆewk nq| Avevi, (Ka = 1.8  105)| 3
abvñK RviY msLÅvi gvb mgvb nGj ˆh cigvYyi AvKvi ˆQvU Zvi N. DóxcGKi III bs cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY AÁÏ ev Þvi
ZxeËZv ˆewk nq| wgwkÉZ KiGj pH gvGbi Kxi…c cwieZÆb nGe eÅvLÅv
+5 +5
HNO3 H3PO4 KGiv| 4
76 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
114 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Avgiv Rvwb,
K chÆvq mviwYi MÉ‚c IIA ‰i ˆgŒjmgƒnGK g†r-Þvixq avZz eGj|
 Na2CO3 ‰i fi = Wvb cvÍÏvq PvcvGbv IRb + ivBWvGii AeÕ©vb
 ivBWvi aË‚eK
L mvgÅaË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb KLGbv kƒbÅ nGZ cvGi bv| KviY, fiwKÌqv
ev, 2.6575 = 2.65 + x  0.0001 ‰LvGb,
mƒògGZ, ‰KwU mvaviY DfgyLx wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò, ev, x  0.0001 = 2.6575  2.65 Na2CO3 ‰i fi
A + B HooI C + D 0.0075 = 2.6575 g
[C]  [D] ev, x = 0.0001
mvgÅaË‚eK, Kc = [A]  [B] ivBWvi aË‚eK = 0.0001
= 75 Wvb cvÍÏvq ivLv IRb =
‰GÞGò hw` Kc ‰i gvb kƒbÅ nGZ nq, ZGe Drcv` C I D ‰i gGaÅ 2.65g
A¯¦Z ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwUGK kƒbÅ nGZ nGe| A^Ævr, cøvrgyLx wewKÌqv awi,
mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe ˆkl nGZ nGe| wK¯§, evÕ¦Ge Zv KLGbvB mÁ¿e nq bv| ivBWvGii AeÕ©vb =x
myZivs, mvgÅaË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb KLGbv kƒbÅ nGZ cvGi bv| AZ‰e, Wvb cvÍÏvq 2.65 A^Ævr 2g, 500 mg, 100 mg I 50 mg
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, fGii evULviv I ivBWvi ˆK kƒGbÅ ˆ^GK Wvbw`GK 75 Ni mwiGq
weGqvRb aËe‚ K, Ka = 1.8  105 2.6575g Na2CO3 ‰i fi wbYÆq Kiv mÁ¿e|
Nbgvòv, C = 0.1 M N DóxcGKi cvò«¼Gqi gGaÅ cvò-1 ‰ ivLv AvGQ Na2CO3 ‰es
Avgiv Rvwb, cvò-2 ‰ ivLv AvGQ KMnO4| K‡wl Drcv`Gb gvwUi pH wbq¯¨Y
Ka 1.8  105 ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| gvwUi pH ‰KwU mywbw`ÆÓ¡ mxgvi gGaÅ nGjB MvQcvjv gvwU
=
C
=
0.1
= 0.0134 ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq Lv`Å MÉnY KiGZ cvGi, bZzev bq| pH ‰i gvb 3
myZivs, pH = log[C] ‰i ˆPGq Kg nGj A^Ævr gvwU AwaK AÁÏxq nGj MvQcvjv gGi hvq|
= log [0.1  0.0134] ˆhgb- ‰wmW e†wÓ¡i dGj pH ‰i gvb nËvm cvIqvq AGbK Õ©vGb
= 2.873 MvQcvjv gGi wMGq gi‚ cÉwKÌqv m†wÓ¡ nq| Na2CO3 jeYwU Þvixq
N 105(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|
 cÉK‡wZi jeY| ZxeË Þvi NaOH I `yeÆj KveÆwbK ‰wmGWi wewKÌqvq
Na2CO3 ŠZwi nq|
cÉk
² 115
 2 NaOH + H2CO3  Na2CO3 + 2H2O
dGj Na2CO3 gvwUGZ eÅenvi KiGj gvwUi pH e†w«¬ cvq| gvwUi
X2CO3 YMnO4 AYyRxe e†w«¬i mnvqK pH nGjv 6.6  7.3| wewf®² AYyRxe gvwUi
2.6575 g DeÆiZv e†w«¬i Dcv`vb N, S, P ˆgŒj ˆhvMvb ˆ`q| myZivs, K‡wl
RwgGZ gvwUi pH ‰i cwimi K‡wl KvGRi AeÕ©vbGfG` wewf®²
cvò-1 cvò-2 AçGj 3  4.5 ‰i gGaÅ ivLv nq| ZvB AÁÏagÆx gvwUi pH evovGZ
[X I Y ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 11 I 19] Na2CO3 f„wgKv ivLGZ cvGi|
1 I 4 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq [Xv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-1]
Aciw`GK KMnO4 ‰KwU RviK c`v^Æ| ZvB gvwUi pH cwieZÆGb
K. `nb Zvc KvGK eGj? 1
KMnO4 ‰i ˆKvGbv f„wgKv ˆbB|
L. Zvcgvòvi mvG^ cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj cwieZÆbkxj ˆKb? 2
M. cj eywã eÅvGj´Ö ‰i mvnvGhÅ cvò-1 ‰i weKviKwU KxfvGe  cÉk
² 116 MX5(g) HooooI MX3(g) + X2(g) – Zvc
gvcGe? 3 ‰LvGb MX5 ‰i weGqvRbgvòv 80% ‰es wewKÌqv cvGòi AvqZb 2L|
 wkLbdj: 4 I 6 [Xv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-7]
N. cvò-1 I cvò-2 ‰i weKviK«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU gvwUi pH
K. wKDwis KvGK eGj? 1
cwieZÆGbi f„wgKv ivGL? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L. AlCl3 KÞ Zvcgvòvq WvBgvi MVb KGi ˆKb? 2
115 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi Kc wbYÆq KGiv| 3
K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq I 1 atm PvGc 1 ˆgvj ˆKvGbv ˆgŒwjK ev N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ˆKvb kGZÆ AwaK Drcv` cvIqv hvGe?
ˆhŒwMK c`v^ÆGK AwÝGRGb mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc `nb KiGj ZvGci ˆh weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
cwieZÆb NGU ZvGK `nb Zvc eGj| A 116 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
L cvwb ‰KwU g†`y ZworweGkÏlÅ c`v^Æ| cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj, K Lv`Å msiÞGYi DGóGkÅ ˆKŒUvRvZ Lv`ÅGK jeGYi `ËeY (NaCl
Kw = [H+][OH–] ‰i Rjxq `ËeY 520%) ‰ msiÞGYi c«¬wZGK wKDwis (Curing)
wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj wÕ©i| ZGe Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ eGj| A
KiGj cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj e†w«¬ cvq| KviY cvwbi AvqwbKiY ev  L AlCl3 KÞZvcgvòvq WvBgvi wnmvGe AeÕ©vb KGi| KviY KÞ
weGqvRb ‰KwU Zvcnvix wewKÌqv| Zvcgvòvq AwaK PvRÆ NbGZ½i KviGY Al3+ Avqb «¼viv Cl AvqGbi
H2O HoooI H+ + OH– H = + x kJmol–1 ˆek ˆcvjvivqb NGU| ZvB KwVb AeÕ©vq we÷«¬ AlCl3 ‰i DœP
myZivs Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj jv kvGZjxq bxwZ AbymvGi, DfgyLx jÅvwUm ‰b&^vjwc ^vGK bv| ‰ AeÕ©vq Al cigvYyi Pviw`GK Cl
weGqvRb wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©v WvGb Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| dGj `ËeGY H+ cigvYymgƒn webÅÕ¦ nGq Al ‰i AÓ¡KcƒYÆ KGi| ZLb wbÁ²iG… c Al
I OH– AvqGbi Nbgvòv e†w«¬ cvq ‰es Kw ‰i gvb ˆeGo hvq| A cigvYy I Cl cigvYyi wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMGji gGaÅ mw®²Gek e®¬b
M DóxcGKi X ‰i cvigvYweK fi 11| A^Ævr ˆgŒjwU nGjv «¼viv WvBgvi AYy MVb KGi| A
ˆmvwWqvg (Na)| myZivs ˆhŒMwU nGjv Na2CO3| A Cl Cl Cl
Al Al
cjeywã eÅvGjG´Öi mvnvGhÅ 2.6575 g Na2CO3 cwigvc KiGZ nGe| Cl 
Cl Cl
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 77
M DóxcGKi wewKÌqK MX5 ‰i weGqvRb gvò  = 80% = 0.80
 117 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
DóxcK mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqv : K ˆKvGbv `ËeGY DcwÕ©Z ‰wmW ev ÞvGii ˆgvj msLÅvi ˆh f™²vsk
MX5 (g) HooooI MX3(g) + X2 (g)
cÉv^wgK ˆgvj msLÅv 1 0 0 weGqvwRZ nq ZvGK H ‰wmW ev ÞvGii weGqvRb gvòv eGj| A
mvgÅveÕ©vq ” ” 10.8 0.8 0.8 L ˆgvjvwiwU Zvcgvòv «¼viv cÉfvweZ nq, ˆKbbv ‰wU `ËeGYi
= 0.2 AvqZGbi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ| Avevi ˆKvGbv c`vG^Æi AvqZb Zvcgvòvi
wewKÌqv cvGòi AvqZb = 2L
0.2
cwieZÆGbi mvG^ cwiewZÆZ nq|
 mvgÅveÕ©vq MX5 ‰i ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv [MX5] = M ˆgvj (mol/L)|
2 ˆgvjvwiwUi cÉKvGki mgxKiY nGjv: M = 
= 0.1 M AvqZb
0.8 Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ ˆcGj AvqZb ˆeGo hvq ‰es Zvcgvòv nËvm ˆcGj
" MX3 " " " [MX3] = M
2
= 0.4 M AvqZb nËvm cvq| myZivs ejv hvq ˆh Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ ˆcGj
" X2 " " " [X2] =
0.8
M
AvqZGbi Dci wbfÆikxj `ËeGYi ˆgvjvwiwU nËvm cvq ‰es Zvcgvòv
2 nËvm ˆcGj ˆgvjvwiwU e†w«¬ cvq| A
= 0.4 M
[MX3]  [X2] M DóxcGKi A `ËeYwU nGjv HA ‰wmGWi|
wewKÌqvwUi Kc = [MX
5] Avgiv Rvwb, B
0.4  0.4
‰LvGb,
= mol2 L2 weGqvRb gvòv
0.1 ‰wmGWi weGqvRb,
= 1.6 mol2 L2 Ka
myZivs DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi Kc nGœQ 1.6 mol2 L2|
=
C aË‚eK, Ka = 1.8  105
N DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU nGjv:
 =
1.8  105 Nbgvòv, C = 0.1 M
0.1
MX5(g) HooooI MX3(g) + X2(g); H = + Zvc weGqvRbgvòv,  = ?
= 0.0134
A^Ævr cÉ`î wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix wewKÌqv| wewKÌqvwUi RbÅ AwaK
‰Lb [H+] =   C pH = ?
Drcv` cvIqvi kZÆvejx wbGÁ² weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv:
= (0.0134  0.1) M
Zvcgvòvi cÉfve: wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix wewKÌqv| dGj wewKÌqvwUi
= 1.34  103 M
Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb
Avevi, pH =  log [H+]
w`GK mGi hvGe| A^Ævr Zvc cÉGqvGM wewKÌqvwU mÁÃyL w`GK AMÉmi
=  log (1.34  103)
nGe| Zvc AcmviY KiGj wewKÌqvwU ˆcQGbi w`GK mGi AvmGe| ‰ = 2.873
wewKÌqvq Zvc cÉGqvM Kiv nGj Drcv` e†w«¬ cvGe ‰es Zvcgvòv nËvm
myZivs DóxcGKi A `ËeGYi pH 2.873|
Kiv nGj Drcv` nËvm cvGe|
PvGci cÉfve: wewKÌqvwUGZ AvqZGbi cÉmviY nGqGQ, A^Ævr DrcvG`i N DóxcGKi A I B `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj wgkÉGY wbÁ²i…Gc wewKÌqv
ˆgvjmsLÅv (1) wewKÌqGKi ˆgvj msLÅv (2) nGZ ˆewk| ‰GÞGò, Pvc msNwUZ nq| A
cÉGqvM KiGj jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi, cÉGqvMK‡Z Pvc cÉkgGb HA + MOH  AM + H2O
mvgÅveÕ©v evgw`GK mGi AvmGe ‰es Drcv` nËvm cvGe| Avevi, 1 mol 1mol 1 mol
Pvc nËvm KiGj mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK mGi hvGe I DrcvG`i cwigvY 1 mol HA, 1 mol MOH ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi 1 mol AM Drc®²
e†w«¬ cvGe| B KGi|
wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv e†w«¬: wewKÌqvwUGZ wewKÌqK MX5 ˆhvM KiGj myZivs, 6 mL 0.1 M MOH, 6 mL 0.1M HA ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi
‰B e†w«¬i cÉfveGK cÉkwgZ Kivi RbÅ DrcvG`i cwigvY e†w«¬ 6 mL 0.1M AM jeY Drc®² KGi| myZivs `ËeGY AewkÓ¡ ^vKGe
cvGe| (14  6) mL ev 8 mL 0.1 M HA ‰wmW|
A^Ævr Pvc KgvGj, DúZv evovGj ‰es wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv evovGj 8  0.1
DóxcGKi wewKÌqv ˆ^GK AwaK Drcv` cvIqv hvGe|  ‰wmGWi Nbgvòv = 14 + 6 = 0.04 M
cÉk
 ² 117 6  0.1
 jeGYi Nbgvòv = 14 + 6 = 0.03 M
14 mL
0.1 M
6 mL
0.1 M
(A + B) Avgiv Rvwb,
HA `ËeY MOH `ËeY [jeY]
pH = pKa + log
[‰wmW]
[jeY]
A `ËeY B `ËeY wgkÉY =  log Ka + log
 wkLbdj: 10 [iv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-3] [‰wmW]
K. weGqvRb gvòv KvGK eGj? 1 =  log (1.8  105) + log
0.03
0.04
L. ˆgvjvwiwU Zvcgvòvi Dci wbfÆikxj ˆKb? 2
= 4.62
M. A `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb KZ? [Ka = 1.8 × 10–5] 3
N. A I B `ËeGYi wgkÉGYi cÉK‡wZ pH MYbvi gvaÅGg weGkÏlY
AZ‰e, wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi pH 4.62| myZivs wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi cÉK‡wZ
KGiv| 4 AÁÏ
xq|
78 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

cÉk
1.5 atm
² 118 AX5(g) HoooooooooIAX3(g) + X2(g); H = (+) ve
 mvgÅveÕ©vq Pvc 1.5 atm AGcÞv AvGiv e†w«¬ KiGj wewKÌqv ˆcQGbi
30C w`GK AMÉmi nGe| A^Åvr AX5 ‰i weGqvRGbi nvi nËvm cvGe ‰es
 wkLbdj: 3 I 6 [iv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-6] AX3 I X2 ‰i Drcv`b KGg hvGe|
K.cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj Kx? 1
Zvcgvòvi cÉfve: DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi H abvñK| ZvB ‰B
L.Na2CO3 ‰i Rjxq `ËeY ÞviagÆx ˆKb? 2
wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix cÉK‡wZi| ˆmRbÅ ‰ DfgyLx wewKÌqvwUi
M.DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi Kp ivwkgvjv Dccv`b KGiv| 3
mvgÅveÕ©vq Zvcgvòv 30C AGcÞv ˆewk e†w«¬ KiGj wewKÌqvwU
N.DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ wewKÌqvq mvgÅveÕ©vi Dci wKÌqvkxj
mvgGbi w`GK AMÉmi nGe| djÕ¼i…c AX5 ‰i weGqvRGbi cwigvY
wbqvgKàGjvi mnvqK cÉfve weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
118 bs cÉGk²i Dîi evoGe ‰es Drcv` AX3 I X2 ‰i cwigvY evoGZ ^vKGe|
Nbgvòvi cÉfve: DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©vq wKQy cwigvY
K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq cvwbGZ nvBGWÈvGRb Avqb (H+) ‰es
AX5 ˆhvM Kiv nGj Zv AX5 ‰i Nbgvòv e†w«¬ e†w«¬RwbZ cÉfve
nvBGWÈvÝvBW (OH–) AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi àYdjGK cvwbi
AvqwbK àYdj (Kw) eGj| A cÉkGbi RbÅ AX5 cybivq weGqvwRZ nGZ AX3 I X2 ŠZwi KiGe|
A^Ævr wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©vq wewKÌqK AX5 ‰i Nbgvòv e†w«¬ ˆcGj
L ˆh mKj mej ÞviK I `yeÆj AÁÏ ˆ^GK Drc®² nq, Zviv `ËeGY wewKÌqvwU mvgGbi w`GK AMÉmi nGe| ‰GZ AX5 ‰i weGqvRb nvi
Av`ËÆ weGkÏwlZ nGq Þvixq `ËeY ŠZwi KGi| ˆmvwWqvg KveÆGbU evoGe ‰es ‰KB mvG^ AX3 I X2 ‰i Drcv`b nviI e†w«¬ cvGe|
(Na2CO3) ‰B cÉK‡wZi ‰KwU jeY| ‰wU mej ÞviK NaOH ‰es
`yeÆj AÁÏ KveÆwbK ‰wmW ˆ^GK (H2CO3) ˆ^GK Drc®² nq| cÉk
 ² 119
i. C2H2(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(l);
Na2CO3 cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z nGq cÉ^Gg AvqGb weGqvwRZ nq| cGi
H = – 1300 kJmol–1
`ËeGY KveÆGbU (CO32) Avqb cvwbi mvG^ wbÁ² mgxKiY Abyhvqx ii. C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g); H = –394 kJmol–1
wewKÌqv KGi `ËeGY OH AvqGbi cwigvY e†w«¬ KGi| A iii. H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(l); H = –286 kJmol–1
Na2CO3 + aq  Na+ + 2CO32 3 I 4 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq [w`. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-8]
2CO32 + 4H2O HoooooI H2CO3 + 4OH K. RviY wkLvi msæv `vI| 1
M weGqvRb gvòv  aGi PCl5 ‰i weGqvRb ‰i RbÅ Kp ‰i L. cvwb ‰KwU DfagÆx c`v^Æ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
ivwkgvjv cÉwZcv`b: gGb Kwi, PCl5 ‰i ˆgvj msLÅv 1mol| ‰KwU M. DóxcGKi (i) wewKÌqvi nvBGWÈvKveÆbwUi MVb ‰b^vjwc
wbYÆq KGiv| 3
Ave«¬ cvGò PCl5 ˆK wbGq D Kivq  ˆgvj PCl5 weGqvwRZ nq|
mvgÅveÕ©vq  ˆgvj PCl3 ,  ˆgvj Cl2 Drc®² nq ‰es (1 – ) ˆgvj N. DóxcGKi (ii) I (iii) Drcv`«¼Gqi e®¬b ˆKvY wf®²
PCl5 AweGqvwRZ ^vGK|
hywÚmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
PCl5(g) HoooooI PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) 119 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq ˆgvj msLÅv : 1 0 0 K eybGmb evbÆvGii bGji gyGL AGcÞvK‡Z ˆQvU ˆh wkLvwUGZ cÉPzi
mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvj msLÅvt (1 – )   cwigvGY AwÝGRb DcwÕ©Z ^vGK ‰GK RviY wkLv eGj| A
myZivs, mvgÅveÕ©vq wgkÉGYi ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = [(1 – ) +  + ] L eËbGÕ¡W jvDixi gGZ, ˆcÉvUb `vbKvix c`v^Æ nGjv ‰wmW ‰es
= (1 + ) mol
MÉnYKvix c`v^Æ nGjv Þvi|
mvgÅveÕ©vq wgkÉGYi ˆgvU Pvc P nGj, mvgÅveÕ©vq, PCl5 ‰i
1–
cvwb (H2O) ‰KwU DfagxÆ c`v^Æ KviY cvwb ˆcÉvUb (H+) MÉnY I
AvswkK Pvc, PPCl5 =  1 +  P ZÅvM DfqB KiGZ cvGi|
 ˆhgb: cvwb NH3 ˆK ˆcÉvUb `vb KGi NH4+ ‰ cwiYZ KGiGQ|
PCl3 ‰i AvswkK Pvc, PPCl3 = 1 +  P ‰es Cl2 ‰i AvswkK Pvc, H2O + NH3  NH4+ +OH
 ˆcÉvUb `vb Kivq ‰LvGb cvwb ‰wmW wnGmGe KvR KGi
PCl = P Avevi, cvwb HCl ‰i wewKÌqvq H3O+ ‰ cwiYZ nq|
2 1+
PPCl  PCl H2O + HCl  H3O+ +Cl
fi wKÌqv mƒòvbymvGi mvgÅvâ, Kp = 3
PPCl
2
ˆcÉvUb MÉnY Kivq ‰LvGb cvwb Þvi wnGmGe KvR KGi
5
myZivs cvwbi ‰B DfagÆx ŠewkGÓ¡Åi RbÅ ejv hvq H2O ‰KwU
   P.  P DfagxÆ c`v^Æ| A
 1 +  (1 + )
=
(1 – )
.P
M DóxcGKi ii I iii bs wewKÌqv«¼q nGjv B
(1 + ) C + O2  CO2; H =  394 kJ mol1
P2
2P H2 + O2  H2O; H =  286 kJ mol1
= = A
(1 + ) (1 – ) 1 – 2 ‰LvGb H ‰i gvb ‰KvavGi C ‰i `nb Zvc I CO2 ‰i MVb
N DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU nGjv:
 Zvc ‰es H2 ‰i `nb Zvc I H2O ‰i MVb Zvc|
1.5 atm DóxcGKi (i) wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c
AX5(g) HoooooooooI AX3(g) + X2 (g) 5
30C C2H2(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + H2O(l); H =  1300 kJ mol1
2
wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©vi Dci wKÌqvkxj wbqvgKàGjv nGjv Pvc,  wewKÌqv Zvc,
Zvcgvòv, Nbgvòv| wbGP wewKÌqvwUi Dci ‰me wbqvgGKi cÉfve 5
H = {2Hf(CO2) + Hf(H2O)}  {Hf(C2H2) + Hf(O2)}
weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv 2
PvGci cÉfve: DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUGZ wewKÌqK AGcÞv DrcvG`i ev,  1300 = 2  (394) + (286)  Hf(C2H2) + 0
MÅvmxq ˆgvj msLÅv ˆewk| ˆmRbÅ ‰B DfgyLx wewKÌqvwUi ev, Hf(C2H2) =  788  286 + 1300
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 79
 Hf(C2H2) = 226 kJ mol1 120 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
myZivs, C2H2 ‰i MVb ‰b^vjwc 226 kJ mol1| K ˆKvb mgGhvRx ˆhŒGMi AYyGZ DcwÕ©Z `ywU wf®² ˆgŒGji
myZivs (i) bs wewKÌqvi nvBGWÈvKveÆb (C2H2) wUi MVb ‰b^vjwc cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆkqviK‡Z BGjKUÇb hyMjGK ‰KwU ˆgŒGji cigvYy
226 kJ mol1| KZƆK wbGRi w`GK AwaK AvKlÆY Kivi ZzjbvgƒjK ÞgZvGK ˆmB
N DóxcGKi (ii) I (iii) bs wewKÌqvq Drcv`b«¼q nGjv h^vKÌGg ˆgŒGji Zwor FYvñKZv eGj| A
CO2 I H2O| ‰G`i e®¬b ˆKvb wf®² KviY wbGÁ² AvGjvPbv Kiv L ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi KwÓ¡K ˆmvWv Z^v NaOH eÅenvi Kiv nq bv,
nGjv| A KviY ™ÏvGmi cÉavb Dcv`vb nGjv SiO2, hv ZxeË ÞviK NaOH ‰i
H2O AYyi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy O ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi `ËeYxq ˆmvwWqvg wmwjGKU (Na2SiO3) bvgK ˆhŒM
DGîwRZ AeÕ©vq, O*(8)  1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p1y 2p1z ŠZwi KGi|
2NaOH + SiO2  Na2SiO3 + H2O
H(1)  1s1 sp msKiY
3
dGj ™Ïvm ÞqcÉvµ¦ nq| ZvB ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv eÅenvi Kiv
O cigvYyi sp msKwiZ AiweUvGj we`Ågvb `ywU Ahy™² BGjKUÇGbi nq bv| A
3

mvG^ `ywU nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi s AiweUvGji Ahy™Â BGjKUÇGbi  M Avgiv Rvwb, A

AwaKÌgGYi gvaÅGg H2O AYy MVb KGi| Ka ‰LvGb,
  =
O   C Nbgvòv C = 0.1M
H H
104.5
1.8  105 weGqvRb aËe‚ K Ka = 1.8  105
V-AvK‡wZi MVb =
0.1 weGqvRb gvòv,  = ?
dGj H2O AYyGZ `yBwU gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb ‰es `yBwU e®¬b ˆRvo = 1.34  102
BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb| gyÚ ˆRvo - gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb weKlÆY Aci Avevi,
+
`yBwU gyÚ ˆRvo-e®¬b ˆRvo ‰es e®¬b ˆRvo-e®¬b ˆRvo weKlÆY [H ] = C
ej AGcÞv ˆewk| KviY VSEPR Zî½ ˆ^GK Avgiv Rvwb, gyÚ = (1.34  102  0.1) M
= (1.34  103) M
ˆRvo-gyÚ ˆRvo > gyÚGRvo  e®¬b ˆRvo > e®¬b ˆRvo  e®¬b myZivs A cvGòi `ËeGYi H+ AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv 1.34  103
ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi weKlÆY| ‰ KviGY H2O AYyGZ H  O  H e®¬b M|
ˆKvGYi gvb 10928 nGZ nËvm ˆcGq 104.5 nGq ^vGK|
N DóxcGKi A I B cvGòi `ËeY«¼qGK wgwkÉZ KiGj wbÁ²i…Gc
Avevi cvwbi AYyGZ `yBwU gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb ^vKvq cvwbi
wewKÌqv msNwUZ nq| A
AYyi AvK‡wZ PZzÕ¦jKxq MVb KvVvGgv bv nGq DGΟv V MVb nq| CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O...............(i)
Aciw`GK CO2 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy KveÆGb sp msKi NGU weavq 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
AvK‡wZ mgZjxq mij‹iwLK nq ‰es e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb 180 nq| ‰LvGb, A cvGòi 100 mL 0.1 M CH3COOH ‰i mvG^ B cvGòi
KveÆGbi meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gi PviwU BGjKUÇb ^vGK hv O cigvYyi mvG^ 40 mL 0.1M NaOH wgwkÉZ Kiv nq|
e®¬b MVGbi ci PviwU e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvGo cwiYZ nq| ‰LvGb
‰Lb, ‰LvGb,
ˆKvGbv wbtmã BGjKUÇb ˆRvo ^vGK bv| C = O e®¬b BGjKUÇb
ˆRvo ciÕ·iGK weKlÆY KGi `ƒGi ˆVGj ˆ`q| dGj AvK‡wZ nCH3COOH = 1000 S1V1 CH3COOH ‰i Nbgvòv,
mij‹iwLK nq| S1 = 0.1 M
    100  0.1
O C O  O=C=O
   
=
1000
mol CH3COOH ‰i AvqZb,

myZivs DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq CO2 I H2O e®¬b = 0.01 mol V1 = 100 mL
ˆKvY wf®²| CH3COOH ‰i ˆgvj msLÅv,
cÉk
² 120
 nCHH3COOH = ?

0.1M 0.1M Avevi,

CH3COOH NaOH
100 mL 40 mL
nNaOH =
S2V2 ‰LvGb,
1000
A B NaOH ‰i Nbgvòv, S2 = 0.1 M
40  0.1
Ka = 1.8  105 = mol " " AvqZb, V2 = 40 mL
1000
 wkLbdj: 10 [Kz. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-8]
= 4  10 mol " " ˆgvj msLÅv, nNaOH = ?
3

K. BGjKGUÇvGbGMwUwfwU KvGK eGj? 1

(i) bs mgxKiY AbymvGi,
L. MÐvm wKÑbvGi KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv eÅenvi Kiv nq bv ˆKb? eÅvLÅv
1 mol NaOH  1 mol CH3COOH
KGiv| 2
3
M. A cvGòi `ËeGYi H+ AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv wbYÆq KGiv|  4  10 mol " = 4  103 mol CH3COOH
3  CH3COONa ‰i cwigvY, nCH3COOH = 4  103 mol
N. A I B cvGòi `ËeYGK wgwkÉZ KiGj `ËeGYi cÉK‡wZ pH = (0.01  4  103) mol
wbYÆGqi gvaÅGg weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 = 6  103 mol
80 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
‰Lb, ˆn´£vimb-nÅvGmjevL mgxKiY nGZ cvB kwÚ LiP nq| cÉkgb wewKÌqvq Drc®² Zvc ‰ kwÚ ˆhvMvq| ‰RbÅ
HA I NaOH ‰i cÉkgGbi ˆÞGò aË‚eK gvGbi ˆPGq wKQyUv Kg

jeY
‰LvGb,
pH = pKa + log cwigvY ZvckwÚ wbMÆZ nq| ZvB ejv hvq ˆh cÉ`î wgkÉGYi ‰KwU

‰wmW ‰wmGWi weGqvRb aËe‚ K, `yeÆj ‰wmW ‰es ‰B `yeÆj ‰wmGWi weGqvRGb cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ eÅq
=  log (1.8  105) + log
4  103
Ka = 1.8  105 nIqvq ‰B wgkÉGYi cÉkgb ZvGci gvb wÕ©i gvGbi ˆPGq Kg nq|
6  103 jeGYi ˆgvj, N ‰LvGb `ËeY-I ‰ AvGQ HA ‰wmW hvi Ka ‰i gvb ˆ`Iqv AvGQ
= 4.74 + log
2
nCH3CONa = 4  103 mol 1.8  105| myZivs cÉ`î gvb ˆ^GK ejv hvq HA ‰KwU `yeÆj
3
‰wmW| Avevi, `ËeY-II ‰ AvGQ NaOH `ËeY hv ‰KwU ZxeË Þvi
= 4.56 ‰wmGWi ˆgvj,
‰es `ËeY-III nGœQ ‰G`i wgkÉY|
3
pH gvb ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq, ‰wU nCH3COOH = 6  10 mol myZivs wgkÉGb msNwUZ wewKÌqv nGjv
‰KwU AÁÏxq evdvi| pH = ? HA + NaOH = ANa + H2O
wewKÌqv AbymvGi ejv hvq `ËeYwU ‰KwU AÁÏxq evdvi `ËeY|
cÉk
² 121

‰B evdvi `ËeGY wKQy cwigvY HCl ˆhvM Kiv nGj ‰i pH ‰i
gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe bv| KviY HA ‰KwU g†`y ‰wmW ‰es
HA NaOH ‰i weGqvRb aË‚eK Ka ‰i gvb 1.8  105 hv Lye Kg| mvgÅveÕ©vi
50mL 30mL wgkÉY `ËeGY H+, A I Na+ DcwÕ©Z ^vGK| ‰B evdvi `ËeGY wKQy cwigvY
0.1M 0.1M
H+ ˆhvM Kiv nGj `ËeGY DcwÕ©Z A ‰i mvG^ H+ hyÚ nGq HA ˆZ
Ka = 1.8  105 cwiYZ nq|
`ËeY-II wgkÉY-III
`ËeY-I A + H+ = AH
 wkLbdj: 11 I 13 [P. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-5]
ˆhGnZzHA ‰KwU g†`y ‰wmWZvB ‰ wewKÌqvi mvnvGhÅ Drc®² ‰wmW
K. wewKÌqvi nvi Kx? 1
A-AvqwbZ AeÕ©vq ^vGK dGj pH ‰i ˆZgb ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nq
L. AmIqvGΣi jNyKiY mƒò eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
bv|
M. `ËeY `ywUi cÉkgb ‰b^vjwci gvb aË‚eK gvb AGcÞv wf®² ˆKb? 3
AH HoooI A + H+
N. wgkÉGY mvgvbÅ I ˆewk cwigvGY ‰wmW c†^KfvGe ˆhvM ANa  A + Na+
KiGj pH ‰i ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe wKbv-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 DcGivÚ eYÆbvbymvGi ‰es evdvi `ËeGYi kZÆvbyhvqx ‰ K^v ejv hvq
121 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ˆh, wgkÉGb mvgvbÅ HCl ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb AcwiewZÆZ
K ‰KK mgGq ‰KwU wewKÌqvi wewKÌqKmgƒGni Nbgvòv KZUzKz nËvm ^vKGe| A
cvq ev Drc®² c`vG^Æi Nbgvòv KZUzKz e†w«¬ cvq ZvGK H wewKÌqvi wK¯§ hw` ˆewk cwigvGY ‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj evdvi `ËeGYi pH
MwZ eGj| A cwieZÆb nGe| KviY ˆewk cwigvGY ‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj H+ AvqGbi
L jNy `ËeGY g†`y Zwor weGkÏlÅ ˆhgb g†`y AÁÏ I ÞviGKi cwigvY ˆeGo hvq| A^Ævr `ËeGY H+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv ˆewk nq, dGj
weGqvRbgvòv H AÁÏ I ÞviGKi `ËeGYi Nbgvòvi eMÆgƒGji `ËeGYi pH gvb nËvm cvq I evdvi ÞgZv bÓ¡ nGq hvq|
eÅÕ¦vbycvwZK| ‰wUB AmIqvGΣi jNyKiY mƒò bvGg cwiwPZ| hw` cÉk
² 122

HA‰KwU g†`y AÁÏ nq ‰es ‰i ‰KwU `ËeGYi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv C
‰es ‰i weGqvRbgvòv hw`  nq, ZvnGj AmIqvGΣi jNyKiY mƒò
wefe kwÚ

1
AbymvGi   |A A(g)
C 2B(g)
M ‰LvGb cÉk² AbymvGi `ËeY-I ‰KwU `yeÆj ‰wmGWi `ËeY ‰es wewKÌqvi AMÉMwZ
`ËeY-II ‰KwU kwÚkvjx ÞvGii `ËeY| myZivs, ‰G`iGK wgwkÉZ 25C Zvcgvòvq I 1 atm PvGc A ‰i weGqvRb gvòv 20%|
KiGj cÉkgb wewKÌqv msNwUZ nGe| A  wkLbdj: 3 I 6 [P. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-8]
Avgiv Rvwb, ZxeË AÁÏ I ÞvGii Rjxq `ËeGY mÁ·ƒYÆ wewkÏÓ¡ nGq H+ K. ˆnGmi mƒò ˆjGLv| 1
I OH Avqb Drc®² KGi ‰es cÉkgb wewKÌqvq jeY I cvwb Drc®² L. NH4Cl ‰i Rjxq `ËeGYi pH < 7 ˆKb? 2
KGi| ‰ wewKÌqvq wbMÆZ Zvc nGjv ‰KwU wÕ©i gvb 57.3 kJ| M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wewKÌqvwUi Kp wbYÆq KGiv| 3
cÉ`î `ËeY«¼Gqi gGaÅ HA ‰KwU `yeÆj ‰wmW I NaOH ‰KwU ZxeË N. B ‰i cwigvY e†w«¬ KiGZ Zvcgvòv I PvGci ‰KGò Kx
Þvi| aiGbi cwieZÆb KiGZ nq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
HA(aq) HooooooooI H+(aq) + A(aq) 122 bs cÉ Gk² i Dîi
NaOH(aq)  Na+ (aq) + OH(aq)
K hw` cÉviwÁ¿K I ˆkl AeÕ©v wÕ©i ev ‰KB ^vGK ZGe ˆh ˆKvGbv

‰G`i gaÅKvi cÉkgb wewKÌqv nGjv
(A– + H+) + (Na+ + OH–) = Na+ + A– + H2O ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv ‰K ev ‰KvwaK avGc msNwUZ Kiv ˆnvK bv ˆKb
mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvi cÉkgb ZvGci gvb wÕ©i gvGbi ˆPGq Kg nq| cÉwZGÞGò wewKÌqv Zvc mgvb ^vKGe| A
KviY HA `yeÆj nIqvq jNy `ËeGYI cyGivcywi AvqwbZ nq bv| A^P  L NH4Cl nGjv `yeÆj Þvi AÅvGgvwbqv I ZxeË ‰wmW HCl ‰i
wewKÌqvq AskMÉnGYi cƒGeÆ HA I NaOH ˆK cyGivcywi AvqwbZ nGZ ‰KwU jeY| A
nq| dGj AvswkK weGqvwRZ HA ˆK AvqwbZ KiGZ wKQy cwigvY NH4Cl ˆK cvwbGZ wgwkÉZ KiGj NH4OH I HCl Drc®² nq|
NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l)  NH4OH(aq) + HCl(aq)
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 81
Drc®² NH4OH `yeÆj Þvi, dGj AvswkK weGqvwRZ nGq `ËeGY Kg K. mwKÌqb kwÚ Kx? 1
cwigvY OH Avqb cÉ`vb KGi| Aciw`GK, Drc®² HCl ‰KwU L. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b I mgGhvRx e®¬Gbi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjGLv|
kwÚkvjx ‰wmW| `ËeGY mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc weGqvwRZ nGq H+ Avqb cÉ`vb 2
H2O
KGi| NH4OH(aq)  NH4+(aq) + OH(aq) (AvswkK) M. DóxcGK A I B ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU DfagÆx c`v^Æ? wewKÌqvmn
H2O + eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
HCl (aq)  H (aq) + Cl(aq) [mÁ·ƒYÆ] N. DóxcGK (i) bs ‰es (ii) WvUv nGZ R¾vjvwb wnGmGe X I Y
 `ËeGY OH AvqGbi Zzjbvq H+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv ˆewk nq| ZvB ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK Dîg@ MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY
‰i Rjxq `ËeY AÁÏxq| dGj, `ËeGYi pH gvb 7 ‰i ˆPGq Kg nq| KGiv| 4
M DóxcK mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c A 123 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
A  2B K bƒÅbZg ˆh cwigvY kwÚ ARÆb KGi ˆKvGbv wewKÌqvi wewKÌqK

cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq ˆgvj msLÅv : 1 0
AYymgƒnGK wewKÌqvq AskMÉnGYi DchyÚZv ARÆb KiGZ nq ˆmB
mvgÅveÕ©vq ” ” : 1  0.2 0.4 [ˆhGnZz  = 20% = 0.2] cwigvY kwÚGK mwKÌqb kwÚ eGj| A
= 0.8
ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv (0.8 + 0.4) mol = 1.2 mol L nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b I mgGhvRx e®¬Gbi cv^ÆKÅ A

mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU Pvc = 1 atm nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b mgGhvRx e®¬b
0.8 2 i. wÕ©i Zwor AvKlÆY eGji «¼viv BGjKUÇb ˆRvo MVGbi gvaÅGg
A ‰i AvswkK Pvc PA = 1.2  1 = 3 atm H-e®¬b MwVZ nq| mgGhvRx e®¬b MwVZ nq|
0.4 ii. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b ˆhŒGMi ˆfŒZ mgGhvRx e®¬Gbi dGj ivmvqwbK
B ‰i ” ” PB = 1.2  1
aGgÆi cwieZÆb NUvq| aGgÆi cwieZÆb NGU|
1 iii. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi kwÚ 2–10 mgGhvRx e®¬Gbi kwÚ 50 – 100
= atm
3 wKGjvKÅvjwi/ˆgvj nIqvq wKGjvKÅvjwi/ ˆgvj nIqvq
Avgiv Rvwb, nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b Lye `yeÆj mgGhvRx e®¬b nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b
1 2
cÉK‡wZi| AGcÞv AGbK ˆewk kwÚkvjx|
(P ) (3)
B
2
K =
p
P
= M DóxcGKi (ii)bs wewKÌqv«¼q wbÁ²i…c A

A
(32) C + O2  CO2
1
= 0.17 atm H2 + O2  H2O
2
AZ‰e, DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb 0.17 atm| (B)
N DóxcGKi ˆjLwPò ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq, wewKÌqvwU ‰KwU myZivs DóxcGKi A I B nGjv h^vKÌGg KveÆb WvB AÝvBW (CO2)
ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqv| wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c: I cvwb (H2O) I CO2 I H2O ‰i gGaÅ H2O DfagÆx c`v^Æ wnGmGe
A(g) HoooI 2B(g) H = Ve KvR KGi| cvwb, NH3 ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi NH4OH MVb KGi|
DGÍÏwLZ wewKÌqvwUGZ B ‰i cwigvY e†w«¬ KiGZ wbÁ²i…c eÅeÕ©v ‰GÞGò cvwb NH3 ˆK ˆcÉvUb w`Gq NH4+ AvqGb cwiYZ KGi eGj
wbGZ nGe: ‰wU ‰wmW|
H2O + NH3  NH4+ + OH
Zvcgvòvi cÉfve: wewKÌqvwU ‰KwU ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqv| dGj Avevi, cvwb hLb HCl ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi ZLb nvBGWÈvwbqvg
Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi Zvcgvòv e†w«¬i Avqb I ˆKÑvivBW Avqb MwVZ nq| ‰GÞGò cvwb HCl ˆ^GK ˆcÉvUb
djvdj cÉkwgZ Kivi RbÅ mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb evg w`GK mGi AvmGe| MÉnY KGi nvBGWÈvwbqvg (H3O+) AvqGb cwiYZ nq eGj ‰wU ‰KwU
A^Ævr wewKÌqvwU cøvrgyLx nGe dGj Drcv` (B) ‰i cwigvY nËvm ÞviK|
cvGe| wK¯§ Zvcgvòv nËvm KiGj wewKÌqvwU mÁÃyLgyLx nGe dGj HCl + H2O  H3O+ + Cl
DrcvG`i (B) ‰i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe| ZvB ejv hvq, cvwb ‰KwU DfagÆx c`v^Æ|
PvGci cÉfve: wewKÌqvwUGZ 1 ˆgvj A nGZ 2 ˆgvj B Drc®² nGqGQ N DóxcGK X I Y ‰i AvYweK fi 16 I 30| 16 I 30 AvYweK
A^Ævr ‰LvGb AvqZGbi mÁ·ÉmviY nGqGQ| dGj Pvc e†w«¬ KiGj fi wewkÓ¡ ˆhŒM `ywU nGjv wgG^b (CH4) I BG^b (C2H6) wgG^b I
Pvc e†w«¬i djvdj cÉkwgZ Kivi RbÅ mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb cøvrgyLx BG^Gbi MVb Zvc h^vKÌGg  75KJ mol1 I  85 KJ mol1| A
nGe ‰es DrcvG`i cwigvY nËvm cvGe| wK¯§ Pvc KgvGj Pvc nËvGmi (ii)bs wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò
djvdj cÉkwgZ Kivi RbÅ mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb Wvbw`GK A^Ævr C + O2  CO2; H =  395 kJ mol1
mÁÃyLgyLx nGe ‰es DrcvG`i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe| (A)
myZivs wbÁ² Zvcgvòv I wbÁ²PvGc DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi DrcvG`i 1
H2 + O2  H2O; H =  220 kJ mol1
cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe| 2
(B)
² 123 (i) X I Y `ywU nvBGWÈvKveÆb hvG`i AvYweK fi
cÉk ‰LvGb KveÆGbi `nb ZvcB nGjv CO2 ‰i msMVb Zvc ‰es H2 ‰i
h^vKÌGg 16 ‰es 30| X ‰i MVb Zvc – 75 kJ mol–1 ‰es Y ‰i `nb ZvcB nGjv H2O ‰i msMVb Zvc|
MVb Zvc –85 kJ mol–1|  wkLbdj: 1 I 13 [wm. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-7]  H
(CO2) =  395 kJ mol
1
–1
(ii) C(s) + O2(g)  A, H = –395 kJ mol H(H2O) =  220 kJ mol1
1
H2(g) + O2(g)  B, H = –220 kJ mol–1 ‰Lb wgG^Gbi `nb Zvc
2
82 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
CH4 + O2  CO2 + 2H2O fvOb NGU| Aciw`GK Hme cigvYyi gGaÅ bZzb e®¬b MVb ÷i‚
 H = {H(CO2)} + 2H(H2O)}  {H(CH4) + H(O2)} nq| mwKÌq AYyàGjvi gGaÅ cƒGeÆi e®¬b fvOb I bZzb e®¬b MVGbi
= { 395 + 2 ( 220)}  { 75 + 0} ‰i…c AeÕ©vGb wewKÌqvi AeÕ©v¯¦i AeÕ©v ejv nq| wewKÌqvi ‰
=  395  440 + 75
AeÕ©v¯¦i AeÕ©vbGK mwKÌqYK‡Z RwUj MVb AeÕ©vI ejv nq|
 H =  760 kJ mol1
myZivs wgG^Gbi `nb Zvc 760 kJ mol1 kwÚ ceÆGZi kxGlÆ mwKÌqYK‡Z RwUj ˆhŒM ‰es evgw`GK cv`G`Gk
A^Ævr 1 mol ev 16 g wgG^b ˆK ˆcvovGj 760 kJ Zvc Drc®² nGe| wewKÌqK ‰es Wvb w`GKi cv`G`Gk Drcv` AeÕ©vb KGi| cv`G`Gk
myZivs, 1 g ˆcvovGj cvIqv hvGe 47.50 kJ| AeÕ©vbKvGj wewKÌqGKi wÕ©wZkwÚ I DrcvG`i wÕ©wZkwÚi cv^ÆKÅ
Avevi, nGjv wewKÌqvi ‰b^vjwc (E2 = H)| hw` wewKÌqGKi wÕ©wZkwÚ
Õ¦i AGcÞv DrcvG`i wÕ©wZkwÚi cv^ÆKÅ nGjv wewKÌqvwU ZvGcvrcv`x
BG^Gbi `nb Zvc
7 wewKÌqGKi wÕ©wZkwÚ Õ¦i AGcÞv DrcvG`i wÕ©wZkwÚ Õ¦i DcGi
C2H6 + O2  2CO2 + 3H2O
2 ^vKGj wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix nGe| A^Ævr wÕ©wZkwÚ ebvg wewKÌqv MÉvd
H = {2H(CO2) + 3H(H2O)}  {H(C2H6) + H(O2)} ˆ^GK ZvGcvrcv`x ev Zvcnvix wewKÌqvq aviYv cvIqv hvq|
= {2  ( 395) + 3 ( 220)}  { 85 + 0}
= ( 790  660) + 85
=  1365 kJ mol1 E E

wÕ©wZ kwÚ

wÕ©wZ kwÚ
 BG^Gbi `nb Zvc 1365 kJ mol1 A^Ævr 1 mol BG^b ev 30g Y ZvGcvrcv`x Zvcnvix wewKÌqv
ˆK ˆcvovGj 1365 kJ Zvc Drc®² nGe| myZivs, 1g BG^bGK Ea wewKÌqv Ea
EB
H
ˆcvovGj Drc®² nGe 45.50 kJ| EA H
EB EA
AwaK¯§, CH4 ‰i ˆPGq C2H6 ‰i ˆÞGò 1 ˆgvj CO2 I 1 mol wewKÌqvi AMÉMwZ wewKÌqvi AMÉMwZ
cvwb ˆekx Drc®² nq| CO2 I RjxqevÓ· DfqB MÉxb nvDm MÉvm|
myZivs, CH4 AwaKZi Dîg R¾vjvwb| ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqvq Zvcnvix wewKÌqvq
EB – EA = H EB – EA = H
cÉk
² 124
 ‰LvGb H FYvñK ‰LvGb, H = abvñK ‰es
ˆiLv- I ‰es Ex – EA = Ea Ex – EA = Ea

ˆiLv- II N DóxcGKi (I) bs ˆiLvq cÉfveK eÅenvi Kiv nqwb| wK¯§ (II) bs
1
wÕ©wZkwÚ

cËfveK ˆÞGò cÉfveK eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ|

wewKÌqK ˆKvGbv ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvq wewKÌqK nGZ DrcvG` cwiYZ nGZ
DcwÕ©Z
wewKÌqK AYyàGjvGK ‰KwU kwÚi evav AwZKÌg KiGZ nq A^Ævr
Drcv`
wewKÌqK AYyàGjvGK ‰KwU bƒÅbZg kwÚ ARÆb KiGZ nq; ‰wU
wewKÌqv AÞ  wkLbdj: 1 I 2 [h. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-3]
K. Lv`Å wbivcîv ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 1 mwKÌqb kwÚ bvGg cwiwPZ| ˆKvGbv wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚ hZ ˆewk
nq Zvi wewKÌqvi nvi ZZ Kg nq| Avevi, mwKÌqb kwÚ hZ Kg nq
L. 2d AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
wewKÌqvi nvi ZZ ˆewk nq| ‰K K^vq, ˆKvGbv wewKÌqvi nvi Zvi
M. DóxcGKi ˆjLwPò nGZ ZvGcvrcv`x A^ev Zvcnvix
mwKÌqb kwÚi eÅÕ¦vbycvwZK A^Ævr mwKÌqb kwÚ, Ea nGj ‰es wewKÌqvi
wewKÌqvi aviYv KxfvGe cvIqv hvq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
dx dx 1
N. DóxcGKi I bs I II bs ˆiLv AbymvGi msNwUZ wewKÌqvi nvi dt nGj, dt  E
a
nvGii ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
124 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Ex
K mylg LveviGK gvbmÁÃZfvGe ŠeævwbK DcvGq msiÞY KGi
gvbeRvwZi LvG`Åi Pvwn`vi ˆhvMvb ˆ`IqvGK Lv`Å wbivcîv eGj| A c^-1
 wÕ©wZkwÚ

L Avgiv Rvwb, ˆKvGbv cÉavb kwÚÕ¦Gi DcÕ¦i msLÅv mnKvix Ea c^-2

ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi Dci wbfÆi KGi| 2d AiweUvjwU w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gii
AiweUvj| w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gii ˆÞGò cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb, n = 2| Drcv`
n = 2 nGj mnKvix ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb nq l = 0, 1| ˆhLvGb l = 0  wewKÌqvi AMÉMwZ
nGj s AiweUvj ‰es l = 1 nGj p AiweUvj nq| wK¯§ d AiweUvGji
RbÅ l ‰i gvb nGZ nGe 2| ‰LvGb ˆhGnZz n ‰i gvb 2 ZvB l ‰i gvb ˆKvGbv cÉfveK gƒjZ wewKÌqvi wewKÌqGKi mwKÌqb kwÚ KwgGq w`Gq
nGe 0 nGZ (n – 1) chƯ¦| ZvB d AiweUvj A^Ævr 2q kwÚÕ¦Gi 2d ‰KwU weK͸ mnR c^ m†wÓ¡ KGi ˆ`q| ‰ weK͸ cG^ evav Kg
AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq| A ^vKvq wewKÌqK AYyàGjv mnGRB DrcvG` cwiYZ nGZ cvGi| dGj
M wewKÌqK ˆ^GK DrcvG` cwiYZ nGZ nGj wewKÌqKGK AekÅB wewKÌqvi MwZGeM e†w«¬ cvq| mvaviYZ cÉfveGKi DcwÕ©wZGZ
‰KwU ‘kwÚi evav’ AwZKÌg KiGZ nGe| kwÚi ‰ evavGK kwÚ-ceÆZ wewKÌqvi wewKÌqK AYyàGjvi gvGS KvhÆKi msNGlÆi msLÅv e†w«¬ cvq|
(Energy-hill) eGj| mwKÌq AYy «¼viv kwÚ-ceÆZ AwZKÌGgi P„ov¯¦ Avi ˆm KviGYB wewKÌqvi MwZGeM e†w«¬ cvq| c^-2 ˆhGnZz cÉfveK
chÆvGq A^Ævr ˆh AeÕ©vq mwKÌq AYyàGjv Drcv` AYyGZ i…cv¯¦wiZ «¼viv cÉfvweZ ZvB ‰LvGb mwKÌqb kwÚ Kg nIqvq AwaK msLÅK
nGZ ÷i‚ KGi ˆm gynƒGZÆ ‰Kw`GK cigvYyàGjvi gGaÅ cƒGeÆi e®¬Gb wewKÌqK AYy Zv ARÆb KGi mnGRB DrcvG` cwiYZ nGZ cvGi ‰es
wewKÌqvi MwZGeM ˆewk nq| cÞv¯¦Gi c^-1 ‰ cÉfveK bv ^vKvq
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 83
mwKÌqb kwÚ ˆewk, ZvB Kg msLÅK AYy Zv ARÆb KGi DrcvG` AÕ¼vfvweZvGK cÉkgb KGi| D`vniYÕ¼i…c: Lv`Åi…Gc AÁÏagÆx dGji
cwiYZ nGZ cvGi| ˆm KviGYB wewKÌqvi ˆeM c^-1 ‰ Kg nq| im ˆkvwlZ nGj Zv wbGÁ²vÚ cÉwKÌqvq cÉkwgZ nq|
AZ‰e c^-1 AGcÞv c^-2 ‰ Drcv` cÉvwµ¦ mnR| H+ + HCO3  H2CO3
Drc®² `yeÆj KveÆwbK ‰wmW, cvwb I CO2 ‰ weGqvwRZ nq|
cÉk
² 125 gvbeG`Gni iÚiGm we`Ågvb ‰wmW I ‰i jeGYi
Avevi, Jlai…Gc ÞviagÆx ‰´ŸvwmW wmivc ˆmeb KiGj Zv wbGÁ²vÚ
ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi AbycvZ h^vKÌGg 0.06 t 1 ‰es iGÚi pH gvb
cÉwKÌqvq cÉkwgZ nq|
nGjv 7.4| Lv`Åi…Gc AÁÏagÆx dGji im ‰es Jlai…Gc ÞviagÆx OH + H CO  HCO  + H O
2 3 3 2
‰´ŸvwmW wmivc ˆmeGbi ciI iGÚi pH gvb meÆ`v wÕ©i ^vGK| DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, mvgvbÅ ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM
 wkLbdj: 11 I 12 [h. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-7] KiGjI iGÚi pH gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nq bv| A^Æv pH gvb
K. nyGíi bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1 wÕ©i|
L. Zn AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcK AbymvGi iÚiGm we`Ågvb AÁÏwUi Ka ‰i gvb wbYÆq  cÉk
² 126 KOH + CH3COOH  jeY + cvwb + 55.2kJ
KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi eYÆbvgGZ pH gvb wÕ©i ^vKvi KviY weGkÏlY 10 mL 0.1M
HCOOH `ËeY
5 mL 0.1M
HCOONa `ËeY
KGiv| 4 K = 1.0  10
a
–4

125 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `ËeY-I `ËeY-II

K üG´£i bxwZ nGjv‘‰KB kwÚmÁ·®² wewf®² AiweUvGj
  wkLbdj: 10 I 13 [e. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-5]
BGjKUÇbàGjv ‰gbfvGe cÉGek KiGe ˆhb Zviv meÆvwaK cwigvGY K. AGUv-cÉfveK KvGK eGj? 1
Ahy™Â AeÕ©vq ^vKGZ cvGi ‰es ‰B Ahy™Â BGjKUÇbàGjvi wÕ·b L. AB5(g) HooooooI AB3(g) + B2(g). ‰B wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©vi
‰KBgyLx nGe|’ A Dci PvGci cÉfve eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L ˆh mKj ˆgŒGji mywÕ©Z AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm d- AiweUvj M. DóxcGKi 1g AsGki wewKÌqvwUGZ eÅen†Z AGÁÏi cwieGZÆ HF
AvswkK cƒYÆ ^vGK ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj| Zn ‰i mywÕ©Z eÅenvi KiGj wewKÌqv ZvGci Kxi…c cwieZÆb nGe? eÅvLÅv Ki|
AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm, 3
2+ 2 2 6 2
Zn  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 6 10 0 N. `Ë eY `y wUi wgkÉ GYi pH gvGbi mgvb pH ‰i 1 wjUvi HCl
‰LvGb d AiweUvj mÁ·ƒYÆ cƒYÆ, AvswkK cƒYÆ bq| myZivs mævbymvGi, `ËeY KxfvGe cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq? eYÆbv KGiv| 4
Zn AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq| A 126 bs cÉ Gk² i Dîi
M DóxcGK DGÍÏL Kiv AvGQ gvbeG`Gn iÚiGm we`Ågvb ‰wmW I ‰i  K ˆh me ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvq Drc®² c`vG^Æi ˆKvb ‰KwU c`v^Æ H
[jeY] 1 wewKÌ qvi MwZGK e†w«¬ KGi ZvGK AGUv-cÉfveK eGj| A
jeGYi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi AbycvZ 0.06 t 1| AZ‰e =
L AB5 HoooooooI AB3 + B2; ‰B wewKÌqvq 1 mol AB5 nGZ 1 mol
[‰wmW] 0.06
[jeY] ‰LvGb, AB3 I 1 mol B2 Drc®² nGqGQ| A^Ævr ‰LvGb wewKÌqvwUGZ
pH = pKa + log
[‰wmW] pH = 7.4 AvqZGbi cÉmviY nGqGQ| ‰GÞGò Pvc cÉGqvM KiGj jv-
1 [jeY] 1 kvGZjxqvGii bxwZ AbymvGi cÉGqvMK‡Z Pvc cÉkwgZ KiGZ
ev, 7.4 =  logKa + log 0.06 =
[‰wmW] 0.06 mvgÅveÕ©v evgw`GK mGi AvmGe dGj DrcvG`i cwigvY nËvm cvGe|
ev,  log Ka = 7.4  1.22 ‰wmGWi weGqvRb aËe‚ K, Ka = ? Avevi, Pvc nËvm KiGj mvgÅveÕ©v Wvbw`GK mGi hvGe ‰es
ev,  log Ka = 6.18 DrcvG`i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe| A
ev, Ka = antilog ( 6.18) M DóxcGKi 1g AsGki wewKÌqv wbÁ²i…c : A
7
= 6.61  10
KOH + CH3COOH  CH3COOK + H2O; H =  55.2 kJ
myZivs, iÚ iGm we`Ågvb AÁÏwUi Ka ‰i gvb 6.61  107| (jeY) (cvwb)
N gvbeG`Gni iÚ ‰KwU DrK‡Ó¡ evdvi `ËeY| ˆhGnZz iGÚi pH ‰LvGb KOH ‰KwU ZxeË Þvi ‰es CH3COOH ‰KwU g†`y ‰wmW|
gvb 7.4, hv wÕ©i| ‰wU Þvixq cÉK‡wZi evdvi| wbGP pH gvb wÕ©i ‰G`i cÉkgb wewKÌqvq cÉkgb ZvGci gvb 55.2 kJ mol1|
^vKvi KviY weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv A wK¯§ wewKÌqvq eÅen†Z g†`y ‰wmW CH3COOH ‰i cwieGZÆ HF
iGÚi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ evdvi wmGÕ¡g nGjv evBKveÆGbU evdvi eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvnGj HF I KOH ‰i cÉkgb wewKÌqvq cÉkgb
wmGÕ¡g| evBKveÆGbU evdvi wmGÕ¡g KveÆb WvBAÝvBW cvwbi mvG^ ZvGci gvb wÕ©i gvGbi (57.3 kJ) ˆPGq ˆewk nq| KviY wbGÁ²
wewKÌqv KGi KveÆwbK ‰wmW MVb KGi, hv `Ë‚Z weGqvwRZ nGq AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv
nvBGWÈvGRb Avqb (H+) ‰es evBKveÆGbU (HCO3) MVb KGi| KOH I HF ‰i cÉkgb wewKÌqv
CO2 + H2O HooooooI H2CO3 HooooooI HCO3 + H+ KOH + HF  KF + H2O
KveÆb WvBAÝvBW KvGeÆvwbK ‰wmW mvgÅveÕ©vwU KvGeÆvwbK ‰LvGb Drc®² KF jeY, cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z nGq K+, F Avqb Drc®²
AÅvbnvBGWÈBR ‰bRvBGgi KZƆK wbqw¯¨Z nq| Aciw`GK, KveÆwbK KGi| F AvqGbi AvKvi AbÅvbÅ nÅvjvBW AvqGbi ˆPGq ˆQvU
‰wmW evBKveÆGbU mvgÅveÕ©vwU ‰KwU mij ˆcÉvUb weGqvRb/msGhvRb nIqvq ‰i PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk| dGj F Avqb `ËveK cvwbi mvG^ ˆewk
wewKÌqv hvGZ ˆKvGbv ‰bRvBGgi cÉGqvRb nq bv| DGÍÏwLZ `†pfvGe hyÚ nq ‰RbÅ wKQy ZvckwÚ wbMÆZ nq| ‰B ZvckwÚ cÉkg
mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆhGKvGbv aiGbi AÕ¼vfvweKZv NUGj jv-kvGZwjGqi ‰b^vjwci mvG^ ‰KGò wbMÆZ nq eGj mwÁÃwjZfvGe ZvGci cwigvY
bxwZ Abyhvqx mvgÅveÕ©vwU ˆhGKvGbv w`GK mGi wMGq cÉhyÚ
84 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
ˆeGo hvq| ‰RbÅ HF ‰i cÉkgb Zvc AbÅvbÅ kwÚkvjx ‰wmGWi L gvLb cÉÕ§wZi meÆGkl avGc ZvGZ 16 kZvsGki gZ cvwb ivLv
cÉkgb Zvc AGcÞv ˆewk nq ‰es ‰ gvb cÉvq 68 kJ mol1| nq ‰i ˆewk bq| KviY gvLb cvwbi mvG^ `Ëexf„Z ^vGK wKQy `ya,
myZivs wewKÌqvq eÅen†Z AGÁÏi cwieGZÆ HF eÅenvi KiGj wewKÌqv ˆcÉvwUb ‰es jÅvKGUvR hv gvLbGK cuPbkxj KGi ‰i Õ©vwqZ½
ZvGci gvb e†w«¬ cvGe| KwgGq ˆdGj| ZvB gvLbGK cvwb gyÚ Kiv AvekÅK|
N DóxcGKi `ËeY-I ‰ 10 mL 0.1M HCOOH ‰es `ËeY-II ‰ 5 M cÉ`î (ii) bs wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c

mL 0.1 M HCOONa we`Ågvb| `ËeY«¼q wgwkÉZ KiGj wgkÉGY jeb N2O4 HooooI 2NO2
‰GÞGò jeY I ‰wmGWi cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq: 1 mol
5 1 0 mol
I ‰wmGWi AvqZGbi AbycvZ = = |
10 2 mvgÅveÕ©vq: 1  0.25 0.25  2
Nbgvòv mgvb ZvB Nbgvòvi AbycvZ AvqZGbi AbycvGZi mgvb| = 0.75 mol = 0.5 mol
[jeY] 1
 =
[‰wmW] 2  mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = (0.75 + 0.5) mol
Avgiv Rvwb, = 1.25 mol
0.75
[jeY]  PN2O4 =
1.25
 1= 0.6 atm
pH = pKa + log
[‰wmW] 0.5
1  PNO2 =  1= 0.4 atm
1.25
=  log Ka + log () 2
 Kp =
[PNO2]2 (0.4)2
= atm
1 [PN2O4] 0.6
=  log (1.0  104) + log
2 () = 0.2667 atm
1 myZivs DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi cÉvµ¦ wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb nGjv
=  log (1.0  104) + log
2 () 0.2667 atm| A
= 3.699
 `ËeGYi pH 3.699| N cÉ`î wewKÌqv `ywU nGjv,
Avevi, i. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) HooooI 2SO3(g) + Zvc
pH =  log[H+] ii. N2O4(g) HooooI 2NO2(g)  Zvc
ev,  log [H+] = pH Avgiv Rvwb jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi, ˆKvb DfgyLx wewKÌqvq
ev, [H+] = antilog (pH) Zvcgvòv evovGj mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb ‰gb w`GK hvGe hvGZ Zvcgvòv
= antilog (3.699) e†w«¬i djvdj cÉkwgZ nq| DóxcGKi cÉ^g wewKÌqvwU ˆhGnZz Zvc
= 1.99  104 M Drcv`x ZvB Zvcgvòv evovGj mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb evGg mGi hvGe A^Ævr
 2  10-4 M wewKÌqK SO2 I O2 ‰i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe|
‰LvGb, HCl ‰i Nbgvòv, S = 2  104 M Aciw`GK, 2q wewKÌqvwUi ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj mvGgÅi
HCl ‰i AvqZb, V = 1 L = 1000 mL AeÕ©vb WvGb mGi hvGe ˆhGnZz wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix| mvgÅveÕ©v WvGb
HCl ‰i AvYweK fi, M = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g mGi hvIqvq ZLb Drcv` NO2 ‰i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe|
HCl ‰i fi, W = ? myZivs, ejv hvq ˆh, jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi DcGivÚ
Rvbv AvGQ, wewKÌqv«¼Gqi Drcv`b gvòv Zvcgvòv wbq¯¨Y KGi wbq¯¨Y Kiv mÁ¿e|
SMV 2  104  36.5  1000
W= = dGj 2q wewKÌqvwUGZ mGeÆvœP Drcv` cvIqv hvGe| A
1000 100
3
= 7.3  10 g cÉk
² 128 MA5(g) HooooI MA3(g) + A2(g)  Zvc|
myZivs, 3.699 pH ‰i 1 wjUvi HCl `ËeY ŠZwi KiGZ 7.30  103 g wewKÌqvwU 25C Zvcgvòvq 1 atm PvGc 10% weGqvwRZ nq|
HCl cÉGqvRb|  wkLbdj: 4 I 6 [iv. ˆev., Kz. ˆev., P. ˆev., e. ˆev. 18; cÉk²-6]
myZivs 2  104M Nbgvòvi 1 wjUvi HCl `ËeY cÉÕ§Z KiGj `ËeGYi K. eYÆvjx Kx? 1
pH 3.699 nGe hv wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi pH ‰i mgvb| L. CaCl2 ‰es MgCl2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi MjbvsK ˆewk
‰es ˆKb? 2
cÉk
² 127 i. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) HooooI 2SO3(g) + Zvc
M. wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
ii. N2O4(g) HooooI 2NO2(g)  Zvc
N. wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©vq Zvcgvòv I PvGci cwieZÆb NUGj
27C Zvcgvòv I 1 atm PvGc N2O4 ‰i 25% weGqvwRZ nq|
 wkLbdj: 5 I 6 [Xv. ˆev., w`. ˆev., wm. ˆev., h. ˆev. 18; cÉk²-7]
DrcvG`i Dci Kxi…c cÉfve ˆdGj? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
K. wfGbMvi Kx? 1 128 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
L. gvLbGK cvwbgyÚ Kiv cÉGqvRb ˆKb? 2 K cigvYyi BGjKUÇb kwÚ ˆkvlY ev wewKiGYi dGj ‰K kwÚÕ¦i
M. (ii) bs wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3 ˆ^GK AbÅ kwÚÕ¦Gi Mgb KGi, ‰i dGj ˆh AvGjvK cÅvW m†wÓ¡ nq
N. Zvcgvòv evovGj ˆKvb wewKÌqvq meÆvwaK Drcv` cvIqv ZvB eYÆvjx| A
hvGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L MgCl2 ‰es CaCl2 DfqB AvqwbK ˆhŒM| Avevi Mg I Ca
127 bs cÉGk²i Dîi DfGqB ‰KB MÉ‚Gci 3q I 4^Æ chÆvGqi ˆgŒj| Mg2+ ‰i Zzjbvq
K AÅvwmwUK ‰wmGWi (CH3COOH) 6-10% Rjxq `ËeYGK Ca2+ KÅvUvqb AvKvGi eo dGj Cl AÅvbvqGbi BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi
wfGbMvi eGj| A ˆcvjvivqb Ca2+ AGcÞv Mg2+ Avqb KZ‡ÆK ˆewk nq| KviY
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 85
dvhvGbi gZev` AbymvGi, KÅvUvqGbi AvKvi nËvm cvIqvi mvG^ cÉk
² 129 AwbK 4-wWwRU eÅvGjG´Ö 1.0589g Na2CO3 ‰es Zzwj
mvG^ AÅvbvqGbi BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi ˆcvjvivqb e†w«¬ cvq ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ 2-wWwRU eÅvGjG´Ö 1.62g K2Cr2O7 wbGq c†^KfvGe 100 mL
ˆhŒGM mgGhvRx Pwiò e†w«¬ cvq| dGj MgCl2 ˆhŒGM mgGhvRx AvqZbwgwZK dÑvGÕ• wbGq cÉGqvRbxq cwigvY cvwb wgwkGq `ËeY
ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ`Lv hvq| ZvB AvqwbK CaCl2 AGcÞv mgGhvRx MgCl2 ŠZwi KiGjv| mgw®¼Z AaÅvq 1 I 4
‰i Mjbvâ Kg| wkLbdj: 3 [Xv.ˆev. 17; cÉk²-4]
M ‰LvGb mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvwU nGjv, K. cÉgvY `ËeY Kx? 1
MA5 HooooooooI MA3 + A2 L. jÅveGiUixGZ eÅen†Z ivmvqwbK `ËGei cwiwgZ eÅenvGii
wewKÌqvi ÷i‚GZ, 1 mol 0 mol 0 mol ài‚Z½ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
mvgÅveÕ©vq (1) mol  mol  mol M. AwbGKi cÉÕ§ZK‡Z `ËeYwUi pH wbYÆq KGiv| 3
‰LvGb, N. DóxcGKi ˆKvb `ËeYwU cÉgvY `ËeY wnGmGe AwaK
 = weGqvRb gvòv = 10% = 0.10 MÉnYGhvMÅ? ˆZvgvi DîGii Õ¼cGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = (1   +  + ) mol 129 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
= 1 +  mol K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq ˆKvb `ËeGYi wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvqZGb `ËGei cwigvY
‰Lb, Rvbv ^vKGj ˆm `ËeYGK cÉgvY `ËeY eGj| A
1
PMA5 =   L jÅveGiUwiGZ wewf®² cÉKvi cixÞv mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ bvbv aiGbi
1 +   P atm
 ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰me ivmvqwbK Dcv`vGbi gGaÅ
PMA3 =  
1 +   P atm ‰wmW, Þvi I jeY QvovI iGqGQ wewf®² aiGbi welvÚ I ÞwZKviK
 ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb| ‰me Dcv`vGbi gvòvwZwiÚ eÅenvGii dGj
PA2 =  
1 +   P atm cwiGek Z^v gvwU, cvwb I evqygíj gvivñKfvGe `ƒwlZ nq| hvi
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, dGj cwiGek I RbÕ¼vÕ©Å gvivñK SzuwKi mÁÃyLxb nq| ZvB
Pvc, P = 1 atm jÅveGiUixGZ ivmvqwbK `ËGeÅi cwiwgZ eÅenvi cÉGqvRb|
PMA3 × PA2
 Kp =
PMA5
M AwbGKi cÉÕ§ZK‡Z `ËeYwUi RbÅ

w  1000
mƒògGZ, C = M  V ‰LvGb,
 
×
1+ 1+
× P2
2 (1 + )  P2
`ËGei fi, w = 1.0589 g
= = 1.0589  1000 AvYweK fi, M = 106 g
1  (1  ) (1 + )2  P =
106  100
1+
×P
= 0.09989 M
`ËeGYi AvqZb V = 100 mL
2 `ËeYwUi Nbgvòv, C = ?
= P
1  2 Avevi, Na2CO3 w«¼AvYweK Þvi nIqvq Zv wbÁ²i…Gc AvqwbZ nq
2
 0.1  Na2CO3 + 2H2O  H2CO3 + 2Na+ + 2OH
= 2  1 atm
1  (0.1)   `ËeYwUi pOH =  log(2  OH)
= 0.01 atm =  log (2  0.09989)
myZivs, DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi cÉvµ¦ wewKÌqvwUi Kp nGjv 0.01 atm| A = 0.6994
N cÉ`î wewKÌqvwU cÉK‡Z i…c nGjv,
  pH = 14  pOH
= 14  0.6994
PCl5 (g) HooooooooI PCl3(g) + Cl2 (g), H = +ve
= 13.3006
DcGivÚ wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix| mvgÅveÕ©vq wewKÌqvwUi Zvcgvòv I myZivs `ËeYwUi pH 13.3006|
PvGci cwieZÆb KiGj DrcvG`i Dci cÉfve coGe wbÁ²ic … :
Zvcgvòvi cÉfve: mvgÅveÕ©vi wewKÌqvq Zvc w`Gj jv-kvGZjxq bxwZ N cÉ`î AwbGKi `ËeYwUi Nbgvòv wbYÆq: A

AbymvGi mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb ‰gb w`GK hvGe hvGZ Zvcgvòv e†w«¬i S1 =
w  1000 ‰LvGb,
djvdj cÉkwgZ nq| ˆhGnZz wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix ZvB Zvc w`Gj
MV fi, w = 1.0589 g
1.0589  1000 AvYweK fi, M = 106 g
mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb WvGb mGi hvGe A^Ævr Drcv` PCl3 I Cl2 ‰i =
106  100
cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe| Avi Zvcgvòv nËvm KiGj mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb evGg = 0.0999 M
AvqZb, V = 100 mL
mGi hvGe A^Ævr PCl3 I Cl2 wewKÌqv KGi PCl5 Drc®² KiGe I Nbgvòv, S1 = ?
Drcv` nËvm cvGe| Avevi, Zzwji `ËeYwUi Nbgvòv:
PvGci cÉfve: wewKÌqvq wewKÌqK I Drcv` DfqB MÅvmxq ‰es S2 =
w  1000 Avevi ‰LvGb,
wewKÌqK AvGQ 1 mol I Drcv` 2 mol| ZvB Pvc e†w«¬ KiGj
MV fi, w = 1.62 g
1.62  1000 AvYweK fi, M = 294 g
mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb evGg mGi wMGq Pvc e†w«¬i djvdj cÉkwgZ nGq =
294  100
AvqZb, V = 100 mL
hvGe I Drcv` nËvm cvGe| Avevi Pvc nËvm KiGj mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb
WvGb mGi wMGq DrcvG`i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe I Pvc nËvGmi djvdj Nbgvòv, S2 = ?
= 0.0551 M
cÉkwgZ nGe| A^Ævr, jv-kÅvGZwjqvGii bxwZ AbymvGi ‰B wewKÌqvq AwbK I Zzwji eÅen†Z c`v^Æ `ywU cÉvBgvix Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ c`v^Æ| A^Ævr
cÉGqvMK‡Z Zvc I PvGci cÉfve cÉkwgZ nGq Drcv`b gvòv wbqw¯¨Z mgGqi mvG^ ‰G`i Nbgvòvi ˆKvb cwieZÆb NGU bv| myZivs, Dfq
nq| A `ËeYB cÉgvY `ËeY wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv hvGe| wK¯§ 4-wWwRU eÅvGj´Ö
86 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
2-wWwRU eÅvGj´Ö AGcÞv AwaK msGe`bkxj, KviY 4-wWwRU N ˆhGnZz A I B ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 7 I 1 ZvB ˆgŒj
eÅvGjG´Öi gvaÅGg 0.1 mg chƯ¦ IRb mƒßfvGe cwigvc Kiv hvq| `ywU nGjv N ‰es H| myZivs, cÉ`î wewKÌqvwU nGjv A
ZvB weGkÏlYx KvGR ‰ eÅvGj´Ö LyeB KvhÆKix f„wgKv cvjb KGi| 450  550C
N2(g) + 3H2(g) HooooooooooooooooooI 2NH3(g),H = FYvñK
myZivs ejv hvq, ˆhGnZz 4 wWwRU eÅvGjG´Öi gvaÅGg cÉÕ§ZK‡Z `ËeYB Fe 200 atm
AwaK DchyÚ| ZvB AwbGKi cÉÕ§ZK‡Z `ËeYwU cÉgvY `ËeY wnGmGe wewKÌqvwU nGZ mGeÆvœP cwigvY Drcv` NH3 Drcv`Gbi kZÆvewj wbGP
‰LvGb AwaKZi MÉnYGhvMÅ| weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
cÉk
² 130 AÅvGgvwbqvi wkG͸vrcv`b wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c:
 Zvcgvòvi cÉfve: wewKÌqvwU ZvGcvrcv`x nIqvq Zvcgvòv nËvm KiGj
N2(g) + 3H2(g) HooooI 2NH3(g), H = FYvñK jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZAbymvGi mvgÅveÕ©vi AeÕ©vb Wvb w`GK mGi
 wkLbdj: 5 I 6 [Xv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-5] wMGq NH3 Drcv`b e†w«¬ KiGe| Lye wbÁ² bq Avevi Lye DœP bq
K. pH ‰i msæv ˆjGLv| 1 ‰gb AZÅvbyK„j Zvcgvòvq (450  500)C wewKÌqvwUGK cwiPvjbv
L. ‘mKj AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj d-eÐK ˆgŒj, wK¯§ mKj d-eÐK Kiv nq|
ˆgŒj AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq’ ˆKb? 2 PvGci cÉfve: NH3 Drcv`Gb mvgÅ wewKÌqv nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq,
M. DóxcK wewKÌqvi Kp wbYÆq KGiv| 3 wewKÌqqvwUGZ AvqZGbi msGKvPb NGU| jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZ
N. DóxcK wewKÌqv nGZ mGeÆvœP Drcv`b cvIqvi kZÆmgƒn AbymvGi Pvc cÉGqvGMi dGj AvqZGbi nËvm KGi mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 Wvb w`GK mGi hvq A^Ævr NH3 ‰i Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvq| ‰GÞGò
130 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 200 evqyPvc cÉGqvM KGi mGeÆvœP cwigvY NH3 Drcv`b Kiv mÁ¿e
K ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi nvBGWÈvGRb Avqb (H+) ‰i ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi nq|
FYvñK jMvwi`gGK H `ËeGYi pH eGj| MvwYwZKfvGe, pH = – cÉfveGKi cÉfve: cÉfveK wewKÌqvi ˆeM evwoGq `Ë‚Z mvgÅveÕ©v AvGb
log[H+]| ˆmRbÅ DchyÚ PvGc 550C Zvcgvòvq wewKÌqvi ˆeM hG^Ó¡ evGo
L ˆh mKj ˆgŒGji cigvYyi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm ˆkGli ‰es AÅvGgvwbqvi Drcv`b `Ë‚Z nq|
BGjKUÇbàGjv meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii cƒeÆeZÆx Õ¦Gii d-AiweUvGj Nbgvòvi cÉfve: jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZ Abyhvqx wewKÌqK c`v^ÆàGjvi
cÉGek KGi ^vGK, ZvG`iGK d-eÐK ˆgŒj eGj| Aciw`GK ˆh mKj Nbgvòv evovGj ‰es wewKÌqvRwbZ c`vG^Æi Nbgvòv KgvGj mÁÃyL
d-eÐK ˆgŒGji mywÕ©Z AvqGbi d-AiweUvj AvswkKfvGe (d19) wewKÌqv nq| ˆmRbÅ AÅvGgvwbqv Drc®² nIqvi mGã mGã wewKÌqv
BGjKUÇb «¼viv cƒYÆ ^vGK ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj| A cÉGKvÓ¤ ˆ^GK mwiGq ˆdjv nq| dGj wewKÌqv mÁÃyL w`GK nGZ ^vGK
 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2
21Sc
‰es AÅvGgvwbqvi Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvq|
Sc  1s22s22p63s23p6
+3

cÉk
² 131
myZivs cÉ`î msævbyhvqx ˆ`Lv hvq Sc, d-eÐK ˆgŒj nGjI AeÕ©v¯¦i 
ˆgŒj bq| ZvB ejv hvq mKj AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj d-eÐK ˆgŒj wK¯§ 0.1M 50 mL DH4OH `ËeY 0.001M 15 mL K + L ‰i wgkÉY
mKj d-eÐK ˆgŒj AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq| Kb = 1.8  105 HA `ËeY
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, wewKÌqvwU A
 cvò-K cvò-L cvò-M
N2(g) + 3H2(g) HoooooI 2NH3(g) [A I D ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 17 I 7]
cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq, 1 mol 3mol 0 2 I 4 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq [Xv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-6]
mvgÅveÕ©vq, (1  x) mol 3(1  x) mol 2x mol K. ˆnGmi mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = (1  x + 3  3x + 2x) mol L. ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË ÞvGii cÉkgb Zvc aË‚eK ˆKb? 2
= (4  2x) mol
M. K-cvGò we`Ågvb abvñK gƒjK mbvÚKiY mgxKiYmn eYÆbv
awi, ˆgvU Pvc, P
1x
KGiv| 3
N2 ‰i AvswkK Pvc, PN2= .P N. M-cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY ZxeË ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM
4  2x
3  3x KiGj `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb NUGe wK?
H2 " " " , PH2= .P
4  2x weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
NH3 " " ", PNH3=
2x
.P =
x
.P 131 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
4  2x 2x
(PNH3) 2 K hw` cÉviwÁ¿K I ˆkl AeÕ©v wÕ©i ev ‰KB ^vGK ZGe ˆh ˆKvGbv
 Kp =
PN2  (PH2)3 ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv ‰K ev ‰KvwaK avGc msNwUZ ˆnvK bv ˆKb
cÉwZGÞGò wewKÌqv Zvc mgvb ^vKGe| A
 x .P2
2x  L mKj ZxeË ‰wmW I ÞvGii cÉkgb-Zvc cÉvq mgvb ‰es ‰i gvb –
=
 1  x  3  3x 3 57.3 kJmol–1| ‰i KviY ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË Þvi DfqB Rjxq `ËeGY
4  2x.P 4  2x.P mÁ·ƒYÆ AvqwbZ AeÕ©vq ^vGK| Avevi cÉkgb wewKÌqvq ˆh Zvc Drc®²
16x2 (2  x)2 hw` x << P nq
=
27 (1  x)4P2 nq Zv ˆKejgvò H+(aq) + OH+(aq)  H2O(l) ‰ wewKÌqvi RbÅ NGU|
ZGe 1  x = 1
2x=2 ˆhgb- H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)  H2O(l) + Na+(aq)
+ Cl–(aq)
64x2
myZivs DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi cÉvµ¦ Kp = 27P2 wbU wewKÌqv: H+(aq) + OH–(aq)  H2O(l)
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 87
ZvB mKj ZxeË I ZxeË ÞvGii wewKÌqvi dGj ‰B ‰KB wbU-wewKÌqv 132 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
msNwUZ nq| A^Ævr 1.0 ˆgvj cvwb Drcv`Gb ‰KB cwigvY Zvc meÆ`v K wbDwKÑqvGmi Pviw`GK ˆh ‰jvKvq AveZÆbkxj I wbw`ÆÓ¡ kwÚhyÚ
Drc®² nq| ‰RbÅ ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË ÞvGii RbÅ cÉkgb-ZvGci gvb BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi AeÕ©vGbi mÁ¿vebv 90-95% nGq ^vGK, BGjKUÇb
aË‚eK ^vGK A^Ævr 57.3 kJmol–1 nq| ˆgGNi ˆm ‰jvKvGK AiweUvj eGj| A
M ˆhGnZz ˆ`Iqv AvGQ D ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv 7| ZvB ejv hvq L ˆh mKj ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb webÅvGm meÆGkl BGjKUÇbwU d-AiweUvGj
ˆgŒjwU nGjv N| myZivs, cvò K ˆZ we`Ågvb DH4OH nGjv cÉGek KGi, ZvG`iGK d-eÐK ˆgŒj eGj| Aciw`GK ˆh mKj d-eÐK
NH4OH ‰i `ËeY ‰es ‰i abvñK gƒjKwU nGjv (NH4+) Avqb| ˆgŒGji mywÕ©Z AvqGbi d-AiweUvj AvswkKfvGe (d19) BGjKUÇb
NH4+ Avqb mbvÚKiY: NH4+ Avqb kbvÚKiGYi RbÅ ‰KwU «¼viv cƒYÆ ^vGK ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj| ˆhgb- Fe ‰es Sc
ˆUÕ¡wUDGe cÉ`î NH4OH ‰i 12 mL cÉÕ§Z eYÆnxb Rjxq `ËeY DfqB d-eÐK ˆgŒj| ‰G`i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c@
2 2 6 2 6 1 2 2 6 2 6 6 2
wbGq ZvGZ ˆbmjvi weKviK ˆhvM Kiv nq| dGj AÅvwgGbv 21Sc  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d Fe  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
4s2 AZ‰e, Fe  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p6
2+ 2 2 6 2
gviwKDwiK AvGqvWvBGWi ev`vwg AatGÞc cGo| ˆbmjvi `ËeY
AZ‰e, Sc3+  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3d6
nGjv NaOH ev KOH `ËeY wgwkÉZ cUvwkqvg AvGqvGWv gviwKDGiU 3p6
(K2[HgI4])| ‰B cixÞvq msNwUZ wewKÌqvàGjv wbÁ²i…c ‰es Sc3+ ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, Sc3+ ‰i
Fe2+
2NH4+(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  2Na+(aq) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l)
ˆkl KÞcG^i d-AiweUvGj ˆKvGbv BGjKUÇb bvB| Aciw`GK Fe2+
2 K2[HgI4](aq) + 2NH3(g)  NH2Hg2I3(s) + NH4I + 4KI(aq)
‰i d-AiweUvj AvswkK cƒYÆ| myZivs, msævbyhvqx Fe, d-eÐK ‰es
AÅvwgGbv gviwKDwiK AvGqvWvBGWi ‰B ev`vwg AatGÞc «¼viv
AeÕ©v¯¦ i ˆgŒj DfqB| Aciw`GK Sc, d-eÐK ˆgŒj nGjI
cÉgvwYZ nq ˆh `ËeGY AÅvGgvwbqvg Avqb (NH4+) we`Ågvb| A
AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq| ZvB ejv hvq, mKj AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj d-eÐK
N cÉ`î K I L cvGòi `ËeY«¼q nGjv B ˆgŒj wK¯§ mKj d-eÐK ˆgŒj AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq|
0.1M 50 mL NH4OH  1 M 5mL NH4OH
0.001M 15 mL HCl  1M 0.015 mL HCl [ˆhGnZz A = 17]
M cÉ`î cÉ^g wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c A

A2(g) + 3H2(g) HoooI 2AH3(g) + Zvc
ZxeË ‰wmW HCl, g†`y Þvi NH4OH ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi jeY
‰LvGb MÅvmxq wewKÌqvwUGZ DrcvG`i ˆgvj msLÅv wewKÌqGKi ˆgvj
NH4Cl MVb KGi ‰es wewKÌqv cvGò AwZwiÚ NH4OH we`Ågvb
msLÅv AGcÞv Kg eGj ‰KB AvqZGb Pvc nËvm cvq| ‰GÞGò jv-
^vGK| ZvB M cvGò NH4Cl I NH4OH ‰i wgkÉY nGjv ‰KwU
kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi Pvc e†w«¬GZ mÁÃyLgyLx wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬
Þvixq cÉK‡wZi evdvi `ËeY wnGmGe KvR KGi|
cvq| dGj DrcvG`i cwigvY evGo| Avevi Pvc nËvm Kiv nGj
‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj: DÚ evdvi `ËeGY A͸ cwigvY ‰wmW (H+) ˆhvM
cøvrgyLx wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬i KviGY DrcvG`i cwigvY nËvm cvq|
KiGj Zv `ËeGY we`Ågvb OH AvqGbi mvG^ hyÚ nGq g†`y
Avevi cÉ`î w«¼Zxq wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c
ZworweGkÏlÅ H2O m†wÓ¡ KGi| ZLb NH4OH ‰i mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb
A2(g) + 2O2(g) HoooI 2AO2(g)  Zvc
w`GK mGi wMGq OH Avqb Drc®² KGi| dGj OH AvqGbi
DcGivÚ MÅvmxq wewKÌqvwUi ˆÞGò DrcvG`i ˆgvj msLÅv wewKÌqGKi ˆgvj
Nbgvòv AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK|
msLÅv AGcÞv Kg dGj ‰LvGbI ‰KB AvqZGb Pvc nËvm cvq| ZvB
Þvi ˆhvM KiGj: DÚ `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY OH Avqb ˆhvM Kiv nGj jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ AbymvGi PvGci e†w«¬GZ mÁÃyLgyLx wewKÌqvi MwZ
Zv NH4+ AvqGbi mvG^ hyÚ nGq g†`y ZworweGkÏlÅ NH4OH AYy Drc®² e†w«¬ cvq ‰es Drcv` AO2-‰i cwigvYI e†w«¬ cvq| Aciw`GK Pvc
KGi| ˆhGnZz NH4OH g†`y ZworweGkÏlÅ ZvB ‰wUI AwZ mvgvbÅ nËvm Kiv nGj cøvrgyLx wewKÌqvi MwZ e†w«¬ cvq| dGj DrcvG`i
weGqvwRZ nq| dGj OH AvqGbi Nbgvòv Z^v pH AcwiewZÆZ cwigvY nËvm cvq|
^vKGe| myZivs DGÍÏwLZ Dfq wewKÌqvi ˆÞGòB ˆ`Lv hvGœQ Pvc e†w«¬i
H+ Avqb msGhvM + 
H2O cÉfvGe DrcvG`i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvq ‰es Abyi…cfvGe Pvc nËvGm
NH4OH HoooooI NH4 + OH
+
Drcv`b nËvm cvq|
NH4Cl  NH4 + Cl
OH 
Avqb msGhvM NH4OH N ‰LvGb (1) I (2) bs wewKÌqv `ywU wbÁ²i…c A
myZivs DcGi ewYÆZ evdvi `ËeGYi wKÌqvGKŒkj AbymvGi M cvGòi (1) A2(g) + 3H2(g) HoooI 2AH3(g) + Zvc
`ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY ZxeË ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM Kiv nGjI `ËeGYi (2) A2(g) + O2(g) HoooI 2AO2(g)  Zvc
pH AcwiewZÆZ ^vKGe| A^Ævr (1) bs wewKÌqvwU ZvGcvrcv`x ‰es (2) bs wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix
wewKÌqv| Avgiv Rvwb, DfgyLx wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©vq mvgÅaË‚eGKi
cÉk
² 132 (1) A2(g) + 3H2(g) HooooI 2AH3(g) + Zvc
Dci Zvcgvòvi cÉfve iGqGQ| Zvcgvòvi e†w«¬ ev nËvGm mvgÅveÕ©vi
(2) A2(g) + O2(g) HooooI 2AO2(g)  Zvc
AeÕ©vGbi gGZv mvgÅaË‚eGKiI cwieZÆb NGU| mvgÅaËe‚ GKi Dci
 wkLbdj: 4 I 6 [iv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-2]
K. AiweUvj KvGK eGj? 1 Zvcgvòvi cÉfve eÅvLÅvi RbÅ fÅv´Ÿ nGdi mgxKiYwU wbÁ²i…c
H 1
logKp = –  
L. mKj 'd' eÐK ˆgŒj AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 2.303R T + aË‚eK
M. mvgÅveÕ©vq DóxcGKi wewKÌqv `ywUGZ PvGci cÉfve ‰B fÅv´Ÿ nGdi mgxKiYwU mijGiLvi mgxKiY y = mx + c ‰i
AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3 1
Abyi…c| ZvB logKp ebvg T «¼viv AwâZ ˆjLwPòwU ‰KwU
N. (1) I (2) wewKÌqvi Zvcgvòv cwieZÆGbi mvG^ mvgÅvsK Kp
‰i cwieZÆb ˆjLwPGòi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvI| 4 mijGiLv nGe|
88 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
cÉk
² 134

logKp

logKp
ZvGcvrcv`x
Zvcnvix
1 1
T T
(1) bs wewKÌqv (2) bs wewKÌqv
1 cvò-A cvò-B cvò-C
ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv (T) e†w«¬ KiGj T nËvm cvq  wkLbdj: 10 I 11 [w`. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-7]

‰es logKp ‰i gvbI nËvm cvq| Avevi Zvcnvix wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò K. fiwKÌqv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
1 L. we÷«¬ cvwbi pH ‰i gvb 7 ˆKb? 2
Zvcgvòv (T) nËvm KiGj T e†w«¬ cvq ‰es logKp ‰i gvbI e†w«¬ M. cvò A `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| (Ka = 1.8  104) 3
cvq| N. DóxcGKi C cvGò mvgvbÅ HCl ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGYi
pH
myZivs (1) bs wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ ˆcGj mvgÅaË‚eGKi gvb cwieZÆb nGe wKbv KviYmn weGkÏlY KGiv|
4
nËvm cvGe ‰es (2) bs wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv nËvm Kiv nGj 134 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
mvgÅaË‚eGKi gvb e†w«¬ cvGe| ‰UvB nGjv cÉ`î wewKÌqv `ywUi  K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq ‰KwU wewKÌqvi MwZGeM wewKÌqvq
mvgÅaË‚eGKi Dci cÉGqvMK‡Z Zvcgvòvi cÉfve| AskMÉ nYKvix cÉwZwU wewKÌqGKi mwKÌq fGii (ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv ev
AvswkK Pvc) mgvbycvwZK| A
cÉk
² 133
L ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb wbfÆi KGi H `ËeGY we`Ågvb H+
50 mL 15 mL `ËeY-I + `ËeY-II
0.1M CH3COOH 0.2M NaOH ‰es OH AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi Dci| we÷«¬ cvwbi weGqvRGb
Drc®² [H+] ‰es [OH] ‰i Nbgvòv mgvb nIqvq ‰i AvqwbK
`ËeY-I `ËeY-II `ËeY-III
àYdGji mgxKiY `vovq [H+] [OH] = 1014
A  wkLbdj: 10 I 11 [iv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-6]
[H+] [H+] = 1014
K. `†kÅgvb AvGjvi Ziã Š`GNÆÅi mxgv ˆjGLv| 1 ev, [H+] = 107  [H+] = [OH–]
L. HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰wmW«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi ZxeËZv ˆewk? ‰Lb DfqcvGk log wbGj cvIqv hvq log [H+] =  log (107)
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 ev, pH = 7
M. II bs `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| 3 A^Ævr we÷«¬ cvwbi pH = 7.
N. III bs `ËeGY A͸ cwigvY H ev OH ˆhvM Kiv mGî½I
+ 
M eBGqi AaÅvq-4 ‰i 69(M)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| A

`ËeGYi pH ‰i cwieZÆb nq bv hywÚmnKvGi eÅvLÅv N eBGqi AaÅvq-4 ‰i 69(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| A

KGiv| 4 cÉk
² 135 PCl5(g) HooooI PCl3(g) + Cl2(g), H = + Ve
133 bs cÉGk²i Dîi PCl5 wewKÌqKwU 30C Zvcgvòvq 1.5 atm PvGc 15% weGqvwRZ nq|
K `†kÅgvb AvGjvi Ziã‹`GNÆÅi mxgv nGjv 380 nm ˆ^GK 780 nm|
  wkLbdj: 4 I 6 [Kz. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-2]
K. AvswkK cvZb Kx? 1
L HNO3 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi abvñK RviY msLÅv, XHNO3 = + 5|
L. Zn wK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
H3PO4 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi abvñK RviY msLÅv, XH3PO4 = +5|
M. DóxcK wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
hw`I XHNO3 = XH3PO4, wK¯§ N-cigvYyi AvKvi P cigvYyi ˆPGq N. mvgÅveÕ©vq wewKÌqvwUGZ Zvc I PvGci cwieZÆb NUGj
ˆQvU weavq P ‰i Zzjbvq N ‰i PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk nGe| ˆK±`Êxq DrcvG`i cwigvGYi cwieZÆb NGU wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv|4
cigvYyi PvRÆ NbGZ½i e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ ‰wmGWi ZxeËZviI e†w«¬ 135 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
NGU| ZvB HNO3 AGcÞv H3PO4 `yeÆj ‰wmW| K cvZb cÉwKÌqvq cvZb dÑvÝ I kxZGKi gvGS Ask Kjvg Õ©vcb

KGi wewf®² wbKU Õ¹zUbvGâi `yB ev ZGZvwaK Zij Dcv`vbGK
M ‰LvGb,
ZvG`i wgkÉY nGZ c†^K Kivi cÉwKÌqvGKB AvswkK cvZb eGj| A
cÉ`î `ËeY 15 mL 0.2 M NaOH
NaOH(aq)  Na+(aq) + OH (aq)
L ˆh mKj ˆgŒGji mywÕ©Z AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm d AiweUvj
1 mol 1 mol AvswkK cƒYÆ ^vGK ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj| Zn ‰i mywÕ©Z
 OH-‰i Nbgvòv, [OH] = 0.2M
AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm, Zn2+  1s22s22p6 3s23p63d10 4s0
 pOH =  log(0.2) ‰LvGb d AiweUvj mÁ·ƒYÆ cƒYÆ, AvswkK cƒYÆ bq| myZivs kZÆvbymvGi,
= 0.699 Zn AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq| B
 pH = 14  pOH M ‰LvGb mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvwU nGjv,

= 14  0.699 PCl5 HooooooooI PCl3 + Cl2
= 13.30 wewKÌqvi ÷i‚GZ, 1 mol 0 mol 0 mol
N 21(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
 mvgÅveÕ©vq (1) mol  mol  mol
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 89
‰LvGb, N Avgiv Rvwb, ‰wmW I ÞvGii wewKÌqvq ˆh Zvc Drc®² nq ZvGK
 = weGqvRb gvòv = 15% = 0.15 cÉkgb Zvc eGj| ‰LvGb A cvGò AvGQ 0.1M HCl `ËeY I B cvGò
mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = (1   +  + ) mol AvGQ 0.1M NaOH `ËeY| HCl I NaOH DfGqB ZxeË| ZvB ‰G`i
= 1 +  mol
‰Lb, wgkÉGY msNwUZ wewKÌqv nGjv
1 HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
PPCl5 =
1+
× P atm  (H+ + Cl) + (Na+ + OH)  Na+ + Cl + H2O
 wewKÌqvq Na+ I Cl `kÆK Avqbi…Gc AvGQ| Avi H+ I OH ‰i
PPCl3 = × P atm
1+ wewKÌqvq H2O Drc®² nGq H+ I OH Avqb Drc®² KGi| mKj ZxeË
PCl2 =

× P atm ‰wmW I ZxeË Þvi Rjxq `ËeGY mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc AvqwbZ nq| dGj ZvG`i
1+
cÉkgb wewKÌqvq H+ I OH wewKÌqv KGi cÉkgeÕ§ H2O Drc®² KGi
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
57.3 kJ mol1 Zvc Drc®² nq| ZvB ZxeË HCl I NaOH ‰i
Pvc, P = 1.5 atm
PPCl3 × PCl2 cÉkgb ZvGci gvb  57.3 kJ mol1 ev aË‚e|
 Kp =
PPCl5 wK¯§ B I C cvGòi `ËeY wgkvGj NaOH ‰i mvG^ HF wewKÌqv KGi|
  ‰GÞGò cÉkgb ZvGci gvb  57.3 kJ mol1 AGcÞv ˆewk nq|
× × P2
1+ 1+ 2
P KviY ‰G`i wewKÌqvq Drc®² jeY NaF cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z nGq Na+ I
= = 2
1 
×P
1 F Drc®² KGi| F ‰i mvG^ `ËveK cvwb ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe wKQyUv
1+
ˆewk `†ofvGe hyÚ nq| dGj wbMÆZ ZvckwÚ cwigvYI ˆewk nq| F
(0.15)2  1.5
=
1  (0.15)2
atm AvqGbi ‰ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cwigvY evowZ ZvckwÚ HF ‰i cÉkgb
= 0.0345 atm ZvGci mGã ‰KGò wbMÆZ nq| ZvB HF ‰i cÉkgb ZvGci gvb
myZivs, DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi cÉvµ¦ wewKÌqvwUi Kp nGjv 0.023 atm| 57.3 kJ mol1 AGcÞv ˆewk I ‰B AGcÞvK‡Z AwaK gvbwU
N 22 (N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| nGjv 68 kJ mol1|
myZivs DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ cÉkgb ZvGci Drc®² nevi
cÉk
 ² 136 0.1 M HCl ˆWwmGgvjvi KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv 0.1 M HF
`ËeY `ËeY `ËeY ˆhŒwÚKZvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ‰ K^v ejv hvq ˆh A I B cvGòi wgwkÉZ
A cvò B cvò C cvò `ËeGYi cÉkgb Zvc ‰es B I C cvGòi wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi cÉkgb Zvc
 wkLbdj: 10 I 13 [Kz. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-3] ‰KB bq| A
K. meyR imvqb Kx? 1
L. jÅveGiUixGZ wbivc` Pkgv eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? cÉk
2  ² 137 (i) CS2(s) + 3O2(g) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g); H = 1109.2 kJ.
M. DóxcGKi B cvGòi `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| 3 (ii) C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g); H = 394 kJ.
N. A I B cvGòi wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi cÉkgb Zvc ‰es B I C (iii) S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g); H = 297.3 kJ.
 wkLbdj: 13 [Kz. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-8]
cvGòi wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi cÉkgb Zvc ‰KB wKbv? weGkÏlY
KGiv| 4 K. cÉfveK wel Kx? 1
136 bs cÉGk²i Dîi L. K p ‰i gvb kƒ b Å nGZ cvGi bv ˆKb? 2
K imvqb I ˆKwgKÅvj Bwéwbqvwis ‰i ˆh kvLvq SzuwKcƒYÆ c`vG^Æi M. (ii) bs wewKÌqvq 1200 kJ Zvc Drc®² KiGZ STP ˆZ KZ
eÅenvi ‰es Drcv`b nËvm A^ev AcmviYKG͸ ivmvqwbK Drcv` wjUvi AwÝGRb cÉGqvRb? 3
‰es cÉwKÌqvi AvweÓ•vi, wWRvBb ‰es cÉGqvMGK meyR imvqb eGj| N. DóxcK Abyhvqx CS2 ‰i MVb wewKÌqvwU ZvGcvrcv`x bv
L jÅveGiUwiGZ cixÞv Kivi mgq ˆPvGLi myiÞvi RbÅ wbivc` Zvcnvix weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
™Ïvm eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆPvL AgƒjÅ mÁ·`| ˆUÕ¡wUDGe wiGqGR´Ÿ 137 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
D Kivi mgq AmveavbZv ekZt ˆUÕ¡wUDe ˆ^GK wiGqGR´Ÿ I  K ˆh mKj c`v^Æ cÉfveGKi cÉfveb wKÌqv KwgGq ˆ`q, ‰gbwK bÓ¡
welvÚ MÅvm ZxeË ˆeGM ˆewiGq wbGRi ev mncvVxi kixGi ev ˆPvGL KGi ˆ`q ˆm mKj c`v^ÆGK cÉfveK wel eGj| A
gyGL cGo gvivñK `yNÆUbv NUGZ cvGi| ‰GÞGò ˆPvGL ™Ïvm ev
wbivc` Pkgv eÅenvi KiGj ˆPvGLi myiÞv nq A^Ævr `ƒNUÆ bv ˆ^GK  L Kp nGjv wewKÌqvi DrcvG`i AvswkK PvGci àYdj I wewKÌqGKi
ˆPvLGK iÞv Kiv hvq| AvswkK PvGci àbdGji AbycvZ| Kp ‰i gvb kƒbÅ nGZ nGj
M cÉ`î B cvGò AvGQ ˆWwmGgvjvi A^Ævr 0.1M NaOH `ËeY| Drcv`GKi AvswkK PvGci àYdj kƒbÅ nGZ nGe| A^Ævr ZLb
NaOH ‰KwU ZxeË Þvi| ZvB Bnv `ËeGY mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc AvqwbZ nq| ˆmGÞGò ˆKvGbv Drcv` ŠZwi nqwb, A^Ævr wewKÌqv ÷i‚ nqwb ejv
NaOH(aq)  Na+(aq) + OH(aq) hvq| myZivs eySv hvq ˆh mvgÅveÕ©v AwRÆZ nqwb| ZvB Kp ‰i gvb
0.1 M 0.1 M kƒbÅ nGZ cvGibv| A
myZivs B cvGòi `ËeGYi ev NaOH `ËeGYi pOH nGjv, M cÉ`î (ii) bs weKÌqvwU nGjv,
pOH = – log [OH] =  log (0.1) = 1
C + O2  CO2; H =  394 kJ
Avgiv Rvwb,
pH + pOH = 14 wewKÌqv nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq,
 ‰GÞGò, pH = 14  pOH = 14  1 = 13 391 kJ Zvc Drc®² KiGZ 1mol O2 cÉGqvRb|
myZivs DcGivÚ MYbymvGi cÉvµ¦ B cvGòi `ËeGYi pH nGjv 13| A STP ˆZ 1 mol O2 ‰i AvqZb 22.4 L
90 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
A^Ævr, ZvGci gvb 54.32 kJ nq| ‰i KviY nGjv Rjxq `ËeGY
394 kJ Zvc Drc®² KiGZ O2 jvGM 22.4 L CH3COOH ‰i AmÁ·ƒYÆ weGqvRb|
22.4  1200 CH3COOH(aq) HoooI CH3COO(aq) + H+(aq)
 1200 " " " O2 " L NaOH  Na+ + OH
394
= 68.223 L H+ + OH  H2O
myZivs MYbvbymvGi, 1200 kJ Zvc Drc®² KiGZ O2 jvGM 68.223 L| Aciw`GK NaOH ZxeË Þvi| ZvB ‰i mÁ·ƒYÆ weGqvRGbi dGj m†Ó¡
OH Avqb AÅvwmwUK ‰wmGWi AmÁ·ƒYÆ weGqvRb «¼viv m†Ó¡ H+ ˆK
N ‰LvGb, CS2 ‰i `nGb mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvàGjv nGjv

(i) CS2 + 3O2  CO2 + 2SO2; H = 1109.2 kJ hLbB cÉkwgZ KGi ZLbB AweGqvwRZ CH3COOH cybivq
(ii) C + O2  CO2; H = 394 kJ weGqvwRZ nGq H+ Avqb Drc®² KGi| dGj mvgÅZv cybtcÉwZwÓ¤Z
(iii) S + O2  SO2; H = 297.3 kJ nq| myZivs CH3COOH mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc cÉkwgZ bv nIqv chƯ¦ Dfq
‰Lb, (i) bs wewKÌqvwUi `nb Zvc, wewKÌqv cvkvcvwk PjGZ ^vGK|
H = {H(CO2) + 2H(SO2)}  {3H(O2) + H(CS2)}......(iv) myZivs ‰wmwUK ‰wmGWi weGqvRb Zvc
‰Lb, (ii) I (iii) bs wewKÌqvi H ‰i gvb ‰KvavGi = {57.34  (54.32)}kJ
C ‰i `nb Zvc I CO2 ‰i MVb Zvc ‰es S ‰i `nb Zvc I SO2 = 3.02 kJ/mol B
‰i MVb Zvc| N cÉ`î (i) I (ii) bs wewKÌqv `ywU cÉkgb wewKÌqv| ZxeË ‰wmW I
 H(CO2) =  394 kJ ZxeË Þvi mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe AvqwbZ nGq h^vKÌGg H+ Avqb I OH Avqb
H(SO2) =  297.3 kJ `vb KGi| ‰wmW Þvi cÉkgb wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò H+ Avqb I OH
myZivs, (iv) bs mgxKiY `uvovq, AvqGbi ‰B gaÅKvi wewKÌqvq cvwb Drc®² nq|
H = {H (CO2) + 2H (SO2)}  {3H(O2)  H (CS2)} KOH(aq)  K+ + OH

 H(CS2) = H(CO2) + 2H(SO2)  3H(O2)  H HNO3(aq)  H+ + NO3
 
=  394 + 2(297.3)  3  0  (1109.2) kJ H + NO3 + K + OH  (K+ + NO3) + (H+ + OH)
+ + 


= + 120.6 kJ  (K+ + NO3) + H2O
ˆhGnZz, H(CS2) ‰i gvb abvñK ZvB CS2-‰i msMVb Zvc Zvcnvix| ˆhGnZz me ZxeË ‰wmW I ÞvGii gƒj wewKÌqv nGjv cvwb MVb wewKÌqv|
cÉk
² 138
 ZvB ‰G`i cÉkgb ZvGci gvb aË‚eK nq ‰es ‰ ZvGci gvb 25C
(i) KOH + HNO3 = KNO3 + H2O Zvcgvòvq 57.39 kJmol1|
(ii) NaOH + HF = NaF + H2O wK¯§ HF I NaOH ‰i wewKÌqvq Drc®² jeY NaF cvwbGZ AvqwbZ
(iii) CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O; H = 54.32kJ/mol
 wkLbdj: 13 [P. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-6]
AeÕ©vq ^vGK| F AvqGbi AvKvi ˆek ˆQvU| ‰GZ PvGRÆi NbZ½
K. cvB () e®¬b Kx? 1 AbÅvbÅ AvqGbi Zzjbvq AwaK nIqvq F AvqGbi mvG^ `ËveK cvwb
L. Nbgvòv e†w«¬GZ wewKÌqv nvi e†w«¬ cvq ˆKb? 2 AGcÞvK‡Z ˆewk `†pfvGe hyÚ nq| dGj ZvckwÚI AwaK wbMÆZ
M. CH3COOH ‰i weGqvRb ‰b^vjwc wbYÆq KGiv| 3 nq| ZvB NaOH I HF ‰i gaÅKvi cÉkgb ZvGci gvb 11.26 kJ
N. (i) I (ii) bs wewKÌqvi RbÅ ˆKvbwUi wewKÌqv Zvc ˆewk e†w«¬ ˆcGq 68.6 kJmol1 nq|
HF + NaOH  (Na+ + F) + (H+ + OH)  (Na+ + F) + H2O
nGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
myZivs DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq ˆh ZxeË ‰wmW I
138 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ÞvGii wewKÌqvq Drc®² cÉkgb Zvc aË‚e| Avevi ‰G`i gGaÅ ˆh ˆKvb
K `ywU cigvYyi cÉGZÅKwU nGZ ‰KwU KGi `ywU mgv¯¦ivj p
 ‰KwU `yeÆj nGj cÉkgb Zvc ‰B aË‚e gvb ˆ^GK Kg nq| wK¯§
AiweUvGji cvk¼Æ AwaKÌgGYi dGj m†Ó¡ e®¬bGK cvB () e®¬b ejv ‰LvGb HF `yeÆj ‰wmW nIqv mGî½I ˆKejgvò ‰GZ we`Ågvb F
nq| A AvqGbi AwaK PvRÆ NbGZ½i KviGYB cÉkgb ZvGci gvb ‰B aË‚e gvb
L ‰KwU mvaviY DfgyLx wewKÌqv
 ˆ^GK ˆewk nq|
A + B HooI AB
cÉk
² 139

fiwKÌqv mƒòvbymvGi, wewKÌqvi MwZGeGMi nvi wewKÌqGKi mwKÌq fGii
mgvbycvwZK| AZ‰e mÁÃyL wewKÌqvi nvi, 0.1M
Rƒ1  [A]  [B] 1M NaOH 1M H2SO4 CH3COOH
`ËeY `ËeY `ËeY
ev, Rƒ = k[A]  [B]
1

hw` wewKÌqK A I B ‰i Nbgvòv w«¼àY Kiv nq ZGe, A B C

Rƒ2 = k[2A]  [2B]
CH3COOH ‰i Ka = 1.8  10 5

ev, Rƒ = 4Rƒ
2 1
 wkLbdj: 10 I 13 [wm. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-6]
A^Ævr wewKÌqGK Nbgvòv w«¼àY Kiv nGj MwZGeGMi nvi wVK PviàY K. wcGcU Kx? 1
ˆeGo hvGe| myZivs ejv hvq Nbgvòv e†w«¬GZ wewKÌqv nvi e†w«¬ cvq| A L. O2 ‰i AYyGZ wmMgv e®¬b ‰es cvB e®¬b DfqB ˆ`Lv
M Avgiv Rvwb, `yeÆj ‰wmW I ZxeË ÞvGii cÉkgb ZvGci gvb ZxeË hvq| eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
‰wmW-Þvi cÉkgb Zvc AGcÞv Kg nq A^Ævr ‰ gvb 57.34 kJ M. C cvGòi `ËeGYi pH wbYÆq KGiv| 3
AGcÞv Kg nGe| ˆhgb ‰K ˆgvj `yeÆj AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW N. A ‰es B cvGòi `ËeGYi cÉkgb ZvGci mvG^ A ‰es C
CH3COOH ˆK mej NaOH «¼viv cÉkwgZ KiGj ‰G`i cÉkgb cvGòi `ËeGYi cÉkgb ZvGci cv^ÆKÅ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 91
139 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 140 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K wcGcU `yB gyL ˆLvjv mi‚ ‰KwU KuvP bj, hv w`Gq ˆKvb Zij ev
 K AvqwbZ AeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv c`vG^Æi AvqbmgƒGni Nbgvòvi

`ËeGYi AvqZb cwigvc KGi Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv nq| A àYdjGK AvqwbK àYdj eGj| A
L AwÝGRb AYyGZ ‰KwU wmMgv e®¬b I ‰KwU cvB e®¬b L Avgiv Rvwb, avZe AÝvBWmgƒn Þvixq cÉK‡wZi nq| ZvB Na2O
iGqGQ| I MgO DfqB Þvixq AÝvBW| ‰G`i gGaÅ Na2O cvwbi mvG^
ZvrÞwYKfvGe wewKÌqv KGi avZe nvBWÈÝvBW Drc®² KGi| avZe
AwÝGRGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c:
2 1 1
nvBWÈÝvBW cvwbGZ `ËeYxq nq ‰es ZxeË Þvi| A
8O = 1s2 2s2 2px 2py 2pz Na2O + H2O  NaOH
wmMgv e®¬b MVb: `ywU AwÝGRb cigvYyi AaÆcYƒ Æ pz AiweUvGji wK¯§ MgO mvaviY AeÕ©vq cvwbi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi bv| ZvB ejv
gyGLvgyLx AwaKÌgGY wmMgv e®¬b MwVZ nq| hvq MgO AGcÞv Na2O ZxeË Þvixq|
cvB e®¬b MVb: Aciw`GK `ywU AwÝGRb cigvYyi AaÆcƒYÆ py  M cÉkg² GZ, Drc®² AwÝGRGbi Nbgvòvi cwieZÆb
x = (0.37  10–2 – 0.22  10–2) molL–1 [ 1 dm3 = 1 L]
AiweUvGji cvkvcvwk AwaKÌgGY cvB e®¬b MwVZ nq| = 0.15  10–2 molL–1
-e®¬b Nbgvòv cwieZÆGbi ˆgvU mgq, t = (1,000 – 500) sec = 500 sec
     x
 + O
O  oooo O
  O  myZivs, AwÝGRb DrcG®²i nvi = t
 0.15  10–2 molL–1
-e®¬b =
500 sec
M 136(M)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c| = 3  10–6 mol L–1 s–1 A
N ‰LvGb A I B cvGòi `ËeGYi wewKÌqv nGjv ‰KwU ZxeË Þvi I N cÉ`î MÅvmxq DfgyLx wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c A

ZxeË ‰wmGWi wewKÌqv| ‰wmW-ÞvGii cÉkgb wewKÌqv ‰KwU Zvc 2N2O5(g) HoooooooI 4NO2(g) + O2(g), H = + ve
Drcv`x AvqwbK wewKÌqv| `ËeGY ‰wmW I ÞvGii AvqwbZ AeÕ©vq ‰ wewKÌqvwU nGZ jÞYxq ˆh,
h^vKÌGg H+ I OH Avqb Drc®² KGi| `ËeGY ZzjÅ cwigvY ‰wmW 1. ‰wU ‰KwU DfgyLx wewKÌqv
I Þvi msGhvGM ‰wmW ˆ^GK H+ Avqb ‰es Þvi ˆ^GK Drc®² OH 2. ‰wU ‰KwU Zvcnvix wewKÌqv
AvqGbi mg®¼Gq ‰K ˆgvj cvwb Drc®² nGj ˆh cwigvY Zvc wbMÆZ 3. wewKÌqvwUGZ DrcvG`i MÅvmxq ˆgvj msLÅv ˆewk|
nq ZvGK mswkÏÓ¡ ‰wmW-ÞvGii cÉkgb Zvc eGj| ‰B wewKÌqv ˆ^GK mGeÆvœP Drcv` cvIqvi ˆKŒkj wbGÁ² AvGjvPbv
H2SO4 I NaOH gGaÅ msNwUZ cÉkgb wewKÌqv nGjv Kiv nGjv
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2SO4 + 2H2O; H =  57.44 kJ mol1 Zvcgvòvi cÉfve: cÉ`î DfgyLx wewKÌqvwUi mÁÃyLgyLx wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix|
‰LvGb, NaOH I H2SO4 ‰i msGhvGM hLb 1 ˆgvj cvwb Drc®² nq jv- kvGZwjqvGii bxwZ AbymvGi DÚ wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ Kiv
ZLb 57.44 kJ Zvc wbMÆZ nq hv cÉkgb Zvc bvGg cwiwPZ| nGj mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK mGi hvGe ‰es DrcvG`i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe|
Avevi, A I C cvGòi `ËeGYi wewKÌqv ‰KwU ZxeË Þvi I g†`y PvGci cÉfve: wewKÌqvwUGZ `yB ˆgvj N2O5 wewKÌqv KGi Pvi ˆgvj
‰wmGWi wewKÌqv| g†`y ‰wmW CH3COOH ‰es ZxeË Þvi NaOH ‰i NO2 ‰es ‰K ˆgvj O2 MÅvm Drc®² KGi| A^Ævr wewKÌqvwUGZ
cÉkgb Zvc wKQyUv Kg nq| KviY CH3COOH g†`y ‰wmW nIqvq AvqZGbi e†w«¬ NGU| ZvB jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZ Abyhvqx wbÁ² PvGc
cyGivcywi AvqwbZ nq bv| dGj ‰GK mÁ·ƒYÆ AvqwbZ KiGZ wKQy wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK mGi hvGe| dGj DrcvG`i cwigvY
cwigvY kwÚ LiP KiGZ nq| cÉkgb wewKÌqvq wbMÆZ Zvc ‰ kwÚi e†w«¬ cvGe|
Nbgvòvi cÉfve: wewKÌqK N2O5 ‰i Nbgvòv e†w«¬GZ DrcvG`i
ˆhvMvb ˆ`q|
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)  CH3COONa (aq) + H2O
cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe ‰es wewKÌqv cvò ˆ^GK Drcv` ŠZwi nevi mvG^
H =  55.2 kJ mol1 mvG^ mwiGq wbGjI DrcvG`i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe|
myZivs A I C cvGòi `ËeGYi wewKÌqvi cÉkgb Zvc wKQyUv KGg myZivs ejv hvq cÉ`î wewKÌqvq jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZi cÉGqvM KGi
55.2kJ nq| wewKÌqvq Zvc, Pvc I Nbgvòv cwieZÆb KGi mGeÆvœP Drcv`b ev
myZivs DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰ K^v ejv hvq ˆh, A I B ‰es A Drcv`b gvòv wbqw¯¨Z nq|
I C cvò«¼Gqi `ËeGYi gGaÅ msNwUZ cÉkgb Zvc wewKÌqvi cÉK‡wZ cÉk
 ² 141
AbymvGi cÉK‡Z cGÞ wbfÆi KGi A^Ævr wbMÆgb Kg ev ˆewk nq| B
cÉk
² 140 2N2O5 HoooooooooI 4NO2 + O2, H = +Ve
0.05M CH3COOH (30mL)
wewKÌqvq O2 ‰i Nbgvòv mgGqi mvG^ wbÁ²iG… c cwiewZÆZ nq +
mgq (ˆmGK´£) Nbgvòv (mol dm3) 0.05M NaOH (20mL)
Ka = 1.8  105
500 0.22  102
1,000 0.37  102
 wkLbdj: 1 I 4 [h. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-7]  wkLbdj: 10 I 11 [e. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-2]
K. AvqwbK àYdj Kx? 1 K. cvDwji eRÆb bxwZ Kx? 1
L. MgO AGcÞv Na2O AwaK Þvixq ˆKb, eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L. jÅveGiUwiGZ IqvUvi ev^ eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2
M. wewKÌqvwUGZ AwÝGRb Drc®² nIqvi nvi wbYÆq KGiv| 3 M. DóxcK `ËeGYi pH KxfvGe wbYÆq KiGe? 3
N. wewKÌqvwUGZ mGeÆvœP Drcv` cvIqvi ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv|4 N. DóxcK `ËeGY mvgvbÅ ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGYi
pH cwiwZÆZ nGe wK? KviYmn ˆjGLv| 4
92 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
141 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk
² 142

I.
K ‰KwU cigvYyGZ `ywU BGjKUÇGbi PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb


) 1)
(molL(molL
‰KB i…c nGZ cvGi bv| A 2.0

1
L wewf®² cixÞv Kivi mgq jÅveGiUwiGZ cÉGqvRGb Zij Dcv`vb

Nbgvòv
1.5

Nbgvòv
A^ev wewKÌqvGK Zvc w`GZ nq| ZijGK bv dzwUGq hw` wewKÌqv 1.0

qGKi
0.5
NUvGbvi RbÅ A^ev AbÅ ˆKvGbv KviGY Zvc w`GZ nq ZGe IqvUvi

qGKi
0.2

wewKÌwewKÌ
100 250
ev^ eÅenvi Kiv nq| evwÁ·s Qvov mylg ‰es wbivc`fvGe Zvc 0 250 350 500
mgq (s)
ˆ`Iqvi RbÅB gƒjZ IqvUvi ev^ eÅenvi Kiv nq| B
II. X2Y4(g) HoooooooooI 2XY2(g); H = + 54kJ
M cÉ`î `ËeYwU g†`y ‰wmW CH3COOH ‰es ‰B ‰wmGWi mGã  wkLbdj: 1 I 4 [e. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-4]
ZxeË ÞviK NaOH ‰i jeY, CH3COONa wgwkÉZ AÁÏxq evdvi K. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj Kx? 1
L. Rvj UvKv mbvÚKiGY UV iwkÄi eÅenvi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
`ËeY| Avgiv Rvwb, evdvi `ËeGYi pH wÕ©i ^vGK| ZGe `ËeGYi ‰B
M. (I) bs DóxcK AbymvGi wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv 1.5 mol L1
wÕ©i pH gƒjZ `ËeGY eÅen†Z g†`y ‰wmGWi mvgÅaË‚eK ‰es ‰wmW I
nGZ 0.5 mol L1 ‰ nËvm ˆcGZ wewKÌqvi nvi wbYÆq KGiv|
jeGYi Nbgvòvi Dci wbfÆi KGi| AÁÏxq evdvi `ËeGYi g†`y 3
‰wmGWi mvgÅeÕ©v wbGPi mgxKiGYi mvnvGhÅ cÉKvk Kiv hvq| A N. DóxcK (II) ‰i wewKÌqvwU Pvc I Zvcgvòv «¼viv cÉfvweZ
CH3COOH HoooI CH3COO + H+ nq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
fiwKÌqvi mƒòvbymvGi Avgiv wjLGZ cvwi, 142 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
[H+][CH3COO] K ˆh me d-eÐK ˆgŒGji ˆhŒGM m†Ó¡ AvqGbi ewntÕ© d-AiweUvGji
Ka =
[CH3COOH]
BGjKUÇbxq KvVvGgv AcƒYÆ (d1  d9) ^vGK ˆmme d-eÐK ˆgŒjGK
Ka[CH3COOH] AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj| A
A^ev, [H+] = [CH 
3COO ]
L KvGiw´Ö ˆbvU ‰i wbivcîvi gƒj inmÅ nGjv A`†kÅ UV iwkÄGZ
[‰wmW]
AZ‰e, [H+] = Ka [jeY] aiGj ˆbvU ‰i wKQy A`†kÅ point ˆ^GK ewYÆj Avfv wbMÆZ nq| ‰i
KviY nGjv, KvGiw´Ö ˆbvUàGjvGZ ˆdÑvGiGm´Ÿ dmGdvi KvwjGZ wKQy
[‰wmW] weGkl ˆjLv I RjQvc ^vGK hv ‰gwbGZ mvaviYfvGe `†kÅgvb nq
ev, log[H+] = logKa  log [jeY]
bv| ZGe UV iwkÄGZ aiGj ‰ ˆdÑvGiGm´Ö DœP Ziã‹`GNÆÅi A`†kÅ
[jeY] UV iwkÄ ˆkvlY KGi ‰es wbw`ÆÓ¡ Ziã‹`GNÆÅi `†kÅgvb AvGjv
ev, pH = pKa + log [‰wmW] ( log Ka = pKa) wewKiY KGi| ZvB wewf®² ˆbvGUi RbÅ ‰ AvGjvK Avfvq wewf®² eYÆ
cÉ`î `ËeGY NaOH ÞviKwU weGqvwRZ nGq Na+ I OH Avqb ˆ`Lv hvq| wK¯§ Rvj UvKvq ‰ ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ ^vGK bv| dGj UV
iwkÄGZ Rvj UvKv aiGj Avmj UvKvi gZ mywbw`ÆÓ¡ eGYÆi AvGjvK
Drc®² KGi| Na+ Avqb CH3COO AvqGbi mvG^ wewKÌqvq
Avfv ˆ`Lv hvq bv| ‰fvGeB UV iwkÄi mvnvGhÅ Rvj UvKv kbvÚ
CH3COONa jeY Drc®² KGi|
Kiv hvq| A
NaOH HoooI Na+ + OH
M ‰LvGb, wewKÌqGKi cÉviwÁ¿K Nbgvòv, C1 = 1.5 mol L1
CH3COO + Na HoooI CH3COONa
wewKÌqGKi cieZxÆ Nbgvòv, C2 = 0.5 mol L1
DóxcGKi `ËeGYi wbGÁ²vÚ wewKÌqv msNwUZ nq C1 Nbgvòvq wewKÌqvi mgq, t1 = 100 s
CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O C2 Nbgvòvq wewKÌqvi mgq, t2 = 350 s
20 mL 0.05 M 20 mL 0.05 M 20 mL 0.05 M
dC C C
myZivs 20 mL 0.05 M NaOH ‰i mvG^ 20 mL 0.05 M CH3COOH  wewKÌqvi nvi = dt =  t2  t 1
2 1

wewKÌqv KGi 20 mL 0.05 M CH3COONa ŠZwi KGi| wgkÉGY AewkÓ¡ (0.5  1.5)mol L1
=
(350  100)s
^vGK (30  20) mL = 10 mL 0.05 M CH3COOH| CH3COOH I
 wewKÌqvi nvi = 4  103 mol L1s1
CH3COONa ‰i ‰B wgkÉY evdvi `ËeY ŠZwi KGi|
myZivs DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi cÉvµ¦ wewKÌqvi nvi 4  103 mol L1s1| B
[jeY] N cÉ`î wewKÌqvwU nGjv:
 pH = pKa + log
[AÁÏ] X2Y4(g) HooooI 2XY2(g)
[jeY] wewKÌqvwUi H ‰i gvb abvñK ‰es wewKÌqvwUGZ DrcvG`i AYyi
ev, pH =  log Ka + log [AÁÏ] msLÅv wewKÌqK nGZ ˆewk| myZivs wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix ‰es AvqZb
20  0.05  1000 e†w«¬i gvaÅGg msMwVZ nq dGj Ave«¬ cvGò Pvc e†w«¬ cvq| wbGÁ²
ev, pH =  log (1.8  105) + log 10  0.05  1000 wewKÌqvwUi Dci Zvcgvòv I PvGci cÉfve eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv:
 pH = 5.045 Zvcgvòvi cÉfve: ˆhGnZz wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix, ZvB jv-kvGZwjqvGii
bxwZ Abyhvqx, ‰B wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅeÕ©vq Zvc e†w«¬ ev nËvm KiGj
N 21 (N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c| A

ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 93
h^vKÌGg mÁÃyL wewKÌqvi MwZGeM ‰es cøvr wewKÌqvi MwZGeM e†w«¬ H+ ˆhvM Kiv nGj `ËeGY DcwÕ©Z A ‰i mvG^ H+ hyÚ nGq HA ˆZ
cvGe| ˆhGnZz, wewKÌqvwUGZ Zvc nËvm cvq ZvB Zvc e†w«¬ KiGj cwiYZ nq|
mÁÃyL wewKÌqvi MwZGeM e†w«¬ ˆcGq Zvc e†w«¬i djvdj cÉkwgZ A + H+ = AH
KiGe| Avevi Zvc nËvm KiGj cøvrgyLx wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬ ˆcGq ˆhGnZzAH ‰KwU g†`y ‰wmWZvB ‰ wewKÌqvi mvnvGhÅ Drc®² ‰wmW
Zvc e†w«¬i djvdj cÉkwgZ KiGe| A-AvqwbZ AeÕ©vq ^vGK dGj pH ‰i ˆZgb ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nq
PvGci cÉfve: wewKÌqvwUGZ AYyi msLÅv e†w«¬ cvq ZvB Pvc e†w«¬ cvq bv|
eGj wewKÌqvi Pvc KgvGj mÁÃyL wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬ cvGe ‰es Pvc AH HoooI A + H+
ANa  A + Na+
evovGj cøvr wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬ ˆcGq Pvc cwieZÆGbi djvdj
DcGivÚ eYÆbvbymvGi ‰es evdvi `ËeGYi kZÆvbyhvqx ‰ K^v ejv hvq
cÉkwgZ KiGe|
ˆh, C cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ HCl ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb
AZ‰e, DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbv AbymvGi ejv hvq wewKÌqvwUi Dci jv-
AcwiewZÆZ ^vKGe| A
kvGZwjqvi bxwZi hG^Ó¡ cÉfve iGqGQ| jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZi
ˆcÉwÞGZ wewKÌqvwU Pvc I Zvcgvòv «¼viv cÉfvweZ nq| A cÉk
² 144 (i) X2(g) + Y2(g) HoooooI 2XY(g)

Zvc
cÉk
² 143
 (ii) A2(g) + 3B2(g) HooooooooI 2AB3(g); H = –Ve
Pvc
 wkLbdj: 5 I 6 [w`. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 2]
K. MSDS ‰i cƒYÆi…c ˆjGLv| 1
A +B
B
L. mvgÅ aË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb kƒbÅ A^ev Amxg nGZ cvGi bv,
ˆKb? 2
cvò-A cvò-B cvò-C M. DóxcGKi (i)bs wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅ aË‚eGKi ivwkgvjv wbYÆq
HA NaOH KGiv| 3
25 mL 0.1M 15 mL 0.1M
 wkLbdj: 10 I 11 [Xv. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 4] N. DóxcGKi (ii)bs wewKÌqvwUGZ ˆewk cwigvY Drcv` ŠZwii
K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b Kx? 1 ˆÞGò jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZi eÅenvi MvwYwZKfvGe
L. NaCl AGcÞv CuCl ‰i MjbvsK Kg ˆKb? 2 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
M. cvò-A ‰i `ËeGYi pH gvb MYbv KGiv| (Ka = 1.8  10–4) 3 144 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
N. DóxcGKi C cvGò mvgvbÅ HCl ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGYi pH K MSDS ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv Material Safety and Data Sheets|

cwieZÆb nGe wKbv@ KviYmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 Drcv`mgƒGni ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi àYdj
143 bs cÉGk²i Dîi L mvgÅaË‚eK Kc = wewKÌqKmgƒGni ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi àYdj
K nvBGWÈvGRb hyÚ ˆcvjvi AYymgƒn hLb ciÕ·Gii mvw®²GaÅ AvGm mvgÅaË‚eK ÷aygvò DfgyLx wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ nIqvq Kc gvb
ZLb ‰KwU AYyi nvBGWÈvGRb cÉv¯¦ AbÅ AYyi FYvñK cÉvG¯¦i w`GK kƒbÅ nGZ nGj Wvb cvGk¼Æi jGei gvb kƒbÅ nGZ nGe hv mÁ¿e bq|
ˆh weGkl e®¬Gb AvK‡Ó¡ nq ZvGK nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b eGj| Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nGZ nGj Wvb cvGk¼Æi nGii gvb A^Ævr

L Na cigvYyGZ d AiweUvj ˆbB, Cu cigvYyGZ d AiweUvj wewKÌqKmgƒGni ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi àYdj kƒbÅ nGZ nGe, hv mÁ¿e
AvGQ| d I f AiweUvGj BGjKUÇb hyÚ KÅvUvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv bq| myZivs mvgÅaËe‚ K Kc ‰i gvb kƒbÅ A^ev Amxg nGZ cvGi bv|
s I p AiweUvGj BGjKUÇbhyÚ KÅvUvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv AGcÞv M gGb Kwi, a ˆgvj X2 I b ˆgvj Y2, V wjUvi AvqZbwewkÓ¡
ˆewk| ˆKvGbv KÅvUvqb «¼viv AÅvbvqGbi hZ ˆewk ˆcvjvivqb nGe, ‰KwU cvGò ˆiGL Zvc cÉ`vGbi dGj mvgÅveÕ©vq 2 ˆgvj XY
ˆhŒMwUi e®¬b cÉK‡wZ ZZB Av`kÆ AvqwbK e®¬b ˆ^GK wePzÅZ nGq ŠZwi nGjv|
mgGhvRx nGe| dGj NaCl ‰i Zzjbvq CuCl ˆhŒGM mgGhvRx X2(g) + Y2(g) HooooooI 2XY(g)
cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq: a mol b mol 0 mol
ŠewkGÓ¡Åi AvwaKÅ ˆ`Lv hvq| Avevi Avgiv Rvwb, mgGhvRx
mvgÅveÕ©vq: (a–)mol (b–)mol 2 mol
ˆhŒMmgƒGni MjbvsK I Õ¹„UbvsK AvqwbK ˆhŒGMi Zzjbvq Kg|
mvgÅveÕ©vq,
‰RbÅ NaCl(815C) AGcÞv CuCl(422C) ‰i MjbvsK Kg nq| (a – )
M eBGqi AaÅvq-4 ‰i 69(M)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| X2 ‰i ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv = V
(molL–1)
(b – )
N ‰LvGb A cvGò AvGQ HA ‰wmW hvi Ka ‰i gvb ˆ`Iqv AvGQ Y2 ” ” ” = (molL–1)
V
1.8  104| myZivs cÉ`î gvb ˆ^GK ejv hvq HA ‰KwU `yeÆj
2
‰wmW| Avevi, B cvGò AvGQ NaOH `ËeY hv ‰KwU ZxeË Þvi ‰es XY ” ” ” =
V
(molL–1)
C cvGò iGqGQ ‰G`i wgkÉY| [XY]2
 ˆgvjvi mvgÅ aË‚eK, Kc =
myZivs C cvGò msNwUZ wewKÌqv nGjv [X2] [Y2]
HA + NaOH = ANa + H2O 22
wewKÌqv AbymvGi ejv hvq `ËeYwU ‰KwU AÁÏxq evdvi `ËeY| V 42
= =
‰B evdvi `ËeGY wKQy cwigvY HCl ˆhvM Kiv nGj ‰i pH ‰i a– b– (a–) (b–)

V V
gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe bv| KviY HA ‰KwU g†`y ‰wmW ‰es
‰i weGqvRb aË‚eK Ka ‰i gvb 1.8  104 hv Lye Kg| mvgÅveÕ©vi Avevi, Kp = Kc (RT)
n

`ËeGY H+, A I Na+ DcwÕ©Z ^vGK| ‰B evdvi `ËeGY wKQy cwigvY ˆhGnZz, n = 0
 Kp = Kc
94 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
myZivs DcGivÚ MYbv nGZ cÉvµ¦ mgxKiYB cÉ`î (i) bs wewKÌqvwUi 
M Avgiv Rvwb,
mvgÅ aË‚eGKi ivwkgvjv| H2SO4 ‰i AvYweK fi = 98 MÉvg
N 24(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| Av`kÆ AeÕ©vq,
1000 mL 1M ˆKvb `ËeGY H2SO4 ‰i cwigvY 98 MÉvg
cÉk
² 145
98  100
 100 mL 1M ” ” ” ” 1000 ”
100mL
0.1M 30mL
0.1M A+B 98  100  0.1
CH3COOH
NaOH
 100 mL 0.1M ” ” ”” 1000 ”
= 0.98 MÉvg
cvò-A cvò-B cvò-C myZivs A cvGò we`Ågvb H2SO4 ‰i cwigvY 0.98 MÉvg|
 wkLbdj: 10 I 11 [w`. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 5] N DóxcGK KvPh¯¨àGjvi gGaÅ A = KwbKÅvj dÑvÕ•, C = ˆgRvwis
K. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v Kx? 1 wmwj´£vi ‰es D = eyÅGiU| ‰iv gvwòK weGkÏlGYi RbÅ AcwinvhÆ|
L. CaCO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 8.7  10–9 ejGZ Kx eyS? 2 KwbKÅvj dÑvÕ•: ‰wU gƒjZ ‰KwU mi‚ MjvhyÚ PÅv¶Ÿv ZjvwewkÓ¡
M. A-cvGòi `ËeGYi pH MYbv KGiv| [Ka = 1.8  10–5] 3 KuvGPi dÑvÕ•| gvwòK weGkÏlGY ‰i ˆfZi Rvbv ev ARvbv Nbgvòvi
N. C-cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGj `ËeY wbGq cÉGqvRbgZ wbG`ÆkK ˆhvM Kiv nq| gvwòK weGkÏlGY
pH ‰i gvb KxfvGe AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 eyÅGiU ˆ^GK Aci ‰KwU `ËeY KwbKÅvj dÑvGÕ• ˆhvM KGi| wgkÉYGK
145 bs cÉGk²i Dîi PKÌvKvGi NywiGq UvBGUÇkb Kiv nq|
K ivmvqwbK DfgyLx wewKÌqvq hLb mÁÃyL wewKÌqvi ˆeM ‰es cøvr ˆgRvwis wmwj´£vi: ‰wU ˆPvOvK‡wZ ‰KgyL ˆLvjv I ‰KgyL e®¬ ‰es
wewKÌqvi ˆeM mgvb nq ZLb ˆmB AeÕ©vGK ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v mL ‰ `vMvwâZ wmwj´£vi AvK‡wZi ˆgvUv KuvPbj weGkl hv Zij
eGj| cwigvGc eÅen†Z nq| jÅveGiUwiGZ 5mL, 10mL, 50mL ‰es
L CaCO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 8.7  10–9 ejGZ eySvq wÕ©i 100mL mn wewf®² AvK‡wZi ˆgRvwis wmwj´£vi ^vGK| ˆh cwigvY
Zvcgvòvq mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY Ca2+ Avqb I CO32– AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Zij wbGZ nGe H cwigvGYi `vGMi ZiGji Lowest wgwbmKvm
Nbgvòvi àYdj 8.7  10–9 nq| A^Ævr chƯ¦ wbGZ nq|
CaCO3 HooooooI Ca2+ + CO32–
[Ca2+]  [CO32–] = 8.7  10–7
eyÅGiU: gvwòK weGkÏlGY ‰wU AbÅZg ‰es ‰KwU AcwinvhÆ Dcv`vb|
eyÅGiU ‰KwU `vMKvUv mylg wQ`ËwewkÓ¡ KuvPbj, Zvi ‰K cÉv¯¦ mi‚
M eBGqi AaÅvq-4 ‰i 69(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|

wPKb bGj cwiYZ Kiv ^vGK| mi‚ cÉvG¯¦i DcGi ‰KwU Õ¡cKKÆ
N eBGqi AaÅvq-4 ‰i 69(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|
 ^vGK| eyÅGiGUi mvnvGhÅ 1.0 mL AvqZb chƯ¦ ZijGK myÓ¤zfvGe
cÉk
² 146
 Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv hvq| AvqZwbK weGkÏlGY ˆh `ËeGYi Nbgvòv Rvbv
^vGK A^Ævr cÉgvY `ËeYGK eyÅGiGU ˆbqv nq|
cÉk
² 147 X2Y4 HoooooI 2XY2; H = +ve
100
mL 27C Zvcgvòvq ‰es 1 evqyPvGc X2Y4 ‰i 20% weGqvwRZ nq|
0.1M H2SO4  wkLbdj: 6 [P. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 4]
A B C D K. cybtPKÌvqb Kx? 1
wkLbdj : 3 [Kz. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 3] L. HClO4 ‰es HBrO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvb ‰wmGWi ZxeËZv ˆewk?
K. ˆgvjvwiwU Kx? 1 eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L. kxZKvGj ˆKvΣwKÌg eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 M. wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
M. A cvGò we`Ågvb H2SO4 ‰i cwigvY wbYÆq KGiv| 3 N. X2Y4 ‰i weGqvRb nËvm KiGZ wK wK c`GÞc MÉnY Kiv
N. gvwòK weGkÏlGY DóxcGKi KvPhG¯¨i ˆKvbàwj AcwinvhÆ ˆhGZ cvGi? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 147 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
146 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K cyivZb I eÅenvi AGhvMÅ mvgMÉxGK cÉwKÌqvKiY KGi cybivq
K wÕ©i DúZvq cÉwZ wjUvi `ËeGY `Ëexf„Z `ËGei MÉvg AvYweK fi eÅenvi DcGhvMx KGi ˆZvjvi c«¬wZGK cybtPKÌvqb eGj|
ev ˆgvj msLÅvGK H `ËeGY `ËewUi ˆgvjvwiwU ejv nq| +7 +7
L ˆKvΣwKÌg nGœQ cvwb, ˆZj A^ev PweÆi mg®¼Gq ŠZwi ‰K aiGbi L HClO4 ‰es HBrO4 ‰wmGWi gGaÅ HClO4 ‰i ZxeËZv ˆewk|
Bgvjkb A^Ævr ˆZGji gGaÅ cvwbi wgkÉY| kxZKvGj evZvGmi Av`ËÆZv KviY AGÝv ‰wmWmgƒGni ˆÞGò ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi abvñK RviY
Kg ^vKvq kixGii Z½K ˆ^GK Av`ÆËZv ÷Gl AwZwiÚ ÷Ó•Zvq ˆdGU msLÅv hZ ˆewk nGe H ‰wmGWi ZxeËZv ZZ ˆewk nq| ‰LvGb ˆhŒM
hvIqv nGZ myiÞvi RbÅ gƒjZ ˆKvΣwKÌg eÅen†Z nq| ‰wU Z½GK eÅenvi `ywUi ˆÞGò ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy `ywUi (Cl, Br) RviY msLÅv mgvb
Kiv nGj wKÌGgi Bgvjkb weGqvRGb cvwbi evÓ·xKiY NGU| ‰i dGj nIqvq ZxeËZv AvKvGii Dci wbfÆi KiGe| Avgiv Rvwb, Cl ‰i
Z½GK kxZj Abyf„wZ nq ‰es Z½K big I gm†Y ^vGK hv Z½GKi AvKvi Br ‰i ˆPGq ˆQvU| AvKvGi ˆQvU nIqvq ‰LvGb ˆKÑvwiGbi
cvwbkƒbÅZv nGZ iÞv KGi| dGj `xNÆ mgq aGi Z½K ÷Ó•Zv I i‚ÞZv PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk nGe| Avi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi NbZ½ ˆewk nGj ˆmB
ˆ^GK myiwÞZ ^vGK| ZvB kxZKvGj ˆKvΣwKÌg eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhŒGMi ZxeËZvI ˆewk nq| ZvB ZxeËZv KÌg nGjv HClO4 > HBrO4|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 95
M DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU
 148 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
X2Y4 HooooI2 XY2 ; H = + ve K ‰KK mgGq ‰KwU wewKÌqvi wewKÌqKmgƒGni Nbgvòv KZUzKz nËvm
mvgÅveÕ©vq : 1 mol 0 mol
cvq ev Drc®² c`vG^Æi Nbgvòv KZUzKz e†w«¬ cvq ZvGK H wewKÌqvi
mvgÅveÕ©vq : 1  0.2 2  0.2
MwZ eGj|
ev, 0.8 0.4
 mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU ˆgvjmsLÅv = (0.8 + 0.4) = 1.2 mol
L Zwor FYvñKZv ‰KwU chÆvqe†wîK agÆ| Avgiv Rvwb, ‰KB
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ˆgvU Pvc, P = 1 atm chÆvGqi evg ˆ^GK Wvb w`GK ˆMGj ˆgŒjmgƒGni Zwor FYvñKZv
0.8 e†w«¬ cvq| ZvB cÉGZÅK chÆvGqi MÉ‚c 1 ‰i ˆgŒjmgƒGni Zwor
 Px2Y4 =  1 = 0.667 atm FYvñKZv meGPGq Kg ‰es MÉ‚c 17 ‰i ˆgŒjmgƒGni Zwor
1.2
PXY2 =
0.4
 1 = 0.333 atm
FYvñKZv ˆewk| MÉ‚c 18 A^Ævr wbwÓ˜q MÅvGmi Zwor FYvñKZv
1.2 kƒbÅ| Avevi ‰KB MÉ‚Gc hZ wbGPi w`GK hvIqv hvq ZZB
(PXY2)2 (0.333)2
 wewKÌqvwUi Kp = = = 0.1663 atm ˆgŒjmgƒGni Zwor FYvñKZv nËvm cvq| ZvB chÆvq mviwYi WvGb
PX2Y4 0.667
AewÕ©Z wbwÓ˜q MÅvGmi cƒGeÆ ‰es MÉ‚Gc mevi DcGi AewÕ©Z
myZivs wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb 0.1663 atm. nIqvq 17 bs MÉ‚Gci 1g ˆgŒj ˆdÑvwib AbÅvbÅ ˆgŒj AGcÞv meÆvwaK
N DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj|
X2Y4 HooooI 2 XY2 ; H = + Ve M cÉ`î A `ËeYwU nGjv HCOOH ‰i `ËeY|
X2Y4 ‰i weGqvRb nËvm KiGZ wbGPi c`GÞcàGjv MÉnY Kiv ˆhGZ ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
cvGi HCOOH ‰i pKa = 3.8
1. Zvcgvòv nËvm: ˆhGnZz wewKÌqvwU ‰KwU Zvcnvix wewKÌqv ˆmGnZz ‰Lb, pKa = – log Ka
Zvc nËvm KiGj wewKÌqvwU cøvrgyLx nGe A^Ævr X2Y4 ‰i ev, 3.8 = – log Ka
weGqvRb nËvm cvGe| 1
2. Pvc e†w«¬: MÅvmxq mvgÅwewKÌqvi ˆÞGò DrcvG`i ˆgvjmsLÅv ev, 3.8 = log Ka ( )
wewKÌqGKi ˆgvj msLÅvi Zzjbvq AwaK nGj ˆmGÞGò Ave«¬ ev, 1 = 6309.57
cvGò ‰KB AvqZGb Pvc evGo| ‰me wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Pvc e†w«¬i Ka
 Ka = 1.585  10–4
dGj Drcv`b nËvm cvq| AwZwiÚ Pvc cÉGqvM Kivi dGj Pvc
‰Lb,
e†w«¬i djvdj cÉkwgZ Kivi RbÅ AvqZGbi nËvm NUGe dGj
`ËeGYi Nbgvòv, C = 0.5 M
wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©vi AeÕ©vb evg w`GK mGi hvGe ‰es –4
DrcvG`i cwigvY nËvm cvGe| A^Ævr wewKÌqvwUi weGqvRbgvòv nËvm   = KCa = 1.5850.5 10 = 0.018
cvGe| DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi ˆÞGò DrcvG`i ˆgvjmsLÅv wewKÌqK
ˆhGnZz,  ‰i gvb AGbK Kg| ZvB HCOOH ‰KwU g†`y ‰wmW|
AGcÞv ˆewk nIqvq Pvc e†w«¬i gvaÅGg wewKÌqvwUi weGqvRb
‰i AvswkK weGqvRGb Rjxq `ËeGY H+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv nGe
gvòvi nËvm NGU| [H+] =   C = 0.018  0.5 = 9  10–3
3. cÉfveK eÅenvi: ‰ wewKÌqvq DchyÚ FYvñK cÉfveK eÅenvi  pH = –log [H+] = – log (9  10–3) = 2.046
KGi wewKÌqvi MwZ nËvm Z^v XY4 ‰i weGqvRb KgvGbv hvq| myZivs, DcGivÚ MYbvbymvGi cÉvµ¦ A `ËeGYi pH nGjv 2.046|
4. DrcvG`i Nbgvòv e†w«¬: DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅaË‚eK N ‰LvGb cÉk² AbymvGi A `ËeYwU ‰KwU ‰wmWxq `ËeY ‰es B
(PXY2)2
Kp = `ËeYwU ‰KwU Þvixq `ËeY| myZivs ‰G`iGK wgwkÉZ KiGj cÉkgb
PX2Y4
wewKÌqv msNwUZ nGe|
‰ wewKÌqvq mvgÅveÕ©vq AwZwiÚ XY2 MÅvm ˆhvM KiGj XY2 Avgiv Rvwb, ZxeË AÁÏ I Þvi Rjxq `ËeGY mÁ·ƒYÆ wewkÏÓ¡ nGq H+ I
MÅvGmi Nbgvòv ˆeGo hvq| Kp ‰i gvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ DúZvq wÕ©i ivLvi OH Avqb Drc®² KGi ‰es cÉkgb wewKÌqvq jeY I cvwb Drc®²
RbÅ wKQy cwigvY X2Y4 Drc®² nGe A^Ævr X2Y4 ‰i weGqvRb nËvm KGi| ‰ wewKÌqvq wbMÆZ Zvc nGjv ‰KwU wÕ©i gvb 57.3 kJ|
cvGe| cÉ`î `ËeY«¼Gqi gGaÅ HCOOH ‰KwU `yeÆj ‰wmW I NaOH ‰KwU
cÉk
² 148 ZxeË Þvi| ‰G`i gaÅKvi cÉkgb wewKÌqv nGjv
(HCOO– + H+) + (Na+ + OH–) = Na+ + HCOO– + H2O
20 mL 20 mL mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvi cÉkgb ZvGci gvb wÕ©i gvGbi ˆPGq Kg nq|
0.5 M 0.5 M
HCOOH NaOH KviY HCOOH `yeÆj nIqvq jNy `ËeGYI cyGivcywi AvqwbZ nq bv|
A^P wewKÌqvq AskMÉnGYi cƒGeÆ HCOOH I NaOH ˆK cyGivcywi
A `ËeY B `ËeY
AvqwbZ nGZ nq| dGj AvswkK weGqvwRZ HCOOH ˆK AvqwbZ
(HCOOH ‰i pKa ‰i gvb 3.8)
 wkLbdj: 10 I 11 [wm. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 4]
KiGZ wKQy cwigvY kwÚ LiP nq| cÉkgb wewKÌqvq Drc®² Zvc ‰
K. wewKÌqvi MwZ Kx? 1 kwÚ ˆhvMvq| ‰RbÅ HCOOH I NaOH ‰i cÉkgGbi ˆÞGò wÕ©i
L. F meÆvwaK Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 gvGbi ˆPGq wKQyUv Kg cwigvY ZvckwÚ wbMÆZ nq ‰es ‰B gvb
M. 'A' `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| 3 nGjv 56.07 kJ| ZvB ejv hvq ˆh cÉ`î wgkÉGYi ‰KwU `yeÆj ‰wmW
N. 'A' `ËeGYi mvG^ 'B' `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj cÉkgb Zvc wÕ©i
‰es ‰B `yeÆj ‰wmGWi weGqvRGb cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ eÅq nIqvq ‰B
^vKGe wK? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 wgkÉGYi cÉkgb ZvGci gvb wÕ©i gvGbi ˆPGq Kg nq|
96 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

cÉk
² 149

20 mL 6 mL 150 mL 0.85 M DwÍÏwLZ H2SO4 ‰es NaOH `ËeY«¼q wgwkÉZ KiGj `ËeGY AewkÓ¡
0.1M 0.025 M CH3COOH
H2SO4 ^vKGe (2  0.075) = 1.925 mL 1M H2SO4|
H2SO4 NaOH Ka = 1.85  10–5
A B C ˆhGnZz wgkÉYwU cÉkwgZ nIqvi ciI AwZwiÚ H2SO4 wgkÉGY
 wkLbdj: 10 [h. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 2] DcwÕ©Z ^vGK, ˆmGnZz wgkÉGYi cÉK‡wZ AÁÏxq nGe|
K. Lv`Å wbivcîv Kx? 1 
cÉk ² 150 (i) A2(g) + 3B2(g) HoooooI 2AB3(g) + Zvc
L. Lv`Å ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY ‰MRmwUs ˆKb Kiv nq? 2 (ii) X2(g) + Y2(g) HoooooI 2XY(g) – Zvc
M. (B + C) `ËeGYi pH ˆei KGiv| 3  wkLbdj: 6 [e. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 4]
N. (A + B) wgkÉGYi cÉK‡wZ wK nGe, weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 K. jv-kvGZjxqGii bxwZ Kx? 1
149 bs cÉGk²i Dîi L. HNO3 I H3PO4- ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU kwÚkvjx ‰wmW ‰es
K Lv`Å wbivcîv nGjv weævb mÁÃZ wKQy bxwZgvjv ˆhLvGb Lv`Å ˆKb? 2
eÕ§i cÉwKÌqvRvZKiY nGZ ÷i‚ KGi msiÞY chƯ¦ mwVK wbG`Ækbv M. DóxcGKi (i)bs wewKÌqvi RbÅ weGqvRb gvòv mvGcGÞ Kp-
^vGK| ‰i ivwkgvjv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
L Lv`Å cÉwKÌqvRvZKiGYi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ avc nGjv ‰MRmwUs| ‰ 1
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqv«¼Gqi RbÅ T ebvg log Kp- ‰i ˆjLwPò
avGc Lv`ÅGK ˆKŒUvq ˆiGL DchyÚ wcÉRviGfwUfm ˆhvM KGi H
2
ˆKŒUvGK 3 Ask cvwbGZ WzweGq 95-110oC Zvcgvòvq 5-7 wgwbU AsKb KGi ‰i ZvrchÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
150 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
D Kiv nq| ‰GZ KGi ˆKŒUvi mgÕ¦ evqy ˆei nGq hvq| dGj
Rxeb aviGbi AbycGhvMx nIqvq ˆKŒUvq ˆKvGbv AYyRxe R¯ÃvGZ  K ˆKvGbv ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv mvgÅeÕ©vq DcbxZ nIqvi ci hw` H
cvGi bv ‰es ‰B evqykƒbÅ cwiGeGk Lv`Å mnGRB `xNÆw`b aGi wewKÌ qvi ‰KwU wbqvgK (Zvcgvòv, Pvc, Nbgvòv) cwieZÆb Kiv nq
msiwÞZ ^vGK| ZGe mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb ‰gbfvGe cwiewZÆZ nGe ˆhb wbqvgK
cwieZÆGbi djvdj cÉkwgZ nq|
M (B + C) `ËeGYi pH wbYÆq:
6 mL 0.025M NaOH  1M 0.15 mL L ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi RviY gvGbi Dci Aw݉wmGWi ZxeËZv wbfÆi
150 mL 0.85M CH3COOH  1M 127.5 mL KGi| RviY gvb hZ ˆewk nGe ZxeËZv ZZ ˆewk nGe| Avevi RviY
CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O
gvb ‰KB nGj hvi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi AvKvi ˆQvU nGe ˆmwU ZZ ZxeË
(127.5  0.15)mL (0.15  0.15)mL 0.15mL
= 127.35mL =0 nGe| HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰wWm«¼Gq ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi RviY msLÅv
+1 +5 3 +3 +5 3
wgkÉGYi ˆgvU AvqZb = (127.5 + 0.15) mL (HNO3, HPO) ‰KB nIqvi mGî½I HNO3 ZxeË ‰wmW| KviY N
= 127.65 mL
‰i AvKvi P AGcÞv ˆQvU nIqvq N ‰i PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk| dGj
0.15  1
jeGYi Nbgvòv = 127.65 HNO3 ‰i ZxeËZv ˆewk nq|
= 0.001175 M M 118(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c|

127.35  1
‰wmGWi Nbgvòv =
127.65
M N cÉ`î wewKÌqv `ywU h^vKÌGg

= 0.9976 M i) A2 + 3B3 HoooI 2AB2 + Zvc
ˆn´£vi mb mgxKiY Abyhvqx ii) X2 + Y2 HoooI 2XY – Zvc
[jeY] wewKÌqv `ywUi gGaÅ (i) bs Zvc Drcv`x ‰es (ii) bs Zvcnvix wewKÌqv|
pH = pKa + log
[‰wmW] DfgyLx wewKÌqvq mvgÅeÕ©vq mvgÅaË‚eGKi Ici Zvcgvòvi
[0.001175]
= –log (1.85  10–5) + log
[0.9976]
wbfÆikxjZv fÅv´Ÿ nGdi mgxKiY «¼viv eÅvLÅv Kiv hvq|
–H 1
= 4.73 – 2.928 = 1.804 logKP =  + aË‚eK
2.303R T
N DóxcGKi A cvGòi ˆÞGò,
[‰LvGb cÉZxK mgƒn mvaviY A^ÆævcK]
20 mL 0.1 M H2SO4 `ËeY  (20  0.1) mL 1M H2SO4 `ËeY
Zvc Drcv`x wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò
 2 mL 1 M H2SO4 `ËeY|
B cvGòi ˆÞGò,
6mL 0.025 M NaOH `ËeY  (6  0.025) mL 1M NaOH `ËeY
 0.15 mL 1M NaOH `ËeY|
mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqv
H2SO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
logKP

A^Ævr,
2 mol NaOH ˆK cÉkwgZ KiGZ cÉGqvRb = 1 mol H2SO4
0.15
 0.15 mL 1M ˆK cÉkwgZ KiGZ cÉGqvRb = 2 mol ” 1
T
= 0.075 mol H2SO4
wPò: Zvc Drcv`x wewKÌqvi ˆjL|
wK¯§ wgkÉGY 2 mL 1M H2SO4 `ËeY AvGQ|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 97
cÉk
² 152
ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò T e†w«¬ ˆcGj T nËvm cvq ‰es logKp 
1
O2(g)
‰i gvbI nËvm cvq| A^Ævr ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv C(s)
H =
CO2(s)
1
evovGj mvgÅaË‚eGKi gvb nËvm ‰es wewKÌqvi MwZGeM nËvm cvq| 2
O2(g)
H2 = – 282.96 kJ
Zvcnvix wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò H1 = – 110.54 kJ 1
O2(g)
CO(g) 2

 wkLbdj: 13 [Xv. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 4]

K. `ËeY Zvc KvGK eGj? 1
logKP

L. “ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË ÞvGii wewKÌqvq cÉkgb ZvGci gvb

aË~e” eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGK cÉ`î WvUv ˆ^GK CO2 Drcv`Gb H-‰i gvb
1 wnmve KGiv| 3
T
N. “ˆnGmi mƒò kwÚi AwebvwkZvev` mƒGòi wf®²i…c”
wPò: Zvcnvix wewKÌqvi ˆjL| DóxcGKi AvGjvGK gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
1
Zvcgvòv T evovGj T nËvm cvq ‰es logKp gvb e†w«¬ cvq| A^Ævr 152 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj mvgÅaË‚eGKi gvb ‰es wewKÌqvi MwZ e†w«¬  K 1 MÉvg ˆgvj `ËeGK hG^Ó¡ cwigvY (ˆh AeÕ©vq AvGiv `ËveK
cvq| ˆhvM KiGj Zvcgvòv AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK) `ËveGK `Ëexf„Z Kiv nGj ˆh
cÉk
 ² 151 iÚiGm ‰wmW I jeGYi Nbgvòvi AbycvZ 0.05 ‰es cwigvY ZvGci cwieZÆb nq ZvGK H `ËGei `ËeY Zvc eGj|
iGÚi pH 7.4| ‰K weGkl ivmvqwbK wmGÕ¡Ggi KviGY UK RvZxq  L mKj ZxeË ‰wmW I ÞvGii cÉkgb-Zvc cÉvq mgvb ‰es ‰i gvb
dj ˆhgb ˆjey ‰es ÞviagÆx wewf®² AÁÏbvkK Jla ˆmeGbi cGiI
–57.3 kJmol–1| ‰i KviY ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË Þvi DfqB Rjxq
DÚ pH gvGbi ˆZgb ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb NGU bv|
 wkLbdj: 8 I 12 [e. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 5]
`ËeGY mÁ·ƒYÆ AvqwbZ AeÕ©vq ^vGK| Avevi cÉkgb wewKÌqvq ˆh
1 Zvc Drc®² nq Zv ˆKejgvò H (aq) + OH (aq)  H2O(l) ‰
+ +
K. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj Kx?
L. `ËeGY NH4+ AvqbGK KxfvGe mbvÚ Kiv hvq? 2 wewKÌqvi RbÅ NGU| ˆhgb-
M. iÚiGm we`Ågvb ‰wmWwUi Ka-‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3 H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)  H2O(l)
N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK iGÚi pH gvb wÕ©i ^vKvi welqwU + Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 wbU wewKÌqv: H (aq) + OH (aq)  H2O(l)
+ –

151 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

ZvB mKj ZxeË I ZxeË ÞvGii wewKÌqvi dGj ‰B ‰KB wbU-wewKÌqv
K ˆh mKj ˆgŒGji meÆtewnÕ© KÞcG^ d AiweUvj BGjKUÇb «¼viv msNwUZ nq| A^Ævr 1.0 ˆgvj cvwb Drcv`Gb ‰KB cwigvY Zvc meÆ`v
AvswkK cƒYÆ (d19) ^vGK ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj| Drc®² nq| ‰RbÅ ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË ÞvGii RbÅ cÉkgb-ZvGci gvb
L 1-2 mol gƒj `ËeGY A^Ævr AÅvGgvwbqvg jeGYi `ËeGY KGqK aË‚eK ^vGK A^Ævr 57.3 kJmol–1 nq|
ˆduvUv ˆbjmvi `ËeY (K2HgI4 + KOH) ˆhvM KiGj ev`vgx eGYÆi
M cÉk² AbymvGi C I O2 ‰i `nb wewKÌqvq CO2 Drcv`Gbi
AatGÞc cGo hv NH4+ AvqGbi DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ KGi| msNwUZ
wewKÌqvmgƒn wbÁ²i…ct wewKÌ
qvwU `ywU wf®² DcvGq msNwUZ nq| cÉ^g DcvGq wewKÌqvwU ‰K
NH4Cl + NaOH  NaCl + NH3 + H2O avGc ‰es 2q DcvGq wewKÌqvwU `yB avGc msNwUZ nq|
K2HgI4  2KI + HgI2 (i) C + O2  CO2 ; H = ?
2HgI2 HoooI Hg2I4 1
(ii) C + O2  CO ; H1 =  110.54 kJ
2NH3 + Hg2I4  NH4I + NH2(HgI3) 2
ev`vgx AatGÞc 1
CO + O2  CO2 ; H2 =  282.9 kJ
2
M Avgiv Rvwb,
 ˆnGmi Zvc mgwÓ¡KiY mƒò nGZ,
[jeY] H = H1 + H2
pH = pKa + log ... (i)
[‰wmW] = (110.54  282.9) kJ
‰LvGb iGÚi pH = 7.4 =  393.44 kJ
[‰wmW]  H =  393.44 kJ
‰es [jeY] = 0.05 myZivs ˆnGmi mƒò cÉGqvM KGi cÉvµ¦ CO2 ‰i H ‰i gvb nGjv 393.44kJ|
(i) bs nGZ cvB N kwÚi AwebvwkZvev` mƒòvbymvGi kwÚ m†wÓ¡ wKsev ev a»sm nq
7.4 = pKa – log (0.05) bv| ˆnGmi mƒò kwÚi AwebvwkZvev` mƒGòi ‰KwU wf®²i…c| welqwU
Ka = 7.96  107 cÉ`î cÉGk²i AvGjvGK wbÁ²i…Gc weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv:
myZivs DcGivÚ MYbv nGZ cÉvµ¦ iÚiGmi Ka ‰i gvb nGjv 7.96  107| ‰LvGb gƒj wewKÌqvwUi wewKÌqK C ‰es Drcv` CO2| wewKÌqK C
N 125(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| nGZ Drcv` CO2 ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ cÉk² AbymvGi `ywU wf®² c^
98 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
AejÁ¼b Kiv nGqGQ| cÉ^g cG^, C nGZ CO2 cÉvwµ¦GZ ZvckwÚi wewKÌqvwU Zvc Drcv`x nIqvq Zvc cÉGqvGM mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb evGg
cwieZÆb H =  393.4 kJ (‘M’ nGZ cÉvµ¦)| Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGe| Zv mGî½I wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬i RbÅ AZÅvbyK„j
w«¼Zxq cG^, cÉ^g avGc, C nGZ CO cÉvwµ¦GZ ZvckwÚi cwieZÆb, Zvcgvòv 550°C cÉ`vb KiGj mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb WvGb Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ
H1 = 110.54 kJ I w«¼Zxq avGc, CO nGZ CO2 cÉvwµ¦GZ ZvckwÚi nGe|
cwieZÆb H2 = 282.9 kJ| Avgiv Rvwb, ˆnGmi mƒòvbyhvqx, H =
H1 + H2
mvGgÅi AeÕ©vGbi Dci cÉfveGKi cÉfve bv ^vKGjI wewKÌqvi nvi
cÉ`î WvUv Abyhvqx wnmve KGi ˆnGmi mƒòwUi mZÅZv cÉgvwYZ e†w«¬i RbÅ Fe3O4 cÉfveGKi mvG^ KOH I Al2O3 wgwkÉZ Kiv nGj
nGqGQ| A^Ævr wewKÌqvwU hZ msLÅK avGc ˆhfvGeB NUzK bv ˆKGbv wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬ cvGe|
ZvckwÚi cwieZÆb ˆhGKvGbv cG^ ‰KB ^vGK| A^Ævr kwÚi jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ cÉGqvM KGi N2 I H2 nGZ NH3 Drcv`b e†w«¬i
ˆKvGbvi…c cwieZÆb ev kwÚ m†wÓ¡ ev a»sm nq bv| kZÆmgƒn Pvc e†w«¬, AZÅvbyK„j Zvcgvòv cÉ`vb ‰es cÉfveK|
AZ‰e, DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq ˆnGmi mƒò kwÚi kZÆmgƒn AbymiY KiGj NH3 Drcv`b mGeÆvœP cwigvGY e†w«¬ cvGe|
msiÞYkxjZvi bxwZ AbymiY KGi PGj| ZvB ejv hvq ˆnGmi mƒò  cÉk
² 154
kwÚi AwebvwkZvev` mƒGòi ‰KwU wf®²i…c|
cÉk
 ² 153 A2(g) I B2(g) `y’wU MÅvm wgkÉY 500C Zvcgvòvq I
50atm PvGc wewKÌqv KGi mvgÅveÕ©vq 25% AB3(g) Drc®² KGi ‰es 70 mL 0.1M 30 mL 0.1M
HA `ËeY NaOH `ËeY
92kJ Zvc Drc®² nq|  wkLbdj: 5 I 6 [Xv. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 5]
K. fi wKÌqv mƒòwU eYÆbv Ki| 1
wPò :1bs `ËeY wPò :2bs `ËeY
L. Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKm nvGWÆwbs KvGK eGj? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2  wkLbdj: 10 [iv. ˆev. 2015  cÉk² bs 1]
M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi Kp-‰i gvb wbYÆq Ki| 3 K. ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd Kx? 1
N. jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ cÉGqvM KGi KxfvGe mGeÆvœP cwigvY L. ˆgvjvwiwU Zvcgvòvi Dci wbfÆikxj ˆKb? 2
Drcv` Drc®² Kiv hvq DóxcGKi AvGjvGK AvGjvPbv Ki| 4 M. 1bs `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb KZ? (Ka = 1. 8  10–5) 3
153 bs cÉGk²i Dîi N. 1bs `ËeGYi gGaÅ 2bs `ËeY mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc wgwkÉZ Kiv nj| DÚ
wgkÉGYi pH MYbvi mgxKiY hywÚmn DcÕ©vcb Ki| 4
K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq, wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq ˆh ˆKvb wewKÌqvi nvi H mgGq 154 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
DcwÕ©Z wewKÌqK AYyàGjvi mwKÌq fGii (ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv, AvswkK
Pvc) mgvbycvwZK nq| K ˆh c«¬wZi gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv wgkÉGYi Dcv`vbGK wÕ©i `kv I
Pjgvb `kvi gvaÅGg c†^KxKiY Kiv nq ZvGK ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd eGj|
L ˆhme LvG`Å `Ëexf„Z wPwb I AbÅvbÅ KwVb c`v^Æ DœP Nbgvòvq
enb KGi ˆhme Lv`Å ÷Ó• KiGY ˆKm nvGWÆwbs cÉ`kÆb KGi| D  L ˆgvjvwiwU Zvcgvòv «¼viv cÉfvweZ nq, ˆKbbv ‰wU `ËeGYi
evqy LvG`Åi wewf®² Õ¦i nGZ cvwb AcmviY KiGZ ^vGK| Lv`ÅwÕ©Z AvqZGbi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ| ˆKvb c`vG^Æi AvqZb Zvcgvòvi
cwieZÆGbi mvG^ cwiewZÆZ nq|
wewf®² wQ`Ë I bvjxcG^ cvwb ˆKG±`Êi w`K nGZ evBGi evqyi mvw®²GaÅ
AvmGZ ^vGK| KÅvwcjvwi cvwb wewf®² aiGbi wPwb, jeY, `Ëexf„Z ˆgvjvwiwUi cÉKvk nGjv: M =  ˆgvj (mol/L)|
c`v^Æ enb KGi wbGq AvGm| hv DîvGc cvwb evÓ·xf„Z nGj ‰ mKj AvqZb
c`v^Æ LvG`Åi MvGq RGg ˆKBm nvGWÆwbs m†wÓ¡ KGi| Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ ˆcGj AvqZb ˆeGo hvq ‰es Zvcgvòv nËvm ˆcGj
AvqZb nËvm cvq| myZivs, Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ ˆcGj ˆgvjvwiwU nËvm cvq
M 35(M) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi Abyi…c| ‰es Zvcgvòv nËvm ˆcGj ˆgvjvwiwU e†w«¬ cvq|
N DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi n =  2 ‰es Zvc Drcv`x nIqvq  M DóxcGKi 1bs `ËeYwUGK (HA= CH3COOH) wnGmGe cwiMwYZ
wewKÌqvwUi Dci PvGci ‰es Zvcgvòvi cÉfve iGqGQ| Kiv hvq| KviY cÉ`î Ka ‰i gvb (1.8  105) CH3 COOH ‰i
ˆh mKj wewKÌqvq n  0, H mKj wewKÌqvq Pvc cÉGqvGM mvGgÅi mvG^ mãwZcƒYÆ| `ƒeÆj ‰wmW Rjxq `ËeGY mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc AvqwbZ nq bv|
AeÕ©vb WvGb wKsev evGg Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| Aciw`GK ˆh mKj cÉkg² GZ, Ka = 1.8  10–5
wewKÌqvq H ‰i gvb abvñK, Zvcgvòv e†w«¬GZ wewKÌqvi mvGgÅi C = 0.1M
Ka
AeÕ©vb WvGb Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| Avevi, H FYvñK nGj Zvc nËvGm Avgi Rvwb,  = C
mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb WvGb Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| 1.8  10–5
= = 1.8  10–4
DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi n =  2 ‰es Zvc Drcv`x| wewKÌqvwUi Kp 0.1
= 1.3416  10–2
‰i mgxKiY wbÁ²i…c DóxcGKi ‰wmWwU `yeÆj ‰wmW| ZvB ‰wU AvswkK weGqvwRZ nGe|
16 2(2)2  H+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv =   C
Kp =
27 (1)4 P2  [H+] = 1.3416  10–2  0.1 = 1.3416  10–3M
64 x2  pH =  1og [H+]
 Kp = 27 P2 [hLb x<<1] =  1og (1.3416  10–3)
= 2.872
27
 x2 = K P2
64 p
N DóxcGK cÉ`î 1 bs `ËeGYi weGqvRb aË‚eK ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh,
mgxKiYwU wbG`Æk KiGQ wÕ©i Zvcgvòvq ˆgvU Pvc hZB e†w«¬ cvGe ‰wU ‰KwU `ƒeÆj ‰wmW| HA ‰i weGqvRb wbGÁ²vÚfvGe cÉKvk Kiv
Drcv`Gbi gvb ZGZvB e†w«¬ cvGe| hvq:
HA + H2O HoooooI H3O+ + A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 99
mijZvi RbÅ H3O+ ˆK H+ wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv hvq| ‰GÞGò mvgÅ mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = a   + 2 = a + 
wewKÌqv nGe, mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU Pvc P nGj, AvskK Pvc nGe
+ 
HA + H2O HoooooI H3O + A a 
‰B mgxKiYwU HA-‰i H+ I A AvqGb weGqvRb eySvq| N2O4 ‰i AvswkK Pvc PN2O4 = a +  . P
[H+] [A]
fiwKÌqvi mƒòvbyhvqx, Ka = [HA] , NO2 ‰i AvswkK Pvc PNO2= a +  . P
2
[HA]
ev, [H+] = Ka [A]  2 .P2
(P NO )2 a +   42
[HA] 2
ev, log [H+] = log Ka + log [A]  Kp =
P N2O4
=
a
=
a2  2
.P

[HA] a+
ev,  log [H+] =  log Ka  log [A]
N mswkÏÓ¡ mgxKiY nGjv,

[‰wmW] 
pH = pKa  log N2O4 (g) HoooooooooI 2NO2(g)
[jeY]
[jeY] cÉviwÁ¿K ˆgvj msLÅv a 0
= pKa + log
[‰wmW] mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvj msLÅv (a  ) 2 (gGb Kwi mvgÅveÕ©vq  ˆgvj
DóxcGKi 2bs `ËeGYi 30 mL 0.1M NaOH 1bs `ËeGYi 30 mL N2O4 weGqvwRZ nq)
0.1M CH3COOH ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi 30 mL 0.1M gGb Kwi, 1 ˆgvj N2O4 ˆbIqv nGqGQ; A^Ævr a = 1 ˆgvj|
CH3COONa ŠZwi KiGe| myZivs, (70  30) = 40 mL 0.1 M cÉkg² GZ 300 K (27°C) Zvcgvòv I 1 atm PvGc
CH3COOH AewkÓ¡ ^vKGe| A^Ævr jeY I ‰wmGWi Nbgvòvi  = 25% = 0.25 ˆgvj|
AbycvZ 30 : 40 nGe| DGÍÏwLZ (ˆn´£vimb) mgxKiY Abyhvqx| a Kp
30 Avgiv Rvwb, DcwiDÚ mgxKiGYi RbÅ,  = 2 P
pH = pKa + log
40 ˆhLvGb a = cÉviwÁ¿K ˆgvj msLÅv
3
= 4.74 + log = 4.62 1 Kp
4 A^Ævr, 0.25 = 2 1 atm
cÉk
² 155 27C Zvcgvòvq 1atm. PvGc N2O4 ‰i 25%
ev, Kp = (0.25  2)2 = 0.25 atm
weGqvwRZ nq|  wkLbdj: 4 I 6 [iv. ˆev. 2015  cÉk² bs 4]
K. jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ Kx? 1 ‰Lb, P = 0.5 emvGj weGqvRGbi cwigvY,
1 Kp 1 0.25
L. HF I NaOH ‰i cÉkgb Zvc  57.34kJ AGcÞv ˆewk = =
2 0.5 2 0.5
ˆKb? 2 1
M. DóxcGK msNwUZ wewKÌqvwUi Kp-‰i ivwkgvjv cÉwZcv`b =  0.707 = 0.354
2
Ki| 3 A^Ævr, weGqvRb gvòv 35.4%|
N. Zvcgvòv wÕ©i ˆiGL Pvc AGaÆK Kiv nGj N2O4 ‰i
AZ‰e, 300 K Zvcgvòvq 0.5 atm PvGc N2O4 ‰i weGqvRbgvòv
weGqvRb gvòvi Kx cwieZÆb NUGe Zv MvwYwZKfvGe
25% ˆ^GK e†w«¬ ˆcGq 35.4% ‰ DcbxZ nGe|
weGkÏlY Ki| 4
155 bs cÉGk²i Dîi DGÍÏwLZ wewKÌqvq wewKÌqGKi ˆPGq DrcvG`i ˆgvj msLÅv ˆewk, ZvB
K ˆKvGbv wewKÌqv mvgÅveÕ©vq ^vKvKvGj hw` ‰KwU wbqvgK ‰GÞGò Pvc e†w«¬ KiGj Drcv`b nËvm cvq| myZivs, ‰B wewKÌqvq
(ˆhgb- Zvcgvòv, Nbgvòv I Pvc) cwieZÆb Kiv nq ZGe mvGgÅi Pvc AGaÆK ev nËvm Kiv nGj weGqvRbgvòv e†w«¬ cvq| A^Ævr NO2
AeÕ©vb ‰gbfvGe cwieZÆb nGe ˆhb wbqvgK cwieZÆGbi djvdj ‰i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvq|
cÉkwgZ nq| cÉk
² 156

L HF(aq) ‰es ˆmvwWqvg nvBGWÈvÝvBW (NaOH) ‰i ˆÞGò wÕ©i 100 A ....... B ......C
90
ZvGci ˆPGq wKQy cwigvY ˆewk Zvc Drc®² nq| KviY Drc®² jeY
wefe kwÚ (kJ/mol)

80
ˆmvwWqvg ˆdÑvivBW (NaF) cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z nGq Na+ ‰es F Avqb 70
60
Drc®² KGi| F AvqGbi PvGRÆi NbZ½ AbÅvbÅ AvqGbi ˆPGq ˆewk 50
nIqvq F ‰i mvG^ `ËveK cvwb ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe wKQyUv ˆewk 40
30
`†pfvGe hyÚ nq dGj wbMÆZ Zvc kwÚ ˆewk nq| ‰GK `ËveK 20
hyÚKiY kwÚ eGj| 10 A + BC
5 AB + C
HF(ag) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + Na+ (aq) + F–(aq), H = –68.6 kJ
wewKÌqvi AMÉMwZ
‰ kwÚi KviGY NaOH I HF-‰i cÉkgb ZvGci gvb wÕ©i gvGbi DÚ ˆjLwPGòi AvGjvGK wbGÁ²i cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI:
ˆPGq wKQyUv ˆewk nq|  wkLbdj: 1 I 2 [w`. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 2]
M bvBGUÇvGRb ˆUUÇvÝvBGWi weGqvRb: V wjUvi AvqZGbi ‰KwU K. ˆcvjvivqb Kx? 1
cvGò a ˆgvj N2O4 -ˆK D KiGj NO2 Drc®² nq ‰es ‰K L. cvwb ‰KwU DfagÆx c`v^Æ  ˆKb? 2
chÆvGq mvgÅveÕ©vq DcbxZ nq| gGb Kwi mvgÅveÕ©vq  ˆgvj M. DóxcGKi ˆjLwPò nGZ mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚ I
N2O4 weGqvwRZ nq| wewKÌqv Zvc wbYÆq Ki| 3
wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c : N2O4 HooooI 2NO2 N. DóxcGKi mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvwUGZ abvñK I FYvñK cÉfveK
cÉviwÁ¿K ˆgvj msLÅv a 0 msGhvM KiGj wewKÌqvi nvi KxfvGe cÉfvweZ nq? mwKÌqb
mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvj msLÅv a 2
kwÚ AvGjvGK eÅvLÅv Ki| 4
100 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
156 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ‰KwU AvqGbi cÉfvGe AbÅ AvqGbi BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi weK‡wZ
 FYvñK cÉfveK mÁ¼wjZ
Ea wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚ
msNwUZ nIqvGK ˆcvjvivqb eGj|

wefe kwÚ
Ea
AcÉfvweZ wewKÌqvq mwKÌqb
L cvwb AÁÏ I ÞviK Dfq i…Gc wewKÌqv KiGZ cvGi| KviY cvwb

kwÚ
AÅvGgvwbqvGK ˆcÉvUb `vb KGi AGÁÏi bÅvq AvPiY KGi| A + BC
+ 
NH3 + H2O HoooooI NH4 . + OH AB + C
ÞviK AÁÏ wewKÌqvi AMÉMwZ 
Avevi, cvwb HCl ˆ^GK ˆcÉvUb MÉnY KGi ÞviGKi bÅvq AvPiY KGi| ² 157 cvGòi `ËeY `y’wU jÞÅ Ki| ˆhLvGb HA ‰KwU ŠRe
cÉk
HCl + H2O HoooooI H3O+ + Cl ‰wmW ‰es MOH ‰KwU ZxeË Þvi|
AÁÏ ÞviK
A^Ævr cvwb AÁÏ I ÞviK Dfqi…Gc AvPiY KiGZ cvGi| ZvB cvwb
‰KwU DfagÆx c`v^Æ| 600 mL 400 mL
M ‰LvGb,
A...... B......C MVGb wefe kwÚ = 90 kJ/mol
0.1M HA `ËeY 0.1M MOH
A + BC fvOvi wefe kwÚ = 20 kJ/mol (1g cvò) `ËeY (2q cvò)
AB + C MVGbi wefe kwÚ = 5 kJ/mol  wkLbdj: 10 [w`. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 4]
 mwKÌqb kwÚ = (90  20) = 70 kJ/mol K. R Kx? 1
 wewKÌqv Zvc = (5  20) =  15 kJ/mol L. Zn avZzGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj ejv nq bv ˆKb? 2
N DóxcGKi mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvwUGZ aYvñK I FYvñK cÉfveK msGhvM M. HA ‰wmGWi weGqvRb aË‚eK Ka = 1.8  10–5 nGj cÉ^g
KiGj wewKÌqvi nvi cwiewZÆZ nq, wbGP Zv AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv: cvGòi `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb wbYÆq Ki| 3
abvñK cÉfveK: abvñK cÉfveGKi DcwÕ©wZGZ ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvi N. Dfq cvGòi `ËeYGK ‰KGò wgwkÉZ KGi, cÉvµ¦ `ËeGY mvgvbÅ
MwZGeM e†w«¬ cvq| KviY: abvñK cÉfveK wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚGK ‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj pH ‰i wKi…c cwieZÆb NGU weGkÏlY
nËvm KGi| dGj AwaK msLÅv AYy wewKÌqv KiGZ cvGi| Ki| 4
ˆhgb: bvBGUÇvGRb (N2) I nvBGWÈvGRb (H2) ‰i msGkÏlY wewKÌqvq 157 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
kZ kZ AÅvGgvwbqv (NH3) Drcv`Gbi RbÅ mvgvbÅ ˆjvnvi P„YÆB
hG^Ó¡| K Rf nj Dcv`vb I `ËveK KZ‡ÆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiGZ½i AbycvZ|

Fe P„YÆ L ˆh me ˆgŒGji wÕ©wZkxj AvqGb d1 ˆ^GK d9 KvVvGgvi
N2 + 3H2 HoooooooI 2NH3
BGjKUÇb webÅvm ^vGK, ZvG`iGK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj eGj| wRsK (Zn)
‰GÞGò, ˆjvnvi P„GYÆi DcwÕ©wZi KviGY
‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c :
wewKÌqvi MwZ e†w«¬ cvq| 2 2 6 2 6 10 2
Zn (30)  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
A ..... B ...... C
wRsK ‰i wÕ©wZkxj Avqb Zn2+ ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c:
AcÉfvweZ wewKÌqvi Zn2+ (30)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
mwKÌqb kwÚ
 wefe kwÚ

Ea ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh, Zn2+ ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvGm d10 KvVvGgv we`Ågvb|

abvñK cÉfveK mÁ¼wjZ myZivs msævbymvGi, Zn AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq|
Ea wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚ
M awi, weGqvRbgvòv = 
A + BC HA AvqwbZ nIqvi wewKÌqv wbÁ²i…c:
AB + C
HA HoooooI A + H+
 wewKÌqvi AMÉMwZ 0.1(1  ) 0.1  0.1
0.1  0.1
FYvñK cÉfveK: FYvñK cÉfveGKi DcwÕ©wZGZ ivmvqwbK  Ka =
0.1 (1  )
wewKÌqvi MwZGeGMi nËvm NGU| KviY FYvñK cÉfveK wewKÌqAi = 0.1 2 [ 1    1]
mwKÌqb kwÚGK e†w«¬ KGi| dGj Kg msLÅK AYy wewKÌqv MÉnY KiGZ Ka
  =
cvGi| ˆhgb: ˆKÑvGivdgÆ evqyi AwÝGRb «¼viv RvwiZ nGq welvÚ 0.1
dmwRb MÅvm Drc®² KGi| 1.8  105
=
CHCl3 + [O]  COCl2 + HCl 0.1
= 1.34  102
‰GÞGò B^vbGji DcwÕ©wZGZ wewKÌqvi MwZGeGMi nËvm NGU| [H+] = (0.1  1.34  102) M
= 1.34  103 M
 pH =  log [H+]
=  log (1.34  103) = 2.872
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 101
5
N DóxcGKi 1bs I 2bs cvGòi `ËeY `ywUGK ‰KGò wgwkÉZ KiGj =
256 
Drc®² `ËeYwU nq AÁÏxq evdvGi `ËeY| ˆKbbv HA nj `ƒeÆj ‰wmW (3 + 2)3 (2  2)2
25635
‰es MOH nj ZxeËÞvi|  KP =
(3 + 2)3 (1  )2
mvgÅveÕ©vq `ËeYwUGZ H+, A I M+ DcwÕ©Z ^vGK| ‰ `ËeYwUGZ myZivs, 2N O HoooooI 4NO + O mgxKiYwUi K ‰i ivwkgvjv
2 5 2 2 P
mvgvbÅ ‰wmW ˆhvM Kiv nGj ‰wmGWi H+ evdvi `ËeGYi A ‰i 2565
KP =
mvG^ hyÚ nGq HA cwiYZ nq| (3 + 2) (1  )2
 +
A + H HoooooI HA N DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUGZ mGeÆvœP cwigvY Drcv` cvIqvi kZÆ nGjv
ˆhGnZz Drc®² HA ‰KwU `yeÆj ‰wmW| ZvB ‰ wewKÌqvi mvnvGhÅ Zvcgvòv e†w«¬, wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv e†w«¬, Pvc nËvm|
Drc®² ‰wmW A-AvqwbZ AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ZvB `ËeGYi pH ‰i ˆKvb mvgÅveÕ©v AwRÆZ DfgyLx wewKÌqvq Nbgvòv, Pvc, Zvcgvòv BZÅvw`
cwieZÆb nq bv| wbqvgGKi cwieZÆb Kiv nGj mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb ‰gb fvGe
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGe ˆhb wbqvgK cwieZÆGbi djvdj cÉkwgZ nq|
cÉk
 ² 158 2 A2O5 HooooooI 4AO2 + O2; H = + Ve. Zvcnvix wewKÌqvq Zvc cÉ`vb Kiv nGj wewKÌqvq Drcv` e†w«¬ cvq|
 wkLbdj: 6 [Kz. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 1] ˆh mKj wewKÌqvq n ‰i gvb kƒbÅ bq ˆm mKj wewKÌqvq PvGci
K. cÉfveK wel Kx? 1 cÉfve AvGQ| n ‰i gvb kƒbÅ bq ZGe n > 0 nGj Pvc cÉGqvGM
L. mvjGdU AvqGbi kbvÚKiGY BaCl2 ‰i cwieGZÆ Drcv` nËvm ‰es n < 0 nGj Pvc cÉGqvGM Drcv` e†w«¬ cvq|
Ba(NO3)2 eÅenvi Dîg ˆKb? 2 wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv e†w«¬ Kiv nGj weGqvRb e†w«¬ cvq dGj Drcv`
M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i ivwkgvjv cÉwZcv`b Ki| 3 e†w«¬ cvq|
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUGZ mGeÆvœP cwigvY Drcv` cvIqvi DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix nIqvq Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj wewKÌqvi
ˆKŒkj AvGjvPbv Ki| 4 MwZGeM e†w«¬ cvq I Drcv` Drc®² nIqvi nvi e†w«¬ cvq|
158 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wewKÌqvwUi n ‰i gvb n > 0 nIqvq Pvc e†w«¬ KiGj mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb
evGg Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGq Drcv` Drc®² nIqvi cwigvY nËvm cvq|
K ˆh me c`vG^Æi DcwÕ©wZi KviGY cÉfveGKi cÉfveb ÞgZv nËvm wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬ cvq ‰es mvGgÅi
cÉvµ¦ nq, ‰gbwK e®¬ nGq hvq ZvG`iGK cÉfveK wel eGj| AeÕ©vb WvGb Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq|
L mvjGdU AvqGbi kbvÚKiGY BaCl2 ‰i cwieGZÆ Ba(NO3)2 DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ ‰Uv cÉZxqgvb nq ˆh, DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU
eÅenvi Dîg, KviY BaCl2 eÅenvi KiGj mvjGdU ‰es ˆjW jeGYi nGZ mGeÆvœP Drcv` cvIqvi RbÅ, wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv e†w«¬,
ˆÞGò mv`v AatGÞc m†wÓ¡ nq| mvjGdU jeGYi DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ Zvcgvòv e†w«¬, Pvc cÉGqvM nËvm KiGZ nGe|
nIqv hvq bv| cÉk
 ² 159
Aciw`GK SO42 Avqb mbvÚKiGY Ba (NO3)2 `ËeY eÅenvi KiGj
÷ay SO42 AvqGbi ˆÞGòB mv`v AatGÞc m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰GÞGò SO42 ivmvqwbK ˆhŒM cÉZxKx ˆhŒGMi cÉgvY MVb
AvqGbi DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ nIqv hvq| wewKÌqv/msGKZ Zvc kJmol–1
Na2SO4 + Ba (NO3)2  BaSO4  + 2NaNO3
mv`v AatGÞc C(s) + O2(g)  A  393.30
Pb(NO3)2 + Ba (NO3)2  No reaction
1 B  220.20
M DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix ‰es A2O5 weGqvwRZ nGq 4AO2 H2(g) + O2 (g) 
2
‰es O2 ‰ cwiYZ nq| myZivs, DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU wbGÁ²vÚ
wewKÌqvwUi AYyi…c  84.52
2N2O5 HoooooI 4NO2 + O2 ; H = + ve. n=2 C
gGb Kwi, N2O5 ‰i weGqvRb gvòv , cvGòi AvqZb V I wgkÉGYi CnH2n +2
Pvc P|
2 N2O5 HoooooI 4NO2 + O2 D
n=1
cÉviwÁ¿K 2 0 0  74.89
AeÕ©vq  wkLbdj: 1, 11 I 13 [wm. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 6]
mvgÅveÕ©vq 2  2 4 
wewKÌqvwUi ˆgvU ˆgvj msLÅv = 2  2 + 4 +  K. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii gƒj Dcv`vb Kx? 1
= 3 + 2. L. ˆKÌvwgqvGgi BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg
2  2
N2O5 ‰i AvswkK Pvc, PN2O5 = P ˆKb? 2
3 + 2
NO2 ‰i AvswkK Pvc, PNO2 =
4
P
M. A I B ‰i mg®¼Gq MwVZ ˆhŒM iGÚi pH wbq¯¨K eÅvLÅv
3 + 2
KGiv| 3

‰es O2 ‰i AvswkK Pvc, PO2 = 3+2 P N. DóxcGKi C ‰es D ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU DrK‡Ó¡ R¾vjvwb
(PNO2)4. PO2 MvwYwZKfvGe eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
AZ‰e, KP =
(PN2O5)2
159 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
 4 4  
3+2 3+2 K ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii gƒj Dcv`vb nGjv AÅvGgvwbqv I AvBGmvGcÉvcvbj|

=
2  22 L mvaviYZ ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, mgkwÚmÁ·®² AiweUvjmgƒn AaÆcYƒ Æ ev
 3 5+2 
256  (3 + 2)2 mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe BGjKUÇb «¼viv cƒYÆ ^vKGj ˆm BGjKUÇb webÅvm AwaKZi
= 5
(3 + 2) (2  2)2
102 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
mywÕ©wZ ARÆb KGi| AaÆcYƒ Æ I mÁ·ƒYÆ cƒYÆ AiweUvGji cÉwZmgZvi (i) 25C Zvcgvòvq I 2.0 atm PvGc;
ˆcÉÞvcGU ‰B mywÕ©wZ AwRÆZ nq| (ii) 80C Zvcgvòvq I 6.0 atm PvGc|
Cr(24) = 1s22s22p6 3s23p63d54s1 (3d44s2 bq)  wkLbdj: 1, 4 I 7 [h. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 3]

ZvB ˆKÌvwgqvGgi d 4s ‰i cwieGZÆ d 4s BGjKUÇb webÅvm AwaKZi

4 2 5 1 K. wMÉ b ˆKwgwÕ¡È Kx? 1
L. cvwbGZ ‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj pH ‰i gvb nËvm cvq eÅvLÅv
Õ©vqx nIqvi KviGY Cr ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvGm eÅwZKÌg jÞÅ Kiv hvq|
KGiv| 2
M mswkÏÓ¡ cÉ^g `ywU wewKÌqv wbÁ²i…c M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ wewKÌqvi RbÅ Kp I Kc ‰i gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ
C + O2  CO2 (A) cÉwZcv`b KGiv| 3
1
H2 + O2  H2O (B) N. DóxcGKi (i) I (ii) bs AeÕ©vi gGaÅ ˆKvb ˆÞGò
2
DrcvG`i cwigvY meÆvwaK nGe? gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
Drc®² A I B ˆhŒM«¼q h^vKÌGg CO2 I H2O hv iGÚi pH wbq¯¨GY 160 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
LyeB ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
CO2(g) + H2O(g) HoooooI H2CO3(l) + HCO3(aq) + H+(aq) K wMÉb ˆKwgwÕ¡È nGjv imvqGbi ‰KwU kvLv, ˆhLvGb Kg cwiGek
KveÆwbK ‰wmW I evBKveÆGbU AvqGbi ‰B ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©vi lY KGi ‰gb me cÉwKÌqv I Drcv`b c«¬wZ wbGq AaÅqb I
`ƒ
w`K jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z nq| gvbyl ˆKvb Þvixq Lvevi MGelYv Kiv nq|
MÉnY KiGj DÚ Lv`Å mvgÅveÕ©vGK wbGÁ²vÚfGe cÉfvweZ KGi L cvwbGZ ‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj pH ‰i gvb nËvm cvq| KviY,
H2CO3(aq) + OH(aq) HoooooI HCO3(aq) + H2O(aq) ‰wmW ˆhvGM cvwbGZ we`Ågvb H+ ‰i Nbgvòv e†w«¬ cvq dGj pH
dGj iÚ mvgvbÅ cwigvGY Þvixq nq| ‰i gvb KGg hvq| hw` H+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv 103M nq ZvnGj
Avevi hw` AÁÏxq Lvevi MÉnY Kiv nq ZLb mvgÅveÕ©vq `uvovq pH =  log103 = 3| ‰Lb ‰wUGK hw` 10 àY Mvp Kiv nq ZvnGj
H+(aq) + HCO3(aq) HoooooI H2CO3(aq) `ËeGY H+ ‰i Nbgvòv nGe 102M nq ZLb pH =  log102 = 2
dGj iÚ mvgvbÅ cwigvGY AÁÏZ½ jvf KGi| nq| myZivs `ËeGY H+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv 10 àY e†w«¬ KiGj `ËeGYi
myZivs ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh, evBKveÆGbU evdvi wmGÕ¡g iGÚ ‰gbfvGe pH ‰K ‰KK nËvm cvq|
KvR KGi ˆh, hw` gvbyl AÁÏxq ev Þvixq Lvevi MÉnY KGi ZvnGj Zv
mnGRB iGÚi mvG^ wgGk mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆcuŒGQ ‰es mvweÆKfvGe iGÚ  M mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c:
pH ‰i gvb AcwiewZÆZ ivGL| A 2B4(g) HoooooI 2AB2(g); H = +ve
wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvjvi mvgÅaË‚eK,
N cÉ`î 3 bs wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò, [AB2]2
Kc =
C I D ˆhŒM `ywU nGjv C2H6 (BG^b) ‰es CH4 (wgG^b)| A2B4
(a) wgG^Gbi `nb wewKÌqv: CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + (CAB2)2
= .................... (i)
2H2O(g) CA2B4
 H = {Hf(CO2) + 2Hf(H2O)}  {Hf(CH4) + 2Hf(O2)} ‰es ˆgvjvi mvgÅaË‚eK,
= {393.30 + 2  (220.20)}  {74.89 + 2  0)} (PAB2)2
= 758.82 kJmol1 Kp = .................... (ii)
PA2B4
CH4 ‰i AvYweK fi = 16 g
Av`kÆ MÅvGmi mgxKiY nGZ Avgiv Rvwb,
758.82
 1 g CH4 nGZ Drc®² Zvc = = 47.426 kJ PV = nRT
16
n
7
(b) BG^Gbi `nb wewKÌqv: C2H6(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g)
2
P = RT = CRT
V [ C = Vn ]
+ 3H2O(g) (ii) bs ‰ P ‰i gvb emvB,
7 (CAB2RT)2
 H = {2Hf(CO2) + 3Hf(H2O))}  {(Hf(C2H6) + Hf(O2)} Kp =
2 CA2B4RT
7 (CAB2)2  (RT)2
= {2  (393.30 + 3(220.20)  {84.52 +  0)
2 =
CA2B4  (RT)
=  786.60  660.60 + 84.52 =  1362.68 kJmol1
(CAB2)2
C2H6 ‰i AvYweK fi = (12  2 + 1  6) = 30 g/mol =  (RT)21
CA2B4
30 g C2H6 ‰i `nGb Drc®² Zvc = 1362.68 kJmol1
1362.68 bs nGZ]
= Kc(RT)1 [(i)
1 g C2H6 ‰i `nGb Drc®² Zvc = = 45.423 kJ
30  Kp = Kc(RT)
myZivs ˆ`Lv hvGœQ cÉwZ MÉvg wgG^Gbi `nb Zvc cÉwZ MÉvg BG^Gbi myZivs ‰wUB nGjv cÉ`î wewKÌqvi RbÅ Kp I Kc ‰i gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ|
ˆPGq ˆewk| ZvB ejv hvq R¾vjvwb wnGmGe D (wgG^b) ˆewk
N cÉ`î wewKÌqvwU ‰KwU Zvcnvix wewKÌqv (H = abvñK)|
DcGhvMx|
Zvcnvix MÅvmxq DfgyLx wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj
cÉk
² 160 ‰KwU wewKÌqv wbÁ²i…Gc weGqvwRZ nq: jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ Abyhvqx wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK mGi
A2B4(g) HooooooI 2AB2; H = + ve hvGe; A^Ævr mÁÃyL wewKÌqvwU AvGiv ˆewk KGi msNwUZ nGe| ‰i
DÚ wewKÌqv wbÁ²i…Gc `yB AeÕ©vq weGqvwRZ nq dGj, AB2 ‰i Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvGe|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
‰LvGb, (i) bs kZÆvbyhvqx Zvcgvòv 25C ‰es (ii) bs kZÆvbyhvqx
Zvcgvòv nGœQ 80C| ‰GÞGò Zvcgvòv evovGj Drcv`Gbi cwigvY
evoGe| A^vr (ii) bs kGZÆ Drcv`Gbi cwigvY evoGe| Avevi,
wewKÌqvwUGZ AvqZGbi cÉmviY nGqGQ|
A^Ævr, DrcvG`i ˆgvj msLÅv wewKÌqGKi ˆgvj msLÅv nGZ ˆewk| ‰
aiGbi wewKÌqvq Pvc cÉGqvM KiGj jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ Abyhvqx
cÉGqvMK‡Z Pvc cÉkwgZ KiGZ mvgÅveÕ©v evg w`GK mGi hvGe|
A^Ævr, MÅvmxq c`vG^Æi ˆh w`GK ˆgvj msLÅv Kg, mvgÅveÕ©v ˆmw`GK
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGe :
A2B4(g) HoooooI 2AB2(g)
1 ˆgvj 2 ˆgvj
myZivs, Drcv` AB2 ‰i cwigvY KGg AvmGe| ‰GÞGò (i) bs
kZÆwU cÉvavbÅ jvf KGi| Avevi, Pvc nËvm KiGj mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb
w`GK mGi hvGe ‰es Drcv` AB2 ‰i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvGe|
myZivs cÉ`î kZÆvejx weGkÏlY KiGj ˆ`Lv hvq, DcGivÚ wewKÌqvi
ˆÞGò 80C Zvcgvòv I 2.0atm PvGc DrcvG`i cwigvY meÆvwaK
nGe|
cÉk
² 161

A B
 wkLbdj: 6 [h. ˆev. 15; cÉk² bs 4]
K. evqy kƒbÅKiY Kx?
L. Zvcgvòvi evovGj wewKÌqvi MwZ evGo ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. B wPwn×Z wPGòi Dcv`vbmgƒGni `ƒlY gvòv KwgGq KxfvGe
cwiGeGk cwiZÅvM Kiv hvq? eYÆbv KGiv|
N. DóxcGKi A I B ˆkÉwYi `ƒlGKi gGaÅ ˆKvb ˆkÉwYi
ˆhŒMmgƒn gvwU `ƒlGY AwaKZi f„wgKv ivGL? weGkÏlY
KGiv|
161 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K cvò ˆ^GK evqy ˆei KGi wbGq Avmvi eÅeÕ©vGK evqy kƒbÅKiY

eGj|
L wewKÌqvi MwZi Dci Zvcgvòvi hG^Ó¡ cÉfve iGqGQ| weævbx
AviGnwbqvGmi cixÞv ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, cÉwZ 10C Zvcgvòv
e†w«¬i RbÅ cÉvq me wewKÌqvi nvi w«¼àY ev wZbàY e†w«¬ cvq| ‰i
KviY nGjv
i. Zvcgvòv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ wewKÌqvq AskMÉnYK‡Z AYy ev
AvqbàGjvi MwZGeM e†w«¬ cvq|
ii. AYyàGjvi gGaÅ msNGlÆi nvi e†w«¬ cvq|
iii. AwaK msLÅK AYy wewKÌqv AskMÉnGYi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq mwKÌqb
kwÚ jvf KGi|
M ‰LvGb Bbs wPò `ywU nGjv h^vKÌGg Õ¼vÕ©Å I cwiGek SuywK
wbG`ÆkK| Õ¼vÕ©Å I cwiGek SuywKGZ ‰i Dcv`vbmgƒGni `ƒlYgvòv
KwgGq cwiGeGk cwiZÅvGMi DcvqàGjv wbGP eYÆbv Kiv nGjv
i. eÅen†Z I Drc®² ‰wmWGK cÉkwgZ KGi wbGZ nGe| ‰ DGóGkÅ
Na2CO3 ‰i `ËeYGK eÅenvi Kiv nq|
103
ii. AeÅen†Z, Drcv` wnGmGe Drc®² ev DcRvZ wnGmGe Drc®²
welvÚ, ÞwZKviK, Õ¼vÕ©Å I cwiGek SuywKGZ ‰me Dcv`vbGK
cwjw^Gb fGi gvwUi wbGP MZÆ KGi gvwU Pvcv w`GZ nGe|
iii. jÅveGiUwiGZ, mvaviYfvGe AeÅen†Z I Drc®² wbivc` I
AGcÞvK‡Z Kg SuywKcƒYÆ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vbàGjvGK chÆvµ¦ cvwb
cÉevGni gvaÅGg ayGq w`GZ nGe| gGb ivLGZ nGe `ËeY hZ jNy
nGe Zvi ÞwZi gvòv ZZ KGg hvGe|
iv. AeÅen†Z Na avZzGK bÓ¡ KiGZ weGkl KGi AÅvjGKvnj
ˆhgb wg^vbj, B^vbj, ˆcÉvcvbjGK eÅenvi Kiv nq|
v. AeÅen†Z LiAlH4 ˆK cwiGeGk mivmwi bv ˆdGj Na2SO4 ev
MgSO4 `ËeY «¼viv cwiGkvab KGi wbGZ nGe|
vi. jÅveGiUwiGZ KvGRi mgq Drc®² DMÉ, KUzM®¬hyÚ,
msGe`bkxj I welvÚ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vbGK D¯ÃyÚ cvGò bv
ˆiGL mywbw`ÆÓ¡ XvKbv hyÚ KG´ŸBbvGi msiÞY KiGZ nGe| eRÆÅ
wbÓ•vkb eÅeÕ©vcbvi bxwZ AbymiY KGi h^vmÁ¿e `Ë‚Z eRÆÅ
AcmviGYi eÅeÕ©v KiGZ nGe|
N cÉ`î A I B wPwn×Z wPGò `ƒlK `ywU nGjv avZz I Õ¼vÕ©Å SuywK
‰es ÞqKviK| wPGòi A I B wPwn×Z `ƒlGKi gGaÅ A ˆkÉwYi
ˆhŒMmgƒn gvwUi AwaKZi `ƒlY NUvq|
A ˆkÉwYi `ƒlKmgƒGni gGaÅ Pb, As, Cr, Cd. Hg cÉf‡wZ fvix avZz
‰es NaOH, KOH, H2SO4, HCl, H2O2, AgNO3, NH3,
CH3COOH ‰iv mevB ÞqKvix Dcv`vb| jÅveGiUwi ev wk͸
KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z Mvp ‰wmW ˆWÈGbi gvaÅGg AvGkcvGki cvwbGZ
1
wgGk wewf®² Rjvkq I gvwUGZ cÉGek KGi| ‰GZ gvwU I cvwbi pH
gvivñKfvGe KGg hvq| dGj gvwUi DeÆiZv kwÚ nËvm cvq I gvwUGZ
emevmiZ AYyRxeàGjv gGi hvq ‰es gvwUGZ R¯ÃvGbv Dw«¿`Kzj
3 eÅvcKfvGe ÞwZMÉÕ¦ nq| jÅveGiUwi wKsev wk͸KviLvbvàGjvGZ
eÅen†Z wewf®² ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb I Drc®² ivmvqwbK eGRÆÅi cÉvq
meàGjvB ˆKvGbv bv ˆKvGbvfvGe gvwUGZ wgGk| ˆhgb- Hg, Pb, Cu,
4 Cd, Co cÉf‡wZ welvÚ fvix avZzmgƒn AwZgvòvq eÅenvGii dGj
gvwUGZ wgGk gvwUGK PigfvGe `ƒwlZ KGi ‰es gvwUi pH gvGbi
ZviZgÅ NUvq| Lv`Å wkKGj ‰ welvÚ fvix avZzàGjv KÅvUvqb
wnGmGe cÉGek KGi ‰es cieZÆxGZ ‰iv cÉvwYG`Gn M†nxZ nGj
cÉvwYG`Gni ‰bRvBgGK bÓ¡ KGi ˆ`q|
Aciw`GK B ˆkÉwYi `ƒlKmgƒGni gGaÅ Õ¼vÕ©ÅSzuwKKviK c`v^Æ CO,
CO2, NO2, SO2, NH3, ‰wmWevÓ·, CHCl3, ˆdbj, CH3COOH,
H2O2, AgNO3 ‰es cwiGek SuywKKviK c`vG^Æi gGaÅ iGqGQ LwbR
‰wmW NH3, SO2, CO2, Cl2, H2O2, HCHO BZÅvw`| B ˆkÉwYi
`ƒlKmgƒn evqy`ƒlY I Õ¼vÕ©ÅMZ wKQy mgmÅv m†wÓ¡GZ Ae`vb ivGL wK¯§
gvwUGZ Z`Ë‚c ÞwZ KGi bv|
myZivs, DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰ K^v Õ·Ó¡ ˆh, ˆhGnZz A wPwn×Z
`ƒlKmgƒn gvwU `ƒlGY LyeB KvhÆKi ˆmGnZz ‰iv gƒjZ avZz I
ÞqKvix ˆhŒM| Aciw`GK, B ˆkÉwYi ˆhŒMmgƒn cwiGek I Õ¼vGÕ©Åi
RbÅ ÞwZKviK wK¯§ gvwU `ƒlGY A ‰i Zzjbvq Kg mwKÌq| ZvB ejv
hvq, A ˆkÉwYi ˆhŒMmgƒn gvwU `ƒlGY B ˆkÉwY ˆhŒGMi Zzjbvq
AwaKZi f„wgKv ivGL|
104 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

cçg AaÅvq: KgÆgLy x imvqb

RviY 41 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
cÉk
² 40 B^vbj  X + H2O
gvBGKvWvgÆv AÅvwmGUveÅvÙi K ˆcvjvivqb nGjv ˆKvGbv AvqwbK ˆhŒGMi KÅvUvqb KZ‡ÆK
 wkLbdj: == [Xv. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-4]
AÅvbvqGbi BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi weK‡wZ|
K. wRgÅvb cÉfve Kx? 1
L. 3f AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L Avgiv Rvwb, ˆKvGbv cÉavb kwÚÕ¦Gi DcÕ¦i msLÅv mnKvix
M. AvGLi im ˆ^GK X ˆhŒMwUi Drcv`b cÉwKÌqv ˆjGLv| 3 ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi Dci wbfÆi KGi| 2d- AiweUvjwU w«¼Zxq
kwÚÕ¦Gii AiweUvj| w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gii ˆÞGò cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
N. Lv`Å msiÞGY X ˆhŒGMi ˆKvGbv f„wgKv AvGQ wKbv@
msLÅvi gvb, n = 2| n = 2 nGj mnKvix ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb nq l
DîGii cGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4 = 0, 1| ˆhLvGb l = 0 nGj s AiweUvj ‰es l = 1 nGj p AiweUvj
40 bs cÉGk²i Dîi nq| wK¯§ d AiweUvGji RbÅ l ‰i gvb nGZ nGe 2| ‰LvGb ˆhGnZz
n ‰i gvb 2 ZvB l ‰i gvb nGe 0 nGZ (n – 1) chƯ¦| ZvB d
K wRgÅvb cÉfve nGjv@ ‘evwnÅK PzÁK ¼ ˆÞGòi cÉfvGe cÉwZwU AiweUvj A^Ævr 2q kwÚÕ¦Gi 2d AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq|
cvigvYweK eYÆvwj ˆiLv ‰KvwaK ˆiLvq wefÚ nGq cGo| PzÁ¼K
ˆÞGòi gvb hZB e†w«¬ Kiv hvGe ˆiLvi wefwÚKiGYi cwigvY ZZB M 40(M) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
e†w«¬ cvGe’| N 16(N) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
L hLb n = 3 nq, ZLb l ‰i gvb 0, 1, 2| Avgiv Rvwb, s, p I d  cÉk² 42
AiweUvGii RbÅ l ‰i gvb h^vKÌGg 0, 1 I 2 nq| A^Ævr Z‡Zxq cÉavb
kwÚÕ¦Gi 3s, 3p I 3d AiweUvj mÁ¿e ; wK¯¦y 3f AiweUvj cvIqv
AvGLi im wfGbMvi
mÁ¿e bq|
M DóxcGKi wewKÌqv mÁ·ƒYÆ KGi cvB,
'A' 'B'
RviY  wkLbdj: == [iv. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-8]
CH3CH2OH  CH3 COOH + H2O
B^vbj gvBGKvWvgÆv AÅvwmGUveÅvÙi (X) K. `ËveÅZv ejGZ Kx eySvq? 1
L. CaCO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 8.5  109 ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
myZivs, DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ X ˆhŒMwU nGjv AvGLi im ˆ^GK Drc®² M. DóxcGKi 'A' nGZ 'B' KxfvGe ŠZwi Kiv hvq? eÅvLÅv
wfGbMvi, hv B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi 6-10% Rjxq `ËeY| MuvRb cÉwKÌqvq KGiv| 3
wfGbMvi cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq| wbGP wfGbMvi cÉÕ§wZ eYÆbv Kiv nGjv N. 'B' ˆhŒMwU «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞGYi ˆKŒkj eYÆbv KGiv| 4
AuvGLi iGm cÉvq 16-20% wPwb we`Ågvb| hv CÕ¡ wbtm†Z BbfvGUÆR 42 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
I RvBGgR ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq cÉ^Gg ™ÏyGKvR I dÌzGÙvR ‰es  K `ËveÅZv nGjv ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq MÉvGg cÉKvwkZ ˆh cwigvY
cGi B^vbj Drc®² KGi| `Ëe 100 g `ËveGK `Ëexf„Z nGq mÁ·†Ú `ËeY Drc®² KGi H cwigvY
msMwVZ wewKÌqvmgƒn nGjv `Ëe nGjv H `ËGei `ËveÅZv|
BbfvGUÆR L CaCO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 8.7  10–9 ejGZ eySvq wÕ©i
C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
myGKÌvR (wPwb)
30C
™ÏyGKvR dÌzGÙvR Zvcgvòvq mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY Ca2+ Avqb I CO32– AvqGbi ˆgvjvi
RvBGgR Nbgvòvi àYdj 8.7  10–9| A^Ævr,
2C6H12O6  4CH3CH2OH + 4CO2 CaCO3 HooooooI Ca2+ + CO32–
30C [Ca2+]  [CO32–] = 8.7  10–9
B^vbj
‰fvGe MuvRb cÉwKÌqv mÁ·®² nq ‰es `ËeGY 10% B^vbj we`Ågvb  M 40(M) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
^vGK| DÚ B^vbj gvBGKvWvgÆv AÅvwmwU bvgK eÅvKGUwiqvi mvnvGhÅ 
N eBGqi AaÅvq 5-‰i 13(N) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
RvwiZ nGq B^vbwqK ‰wmW Drc®² KGi| B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi 4-10% L
Rjxq `ËeYGK wfGbMvi eGj hv wcÉRviGfwUfm wnGmGe Lv`Å  cÉk
² 43 C12H22O11 + H2O  X + Y
37C
msiÞGY eÅen†Z nq| M
gvBGKvWvgÆv X + Y  CH3CH2OH + CO2
CH3CH2OH + O2  CH3COOH + H2O 20  24C
AÅvwmGUveÅvKUi N
CH3CH2OH + O2  Z + H2O
N eBGqi AaÅvq-5 ‰i 16(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
 10% 6%
 wkLbdj: == [w`. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-6]
AÅvwmGUveÅvÙi K. fiwKÌqv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
cÉk
² 41 B^vbj + O2  A + H2O L. pH ˆÕ•j 0  14 ‰i gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ˆKb? 2
(4  10%)
 wkLbdj: == [g. ˆev. 21; cÉk-² 4] M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvàGjv cƒYÆ KGiv| 3
K. ˆcvjvivqb Kx? 1 N. Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞGY Z-ˆhŒGMi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
L. 2d AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq ˆKb? 2 43 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M. AvGLi im ˆ^GK 'A' ˆhŒMwUi Drcv`b cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv 
K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq, wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq ˆh ˆKvb wewKÌqvi nvi H mgGq
KGiv| 3 DcwÕ©Z wewKÌqKàGjvi mwKÌq fGii (A^Ævr ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv ev
N. Lv`Å msiÞGY 'A' ˆhŒMwUi f„wgKv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 AvswkK PvGci) mgvbycvwZK|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 105
L ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi H+ AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi FYvñK gGaÅ AYygaÅÕ© nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MwVZ nIqvq ‰i Mjbvâ ˆZgb
jMvwi`gGK H `ËeGYi pH eGj| `ËeGYi H+ ‰i Nbgvòv 1 M ‰i cwieZÆb nq bv| wK¯§ cÅvivbvBGUÇv ˆdbGji AYymgƒn ‰GK AGbÅi
ˆewk nGj pH ‰i gvb 0 ˆ^GK Kg ‰es OH– ‰i Nbgvòv 1 M ‰i mvG^ Av¯¦tAvYweK nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gb hyÚ ^vGK| ‰B e®¬b MVGb
ˆewk nGj pH ‰i gvb 14 ‰i ˆewk nGZ cvGi| wK¯§ jNy `ËeGY H+ AYymgƒGni gaÅwÕ©Z AwZwiÚ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b fvOGZ AwZwiÚ
I OH– ‰i Nbgvòv 1 M ‰i ˆewk nGZ cvGi bv| Zvcgvòvi cÉGqvRb nq| dGj cÅvivbvBGUÇvGdbj ‰i Mjbvâ
`ËeGY [H+] = 1M nGj, AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbj AGcÞv ˆewk nq|
pH = –log (1) = 0
`ËeGY [OH–] = 1 M nGj,
pOH = –log (1) = 0
pH = 14 – pOH
= 14 – 0 = 14
ZvB, pH ˆÕ•j 0–14 ‰i gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ^vGK| AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbGj AYygaÅÕ© cÅvivbvBGUÇvGdbGj Av¯¦tAvYweK
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b
M wPwb nGjv WvBmÅvKvivBW, C12H22O11| WvBmÅvKvivBGWi Rjxq
`ËeYGK gGΟvR eGj| gGΟvR ˆ^GK `ywU avGc wfGbMvi ŠZwi Kiv nq| M 40(M) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|

cÉ^g avGc dvGgÆG´Ÿkb ev MuvRb cÉwKÌqvq B^vbj ŠZwi Kiv nq| N eBGqi AaÅvq-5 ‰i 13(N) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|

Avevi, w«¼Zxq avGc AÅvjGKvnjGK AÅvwmwUK ‰wmGW i…cv¯¦wiZ Kiv
nq ‰es ‰B cÉwKÌqvGK ‘AÅvwmwUK dvGgÆG´Ÿkb’ eGj| cÉk
² 45 kZvwõKvj aGi AvgvG`i M†wnYxG`i gvGS ‰KwU AÁÏxq
`ËeGYi gGaÅ `yB Pv PvgP (NH4)2SO4 I `yB Pv PvgP (NH4)3PO4 `ËeY RbwcÉq Lv`Å msiÞK wnGmGe eÅen†Z nGœQ| ‰B Lv`Å
ˆhvM KGi wgkÉGYi gGaÅ ‰K Pv PvgP CÕ¡ ˆhvM KGi wZbw`b ˆXGK msiÞKwU BÞzim ev ™Ïvwmqvj AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW ˆ^GK cÉÕ§Z Kiv
ivLGj MuvRb cÉwKÌqv mÁ·®² nq| dGj CO2 Drc®² nq ‰es CÕ¡ ˆ^GK ˆhGZ cvGi|  wkLbdj: == [P. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-6]
BbfvGUÆR I RvBGgR bvgK `ywU ‰bRvBg wbtm†Z nq| wbtm†Z K. cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj Kx? 1
BbfvGUÆR ‰bRvBg AvGLi iGmi wPwbGK Av`ËÆweGkÏwlZ KGi ™ÏyGKvR I L. Kp ‰es Kc ‰i gGaÅ ‰KwU mv`†kÅ I ‰KwU Šemv`†kÅ ˆjGLv| 2
dÌzGÙvGR cwiYZ KGi| CÕ¡ ˆ^GK wbtm†Z RvBGgR ‰bRvBg Drc®² M. BÞzim ˆ^GK DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Lv`Å msiÞKwU KxfvGe
™ÏyGKvR I dÌzGÙvRGK weGhvwRZ KGi B^vbj I CO2 ‰ cwiYZ KGi| cÉÕ§Z KiGe wewKÌqvmn ˆjGLv| 3
mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvmgƒn nGjv N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK Lv`Å msiÞKwUi Lv`Å msiÞGYi
BbfvGUÆR
C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
ˆKŒkj DGÍÏLcƒeÆK ài‚Z½ gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
30C
™ÏyGKvR dÌzGÙvR 45 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
RvBGgR
2C6H12O6  4CH3CH2OH + 4CO2 K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq cvwbGZ nvBGWÈvGRb Avqb (H+) ‰es

30C
Avevi Drc®² B^vbjGK 3035C Zvcgvòvq evqyi O2 ‰i mvG^ nvBGWÈ vÝvBW (OH–) AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi àYdjGK cvwbi
AvqwbK àYdj eGj|
wewKÌqv KivGj ŠRe ‰wmW CH3COOH Drc®² nq|
gvBGKvWvgÆv L Kc nGjv ˆgvjvi mvgÅaË‚eK, Kp nGjv AvswkK PvGc mvgÅaË‚eK|
CH3CH2OH + O2  CH3COOH + H2O Kp I Kc ‰i gGaÅ mv`†kÅ nGjv, Kp ev Kc‰i gvb kƒbÅ ev Amxg
AÅvwmGUveÅvKUi
nGZ cvGi bv| K I Kc ‰i gGaÅ Šemv`†kÅ nGjv Kp ÷aygvò MÅvGmi
DcGi ewYÆZ wewKÌqv I c«¬wZ AbymiY KGi ‰es MuvRb cÉwKÌqv RbÅ cÉGhvRÅ wK¯§p K MÅvm ‰es Rjxq `ËeY DfGqi RbÅ cÉGhvRÅ|
cÉGqvM KGi mvaviYZ AvGLi im (myGKÌvR) nGZ ŠRe ‰wmW ev c

wfGbMvi cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq| A M 40(M) m†

R bkxj cÉ Gk² v îi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
N eBGqi AaÅvq-5 ‰i 7(N) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| N eBGqi AaÅvq-5 ‰i 7(N) I 25(N) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|

cÉk
 ² 44 cÉk
 ² 46
BbfvGUÆR B RvBGjR C AÅvwmGUveÅvÙi D
AvL A
AvGLi im 610% AÅvwmwUK
‰wmW `ËeY  wkLbdj: == [wm. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-7]
K. üG´£i bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1
'A' 'B'
L. `ËeGY Na+ Avqb KxfvGe kbvÚ KiGe? 2
 wkLbdj: == [Kz. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-8] M. DóxcGKi 'A' ˆ^GK 'D' ‰i cÉÕ§wZ mgxKiYmn eYÆbv
K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b Kx? 1 KGiv| 3
L. AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbj I cÅvivbvBGUÇvGdbj ‰i gGaÅ Kvi N. DóxcGKi 'D' «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞGYi ˆKŒkj AvGjvPbv
Mjbvâ ˆewk I ˆKb? 2 KGiv| 4
M. DóxcGKi 'A' nGZ 'B' KxfvGe ŠZwi Kiv hvq? eÅvLÅv 46 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
KGiv| 3 K üG´£i bxwZ nGjv‘‰KB kwÚmÁ·®² wewf®² AiweUvGj BGjKUÇbàGjv

N. 'B' ˆhŒMwUi Lv`Å msiÞGYi ˆKŒkj eYÆbv KGiv| 4 ‰gbfvGe cÉGek KiGe ˆhb Zviv meÆvwaK cwigvGY Ahy™Â AeÕ©vq
44 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ^vKGZ cvGi ‰es ‰B Ahy™Â BGjKUÇbàGjvi wÕ·b ‰KBgyLx nGe|’
K nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy hyÚ `ywU ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx AYy ciÕ·Gii L jeGYi mvgvbÅ cwigvY wbGq KGqK ˆduvUv cUvwmqvg cvBGiv
wbKUeZxÆ nGj, ‰KwU AYyi AvswkK abvñK H+ cÉvG¯¦i mvG^ Aci AÅvw´ŸGgvGbU 5 `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj mv`v AatGÞc cGo, hv Na+ ‰i
AYyi FYvñK cÉvG¯¦i (N, O I F ‰i) `yeÆj AvKlÆYx ej «¼viv m†Ó¡ DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ KGi| ‰QvovI jeGYi `ËeGY gÅvMGbwmqvg
e®¬b nGjv nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b| BDGibvBj AÅvwmGUU `ËeY ˆhvM KGi njy` AatGÞc cvIqv ˆMGjI
Na+ ‰i DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ nq|
L AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbj ‰es cÅvivbvBGUÇvGdbj Dfq ˆhŒGM ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv:
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MwVZ nq| wK¯§ AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbGji AYymgƒGni
K2H2SB2O7 + 2NaCl2KCl + Na2 H2Sb2O7 (cvwbGZ A`ËeYxq)
106 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
cUvwkqvg cvBGivAÅvw´ŸGgvGbU K. ivBWvi KvGK eGj? 1
(mv`v AatGÞc) ˆmvwWqvg cvBGiv AÅvw´ŸGgvGbU L. ‘iÚ ‰KwU evdvi `ËeY’@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M 42(M) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
 M. cvò-2 ‰i `ËeGYi mvnvGhÅ Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv
N 42(N) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| KGiv| 3
N. cvò-1 I cvò-2 ‰i `ËeY«¼Gqi wgwkÉZ `ËeGY mvgvbÅ
cÉk
² 47 cwigvY nvBGWÈvGKÑvwiK ‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGYi pH
cwiewZÆZ nGe Kx? ˆZvgvi Dîi MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY
AuvGLi im wfGbMvi KGiv| 4
'A' 'B' 49 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
 wkLbdj: == [h. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-8] K µÏvwUbvg ev ˆMvGΣi ŠZwi euvKvGbv AvK‡wZ wewkÓ¡ avZe eÕ§ hvGK
K. jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ Kx? 1 wbwÚi weGgi Ici w`Gq mnGR WvGb ev evGg mivGbv hvq ZvGK
L. cvwb Zij nq ˆKb? eywSGq ˆjGLv| 2 ivBWvi eGj| A
M. DóxcGKi A nGZ B ˆhŒM ŠZwi c«¬wZ wewKÌqvmn eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 3  L iÚ ‰KwU evdvi `ËeY| KviY iGÚi pH wbq¯¨GY kixGi wZbwU
N. B ˆhŒMwU KxfvGe Lv`Å msiÞY KGi Zvi ˆKŒkj eYÆbv evdvi wmGÕ¡g KvR KGi| h^v
KGiv| 4 i. evBKveÆGbU evdvi: k¼mb wKÌqvq Drc®² H2CO3 ‰i weGqvRGb
47 bs cÉGk²i Dîi mvgÅeÕ©vq m†Ó¡ KveÆGbU evdvi wmGÕ¡Ggi wKÌqv nGjv-
K ˆKvGbv wewKÌqv mvgÅveÕ©vq ^vKvKvGj hw` H AeÕ©vq ‰KwU CO2 + H2O HoooI H2CO3
wbqvgK (ˆhgb- Zvcgvòv, Nbgvòv I Pvc) cwieZÆb Kiv nq ZGe H2CO3 HoooI H+ + HCO3


mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb ‰gbfvGe cwieZÆb nGe ˆhb wbqvgK cwieZÆGbi

ii. dmGdU evdvi: iGÚ KvhÆKi AviI ‰KwU evdvi wmGÕ¡g nGjv
djvdj cÉkwgZ nq|
ˆmvwWqvg WvBnvBGWÈvGRb dmGdU (NaH2PO4) ‰es WvBGmvwWqvg
L cvwb ‰KwU mgGhvRx ˆhŒM| mvaviYZ mgGhvRx ˆhŒM MÅvmxq nq|
wK¯§ cvwb MÅvmxq bq| KviY cvwbGZ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b we`Ågvb| nvBGWÈ vGRb dmGdU (Na2HPO4)| ‰wU ‰KwU Av¯¦tGKvlxq
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b ^vGK eGj cvwbi AYyàwj KvQvKvwQ mse«¬ ev àœQ evdvi wmGÕ¡g|
AYy (H2O)n AvKvGi ^vGK| dGj H2O Zij AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ZvQvov iii. ˆcÉvwUb evdvi: iGÚ KvhÆKi ˆcÉvwUb evdvi wmGÕ¡gwU µÏvRgv
fÅvbWviIqvjm ej I cvwb Zij nIqvi ‰KwU KviY| ˆcÉvwUb ‰es KbRyGMGUW ˆcÉvwUb ˆhgb wnGgvG™Ïvweb mg®¼Gq
M 1(M) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| MwVZ|
N 1(N) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| DwÍÏ w LZ evdvi wmGÕ¡Ggi mwÁÃwjZ KvhÆKvwiZvi dGjB ˆhGKvGbv
AeÕ©vq AvgvG`i iGÚi pH AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK| myZivs iÚ ‰KwU
cÉk
² 48 evdvi `ËeY|A
BbfvGUÆR RvBGgR (O2) AÅvwmGUveÅvÙi
Z  A + B  C  D M cvò-2 ‰i `ËeY nj `yB KveÆb wewkÓ¡ gGbvKveÆwÝwjK ‰wmW ev
(Z ‰KwU WvBmÅvKvivBW) wfGbMvi hv B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi 610% Rjxq `ËeY|
 wkLbdj: == [e. ˆev. 21; cÉk²-2]
K. cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK Kx? 1 AYyRxGei AvKÌgGY Lv`Å`ËGeÅi àYvàY webÓ¡ nq| Lv`Å `ËeÅGK
L. cvwb ‰KwU DrK‡Ó¡ `ËveK ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 AYyRxGei nvZ ˆ^GK iÞv KiGZ nGj `ywU cÉavb c`GÞc MÉnY
M. Z nGZ D ˆhŒGMi cÉÕ§wZ mgxKiYmn ˆjGLv| 3 KiGZ nq
N. Lv`Å msiÞK wnGmGe D ˆhŒGMi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 i. AYyRxGei weKvk I e†w«¬ iwnZKiY|
48 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ii. AYyRxGei ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZv webÓ¡KiY|
K cÉvK‡wZK Drm nGZ cÉvµ¦ ˆhme wcÉviGfwUfm Lv`Å cÉwKÌqvRvZKiGY wfGbMvGii AÁÏxq cwiGek «¼viv Lv`Å `ËGeÅi pH gvb KGg hvq ‰es
I msiÞGY eÅen†Z nq ZvG`iGK cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK eGj|
‰ cwiGeGk ˆKvGbv AYyRxGei esk e†w«¬ mÁ¿e nq bv|
L cvwb (H2O) ‰KwU A‹Re `ËveK| cÉvq mKj A‹Re ˆhŒM
cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z nq| ZvQvovI cvwb ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM nIqvi KviGY, ‰QvovI, AÁÏxq cwiGeGki gvaÅGg Lv`Å webÓ¡Kvix AYyRxGei
AvqwbK ˆhŒM mnGRB cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z nq| AbÅvbÅ mKj `ËveK ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZv nËvm cvq| AYyRxGei ‰bRvBgmgƒGni
AGcÞv cvwb ˆewk mnRjfÅ| cvwbi ˆKvGbv ÞwZKi cÉfve ˆbB| KvhÆKvwiZvi RbÅ AZÅvbyKj„ pH ‰i gvGbi cÉGqvRb| mvaviYZ
‰me KviGYB cvwb ‰KwU Dîg `ËveK| AwaKvsk ‰bRvBGgi AZÅvbyK„j pH gvb 6.5  7.5 ‰i cwimGi
M 43(M) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| weivR KGi| ‰Qvov CÕ¡ I eÅvKGUwiqvi wei‚G«¬ wfGbMvi ‰KwU
N 40(N) m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| KvhÆKi msiÞK|
cÉk
 ² 49 ˆhGnZz, wfGbMvi Lv`ÅcGYÅi Rjxq cwiGeGki pH gvb nËvm KGi,
ZvB ‰ cwiGekwU AYyRxGei weKvk I e†w«¬i cGÞ mnvqK bq|
`yB KveÆbwewkÓ¡
MOH
gGbvKvGeÆ vwÝwjK cÉK‡ZcGÞ AYyRxGei weKvGki cÉwZe®¬KZv m†wÓ¡i gƒj KviY nGjv
0.65 M, 15mL AweGqvwRZ AÅvwmwUK ‰wmGWi cwigvY| pH ‰i gvb nËvm ˆcGj
MOH ‰i ‰wmW
6%, 20 mL ‰wmwUK ‰wmGWi AweGqvwRZ AsGki cwigvY e†w«¬ cvq| ˆ`Lv ˆMGQ
AvYweK fi 40 Ka = 1.8 × 10–5 ˆh, pH gvb 7.0 ‰ ‰i cwigvY 1% ‰iI Kg| A^P, pH = 3 gvGb
cvò-1 cvò-2 ‰ gvb cÉvq 98%|
4 I 5 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq [Xv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-2]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 107
AweGqvwRZ AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW (CH3COOH) AYyRxGei ˆKvl ˆ`qvj KGi| Drc®² CH3COOH Avi weGqvwRZ nq bv| ZvB mvweÆKfvGe
w`Gq mnGRB AwZKÌg KiGZ cvGi| mvBGUvµÏvRGgi DœP pH gvGb `ËeGYi H+ ‰i Nbgvòvi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nq bv| ZvB pH gvGbi
AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW nvBGWÈvGRb Avqb (H+) I AÅvwmGUU AvqGb ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nq bv|
(CH3COO) weGqvwRZ nq; cÉk
 ² 50
CH3COOH HoooooI CH3COO + H+ euvGki
AYyRxGei mvBGUvµÏvRGg nvBGWÈvGRb AvqGbi Nbgvòv e†w«¬ cvIqvq KwP  ˆLvmv  eÐvwçs  wKDwis  KÅvwbs
‰i Afů¦ixY pH gvb nËvm cvq| ‰i dGj cÉGqvRbxq ‰bRvBg ˆKvij gyÚKiY
wmGÕ¡g ÞwZMÉÕ¦ nq ‰es cwiYvGg ˆKvGli g†ZzÅ NGU| AÅvwmGUU msMÉn
 wkLbdj: 4 [iv. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-7]
AÅvbvqbwUI ‰w´ŸgvBGKÌvweqvj KvhÆKvwiZv cÉ`kÆb KGi| B
K. AvBGmvGUvc KvGK eGj? 1
N DóxcGKi 1bs cvGòi MOH ‰i AvYweK fi 40 L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v MwZkxj@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
kZÆgGZ, M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK Lv`ÅeÕ§i ˆKŒUvRvZKiY c«¬wZ
x + 16 + 1 = 40
eYÆbv KGiv| 3
 x = 23
N. DóxcGKi eÅen†Z eÐvwçs I KÅvwbs ‰i ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY
 M nGœQ cÉK‡ZcGÞ ˆmvwWqvg (Na)
KGiv| 4
myZivs MOH nGjv NaOH| ‰es 2bs cvGòi `ËeY nGjv 50 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
CH3COOH| A
K ‰KB ˆgŒGji wewf®² cigvYy, hvG`i cvigvYweK msLÅv ‰KB
2bs cvGò 6% A^Ævr,
100 mL `ËeGY CH3COOH AvGQ 6 g
(A^Æ vr ˆcÉvUb msLÅv ‰KB), wK¯§ wbDwKÑqvGm wewf®² msLÅK wbDUÇb
6  1000 ^vKvi RbÅ fi msLÅv wewf®² nq, ZvG`iGK AvBGmvGUvc eGj| A
1000 mL " CH3COOH " g
100 L ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvq mvgÅeÕ©vq hw`I wewKÌqK I Drcv`mgƒGni
= 60g cwigvY cwiewZÆZ nq bv Z^vwc mÁÃyL wewKÌqv I wecixZ wewKÌqv
60
=
60
mol = 1 mol mgMwZGZ PjGZ ^vGK| ‰ AeÕ©vGK mvgÅveÕ©vi DfgyLx wewKÌqvq
 2bs cvGò CH3COOH ‰i Nbgvòv 1M|
MwZkxjZv eGj| mvÁcÉwZKKvGj ˆZRwÓ˜q AvBGmvGUvc eÅenvi
‰Lb cvò-1 I cvò-2 ‰i `ËeY«¼qGK wgwkÉZ KiGj wbÁ²i…Gc wewKÌqv KGi mvgÅveÕ©vq wewKÌqvi MwZkxjZv cÉgvY Kiv nGqGQ| ˆhgb Ag
+

KGi| AvqGbi `ËeGY Fe(ll) jeGYi `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj avZe Ag(s) ‰es
CH3 COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O Fe+3 ‰i `ËeY ŠZwi nGq mvgÅveÕ©v m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰GZ Ag(s) ˆZRwÓ˜q
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol ˆgŒj ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGY cybivq ˆZRwÓ˜q Ag*+ DcwÕ©wZ ˆUi
15 mL 0.65 M NaOH  (15  0.65) mL 1M NaOH cvIqv hvq| ‰ ˆ^GK cÉgvwYZ nq mvgÅveÕ©v m†wÓ¡ nIqvi ci I
= 9.75 mL 1M NaOH DfgyLx wewKÌqv PjGZ ^vGK|
ˆhGnZz 1 ˆgvj NaOH, 1 ˆgvj CH3COOH ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi 1
Ag+ + Fe2+ HooooI Ag(s)  + Fe3+
ˆgvj CH3COONa jeY Drc®² KGi| ˆmGnZz 9.75 mL 1M NaOH, Ag(s) + Fe3+(aq) + Ag*(s) HooooI Ag*+ Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq) A
9.75 mL 1M CH3COOH ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi 9.75 mL 1M
M DóxcGKi Lv`Å eÕ§wU nGjv euvk ˆKvij| wbGP ‰i
CH3COONa Drc®² KGi|
wgkÉGY AewkÓ¡ CH3COOH = (20  9.75) ev 10.25 mL 1M ˆKŒUvRvZKiY eYÆbv Kiv nGjv B
CH3COOH|
euvk evMvb nGZ mGZR I cyÓ¡ KwP euvk ˆKvij msMÉn Kiv nq| euvk
myZivs wgwkÉZ `ËeYwU AÁÏxq evdvi `ËeY| wgkÉGY jeY ‰es ‰wmGWi ˆKvijGK ˆLvmvgyÚ Kiv nq| AZtci Qywi w`Gq UzKiv UzKiv ˆKGU
9.75 Mig cvwb ˆhvM KGi cÉvq cuvP wgwbU dzU¯¦ AeÕ©vq ivLv nq| cvwb
AbycvZ = 10.25 ˆ^GK euvk ˆKviGji UzKivàGjv Avjv`v KGi msiÞY DcGhvMx
= 0.95 ˆKŒUvi gGaÅ ˆbIqv nq| ‰ AeÕ©vq ˆKŒUvi gGaÅ 15% Lv`Å
‰GÞGò jeY I ‰wmGWi Nbgvòv mgvb ZvB ZvG`i Nbgvòvi jeGYi D `ËeYGK ˆhvM Kiv nq| Lv`Å jeGYi `ËeY Lv`Å
AbycvZ AvqZGbi AbycvGZi mgvb msiÞGYi ˆÞGò wcÉRviGfwUfm& ‰i bÅvq KvR KGi| euvk ˆKviGji
[jeY] UzKivàGjv ˆhb mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe `ËeGbi wbGP WzGe ^vGK| ˆKŒUvi `yB
= 0.95
[‰wmW] Z‡Zxqvsk Ask Mig cvwbi gGaÅ ˆiGL cvwbGK D KGi dzU¯¦
‰Lb, AÁÏxq evdvi `ËeGYi ˆn´£vimb mgxKiY AeÕ©vq cÉvq cuvP wgwbU mgq ivLv nq| ˆKŒUvi wfZGii me evqy
[jeY] ˆewiGq hvq| ‰ cÉwKÌqvGK ‰MRmwUs Kiv eGj| ‰ AeÕ©vq ˆKŒUvi
pH = pKa + log
[‰wmW] gyGL XvKbv jvwMGq ˆKŒUvGK wmj Kiv nq| evqyi AbycwÕ©wZGZ
=  log Ka + log (0.95) ˆKvGbvi…c AYyRxe R¯ÃvGZ cvGi bv| dGj euvk ˆKvij Avi bÓ¡ nq
=  log (1.8  105) + log (0.95) bv|
= 4.722
wmj Kiv ˆKŒUvGK ˆcÉmvi KÅvbvGii gGaÅ 2-3 Bwç cvwbi gGaÅ ˆiGL
myZivs AÁÏxq evdvi `ËeYwUi pH 4.722 ‰ AÁÏxq evdvi `ËeGY
Zvi XvKbv ‰uGU Zvc ˆ`Iqv nq| Zvcgvòv 100-120C ‰ ˆiGL cÉvq
CH3COO, Na+ I H+ Avqb ^vGK| ‰Lb wgkÉGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY
25-30 wgwbU mgq D Kiv nq| Pzjv ˆ^GK ˆcÉmvi KÅvbvi bvwgGq
HCl ˆhvM KiGj ‰wU nGZ Drc®² H+ evdvi `ËeGYi CH3COO
axGi axGi Vvív Kiv nq| ‰ cÉwKÌqvGK wKDwis eGj| Vvív nIqvi
AvqGbi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi g†`y Zwor weGkÏlÅ CH3COOH Drc®²
108
ci ˆcÉmvi KÅvbvGii XvKbv LyGj ˆKŒUv ˆei KGi ‰Gb ˆjGewjs KGi
÷Ó• Vvív Õ©vGb msiÞY Kiv nq| cGi ‰GK evRviRvZ Kiv nq|
N DóxcGKi Lv`ÅeÕ§ ˆKŒUvRvZ KiGj eÐvwçs I KÅvwbs ‰i ài‚Z½
Acwimxg| wbGÁ² eÐvwçs I KÅvwbs ‰i ài‚Z½ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv A
eÐÅvwçs : Lv`Å eÕ§ ˆKŒUvRvZKiGYi ‰i RbÅ Lv`Å mvgMÉxi eÐvwçs
AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| dzU¯¦ cvwb ev m`Å cÉÕ§Z evGÓ· Lv`ÅGK 5–10
wgwbU D Kiv nq| ‰i dGj Lv`Å-mvgMÉx AvqZGb KGg hvq,
KÅvGb mvRvGbv mnR I mylg nq| LvG`Å Amnbxq I AMÉnYxq NÉvY
^vKGj ZvI `ƒi nq| Lv`Å eÕ§GZ wcwœQj c`v^Æ ^vKGj `ƒi nq|
ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv LvG`Åi eYÆ D®²Z nq| wKQz AYyRxe gGi hvq ‰es
‰bRvBg cyGivcywi a»smcÉvµ¦ nq| eÐvwçs ‰ iv®²vi KvR wKQzUv mÁ·®²
nq|
KÅvwbs ‰i ài‚Z½: Lv`Å ˆKŒUvRvZKiY ev KÅvwbs LyeB ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ Lv`Å
msiÞGYi RbÅ| wbGÁ² welqwU weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv:
1. wewf®² aiGbi dj, mewR, mvgyw`ËK gvQ, M†ncvwjZ c÷i gvsm
BZÅvw` msiÞY KGi ˆ`Gki Lv`Å wbivcîvi cvkvcvwk weG`Gk
iµ¦vwb KGi cÉPzi ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv ARÆb Kiv mÁ¿e|
2. wewf®² ˆgŒmywg dGji cPGbi nvZ ˆ^GK iÞvi RbÅ AvaywbK
weGk¼ ‰wU ‰KwU mdj Lv`Å msiÞY c«¬wZ|
3. ˆKŒUvRvZKiGYi gvaÅGg MGo IGV wewf®² aiGbi Þz`Ë, gvSvwi
I fvix wkG͸i| AGbK ˆjvGKi KgÆmsÕ©vGbi m†wÓ¡ nq| wecbb
eÅeÕ©v MGo IGV|
4. ˆKŒUvRvZKiGYi dGj K‡lK Avw^ÆKfvGe jvfevb nb|
5. Mfxi mgy`Ë ˆ^GK gvQ msMÉn KGi ˆKŒUvRvZKiY KiGj
‰Kw`GK ˆhgb gvQ bÓ¡ nq bv I cPb aGi bv| AbÅw`GK
ˆ`Gki Pvwn`v wgwUGq weG`Gk iµ¦vwb KiGj cÉPzi ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv
AwRÆZ nq| A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe ˆ`k mg†«¬ nq|
6. Lv`Å ˆKŒUvRvZKiGYi dGj ‰i cvkvcvwk AviI `ywU wk͸ MGo
IGV- ‰KwU ˆKŒUv ev KÅvb ŠZwii KviLvbv, AciwU dzW
ˆjKvi KviLvbv|
cÉk
 ² 51
`ya BaCl2 AgNO3
`ËeY `ËeY
X-cvò Y-cvò Z-cvò
mgw®¼Z AaÅvq 2 I 5
[w`. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-4]
K. s-eÐK ˆgŒj KvGK eGj? 1 hvq|
L. Fe I Co ciÕ·Gii AvBGmv BGjKUÇwbK eÅvLÅv
2+ 3+
KGiv| 2 cÉGek KwiGq wKQyÞY NƒYÆvqgvb KiGj `yGai wKÌg I ˆNvj
M. DóxcGKi X-cvGòi c`v^Æ ˆ^GK gvLb ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvwU
ˆjGLv| 3 ZGe gvLb ŠZwii RbÅ `yGai mi ev KÌxg Dci nGZ Avjv`v
N. Y-cvò I Z-cvGò HCl ˆhvM Kivi djvdj weGkÏlY
KGiv| 4 5. gvLb cvwbgyÚKiY: gvLb ˆ^GK cvwb AcmviY `y’fvGe Kiv
51 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K chÆvq mviwYGZ AewÕ©Z ˆh mKj ˆgŒGji meÆewntÕ© Õ¦Gii
meÆGkl BGjKUÇbwU s AiweUvGj cÉGek KGi ˆm mKj ˆgŒjGK s-eÐK
ˆgŒj eGj| A
L ˆdivGmi (Fe) BGjKUÇb webÅvm A
 ZZÞY ‰fvGe cvwb AcmviY PjGZ ^vGK| ‰K chÆvGq Pvc
Fe(26)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 wK¯§ Fe2+ ‰i BGjKUÇb
webÅvm Fe2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 ‰LvGb BGjKUÇb msLÅv 24|
cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
Avevi, Co ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm
Co(27)  1s22s22p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2
wK¯§ Co3+ ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm
Co3+(27)  1s22s22p63s23p63d6 ‰LvGb BGjKUÇb msLÅv 24|
Õ·Ó¡Z ˆh, Fe2+ I Co3+ ‰i BGjKUÇb msLÅv mgvb| ZvB ‰iv
AvBGmv BGjKUÇbxq|
M DóxcGKi X cvGò `ya AvGQ| `ya nGZ gvLb cÉÕ§wZ AvGjvPbv
Kiv nGjv B
`ya nGZ gvLb cÉÕ§wZ : `ya nGZ gvLb cÉÕ§wZGZ ˆek KGqKwU avc
AwZKÌg KiGZ nq|
1. `yGai pH wbq¯¨Y| 2. `yGai cvÕ§ivqb| 3. kxZjxKiY| 4.
NƒYÆvqgvb cÉwKÌqvq ˆNvj cÉÕ§ZKiY ‰es 5. gvLb cvwb gyÚ KiY|
1. `yGai pH gvb wÕ©i ivLv: ˆKvGbv Mvfxi dvgÆ nGZ `ya msMÉGni
ci Zvi pH gvb wbq¯¨Y AwZ Ri‚ix| pH gvb 6.97.2 ‰i
gGaÅ ^vKvB wbivc`| ‰B pH gvb 6.5 ‰i wbGP ˆbGg ˆMGj Zv
ˆ^GK gvLb Drcv`b ˆek RwUj nq| KviY pH gvb KGg
hvIqvi A^Æ Zvi AÁÏZ½ ˆeGo hvIqv| ‰GZ `yGa DcwÕ©Z PweÆ
ˆfGO hvq, dGj `ya ˆPvjvBKiY cÉwKÌqvq ˆfGO jÅvKwUK
‰wmGW cwiYZ nq| ‰B jÅvKwUK ‰wmW ŠZwii dGj `yGa
ˆKBwRGbi gvaÅGg RgvU ˆeGa hvq A^Ævr `ya RGg hvq| ‰Uv
`yi Kivi RbÅ `ya msMÉGni ci `Ë‚Z wdÌwRs KiGj `yGai
Zvcgvòv 10°C ‰ ˆbGg AvGm| dGj RgvU evav ˆiva nq|
ZvQvov ռ͸ gvòvi NaHCO3 ev ˆmvWv ˆhvM KiGj `yGai pH
6.9 nGZ 7.2 ‰i gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ^vGK|
2. `yGai cvÕ§ivqb : `yGa PweÆ ^vKvq ‰wU `Ë‚Z cPbkxj| ‰B cPb
ˆivGa `ya DœP Zvcgvòvq dzwUGq cGi wbÁ² Zvcgvòvq Vvív
KiGj `ya cvÕ§wiZ nq| ‰GZ `ya RxevYygyÚ nq ‰es msiÞY
Kivi ˆgqv` ˆeGo hvq| cvÕ§wiZ `yGai gvLb Drcv`Gbi
cwigvYI evGo| DœP ZvGc `ya RxevYygyÚ KGi cybivq Vvív
Kivi gvaÅGg msiÞY Kivi ˆKŒkjB nGjv cvÕ§ivqb|
3. kxZjxKiY : cvÕ§wiZ `ya `Ë‚Z Vvív Kivi gvaÅGg RxevYygyÚ
KGi msiÞY Kiv hvq| AZci cÉ^Gg cvÕ§ivqb Kivi ci
`yBfvGe kxZjxKiY KGi `ya msMÉn KGi| ‰GÞGò mgqKvj
20 N´Ÿv nGjI MÉxÓÃKvj ev elÆvKvGj Zvcgvòv 7-10°C ‰es
kxZKvGj 10-12°C ‰i gGaÅ wbq¯¨Y KGi `ya msiÞY Kiv
4. NƒYÆvqgvb cÉwKÌqvq ˆNvj cÉÕ§ZKiY : ˆmw´ŸwdDR ˆgwkGb `ya
Avjv`v nGq hvq| ‰B KÌxg nGZB gƒjZ gvLb ŠZwi Kiv nq|
Kiv nq|
hvq| cÉ^Gg QuvKb ‰es ‰ici Pvc cÉGqvM Kiv| ‰KwU cvZjv
Kvco w`Gq ˆQuGK gvLGbi AwaKvsk cvwb mivGbv nq| ‰ici
cwiÓ•vi KvcGoi QvKwbGZ wbGq evievi cvwb w`Gq ayGq Pvc
w`Gq cvwb mivGbv nq| hZÞY chƯ¦ ‰ cvwb Õ¼œQ bv nq
w`GjI Avi cvwb ˆei nGe bv| ZLb gvLbGK msMÉn KGi 10C
‰i wbGP msiÞY Kiv nq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
N DóxcGKi Y cvò I Z-cvGò h^vKÌGg BaCl2 I AgNO3 `ËeY
AvGQ| A
mg AvqGbi DcwÕ©wZGZ ˆKvGbv ռ͸`ËeÅ jeGYi `ËveÅZv nËvGmi
NUbvGK mg Avqb cÉfve eGj| ‰RbÅ mg Avqb mÁ·®² Rjxq
ˆKvGbv `ËeGY ռ͸ jeGYi `ËveÅZv we÷«¬ cvwbGZ jeYwUi `ËveÅZv
AGcÞv Kg| Y cvGò HCl ˆhvM KiGj mgAvqb cÉfve NUGe| mg
Avqb cÉfvGei dGj BaCl2 ‰i `ËveÅZv nËvm cvGe| BaCl2 `ËeGY
HCl ˆhvM KiGj Cl Avqb ‰LvGb mgAvqb wnGmGe KvR KGi|
BaCl2 HooooooI Ba2+ + 2Cl
HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl(aq)|
myZivs Ba2+ I Cl AvqGbi gGaÅ HCl A^Ævr Cl ˆhvM Kivi dGj
wgkÉ `ËeGY mgAvqb A^Ævr Cl ‰i ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv e†w«¬ cvq|
jv-kvGZjxqvGii bxwZ AbymvGi `ËveÅZvi àYdGji gvb wÕ©i ivLvi
RbÅ wKQy cwigvY Cl, cÉGqvRbxq cwigvY Ba2+ AvqGbi mvG^ hyÚ
nGq BaCl2 Drc®² KGi hv AatGÞc i…Gc `ËeY ˆ^GK c†^K nq ‰i
dGj BaCl2 ‰i `ËveÅZv nËvm cvq|
Aciw`GK AgNO3 `ËeGY HCl ˆhvM KiGj AgCl ‰i mv`v
AatGÞc cGo| ‰GÞGò ˆKvGbv mgAvqb cÉfve NGU bv|
AgNO3 + HCl  AgCl + HNO3
mv`v AatGÞc
cÉk
² 52 HCl + NaOH  X + H2O.
mgw®¼Z AaÅvq 4 I 5
[w`. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-6]
K. nÅvRvWÆ wmÁ¼j KvGK eGj? 1 HF(ag) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + Na+ (aq) + F–(aq),
L. pH ˆÕ•j 0 – 14 ‰i gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ˆKb? 2 H = –68.6 kJ
M. X ‰KwU cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 A^Ævr ˆdÑvivBW Avqb (F) ‰i PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk nIqvq ‰wU
N. DóxcGKi ‰wmWwUi cwieGZÆ HF eÅenvi KiGj H ‰i
gvGbi cwieZÆb nGe wK? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 `ËveKhyÚKiY kwÚ eGj| ‰ kwÚi KviGY NaOH I HF-‰i cÉkgb
52 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K wec`äbK ivmvqwbK `ËGeÅi RbÅ eÅen†Z mywbw`ÆÓ¡ mZKÆxKiY
wPn×GK nÅvRvWÆ cÉZxK eGj| A
L ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi H+ AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi FYvñK
jMvwi`gGK H `ËeGYi pH eGj| `ËeGYi H+ ‰i Nbgvòv 1 M ‰i
ˆewk nGj pH ‰i gvb 0 ˆ^GK Kg ‰es OH– ‰i Nbgvòv 1 M ‰i
ˆewk nGj pH ‰i gvb 14 ‰i ˆewk nGZ cvGi| wK¯§ jNy `ËeGY H+
I OH– ‰i Nbgvòv 1 M ‰i ˆewk nGZ cvGi bv|
`ËeGY [H+] = 1M nGj,
pH = –log (1) = 0
`ËeGY [OH–] = 1 M nGj,
pOH = –log (1) = 0
pH = 14 – pOH
= 14 – 0 = 14
ZvB, pH ˆÕ•j 0–14 ‰i gGaÅmxgve«¬ ^vGK| A
M DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c A
 53 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
(X)
myZivs DóxcGKi X nGjv ˆmvwWqvg ˆKÑvivBW (NaCl) hv Avgiv
Lvevi jeY wnGmGe eÅenvi Kwi| ‰QvovI ‰wU Lv`Å msiÞiGY
eÅen†Z nq| cPbkxj Lv`Å`ËeÅGK NaCl ‰i Mvp `ËeY «¼viv
msiÞGYi cÉwKÌqvGK wKDwis eGj| cÉvK‡wZK Drm ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ ˆhme
c`v^Æ Lv`Å msiÞK I cÉwKÌqvRvZ KiGY eÅen†Z nq ZvG`iGK
cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK ev bÅvPvivj dzW wcÉRviGfwUm eGj| NaCl
mvaviYZ cÉvK‡wZK DcvGq cvIqv hvq| ˆRvqvGii mgq mgyG`Ëi cvwb
AvUwKGq Zv mƒGhÆi AvGjvGZ evÓ·xf„Z KiGj NaCl cvIqv hvq hv
109
mÁ·ƒYÆ cÉvK‡wZK DcvGq mÁ·®² nq| cÉvPxbKvj ˆ^GK ‰wU Lv`Å
msiÞK wnGmGe weGewPZ| ‰iv KvhÆKifvGe LvG`Å eÅvKGUwiqvi
e†w«¬ eÅvnZ KiGZ cvGi| gvQ ‰es gvsm msiÞGY jeY eÅvcK
cwigvGY eÅen†Z nGq ^vGK| ‰QvovI evwoGZ RÅvg, ˆRwj, AvPvi,
mm, Rym cÉf‡wZi msiÞK wnGmGe NaCl jeY eÅen†Z nq|
ZvB ejv hvq, NaCl ‰KwU cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK|
N DóxcGKi wewKÌqvq ZxeË ‰wmW (HCl) I ZxeË ÞviK (NaOH)
wewKÌ KGi NaCl jeY I cvwb Drc®² KGi| A
AÅvwmW I ÞvGii wewKÌqvq ‰K ˆgvj cvwb Drc®² KiGZ ˆh cwigvY
ZvGci D«¿e NGU ZvGK cÉkgb Zvc eGj| cÉkgGbi mgq ZvGci
D«¿e NGU| ‰B cÉkgb ZvGci gvb mKj ZxeË AÅvwmW I ZxeË ÞvGii
ˆÞGò wÕ©i, hv –57.3 kJ| ZGe Þvi ev AÅvwmGWi ˆKvGbv ‰KwU g†`y
nGj cÉkgb ZvGci gvb Av`kÆgvb nGZ `ƒGi mGi hvq|
DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ HCl-‰i cwieGZÆ nvBGWÈvGRb ˆdÑvivBW HF(aq)
‰es ˆmvwWqvg nvBGWÈvÝvBW (NaOH) ‰i ˆÞGò wÕ©i ZvGci ˆPGq
wKQy cwigvY ˆewk Zvc Drc®² nq| KviY Drc®² jeY ˆmvwWqvg
ˆdÑvivBW (NaF) cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z nGq Na+ ‰es F Avqb Drc®²
KGi| F AvqGbi PvGRÆi NbZ½ AbÅvbÅ AvqGbi ˆPGq ˆewk nIqvq
F ‰i mvG^ `ËveK cvwb ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe wKQyUv ˆewk `†pfvGe hyÚ
nq dGj wbMÆZ ZvckwÚ ˆewk nq| dGj, e®¬b m†wÓ¡ nGjB Zvc
wbMÆZ nq ‰es e®¬b hZ `†p nq Zvc Drcv`Gbi cwigvYI ZZ e†w«¬
cvq|
`ËveGKi
(cvwb) mvG^ `†pfvGe hyÚ nq ‰es wKQyUv Zvc wbMÆZ nq| ‰GK
ZvGci gvb wÕ©i gvGbi ˆPGq wKQyUv ˆewk nq|
cÉk
 ² 53
KjGqW Mi‚i
KYv `ya
A B
 wkLbdj: 6 [Kz. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-3]
K. cvB e®¬b KvGK eGj? 1
L. HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU ZxeË ‰wmW eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 2
M. B cvGòi c`v^Æ nGZ wN cÉÕ§ZcÉYvjx cÉevn wPòmn eYÆbv
KGiv| 3
N. A cvGòi KjGqW KYvmgƒGni RgvU bv evavi KviY
eÅvLÅvmn RgvU evavi ˆKŒkj weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
K `ywU cigvYyi cÉGZÅKwU nGZ ‰KwU KGi `ywU mgv¯¦ivj p

AiweUvGji cvk¼Æ AwaKÌgGYi dGj m†Ó¡ e®¬bGK cvB () e®¬b ejv
nq| A
L Avgiv Rvwb, AwÝ ‰wmWmgƒGni ˆÞGò hvi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi
abvñK RviY msLÅv hZ ˆewk Zvi ZxeËZvI ZGZv ˆewk nq| Avevi
abvñK RviY msLÅvi gvb mgvb nGj ˆh cigvYyi AvKvi ˆQvU Zvi
ZxeËZv ˆewk nq|
+5 +5
HNO3 H3PO4
110
HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰i ˆÞGò ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy bvBGUÇvGRb I
dmdivGmi abvñK RviY msLÅvi gvb mgvb| wK¯§ bvBGUÇvGRGbi
AvKvi dmdivm AGcÞv ˆQvU weavq ‰GZ PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk| ZvB
Õ¼fveZB HNO3 ‰i ZxeËZv H3PO4 AGcÞv AwaK nq| A
M DóxcGKi B cvGò Mi‚i `ya AvGQ| `ya nGZ wN cÉÕ§Z wbGÁ²
AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv A
`ya ˆ^GK wN cÉÕ§wZ :
`ya ˆ^GK gvLb ŠZwi cÉvØvGj cÉ^Gg `ya ˆ^GK wKÌg c†^KxKiY Kiv
nq| mvaviYZ `ywU c«¬wZ `ya ˆ^GK wKÌg c†^K Kiv nq| i. MÉvwfwU,
ii. ˆmcvGiUi «¼viv|
MÉvwfwUi gvaÅGg `yGai wKÌg cyGivcywi Avjv`v nq bv wK¯§ ˆmcvGiUi
ˆgwkGbi gvaÅGg cÉvµ¦ wKÌGg 35-40% PweÆ ^vGK| PvwbÆs cÉwKÌqvi
gvaÅGg wKÌgGK ZxeËfvGe AvGjvob Kiv nq| PvwbÆs cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg
PweÆ KYvàGjv ‰KGò hyÚ nGq gvLGbi KYv m†wÓ¡ KGi|
`ya ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ gvLbGK ‰KwU cvGò ˆXGj Zvc w`GZ nq| cÉvq wòk
wgwbU ˆ^GK ‰K N¥Ÿv mgq A͸ ZvGc D KiGZ nq ‰es meÆÞY
bvovPvov KiGZ nq| ‰i dGj gvLb MGj hvq| MwjZ gvLGbi
Õ¹zUb ÷i‚ nGj gvLGbi DcwifvGM ˆdbvi Õ¦i m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es AewkÓ¡
cvwb evÓ·xf„Z nq| gvLb MjGbi cÉwKÌqvq wZbwU Õ¦Gii D«¿e nq|
kxlÆ Õ¦i nGœQ ˆdbv Õ¦i ˆhLvGb gvLGbi cvwb evÓ·xf„Z nGZ ^vGK|
gaÅg Õ¦iwU Zij cÉK‡wZ mÁ·®²| wbÁ² Õ¦iwU `y™¬RvZ KwVb c`v^Æ|
AvGÕ¦ AvGÕ¦ Zij Õ¦iwU AwaKZi Õ¼œQ nGZ ^vGK| DcGii ˆdbv hyÚ
Õ¦iwU cÉvq mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe AcmvwiZ nGj Zij Õ¼œQ njy` eYÆ aviY KGi
‰es wbÁ²Õ¦Gii KwVb c`v^Æ ZjvwbGZ mwçZ nq| wbÁ² ZvGc Zvc
cÉ`vb AeÅvnZ ivLv nGj ‰es gvGS gvGS bvovPvov KiGj KwVb
c`v^ÆàGjv ev`vwg eYÆ aviY KGi| cGi Zij c`v^ÆwU AviI Mvp
njy` eYÆ aviY KGi| ‰fvGe wN cÉÕ§Z Kiv nq|
ˆmw´ŸÈwdDR
ˆdÌk `ya wKÌg
(3–5% PweÆ) (35–40% PweÆ)
gvLb Zvc (120C) wN
(80–85% PweÆ) (99.5% PweÆ )
N A cvGò KjGqW we`Ågvb| KjGqW wewf®² cÉKvi| ˆhgb- mj,
Bgvjkb I ˆRj| A
Bgvjwmdvimgƒn ˆKvqvàGjkb ˆivGa eÅen†Z BGjKGUÇvjvBwUq c`v^Æ
bq, ‰àGjv `xNÆ AYy cwigvixq c`v^Æ| ‰me AYyGZ `ËveK AvKlÆx I
`ËveK weKlÆx `yGUv cÉv¯¦ ^vGK| `ËveK AvKlÆx cÉv¯¦ KjGqW KYvi
c†Ó¤ZGj `†pfvGe AwaGkvwlZ nq| dGj BgvjwmdvqvGii `ËveK
weKlÆx MÉ‚c KYvi Dci ‰KwU `†p wdÍÂ wnGmGe ^vGK| ZvB ‰me
c`v^Æ ÷aygvò `ywU ZiGj gaÅKvi Av¯¦tc†Ó¤Zjxq UvbGKB cÉwZnZ
KGi bv, eis ‰KB mGã KjGqWxq KYvi PvicvGk ‰KwU `†p
wÕ©wZkxj wdÍÂ MVb KGi KYvmgƒGni RgvU ˆeuGa hvIqv ˆiva KGi|
‰ KviGY wÕ©wZkxj Bgvjkb MwVZ nq|
`yGai ˆÞGò ‰B wRwbmB NGU| ˆcÉvwUb AYyi `ËveK AvKlÆx cÉv¯¦
PweÆi KYvi Dci AwaGkvwlZ nGq cwiGeÓ¡b KGi ^vKGj `ËveK
weKlÆx Aci cÉv¯¦ KYvi Dci `†p wdÍ MVb KGi ^vGK| dGj
mgagÆx cÉv¯¦àGjv ciÕ·iGK weKlÆY Kivq Avi ‰KwòZ nGZ cvGi
bv|
ˆKvjGqW `ËeGYi gGaÅ Zwor weGkÏlÅ c`v^Æ ˆhvM KGi ˆKvjGqW
`ËeGYi KYvi AatGÞc ev ˆKvjGqW KYv I weÕ¦vi gvaÅGgi ciÕ·i
cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
`ƒGi mGi hvIqvi cÉwKÌqvB ˆKvqvàGjkb| ˆh ZworweGkÏlÅ c`v^Æ
eÅenvi KGi ˆKvjGqW KYvGK AatwÞµ¦ Kiv nq ZvGK ˆKvqvàGjkb
‰GR´Ÿ eGj|
ˆKvGbv mjGK wbÁ²wjwLZfvGe ˆKvqvàGjkb Kiv hvq:
i. `ywU wecixZ AvavbhyÚ mjGK wgwkGq: hLb `ywU wecixZ
AvavbhyÚ mjGK mgGgvj AbycvGZ ˆgkvGbv nq, ZLb ‰GK
AciGK cÉkwgZ KGi ‰es DfGqB ˆKvqvàGjkb nq|
ii. Õ¹zUb «¼viv: mvaviYfvGe dzwUGq ˆKvGbv ˆKvjGqW `ËeYGK
ˆKvqvàGjkb Kiv hvq|
iii. ZwoœPvjK «¼viv: ZwoœPvjY cÉwKÌqvi mvnvGhÅ WvqvjvBwmm KGi
Zwor weGkÏlÅ c`v^ÆGK AcmvwiZ KGi ˆKvGbv mjGK
ˆKvqvàGjkb Kiv hvq|
iv. cyb:cyb ev evisevi WvqvjvBwmm «¼viv: evievi WvqvjvBwmm KGi
ZworweGkÏlÅ c`v^ÆGK AcmvwiZ KGi ˆKvGbv mjGK
ˆKvqvàGjkb Kiv hvq|
KjGqW KYvàGjvi mƒß AeÕ©vi KviGY weÕ¦vi gvaÅGg Av¯¦tKYv
AvKlÆY ej ˆhgb- Avqb-WvBGcvj AvKlÆY ej «¼viv gvaÅGg mywÕ©Z
^vGK| ‰ AeÕ©vq abvñK A^ev FYvñK AvavbhyÚ KjGqW
KYvàGjv ciÕ·iGK weKlÆY KGi wbw`ÆÓ¡ `ƒiGZ½ wbGq hvq| wK¯§
Zwor weGkÏGlÅi msÕ·GkÆ wecixZ AvavbhyÚ KjGqW KYvàGjv Avavb
nËvm KGi ˆdGj| ZLb KjGqW KYvàGjvi gaÅwÕ©Z weKlÆY ej Avi
mywÕ©Z ^vGK bv| ‰ AeÕ©vq mƒß KYvàGjv RgvU euvaGZ ^vGK ‰es
AvKvGi eo nq| ‰wUB cÉK‡Z RgvU evavi cÉwKÌqv|
cÉk
 ² 54 myGKÌvR  Lv`Å msiÞK-1|
RviY cÉwKÌqv ˆivaKiY
PweÆhÚ
y Lv`Å + ŠRe Lv`Å msiÞK-2 
PvwbÆs
msiwÞZ Lv`Å|
 wkLbdj: 2, 9 I 10 [P. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-6]
K. ˆKvjGqW Kx? 1
L. KvP cwiÓ•viKiGY NH3 eÅen†Z nq ˆKb? 2
M. Lv`Å msiÞK-1 ‰i cÉÕ§wZ ˆjGLv| 3
N. Lv`Å msiÞGY DóxcGKi msiÞK `ywUi ZvwjKv Zzjbv
KGiv| 4
54 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ‰KwU c`v^Æ (KwVb Zij ev MÅvmxq) Aci ‰KwU c`vG^Æi
(KwVb, Zij ev MÅvmxq) gGaÅ 10–7 ˆ^GK 10–5 cm eÅvmvaÆwewkÓ¡
KYvi…Gc weÕ¦‡Z ˆ^GK ˆh w«¼-`kvwewkÓ¡ Õ©vqx Amgmî½ wmGÕ¡g
Drc®² KGi ZvGK KjGqW eGj| A
L ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii gƒj Dcv`vb wnGmGe NH3 eÅenvi Kiv nq| KviY
NH3 cvwbi mvG^ wewKÌqvq NH4OH Drc®² KGi| Drc®² NH4OH
‰i OH– Avqb KvGPi ˆKvGbvi…c ÞwZ bv KGi eis gqjv cwiÓ•vi
KiGZ mnvqZv KGi| ™ÏvGm gqjv wnmvGe mvaviYZ aƒjvevwji KYv
‰i c†Ó¤ZGji Dci Rgv nq| Avi ayjvevwji ‰B KYvmgƒn wewf®²
avZzi AÝvBW wnmvGe ^vGK hv AÅvGgvwbqvi mvG^ wewKÌqvq ™ÏvGmi
c†Ó¤Zj ˆ^GK AcmvwiZ nq| ZvB ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi NH3 eÅenvi Kiv
nq| A
M DóxcGKi Lv`Å msiÞK-1 nGjv wfGbMvi KviY myGKÌvR nGZ
wfGbMvi ev ‰wmwUK ‰wmW cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq hv Lv`Å msiÞK wnGmGe
KvR KGi| A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 111
MuvRb cÉwKÌqvq cÉGk² cÉ`î wfGbMvi cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq| wbGP wfGbMvi 55 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
cÉÕ§wZ eYÆbv Kiv nGjv K ˆKvGbv wmGÕ¡Ggi Afů¦ixY kwÚi mvG^ wmGÕ¡Ggi Pvc I

AvGLi iGm cÉvq 3-4% wPwb we`Ågvb| hv CÕ¡ wbtm†Z BbfviGUR I AvqZGbi àYdj (PV) kwÚ ˆhvM KiGj ˆh ˆgvU kwÚ cvIqv hvq
RvBGgR ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq cÉ^Gg ™ÏyGKvR I dÌzGÙvR ‰es cGi ZvGK ‰b^vjwc eGj| A
B^vbj Drc®² KGi| L RwUj ˆhŒM MVbKvGj wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMj cÉ`vbKvix
msMwVZ wewKÌqvmgƒn nGjv cigvYy, Avqb ev ˆhŒM AYyGK wjMÅv´£ eGj| :NH3 AYyi bvBGUÇvGRb
BbfviGUR
C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 cigvYyGZ ‰K ˆRvov wbtmã BGjKUÇb hyMj ^vKvq Zv RwUj ˆhŒM
30C
myGKÌvR (wPwb) ™ÏyGKvR dÌzGÙvR MVbKvGj wjMÅv´£ wnGmGe KvR KGi| ˆhgb: A
RvBGgR H3N 
 NH3
2C6H12O6  4CH3CH2OH + 4CO2
30C 2+
B^vbj Cu
‰fvGe MuvRb cÉwKÌqv mÁ·®² nq ‰es `ËeGY 10% B^vbj we`Ågvb 
 H3N 
NH3
^vGK| DÚ B^vbj gvBGKvWvgÆv AÅvwmwU bvgK eÅvKGUwiqvi mvnvGhÅ ˆUUÇv-AÅvg&wgb Kcvi (II) Avqb,
RvwiZ nGq B^vbwqK ‰wmW Drc®² KGi| B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi 6-10% [Cu(NH3)4]4+
Rjxq `ËeYGK wfGbMvi eGj hv wcÉRviGfwUfm wnGmGe Lv`Å ˆUUÇv-AÅvg&wgb Kcvi (II) AvqGb PviwU NH3 Pvi ˆRvov wbtmã
msiÞGY eÅen†Z nq| BGjKUÇb hyMj Cu(II) ˆK BGjKUÇb cÉ`vb KGi RwUj Avqb MVb
gvBGKvWvgÆv KGi| ZvB ejv hvq NH3 ‰KwU wjMÅv´£| A
CH3CH2OH + O2  CH3COOH + H2O
AÅvwmwU eÅvKGUwiqv M DóxcGKi C-cvGòi eÕ§wU nGjv Avg| AvgGK mvaviYZ KÅvwbs
N DóxcGKi Lv`Å msiÞK-1 nGjv wfGbMvi hv cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å ev ˆKŒUvRvZKiY c«¬wZGZ msiÞY Kiv nq| wbGÁ² c«¬wZwU
msiÞK ‰es Lv`Å msiÞK-2 hv PweÆhyÚ Lv`Å msÞiGY eÅen†Z nq AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv
‰es LvG`Åi RviY cÉwKÌqv ˆiva KGi| dGj ŠRe Lv`Å msiÞK nGjv 1. djmsMÉnI ˆLvmv QovGbv: cyGivcywi cvKv I AvuUmuvU Avg
BHA (Butylated Hydroxy Anisol) ‰es BHT (Buty Cated wbeÆvPb KiGZ nGe| wbeÆvwPZ Avg fvGjv KGi ˆaŒZ KGi ˆLvmv
Hydroxy) hv K‡wòK Lv`Å msiÞK| wbGÁ² wfGbMvi I BHA & I ˆeuvUv AcmviY Kiv nq|
BHT ‰i gGaÅ Zzjbv Kiv nGjv B 2. dj ÕÏvBR Kiv: ‰evi ÕÐvBmvi w`Gq AvGgi big ˆdÑfviGK
wfGbMvi BHA & BHT ÕÐvBm KGi KÅvGb msiÞY Kiv nq| ÕÐvBm Kivi mgq KvswLZ
i. wfGbMvi ‰KwU cÉvK‡wZK BHA & BHT K‡wòg Lv`Å AvKvGi Zv Kiv nq ‰es AuvwU ˆdGj ˆ`Iqv nq|
Lv`Å msiÞK| msiÞK| 3. wPwbI mvBwUÇK ‰wmW ˆhvMKiY: KÅvGbi ˆfZi mylgfvGe
ii. ‰wU `vGg mÕ¦v I ‰ Lv`Å msiÞK `vgx I ÕÏvBmàGjv fwZÆ Kivi ci ZvGZ 40% wPwbi `ËeY I 0.25%
mnRjfÅ| mnRjfÅ bq| mvBwUÇ K ‰wmW ˆhvM Kiv nq| wPwb ‰es mvBwUÇK ‰wmW
iii. eÅvKGUwiqv RwbZ KviGY LvG`Å CÕ¡ I ˆgvΣ AvKÌgY ‰LvGb wcÉRviGfwUf&m wnGmGe KvR KGi|
LvG`Åi cuPb cÉwZGiva KGi| cÉwZnZ KGi| 4. ‰MRwÕ¡s, wmwjs, wiUwUÆs: ‰ici KÅvbGK ‰M&Rm&wUs I wmj
iv. ‰wU AÁÏxq nIqvq ‰i pH BHA I BHT PweÆhÚ y LvG`Åi KGi 20–30 wgwbU aGi dzU¯¦ cvwbGZ cÉGmwms Kiv nq|
gvb cÉvq 2.35| dGj RviY wKÌqv cÉwZGiva KGi dGj 5. ˆjGewjs: AZtci KÅvb Vvív KGi ˆjGej jvMvGbv nq|
eÅvKGUwiqv R¯ÃvGbv ev esk RviY cÉwKÌqvq Drc®² wdÌ ˆjGeGj cGYÅi weeiY, Lv`Å Drcv`Gbi ZvwiL I ˆgqv`
weÕ¦vGi AbyK„j cwiGek cvq iÅvwWGdjGK cÉkwgZ KGi DGÍÏ L KGi ÷Ó•, Vvív I AvGjvKwenxb Õ©vGb à`vgRvZ
bv| wkKj wewKÌqvi cwimgvwµ¦ KiGZ nq|
NUvq| wgwkÉ Z Avg ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY AvGg wPwbi 40% Rjxq `ËeY-‰es
v. Lv`Å msiÞK wnGmGe ‰G`i gvòv ˆewk nGj kvixwiK ˆKŒUvq Zvc cÉ`vb Kivq AbyRxGei esk e†w«¬ ‰es LvG`Åi RviY ev
wfGbMvGii ˆKvGbv Aemv`, gv^veÅ^v ‰jvwRÆ, weRviY ˆiva nIqvq LvG`Å 0.2% mvBwUÇK ‰wmW bv w`GqI Avg
cvk¼cÆ ÉwZwKÌqv ˆbB| n†rwcGíi iÚ mçvjGb evav msiÞY mÁ¿e| A
‰gbwK KÅv´Övi nGZ cvGi| N DóxcGKi A I B nGjv h^vKÌGg HCl I digvjwWnvBW| ‰G`i
cÉk
 ² 55 eÅenvGii mgq mZKÆZv mgƒn wbGÁ² eYÆbv Kiv nGjv:
1.098 g/mL digvjwWnvBW Avg HCl: HCl hv AZů¦ ZxeË ‰wmW I ÞqKviK c`v^Æ| jÅveGiUwiGZ
HCl ‰ ˆKwgKÅvj eÅenvGii mgq AekÅB ˆmdwU MMj&m, ˆKwgKÅvj cÉ‚d
A B C nÅv´£ ™Ïvfm I mÁ·ƒYÆ cv XvKv RyZv cwiavb KiGZ nGe| HCl
 wkLbdj: 2 [wm. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-6]
‰wmGW mivmwi cvwb Xvjv hvGe bv| A
K. ‰b^vjwc KvGK eGj? 1 cvwbGZ A͸ A͸ KGi ‰wmW ˆhvM KGi ˆbGo jNy KiGZ nGe| ‰
L. AÅvGgvwbqv ‰KwU cÉkg wjMÅv´£@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 ‰wmW me mgq KÅvweGbGU ˆPvGLi ˆjGfj ˆ^GK wbGP c†^K
M. ‘C’ cvGòi eÕ§wUi msiÞY cÉYvjx eYÆbv KGiv| 3 ˆKweGbGU msiÞY KiGZ nGe|
N. DóxcGKi ivmvqwbK `ËeÅàGjv jÅveGiUwiGZ eÅenvGii digvjwWnvBW: digvjwWnvBW (HCHO) hv k¼vm-cÉk¼vGmi gvaÅGg
mgq Kxi…c wbivcîvgƒjK eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KiGe? eÅvLÅv kixGi cÉGek KiGj wKWwb, wjfvi bÓ¡ nGZ cvGi ‰gbwK KÅv´ÖviI
KGiv| 4
112
nGZ cvGi ZvB ‰wU eÅenvGii mgq wbivc` Pkgv, nvGZ ™Ïvfm I
bvGK gyGL gvÕ• eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| ‰wU cwiGek `ƒlY NUvq ZvB
eÅenvGii ci hòZò ˆdGj ˆ`Iqv ev WvwÁ·s Kiv hvGe bv|
ivmvqwbK cwiGkvaGbi gvaÅGg hZ`ƒi mÁ¿e wbivc` DcvGq cwiGeGk
cwiZÅvM KiGZ nGe|
cÉk
² 56
wfGbMvi
A B
 wkLbdj: 2 I 10 [h. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-5]
K. wjMÅv´£ KvGK eGj? 1
L. H3PO4 AGcÞv HNO3 kwÚkvjx ‰wmW eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi A `ËeÅwUi ˆKŒUvRvZKiY c«¬wZ AvGjvPbv
KGiv| 3 ˆcÉvwUb AYyàGjv ciÕ·Gii wbKGU ‰Gm wc´£xf„Z nq ‰es weÕ¦viY
N. B `ËeÅwU ‰KwU DrK‡Ó¡ Lv`Å wcÉRviGfwUf nGjI `ya
msiÞGY ‰wU eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 KGi| ‰fvGe BGjKGUÇvjvBGUi DcwÕ©wZGZ AvYweK chÆvGq AmsLÅ
56 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K RwUj ˆhŒM MVGbi mgq ˆh AYy ev Avqb BGjKUÇb ˆRvo `vb

KGi ZvGK wjMÅv´£ eGj| A
L Avgiv Rvwb, AwÝ ‰wmWmgƒGni ˆÞGò hvi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi
abvñK RviY msLÅv hZ ˆewk Zvi ZxeËZvI ZGZv ˆewk nq| Avevi
abvñK RviY msLÅvi gvb mgvb nGj ˆh cigvYyi AvKvi ˆQvU Zvi
ZxeËZv ˆewk nq|
+5 +5
HNO3 H3PO4
HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰i ˆÞGò ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy bvBGUÇvGRb I dmdivGmi
abvñK RviY msLÅvi gvb mgvb| wK¯§ bvBGUÇvGRGbi AvKvi
dmdivm AGcÞv ˆQvU weavq ‰GZ PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk| ZvB Õ¼fveZB
HNO3 ‰i ZxeËZv H3PO4 AGcÞv AwaK nq| A
M DóxcGKi A `ËeÅwU nGjv Avg| AvgGK mvaviYZ KÅvwbs ev
ˆKŒUvRvZKiY c«¬wZGZ msiÞY Kiv nq| wbGÁ² c«¬wZwU
AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv
i. djmsMÉnI ˆLvmv QovGbv: cyGivcywi cvKv I AvuUmuvU Avg
wbeÆvPb KiGZ nGe| wbeÆvwPZ Avg fvGjv KGi ˆaŒZ KGi ˆLvmv
I ˆeuvUv AcmviY Kiv nq|
ii. dj ÕÏvBm Kiv: ‰evi ÕÐvBmvi w`Gq AvGgi big ˆdÑfviGK
ÕÐvBm KGi KÅvGb msiÞY Kiv nq| ÕÐvBm Kivi mgq KvswLZ
AvKvGi Zv Kiv nq ‰es AuvwU ˆdGj ˆ`Iqv nq|
iii. wPwbI mvBwUÇK ‰wmW ˆhvMKiY: KÅvGbi ˆfZi mylgfvGe
ÕÏvBmàGjv fwZÆ Kivi ci ZvGZ 40% wPwbi `ËeY I 0.25%
mvBwUÇK ‰wmW ˆhvM Kiv nq| wPwb ‰es mvBwUÇK ‰wmW
‰LvGb wcÉRviGfwUf&m wnGmGe KvR KGi|
iv. ‰MRwÕ¡s, wmwjs, wiUwUÆs: ‰ici KÅvbGK ‰M&Rm&wUs I wmj
KGi 20–30 wgwbU aGi dzU¯¦ cvwbGZ cÉGmwms Kiv nq|
v. ˆjGewjs: AZtci KÅvb Vvív KGi ˆjGej jvMvGbv nq|
ˆjGeGj cGYÅi weeiY, Lv`Å Drcv`Gbi ZvwiL I ˆgqv`
DGÍÏL KGi ÷Ó•, Vvív I AvGjvKwenxb Õ©vGb à`vgRvZ
KiGZ nq|
wgwkÉZ Avg ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY AvGg wPwbi 40% Rjxq `ËeY-‰es
ˆKŒUvq Zvc cÉ`vb Kivq AbyRxGei esk e†w«¬ ‰es LvG`Åi RviY ev
cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
weRviY ˆiva nIqvq LvG`Å 0.2% mvBwUÇK ‰wmW bv w`GqI Avg
msiÞY mÁ¿e|
N DóxcGK B `ËeÅwU nGjv wfGbMvi ‰wmwUK ‰wmGWi (610)%
Rjxq `ËeYGK wfGbMvi ejv nq| Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞGY wfGbMvi AZů¦
DrK‡Ó¡gvGbi wcÉRviGfwUfm| ‰wU LvG`Åi Drc®² wewf®² AYyRxeGK
a»sm KGi LvG`Åi àYMZ gvb eRvq ivGL| A
wK¯§ Lv`Å msiÞGY ‰wU DrK‡Ó¡ wcÉRviGfwUfm nGjI `ya msiÞGY
‰wU eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv KviY `ya nGjv gƒjZ `y™¬ PweÆi ‰K aiGbi
Bgvjkb, ˆmLvGb PweÆi mvG^ DcwÕ©Z ^vGK cvwb, jÅvGÙvR I
ˆcÉvwUGbi wgkÉY| ˆKwmb bvgK ˆcÉvwUbwU ‰KwU RyBUvi AvqGbi gZ
KvR KGi| ‰GZ abvñK I FYvñK `ywU cÉv¯¦ iGqGQ|
`yGa wfGbMvi ev ‰wmwUK ‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj cvwbGZ AÅvwmGUU I
H+ Avqb ŠZwi KGi `Ëexf„Z nq| ‰GZ `yGai ˆcÉvwUb AYyàGjvi
gaÅÕ© Av¯¦tKYv ej H+ AvqGbi cÉfvGe webÓ¡ nGq cGo| ZLb
gvaÅGg ˆfGm IGV| ‰LvGb wfGbMvi BGjKGUÇvjvBU wnGmGe KvR
KYv ˆKvqvàGjkb cÉwKÌqvq ‰KwòZ nGq RgvU ˆeuGa ˆKvqvàGjkb
ŠZwi nq| ˆKvqvàGjkb cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg ˆKvjGqW KYvmgƒn ‰KwòZ
nGq KYvàGjvi AvKvi eGov KGi ‰es meÆGkl c†Ó¤ZGj Õ©vqxfvGe
Zjvwb wnGmGe AeÕ©vb KGi A^ev ˆfGm ^vGK| ˆKvqvàGjkb
mvaviYZ BGjKGUÇvjvBGUi msGhvGM NGU| hLb ‰KwU ZworweGkÏlÅ
ˆKvjGqW `ËeGYi gGaÅ ˆhvM Kiv nq ZLb H `ËeGYi KYvàGjv
AvqGb cwiYZ nq hv wecixZ PvRÆhyÚ nGq H msGhvMK‡Z
ZworweGkÏlÅGK cÉkwgZ KGi| wbiGcÞ KYvàGjv ‰KwòZ nGq RgvU
ˆeuGa Õ©vqxfvGe wbGP Zjvwb wnGmGe Rgv nq|
DcwiDÚ KviGY `ya msiÞGY wfGbMvi eÅenvi Kiv nq bv|
1g c«¬wZ: Lv`Å mvgMÉx digvwjb/K‡wòg
cÉk
² 57
wcÉRviGfwUfm msiwÞZ Lv`Å
2q1gc«¬wZ:
c«¬wZ: djgƒj/mewR ˆaŒZKiY
eÐvwçs ‰KRwÕ¡s
msiwÞZ cÉwKÌqvRvZ Lv`Å
 wkLbdj: 2 I 4 [e. ˆev. 19; cÉk²-4]
K. Lv`Å wbivcîv KvGK eGj? 1
L. `ya ‰KwU `ËeY bv Bgvjmb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. 2q c«¬wZGZ UGgGUv cÉwKÌqvRvZKiY eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. wbivc` Lv`Å msiÞGY `ywU c«¬wZi h^v^ÆZv weGkÏlY
KGiv| 4
57 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K mylg LveviGK gvbmÁÃZfvGe ŠeævwbK DcvGq msiÞY KGi

gvbeRvwZi LvG`Åi Pvwn`vi ˆhvMvb ˆ`IqvGK Lv`Å wbivcîv eGj| A
L `ya ‰KwU Bgvjkb ev KjGqW| ‰wU cvwbGZ ˆZj RvZxq
Bgvjkvb| ˆKbbv ‰GÞGò A`ËeYxq Zij PweÆi mƒß KYvmgƒn cvwb
gvaÅGg meÆò mgfvGe weivR KGi ‰KwU KjGqW wmGÕ¡g MVb KGi|
‰GÞGò ˆKGmBb BgvjmbKviK wnGmGe KvR KGi| ‰LvGb KwVb
c`vG^Æi Þz`ËZg KYvàGjvi AvKvGii eÅvm 2 – 100nm ‰i gGaÅ
nq| KYvàGjv ‰KK gÅvGKÌv AYy hv `xNÆw`b ‰KB AeÕ©vq c†^K
^vGK bv ‰es Amgmî½ AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ZvB ejv hvq `ya ‰KwU
Bgvjkb| A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
M DóxcGKi 2q c«¬wZwU nGjv KÅvwbs ev ˆKŒUvRvZKiY c«¬wZ|
ˆKŒUvRvZKiY c«¬wZGZ UGgGUv cÉwKÌqRvZKiY wbGÁ² AvGjvPbv
Kiv nGjv A
UGgGUvi ˆKŒUvRvZKiY cÉYvjx:
1. UGgGUv msMÉn I ˆaŒZKiY: evRvi ˆ^GK cyÓ¡ jvj eGYÆi UGgGUv
msMÉn Kiv nq| meGPGq fvGjv AvKvGii UGgGUvi ˆeuvUv ev` w`Gq
cwiÓ•vi cvwbGZ ayGq ˆbqv nq| Qywi w`Gq ˆKGU UGgGUvi ˆQvU
exRàGjv `ƒi Kiv nq|
2. UGgGUvGK Mig cvwbGZ eÐvwçs: cwiÓ•vi UGgGUvàGjvGK dzU¯¦
cvwbGZ 2-3 wgwbU ˆiGL SuvSwi w`Gq ZzGj ˆbqv nq| ZLb UGgGUvi
cvZjv Pvgov wXGj nGq ^vGK| ‰evi wXGj Pvgov c†^K KGi
UGgGUvàGjvGK Mig cvwbGZ ayGq ˆbqv nq|
3. ˆKŒUvq UGgGUv I KÅvwbs Zij fwZÆ: eÐvwçs ˆkGl UGgGUvi
UzKivàGjvGK ˆÓ¡wijvBRW ev RxevYygyÚ ˆKŒUvq fwZÆ KGi ˆKŒUvi
gyGL AGaÆK Lvwj ˆiGL KÅvwbs Ziji…Gc cÉvK‡wZK wcÉRviGfwUf ˆhgb
10% NaCl `ËeY I 5% wPwbi `ËeY ˆhvM KGi UGgGUvi
UzKivàGjvGK wbgwäZ Kiv nq| ‰evi ˆKŒUvi gyL nvjKvfvGe
AvUKvGbv nq|
4. ‰MRwÕ¡s, wmwjs I wiUwUÆs: ‰ici ˆKŒUvàGjvGK cvwb Õ¹zUb
evG^Æi KÅvGb ˆiGL cÉ^Gg 85C Zvcgvòvq 10 wgwbU ‰MRwÕ¡s Kiv
nq| cGi ˆKŒUvi gyL wmwjs KGi 100C Zvcgvòvq 30 wgwbU
wiUwUÆs Kiv nq|
5. ˆjGewjs I evRviRvZKiY: ˆkGl ˆKŒUv kxZj KGi ‰i MvGq
ˆjGej jvMvGbv nq| cGi UGgGUvi ˆKŒUvàGjvGK evRviRvZ Kiv
nq|
N DóxcGKi 1g c«¬wZi gvaÅGg Lv`Å mvgMÉxGK digvwjb ev
K‡wòg msiÞGKi gvaÅGg msiÞY Kiv nGqGQ| Lv`Å `ËGeÅi cPb
mvaviYZ, AbyRxGei R¯Ã, weKvk I ZvG`i wecvK cÉwKÌqvi KviGY
msNwUZ nq| K‡wòg Lv`Å msiÞK mvaviYZ Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞGYi
ˆÞGò PviwU cÉavbKvR mÁ·®² KGi ^vGK|
i. Av`ËÆZvgyÚKiY (Dehydration) : Av`ËÆZvgyÚKiGYi KviGY
AYyRxGei g†ZzÅ NGU| A
ii. AYyRxGei weKvGki ˆÞGò AbycGhvMx cwiGek m†wÓ¡ Kiv| (pH
wbq¯¨Y)
iii. AYyRxGei cÉwZ welvÚZvi cÉGqvM: KwZcq ivmvqwbK msiÞK
AYyRxe a»sGm mg^Æ|
iv. ‰w´ŸAwÝGW´Ÿ: cÉGqvMK‡Z msiÞK AwÝGRGbi mvG^ wewKÌqv
KGi Lv`Å`ËGeÅi RviY cÉwKÌqvGK evavMÉÕ¦ KGi| cÉ^g c«¬wZGZ
K‡wòg wcÉRviGfwUfm ˆhvM KGi Lv`Å mvgMÉxGK msiÞY Kiv
nGqGQ| ‰GÞGò digvwjb «¼viv msÞiGYi DGÍÏL iGqGQ| ZGe,
digvwjb «¼viv Lv`Å mvgMÉxi msiÞY MÉnYGhvMÅ bq| KviY,
djgƒj I kvKmewR msiÞGY digvwjGbi ˆKvY f„wgKvB
ˆbB| djgƒj I kvKmewR nGœQ Auvk RvZxq Lv`Å mvgMÉx,
ˆhLvGb ˆcÉvwUGbi DcwÕ©wZ AZů¦ Kg| digvwjb ˆcÉvwUb
RvZxq Lv`Å eÕ§i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi| ZGe, gvQ ev gvsmRvZxq
Lv`Å msiÞGY digvwjGbi f„wgKv ^vKGjI ‰i KÅv´Övi
m†wÓ¡Kvix f„wgKvi RbÅ Lv`Å mvgMÉxi msiÞGY ‰wU wbwl«¬|
w«¼Zxq c«¬wZGZ djgƒ†j/mewRi msiÞGY Zvcxq cÉwKÌqvKiY c«¬wZ
eÅen†Z nGqGQ| ‰B cÉwKÌqvi ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv i. Zvc cÉGqvM, ii.
‰bRvBGgi AmwKÌqKiY, iii. AYyRxGei webvk mvab (DœP
Zvcgvòvq) ‰es iv. AwÝGRb `ƒixKiY ‰es Lv`Å`ËGeÅi RviY
cÉwKÌqv iwnZKiY|
113
1g c«¬wZwU ‰KwU ivmvqwbK c«¬wZ| ‰ c«¬wZGZ msiwÞZ
Lv`ÅeÕ§GK wbÁ²Zvcgvòvq msiÞY Kiv nq| ‰G`i ˆkjd jvBd
AGbK Kg| ‰ c«¬wZGZ msiwÞZ Lv`ÅeÕ§i cÅvGKURvZ Kiv nq|
w«¼Zxq c«¬wZGZ Zvcxq cÉwKÌqvKiGYi D`vniY nGjv eÐÅvwçs,
‰MRwÕ¡s, wbeÆxRKiY| ‰ c«¬wZGZ Lv`ÅeÕ§GZ ˆKŒUvRvZKiY Kiv
nq| ‰ me Lv`ÅeÕ§i ˆkjd jvBd AwaK nGq ^vGK ‰es KÞgvòvq
msiÞY Kiv nq|
cÉk
² 58 X(NaOH); Y(NH4OH); Z(NaCl).
 wkLbdj: 4 I 8 [Xv.ˆev., w`.ˆev., wm.ˆev., h.ˆev. 18; cÉk²-8]
K. 4-wWwRU eÅvGj´Ö Kx? 1
L. cvDwji eRÆb bxwZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. Lv`Å ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY Z ‰i f„wgKv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ DóxcGKi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU DchyÚ?
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
58 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆh wWwRUvj eÅvGjG´Öi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvGbv c`vG^Æi fi `kwgGKi

ci ˆKej Pvi wWwRU chƯ¦ cwigvc Kiv hvq ZvGK 4-wWwRU
eÅvGj´Ö eGj|
L cwji eRÆb bxwZ AbymvGi ‰KB cigvYyGZ `ywU BGjKUÇGbi
PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb KLGbv mgvb ^vGK bv| A^Ævr ‰KwU
cigvYyi 2wU BGjKUÇGbi KÞcG^i AvKvi (n), AvK‡wZ (l) I
ˆKŒwYK AeÕ©vb (m) ‰KB nGjI ZvG`i NƒYÆGbi w`K wecixZgyLx
nq| A^Ævr ‰GÞGò 4^Æ ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv wf®² nq|
ˆhgb He ‰i cigvYyGZ gvò `ywU BGjKUÇb AvGQ| ‰B `ywU
BGjKUÇGbi PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gGaÅ cÉ^g wZbwUi gvb Awf®²
nGjI PZz^Æ ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv A^Ævr wÕ·b ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb
AekÅB wf®²|
1
1g BGjKUÇGbi ˆÞGò n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 2
1
2q BGjKUÇGbi ˆÞGò n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s =  2
M DóxcGKi Z ˆhŒMwU nGjv ˆmvwWqvg ˆKÑvivBW (NaCl) jeY|
Lv`Å ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY NaCl ‰i f„wgKv Acwimxg|
Lv`Å msiÞGYi eüj cÉPwjZ c«¬wZ wKDwis| Lv`Å `ËeÅGK Lvevi
jeY ev ‰i wbw`ÆÓ¡ Nbgvòvi `ËeY «¼viv msiÞY Kiv cÉwKÌqvGK
wKDwis eGj| NaCl ‰i wewf®² Nbgvòvi `ËeY Lv`Å `ËeÅ nGZ gyÚ
cvwbGK ÷Gl ˆbq| dGj Lv`Å `ËGeÅi gGaÅ AYyRxe R¯ÃvGbvi AbyK„j
cwiGek cvq bv| NaCl ‰i `ËeY I jÅvKwUK ‰wmW eÅvKGUwiqvi
Drcv`b I eskweÕ¦vGii RbÅ cÉwZK„j cwiGek m†wÓ¡ KGi| ‰
c«¬wZGZ Lv`Å`ËeÅ `xNÆw`b myiwÞZ ^vGK|
jeY ‰KwU cÉvK‡wZK wcÉRviGfwUf| jeY Lv`Å `ËeÅ ˆ^GK cvwb ˆUGb
ˆbq ‰es wWnvBGWÈkGbi KvR KGi| dGj Lv`Å`ËGeÅ RxevYyi RbÅ
cÉGqvRbxq AbyK„j cwigvY cvwb `yÓ·ÉvcÅ nGq cGo ‰es RxevYyi
eske†w«¬ ˆ^Gg hvq| jeY ‰bRvBGgi wKÌqvGK evavMÉÕ¦ KGi| jeY
AwÝGRGbi `ËveÅZv nËvm KGi| dGj evqyRxwe eÅvKGUwiqv e†w«¬ jvf
KiGZ cvGi bv| jeY I ‰wmGWi wgkÉY cPbKvix RxevYy cÉwZGiva
KGi| ˆÕ·vi MVbKvix AÅvGivweK I AevZ eÅvKGUwiqv jeY mnÅ
KiGZ cvGi bv| ‰me KviGY Lv`Å msiÞGY wKDwis Kiv nq|
114
N DóxcGKi Y ˆhŒMwU nGjv NH4OH| KvGRB Y ˆhŒMwU ™Ïvm
wKÑbvi wnGmGe DchyÚ nGe| ˆKbbv Avgiv Rvwb ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii gƒj
Dcv`vb nGjv NH3, hv ˆ^GK NH4OH cvIqv hvq|
™Ïvm wKÑbvi ™ÏvGmi ˆZj, MÉxR, gqjvGK AcmvwiZ KGi ‰GK
SKSGK cwiÓ•vi ivGL| ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii gƒj Dcv`vb nGjv gƒjZ NH3
ˆ^GK Drc®² NH4OH hv ‰KwU g†`y Þvi|
NH3 + H2O  NH4OH
NH4OH ‰i OH– Avqb ™ÏvGm ˆjGM ^vKv MÉxR, ˆZj I PweÆi mvG^
wewKÌqv KGi ™Ïvm ˆ^GK gyÚ KGi wK¯§ ™ÏvGmi Dcv`vGbi mvG^ ˆKvGbv nq|
wewKÌqv KGi bv|
R – COOR + NH4OH  R – COONH4 + ROH
™Ïvm + NH4OH  No reaction
cÞv¯¦Gi ™Ïvm cwiÓ•vGi NaOH eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| KviY ‰wU
™ÏvGm we`Ågvb Dcv`vb wmwjKvi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi `ËeYxq ˆmvwWqvg
wmwjGKU Drc®² KGi ™ÏvmGK Þq KGi|
2NaOH + SiO2  Na2SiO3 + H2O
ZvQvov NaOH ZxeË ÞqKviK| ZvB ‰wU AGbK KwVb gqjvGK CH – O – C|| – R + 3NH4OH  3R – COONH4 + CH
cwiÓ•vi KiGZ cvGi ‰es ™ÏvGmiI Þq mvab KGi| dGj ™ÏvGmi
DcwifvGMi gm†YZv webÓ¡ nq|
cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
ZvB ejv hvq gƒjZ BGjKUÇb webÅvGm wÕ©wZkxjZv ARÆGbi jGÞÅ
Cu ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi eÅwZKÌg nq|
M 56(M)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
N DóxcGKi 2bs wPGò A I B nGjv h^vKÌGg UqGjU I ™Ïvm
wKÑbvi| ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi NH3 ‰i mvG^ B^vbj I wWUviGR´Ÿ eÅenvi
Kiv nq| Avevi ÷ay AÅvGgvwbqv `ËeY w`Gq ™Ïvm wKÑbvi cÉÕ§Z Kiv
nq| ™ÏvGmi ŠZwi wewf®² mvgMÉx ˆhgb, Rvbvjvi ™Ïvm, ˆUwej ™Ïvm,
Mvoxi ™Ïvm cwiÓ•vGii RbÅ AÅvGgvwbqvi Rjxq `ËeY eÅenvi Kiv
NH3 cvwbi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi NH4OH Drc®² KGi| NH4OH ‰i
OH Avqb ™ÏvGm ˆjGM ^vKv wMÉR, ˆZj I dÅvU RvZxq c`v^ÆGK gyÚ
KGi| NH4OH gqjv cwiÓ•vi KiGjI ™ÏvGmi mvG^ ˆKvGbv
ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvq AskMÉnY KGi bv|
O
||
CH2 – O – C – R
CH2 – OH
O
|
– OH
O |
||
CH2 – O – C – R
CH2 – OH

myZivs DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv ‰es ˆhŒwÚKZvi wfwîGZ ejv hvq NaOH ™Ïvm nGZ gyÚ nq
ZxeË ÞqKvix ‰es NH4OH AGcÞvK‡Z `yeÆj Þvi| ZvB NH4OH ˆZj/PweÆ [R = –CnH2n+1; n = 15 wKsev 15 ‰i AwaK]
™ÏvGmi Dcv`vb ˆgŒGji ˆKvGbv ÞwZ bv KGi cwiÓ•vGi f„wgKv ivGL ™ÏvGm ˆjGM ^vGK
weavq (A) ‰es (B) ‰i gGaÅ ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ (B) A^Ævr ™Ïvm (KÅvjwmqvg I ˆmvwWqvGgi wmwjGKU) + NH4OH  ˆKvGbv
NH4OH ˆewk DcGhvMx| ivmvqwbK cwieZÆb nq bv|
cÉk
 ² 59 ZvB ™Ïvm cwiÓ•vGi AÅvGgvwbqv `ËeY Avjv`v ev AbÅ ˆKvGbv c`v^Æ
ˆhgb, B^vbj I wWUviGRG´Ÿi mvG^ wbivcG` eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
cÞv¯¦Gi ™Ïvm cwiÓ•vGi NaOH eÅenvi KiGj ‰wU gqjv cwiÓ•vGii
UqGjU A
wKÑbvi
mvG^ mvG^ ™ÏvGmi ÞqI mvab KGi| KviY ‰wU ™ÏvGm we`Ågvb
™Ïvm B wmwjKvi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi ˆmvwWqvg wmwjGKU Drc®² KGi|
NaOH + SiO2 Na2SiO3
Avg R – CO – NH2 + NaOH  R – COONa + NH3
wPò-1 wPò-2 O
||
 wkLbdj: 4 I 8 [iv ˆev., Kz.ˆev., P.ˆev., e.ˆev. 18; cÉk²-7] CH2 – C – O – R
K. ˆgRvwis wmwj´£vi Kx? 1 O
||
CH2 – OH
|
L. Cu ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg nq CH – C – O – R + 3NaOH  3R – COONa + CH – OH
ˆKb? 2 O
|| mvevb |

M. wPò-1 ‰i djwUi msiÞY c«¬wZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 CH2 – OH

CH2 – C – O – R
N. wPò-2 ‰i A I B cwiÓ•vi Kivi ˆKŒkGji ZzjbvgƒjK (ˆZj/PweÆ/wMÉR nGZ) w™Ïmvwib
AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4 [R = –CnH2n+1; n = 15 wKsev 15 ‰i AwaK]
59 bs cÉGk²i Dîi UqGjU wKÑbvGi NaOH eÅenvi KiGj ‰wU wewf®² aiGbi KwVb
K ˆPvãvK‡wZ ‰KgyL ˆLvjv ‰es ‰KgyL e®¬ mL ‰ `vMvwâZ ˆh gqjvGK KvhÆKifvGe cwiÓ•vi KGi wK¯§ UqGjGU eÅen†Z wmivwgK
ˆgvUv KuvPbj weGkl cixÞvMvGi Zij c`vG^Æi AvqZb cwigvGc ev ˆgvRvBGKi ˆKvGbv ÞwZ KGi bv| NaOH ˆcÉvwUb RvZxq gqjvi
eÅen†Z nq ZvGK ˆgRvwis wmwj´£vi eGj| AÅvgvBWGK NH3 wnGmGe ‰es ˆZj, wMÉR ev dÅvU RvZxq gqjvi
L mvaviY wbqg Abyhvqx Cu ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv
 mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi AwewgkÉYxq Bgvjkb MVb KGi| NaOH ÞqKvix
Cu (29)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2 I ÞviagÆx nIqvq mnGRB gqjvi (aƒjvevwj, PweÆ, ˆcÉvwUb) mvG^
BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi wbqgvbyhvqx, hw` d-DcÕ¦Gi cƒYÆZvi ˆPGq 1 wU wewKÌqv KGi jeGY cwiYZ KGi hv cvwbGZ `ËeYxq nIqvq cvwb «¼viv
BGjKUÇb Kg ^vGK A^Ævr 9 wU BGjKUÇb ^vGK| ZGe cieZÆx ˆaŒZKiY KiGj cwiÓ•vi nGq hvq|
kwÚÕ¦Gii s-AiweUvj ˆ^GK 1wU BGjKUÇb cƒeÆeZxÆ kwÚÕ¦Gii d weKviK Drc®² `ËeÅ
cÉk
 ² 60
AiweUvGj Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| ‰i dGj d-DcÕ¦Gi 10 wU BGjKUÇb
AwRÆZ nGq cƒYÆ nq ‰es AwaK wÕ©wZkxj nq| ˆhgb: KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv cwiÓ•viK A
Cu (29)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 (AwaK wÕ©wZkxj) AÅvGgvwbqv `ËeY cwiÓ•viK B
 wkLbdj: 8 [Xv. ˆev. 17; cÉk-² 7]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 115
K. mvmGcbkb Kx? 1 N cÉ`î cwiÓ•viK A I cwiÓ•viK B DfqB cwiÓ•vi KvGR
L. Lv`Å wbivcîvq imvqGbi f„wgKv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 eÅen†Z nq| ZGe cwiÓ•viK A ‰i Dcv`vb NaOH ZxeË cwiÓ•viK
M. 'A' ‰i cwiÓ•viKiY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 weavq, ‰wU UqGjGUi M®¬ `ƒi KGi ‰es UvBjm ev ˆdÑviGK gm†Y I
N. UqGjU wKÑbvi wnmvGe 'B' eÅenvi Kiv hvGe Kx? hywÚmn PKPGK KGi ˆZvGj| ‰QvovI UqGjU wewf®² aiGbi ˆivM RxevYy,
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 fvBivm, eÅvKGUwiqv, QòvK BZÅvw` we`Ågvb ^vGK| cwiÓ•viK A
60 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ˆZ we`Ågvb wfGbMvi I ˆevivÝ eÅvKGUwiqv I QòvK a»sm KGi
K Amgmî½xq wgkÉGY A`ËeYxq c`vG^Æi KYvàGjvi AvKvi 500 nm UvBjm ev ˆdÑviGK RxevYygyÚ KGi| B
‰i ˆPGq eo nGj ‰K cÉKvi AÕ©vqx KjGqW m†wÓ¡ nq, ‰i…c Aciw`GK cwiÓ•viK B ‰i weKviK AÅvGgvwbqv ‰KwU g†`y
wgkÉYGK mvmGcbkb eGj| A cwiÓ•viK| ‰wU mvaviYZ ™Ïvm wKÑbvi wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| ˆKbbv
L Lv`Å wbivcîvq imvqGbi f„wgKv ™ÏvGmi ˆÞGò NaOH eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| KviY NaOH ™ÏvGmi
i. gvbylmn mKj cÉvYx cÉZÅÞ ev cGivÞfvGe LvG`Åi RbÅ Dw«¿G`i
Dcv`vb wmwjKvi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi `ËeYxq wmjGKU Drc®² KGi
Dci wbfÆikxj| Dw«¿` mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi gvaÅGg Lvevi ŠZwi KuvPGK Þq KGi| wK¯§ NH3, wmwjKvi mvG^ ‰i…c ˆKvGbv wewKÌqv
KGi| hv ‰KwU ŠRe ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv| KGi bv|
NaOH + SiO2  Na2SiO3 + H2O
ii. Dw«¿G`i e†w«¬ Zivw®¼Z Kivi RbÅ wewf®² ivmvqwbK mvi gvwUGZ
DcGii ewYÆZ AvGjvPbvi ˆhŒwÚKZvi wfwîGZ ejv hvq UqGjU
cÉGqvM Kiv nq| cwiÓ•viK wnGmGe kwÚkvjx cwiÓ•viK A eÅenvi Kiv nGjI g†`y
iii. kvK, mewR, djgƒj BZÅvw` cuPbkxj Lv`Å| wewf®² ivmvqwbK cwiÓ•viK B eÅenvi Kiv nq bv|
c`v^Æ eÅenvi KGi ‰me Lv`Å eüw`b msiÞY Kiv hvq| ZvB
ejv hvq Lv`Å`ËeÅ evRviRvZ KiGYI imvqb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cÉk
² 61 cÉvK‡wZK K‡wòg
cvjb KGi| djgƒj wcÉRviGfwUf wcÉRviGfwUf
kvK-mewR «¼viv msiwÞZ «¼viv msiwÞZ
myZivs, Lv`Å wbivcîvq imvqGbi f„wgKv Acwimxg| B
Lv`Å Lv`Å
M ‰LvGb cwiÓ•viK A nGjv KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv hv UqGjU wKÑbvi
A B C
wnGmGe AwaK eÅen†Z nq| UqGjGUi gqjvi ˆZj I PweÆi mvG^
 wkLbdj: 2 [iv. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-7]
NaOH wewKÌqv KGi mvevb I w™Ïmvwib Drc®² KGi| A
K. KjGqW Kx? 1
CH2  COOR CH2  OH
L. R ‰i gvb 1 ‰i ˆPGq Kg ˆKb? 2
CH  COOR + 3 NaOH  CH  OH + 3R  COONa
M. "A" ‰i ˆKŒUvRvZKiY cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv KGiv| 3
CH2  COOR CH2  OH mvevb N. B ‰es C LvG`Åi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU Õ¼vGÕ©Åi RbÅ AwaK
Drc®² mvevGbi AYyGZ ˆcvjvi KveÆwÝGjU AvqGb nvBGWÈvwdwjK cÉv¯¦ wbivc` eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
‰es AGcvjvi AÅvjKvBj gƒjGK wjGcvwdwjK cÉv¯¦ ^vGK| ‰B 61 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
nvBGWÈvwdwjK cÉv¯¦ cvwbGZ `ËeYxq ‰es wjGcvwdwjK cÉv¯¦ ˆZj ev  K Amgmî½xq wgkÉGY A`ËeYxq c`vG^Æi KYvàGjvi AvKvi cÉvq 2-
PweÆGZ `ËeYxq| 500nm nGj ‰es meÆò mgfvGe weivR KiGj ‰i…c wgkÉYGK
evqy Na+ KjGqW eGj| A
Na + Na+
CH 3 CH3 cvwb
(CH2)14 (CH2)1 4 Na+ Na+
L Rƒ nGjv Dcv`vb KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ I `ËveK KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦
C= O C=O
`ƒiGZ½i AbycvZ| A
Na+
ONa+ ONa+ Na+ Dcv`vb KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½
Rƒ =
cvwb Na+
Na+
Na + `ËveK KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½
Na + cvwb Rƒ ‰i gvb meÆ`v 1 AGcÞv Kg nGe ˆKbbv ˆKvb ˆhŒM `ËveK
Na+ AGcÞv AwaK c^ AwZKÌg KiGZ cvGi bv| Avevi Rƒ ‰i gvb
meÆwbÁ² kƒbÅI nGZ cvGi|
Na+  Na+ M cÉ`î 'A' nGjv djgƒj I kvKmewR| ‰G`i ˆKŒUvRvZKiY
gqjv ˆ^GK c†^K
Kiv ˆZGji KYv| c«¬wZ wbGÁ² eYÆbv Kiv nGjv B
wPò: ˆaŒZ KvGhÆ mvevGbi wKÌqv-ˆKŒkj| 1
1. wbexÆRKiY: Lv`Å msiÞGYi cvò I XvKbv 2 N¥Ÿv dzwUGq
dGj wjGcvwdwjK cÉv¯¦ ˆZj ev PweÆGK wNGi ˆdGj ‰es nvBGWÈvwdwjK
cÉv¯¦ evwnGi ^vGK| wbeÆxR KiGZ nGe| msiÞGYi KvGR eÅen†Z PvgP, Qywi ˆUÇ
‰fvGeB NaOH ‰i mvG^ ˆZj, PweÆi wewKÌqvq Drc®² mvevGbi BZÅvw`GKI ‰KBfvGe wbRÆxe KGi wbGZ nGe|
nvBGWÈvwjK ‰es wjGcvwdwjK cÉv¯¦ cwiÓ•viKiGY f„wgKv ivGL ‰es 2. KuvPvgvj msMÉn: AvK‡wZ I eGYÆ my±`i, mGZR I wbLyuZ KuvPvgvj
NaOH ‰i ZxeË ÞqKvix f„wgKvi KviGY ‰wU UqGjU wKÑbvi wnGmGe (djgƒj, kvKmewR) msMÉn KiGZ nGe|
DcGhvMx| 3. ˆaŒZKiY: cwiÓ•vi RxevYygyÚ cvwb «¼viv Lv`Å ayGq wbGZ nGe|
116
4. ˆLvmv-eRÆÅ AcmviY: kvK-mewRi AcÉGqvRbxq Ask, dGji
ˆLvmv BZÅvw`i AfÞYxq Dcv`vb AcmviY KiGZ nGe|
5. eÐvwçs: dzU¯¦ cvwbGZ ev m`ÅcÉÕ§Z Õ¡xGg Lv`Å UzKivàGjv 5-10
wgwbU Zvc ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰B cÉwKÌqvi bvg eÐvwçs| AwaK cvKv
dGji ˆÞGò eÐvwçs Kiv hvGe bv|
6. ˆKŒUv fwZÆKiY: wbRxÆe Kiv cvGò LvG`Åi UzKGivàGjv emvGZ
nGe|
7. ‰MRwÕ¡s: ˆKŒUv wmj Kivi cƒGeÆ Lv`ÅGK Avevi Zvc w`GZ
nGe| ‰ avcGK ‰MRwÕ¡s ejv nq|
8. mxwjs: ‰MRwÕ¡s ‰i mvG^ mvG^ ˆKŒUvi XvKbv jvwMGq `Ë‚Z
wmj KiGZ nGe| wmwjs ˆhb mÁ·ƒYÆ evqyGivax nq ˆmw`GK jÞ
ivLGZ nGe|
9. wiUwUÆs: ‰wmWwenxb Lv`Å 121C Zvcgvòvq 2 N¥Ÿv ‰es
‰wmwWK Lv`Å 100C Zvcgvòvq 30 wgwbU Zvc w`GZ nGe|
10. kxZjxKiY: wiUwUÆs ‰i ci Mig KÅvb Vvív KGi KÞ
Zvcgvòvq AvbGZ nGe|
11. ˆjGewjs: meGkGl ˆKŒUvi evBGi LvG`Åi bvg, Dcv`vGbi bvg I
cwigvY, eÅenvGii meÆGkl ZvwiL I AbÅvbÅ Z^Å QvcvGZ nGe|
cÉÕ§ZK‡Z ˆKŒUv à`vGg wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòv I Av`ËÆZvq msiÞY Kiv
nq| ˆhLvb ˆ^GK ciewZÆGZ evRviRvZ Kiv nGe|
N cÉ`î B cvGò cÉvK‡wZK wcÉRviGfwUfm «¼viv msiwÞZ Lv`Å ‰es
C cvGò K‡wòg wcÉRviGfwUfm «¼viv msiwÞZ Lv`Å wbG`Æk Kiv
nGqGQ| ‰G`i gGaÅ B cvGò msiwÞZ Lv`Å gvbe Õ¼vGÕ©Åi RbÅ
AwaK wbivc`| wbGP Zv eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv: B
mgGqi mvG^ mvG^ K‡wòg wcÉRviGfwUfm& ‰i eÅenviI eÅvcKZv
ˆeGoB PGjGQ| wK¯§ K‡wòg wcÉRviGfwUfm& «¼viv gvbeG`n I
cwiGeGk wewf®² aiGbi ˆh ÞwZmvab nq Zv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv
1. NaNO2 I bvBGUÇU ‰i AwZwiÚ eÅenvGii dGj cvKÕ©jxGZ
ÞZ, Lv`ÅbvwjGZ msKÌgY I ˆiKUvg AçGj cvwb ռ͸Zvi m†wÓ¡
nq|
2. miweK ‰wmW AwaK pH gvGbi Lv`Å`ËGeÅi RbÅ ÞwZKi|
3. SO2 I avZe mvjdvBU AwZwiÚ eÅenvi gvBGMÉGbi mgmÅv m†wÓ¡
KGi Z½GKi ‰jvwRÆ I Lv`Å MÉnGYi AvMÉn KwgGq ˆ`q|
4. ˆcÉvcvBj MÅvGjU ‰i gvòvwZwiÚ eÅenvGii dGj cvKÕ©jx,
wKWwb I wjfvGii gvivñK ÞwZ nq| ‰wUi cvk¼Æ cÉwZwKÌqvi
dGj Z½GKi R¾vjvGcvov I ‰jvwRÆi m†wÓ¡ nq|
5. BHT ‰i KÅv´Övi m†wÓ¡Kvix agÆ eZÆgvb ^vGK|
cÞv¯¦Gi cÉvK‡wZK wcÉRviGfwUfm& eÅenvGii dGj ‰ aiGbi
cvk¼cÆ ÉwZwKÌqv NUvi mÁ¿vebv LyeB Kg ^vGK| ‰QvovI cÉvK‡wZK
wcÉRviGfwUfm& eÅenvi KGi `xNÆw`b msiwÞZ Lv`Å fvGjv ^vGK|
cÉvK‡wZK wcÉRviGfwUf ˆhgb wfGbMvGii DcwÕ©wZGZ LvevGii i‚wP
e†w«¬ KGi, iÚ mçjb evwoGq ˆ`q, nRg kwÚ evovq, kixi m†Ó¡
Zij Ac`ËeÅ wbtmiY mnR KGi ˆ`q, iGÚi AcÉGqvRbxq PweÆ
we`ƒwiZ KGi kixiGK wÕÏg ivLGZ mvnvhÅ KGi|
myZivs DcGii eYÆbv ˆ^GK ejv hvq, K‡wòg wcÉRviGfwUfGm
ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb I cvk¼Æ cÉwZwKÌqv ^vKvq K‡wòg wcÉRviGfwUfm
AGcÞv cÉvK‡wZK wcÉRviGfwUfm ZzjbvgƒjK cvk¼Æ cÉwZwKÌqvwenxb
‰es Õ¼vGÕ©Åi RbÅ AwaK wbivc`|
cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
cÉk
² 62
cvò-A cvò-B
ˆcqviv AvGLi im
 wkLbdj: 4 I 9 [Kz. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-6]
K. mvgÅveÕ©v Kx? 1
L. wkLv cixÞvq HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2
M. A cvGòi djwUi `xNÆKvjxb msiÞY c«¬wZ eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. B cvGòi Dcv`vb nGZ wfGbMvi ŠZwi Kiv hvGe wKbv
weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
62 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆh AeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv DfgyLx wewKÌqvi mÁÃyL w`GK MgGbi nvi cøvr
w`GK MgGbi nvGii mgvb nq ZvGK wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©v eGj| A
L wkLv cixÞvq µÏvwUbvg Zvi Mvp HCl ‰ WzweGq ZvGii AMÉfvGe
cixÞvaxb bgybv jeGYi Lye A͸ cwigvYGK wbGq eybGmb «¼xGci
RviY wkLvi evBGii `xwµ¦nxb cƒYÆ`nb gíGj aiv nq| ZLb bgybv
jeY evÓ·xf„Z nq I ŠewkÓ¡ÅcƒYÆ eGYÆi m†wÓ¡ nq| Avevi A‹Re
jeYàGjv AvqwbK e®¬Gb hyÚ ^vKvi KviGY ‰iv DœP Mjbvâ
wewkÓ¡ nq A^Ævr Aby«¼vqx nq| wK¯§ ˆKÑvivBW jeYàGjv
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe AwaK D«¼vqx| ZvB HCl eÅenvGi ‰B jeYàGjvi
D«¼vwqZv e†w«¬ cvq I evÓ·xf„Z nIqv mnR nq| ‰RbÅ wkLv
cixÞvq HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq| A
M ‰LvGb cvGòi djwU nGjv ˆcqviv| ‰GK ˆKŒUvRvZKiGYi
gvaÅGg `xNÆw`b msiÞY Kiv hvq| wbGÁ² ‰i ˆKŒUvRvZKiY c«¬wZ
eYÆbv Kiv nGjv:
i. cÉ^Gg ˆcqvivGK ˆeuvUv gyÚ KGi cvwb «¼viv ˆavqv nq| ‰ici
2% (w/v) Na2CO3 `ËeGY ˆkvab Kiv nq| dGj DcGii RGg
^vKv dvãvm I AbÅvbÅ AYyRxe gGi hvq|
ii. ‰ici UzKiv KGi 0.25% mvBwUÇK ‰wmW `ËeGY 4-5 min.
WzweGq ivLv nq| Zvici `ËeY ˆ^GK ZzGj ‰Gb Õ¡xg evG^
cybivq 5-7 min wm«¬ Kiv nq| ‰UvB eÐvwçs avc|
iii. cieZÆxGZ UzKivàGjvGK KÅvGb fwZÆ KGi 0.06% mvBwUÇK
‰wmW, 0.125% ‰mKiweK ‰wmW, cwigvYgZ wPwbi Nb
wmivcmn ˆKŒUvq fwZÆ Kiv nq|
iv. ‰evi ‰w´ŸgvBGKÌvweqvj ‰GR´Ÿ wnmvGe 1.25  103%
GmvwWqvg ˆebRGqU ˆhvM KGi ‰MRmwUs cÉwKÌqv mÁ·®² Kiv
nq| ‰B mÁ·ƒYÆ cÉwKÌqvi mgqKvj 57 min I Zvcgvòv cÉvq
100C|
v. AZtci ‰GK wmwjs ‰es ˆÕ¡wijvBwRs KGi Vvív Kiv nq|
‰ici ˆjGej jvwMGq Drcv`Gbi ZvwiL DGÍÏL KGi msiÞY
Kiv nq|
gƒjZ chÆvqKÌwgK avc ‰es eÅen†Z ‰GR´ŸàGjv wbqggvwdK
msGhvRb KGi cÉ`î dj ev ˆgŒmygx dj ˆcqvivGK mviveQGii RbÅ
KÅvwbs KGi ivLv hvGe| B
N ‰LvGb B cvGò iGqGQ AvGLi im| Avevi wfGbMvi nGjv
B^vGbvwqK ‰wmGWi 610% Rjxq `ËeY| ‰B AvGLi im nGZ
wfGbMvi cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq| cÉ`î AvGLi im nGZ wfGbMvGii cÉÕ§Z
cÉYvwj wbGÁ² ˆ`Iqv nGjv
AewkÓ¡ Ask 7 (M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîGii Abyi…c| A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 117
cÉk
² 63 wfGbMvi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ˆhŒM| ‰i eÅenvi eügvwòK| 64 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
 wkLbdj: 9 I 10 [P. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-8] K hw` ‰KK mgGq ‰KwU wewKÌqvq wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv nËvm ‰es
K. ˆKvqvàGjkb Kx? 1 DrcvG`i Nbgvòv e†w«¬ cvq ZGe ZvGK wewKÌqvi nvi ejv nq| A
L. NaCl ZxeË Zwor weGkÏlÅ c`v^Æ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L Avgiv Rvwb, ‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒGji gGaÅ AvKvi eo nGj
M. MuvRb cÉwKÌqvq Zzwg KxfvGe ˆhŒMwU Drc®² KiGe? 3 BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ KGg| wK¯§ ˆKÑvwib I ˆdÑvwiGbi ˆejvq Zv wf®² nq
N. ˆhŒMwUi Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 ˆKbbv ˆdÑvwib KÞc^ 2wU ‰es ˆKÑvwiGbi 3wU| ˆdÑvwiGbi ‰B 2q
63 bs cÉGk²i Dîi KÞcG^ 7wU BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb ^vGK eGj Zvi PvRÆ NbZ½ ˆewk nq|
K ˆh cÉwKÌqvq ˆKvGbv `ËeGY DcwÕ©Z Þz`Ë Þz`Ë KYvGK DchyÚ hvi dGj ˆKvGbv BGjKUÇb ˆdÑvwiGb hyÚ nGZ PvBGj Zv PigfvGe
weKwlÆZ nq| AbÅw`GK, ˆKÑvwiGbi 3q kwÚÕ¦Gi 7wU BGjKUÇb
ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ (Coagulant) ˆhvM KGi AGcÞvK‡Z eo KYvq ^vKGjI Zvi PvRÆ NbZ½ Kg eGj ‰KwU BGjKUÇb AwZ mnGR
i…cv¯¦wiZ KGi `ËeY ˆ^GK Avjv`v Kiv nq ZvGK ˆKvqvàGjkb eGj| ˆmLvGb cÉGek KiGZ cvGi| ‰RbÅ ˆKÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ
L ˆhme ZworweGkÏlÅ c`v^Æ `ËeGY ev MwjZ AeÕ©vq mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc ˆdÑvwib AGcÞv ˆewk| A
weGqvwRZ nGq AvqGb cwiYZ nq ‰es Zwor cwienb KGi ZvG`i M ‰LvGb B-cvGòi `ËeY nGœQ ZxeË Þvi| hv ™Ïvm wKÑbvi wnGmGe
ZxeË Zwor weGkÏlÅ c`v^Æ eGj| NaCl ‰KwU ZxeË Zwor weGkÏlÅ eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv, wK¯§ UqGjU wKÑbvi wnmvGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
ˆKbbv ‰wU `ËeGY ev MwjZ AeÕ©vq mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc weGqvwRZ nq| ˆZj-MÉxR cÉf‡wZ gqjv AcmviGYi RbÅ Þvi LyeB KvhÆKi| ‰RbÅ
NaCl(s)  Na+(l) + Cl(l) KuvP I UqGjU wKÑwbsGq Þvi RvZxq wKÑbvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ZGe
AÅvGbvGW RviY: 2Cl(l)  Cl2(g) + 2e ™ÏvGmi gqjv cwiÓ•vi Kivi RbÅ ZxeË Þvi ev Þvi avZzi Þvi
KÅvG^vGW weRviY: 2Na+(l) + 2e  2Na(s) A eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| ˆhgb- KOH, NaOH BZÅvw`| KviY KuvP
‰KwU w«¼wmwjGKU c`v^Æ| hv ZxeË Þvi ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi ‰es
M MuvRb cÉwKÌqvq cÉGk² cÉ`î wfGbMvi cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq| wbGP ÞGq hvq| dGj MvGq ‰eGovG^eGov MGZÆi m†wÓ¡ nq| A
wfGbMvi cÉÕ§wZ eYÆbv Kiv nGjv SiO2 + NaOH  Na2SiO3 + H2O
AvGLi iGm cÉvq 3-4% wPwb we`Ågvb| hv CÕ¡ wbtm†Z BbfviGUR I AbÅw`GK UqGjGU KGgvW, ˆewmb cÉf‡wZ AZů¦ kÚ I ÞviGivax
RvBGgR ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq cÉ^Gg ™ÏyGKvR I dÌzGÙvR ‰es cGi wmivwgÝ w`Gq ŠZwi| dGj ‰me wmivwgKm& ZxeË Þvi NaOH,
B^vbj Drc®² KGi| KOH cÉf‡wZi mvG^ ˆKvGbv wewKÌqv KGi bv| ZvB NaOH ‰i ZxeË
ÞviagÆx ŠewkÓ¡Å ^vKvq B cvGòi `ËeYGK ev NaOH ˆK UqGjU
msMwVZ wewKÌqvmgƒn nGjv wKÑbvi wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv ˆMGjI ™Ïvm wKÑbvi wnmvGe eÅenvi Kiv
BbfviGUR hvq bv|
C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
30C
myGKÌvR (wPwb) ™ÏyGKvR dÌzGÙvR N cÉ`î A cvGòi jNy `ËeY (610%) «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞGYi
RvBGgR c«¬wZ ev ˆKŒkj eYÆbv Kiv nGjv
2C6H12O6  4CH3CH2OH + 4CO2
30C
B^vbj A cvGò AvGQ `yB KveÆbwewkÓ¡ gGbv KveÆwÝwjK ‰wmW A^Ævr
AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW ev B^vbwqK ‰wmW|
‰fvGe MuvRb cÉwKÌqv mÁ·®² nq ‰es `ËeGY 10% B^vbj we`Ågvb
Avgiv Rvwb, AÅvwmwUK ‰wmGWi 610% Rjxq `ËeYGK wfGbMvi
^vGK| DÚ B^vbj gvBGKvWvgÆv AÅvwmwU bvgK eÅvKGUwiqvi mvnvGhÅ
eGj| wfGbMvGii KvhÆweeiY wbÁ²i…c
RvwiZ nGq B^vbwqK ‰wmW Drc®² KGi| B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi 6-10% 1. ‰wU g†`y ‰wmW nIqvq LvevGii mvG^ MÉnY KiGj ‰wmwWwU
Rjxq `ËeYGK wfGbMvi eGj hv wcÉRviGfwUfm wnGmGe Lv`Å evovi ˆKvGbv mÁ¿vebv ^vGK bv ‰es ˆ`Gni pH ‰i mgZv
msiÞGY eÅen†Z nq| eRvq ^vGK|
gvBGKvWvgÆv 2. wfGbMvGii ˆKvGbv cvk¼Æ cÉwZwKÌqv ˆbB|
CH3CH2OH + O2  CH3COOH + H2O
AÅvwmwU eÅvKGUwiqv 3. wfGbMvGii Õ¹zUbvâ cvwb AGcÞv ˆewk nIqvq Lv`Å
cÉwKÌqvRvZKiGYi mgq Zvc cÉGqvGM evÓ·xf„Z nIqvi myGhvM
N 40(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|A

^vGK bv|
cÉk
² 64 4. ‰wU cvwbi mvG^ H-e®¬b ŠZwi KGi| dGj LvG`Åi cvwbi mvG^
H-e®¬b ŠZwi KGi AYyRxGei wei‚G«¬ cÉwZGiva MGo ˆZvGj|
`yB KveÆbwewkÓ¡
Þvi avZzi Þvi
5. wfGbMvGii 6% Rjxq `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb cÉvq 2.35 hv
gGbv KveÆwÝwjK eÅvKGUwiqv a»sGmi RbÅ hG^Ó¡|
‰wmW 6. wfGbMvGii gGaÅ mv`v wfGbMvi eÅvKGUwiqv a»sGm ˆewk KvhÆKi|
7. wfGbMvGii mvnvGhÅ dj, kvK-mewR, gvQ, gvsm cÉwKÌqvRvZKiY
A B
I msiÞY Kiv hvq|
 wkLbdj: 8 I 10 [wm. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-4]
K. wewKÌqvi nvi Kx? 1 cÉk
 ² 65 AÅvGgvwbqv `ËeY, AvBGmvGcÉvcvBj AÅvjGKvnj I wWUviGR´Ÿ-
L. ˆKÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆdÑvwib AGcÞv ˆewk ˆKb? 2 ‰i wgkÉY ‰KwU cwiÓ•viK|  wkLbdj: 7 [h. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-8]
K. `nb Zvc Kx? 1
M. B cvGòi `ËeYGK ™Ïvm wKÑbvi wnmvGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv
L. ivBWvi eÅenvi ˆKb cÉGqvRb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
wK¯§ UqGjU wKÑbvi wnmvGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq eÅvLÅv M. DóxcGKi wgkÉYwUi cwiÓ•viKiY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
KGiv| 3 N. wgkÉYwUGZ AÅvGgvwbqvi cwieGZÆ ‰KwU ZxeË Þvi eÅenvi
N. A cvGòi jNy `ËeY (6-10%) «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞGYi ˆKŒkj KiGj cwiÓ•viKwUi cÉGqvMGÞò wf®² nGq hvq eÅvLÅv
eYÆbv KGiv| 4 KGiv| 4
118 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
65 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk
² 66
K wbw`ÆÓ¡ Zvcgvòvq I 1 atm PvGc 1 ˆgvj ˆKvGbv ˆgŒwjK ev A = `ya B = gvLb ; KjGqW
ˆhŒwMK c`v^ÆGK AwÝGRGb mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc `nb KiGj ZvGci ˆh
cwieZÆb NGU ZvGK `nb Zvc eGj| A 1g Ask 2q Ask
L ivmvqwbK eÅvGjG´Öi ‰KwU c†^K IRb evÝ ^vGK| ZvGZ 1  wkLbdj: 6 [e. ˆev. 17; cÉk²-5]

ˆ^GK 100 MÉvg ‰es 1 ˆ^GK 500 wgwjMÉvg cwigvGci AGbKàGjv K. ivBWvi aË‚eK Kx? 1
IRb ^vGK| ivmvqwbK eÅvGjG´Öi mvnvGhÅ mvaviYZ `yB `kwgK L. CO2 MÅvm, wK¯§ SiO2 KwVb ˆKb? 2
Õ©vb chƯ¦ IRb cwigvc Kiv hvq| wK¯§ gvwòK weGkÏlGYi AGbK M. DóxcK AbymvGi A ˆ^GK B cÉÕ§ZcÉYvjx eYÆbv KGiv| 3
ˆÞGò mƒß IRb wbYÆGqi Õ¼vG^Æ wZb ev Pvi `kwgK Õ©vb chƯ¦ gvb N. DóxcGKi 2q AsGki KwYKvmgƒn mvaviY AeÕ©vq
cÉGqvRb nq| hvi RbÅ ivBWvi eÅen†Z nq| ivBWvi nGjv wbw`ÆÓ¡ RgvUe«¬ nq bv wK¯§ BGjKGUÇvjvBUGhvGM RgvUe«¬ Kiv
Rvbv fGii ‰KwU AwZ mƒß avZe ZvGii evKvGbv UzKiv hv hvq weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
eÅvGjG´Öi exGgi Dci w`Gq PjvPj KiGZ cvGi| cÉwZwU ivBWvGii 66 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
RbÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ fGii ‰KwU wÕ©i msLÅv mƒPK gvb MYbv Kiv hvq| ‰ K exGgi Ici ivBWvi Õ©vcb KiGj exGgi cÉwZ Þz`ËZg

wÕ©i gvbGK ivBWvi aË‚eK ejv nq| A `vMvsKGbi RbÅ ˆh IRb cvIqv hvq ZvGK ivBWvi aË‚eK eGj| A
M cÉ`î wgkÉYwU nGjv ™Ïvm wKÑbvi| ™ÏvGm ˆjGM ^vKv gqjvi gGaÅ L KveÆb WvBAÝvBW (CO2) AYyGZ `ywU AwÝGRb cigvYy KveÆb
^vGK wMÉR ev PweÆ I ayjvevwj| wMÉR ev ŠZjvÚ c`v^ÆGK `Ëexf„Z cigvYyi mvG^ w«¼-e®¬b «¼viv hyÚ ^vGK ‰es ‰i AYyàGjvi gGaÅ
Kivi RbÅ wKÑbvGi AÅvGgvwbqv eÅen†Z nq| Avevi wWUviGR´Ÿ `yeÆj fÅvbWvi Iqvjm ej wKÌqvkxj| ˆhGnZz `ywU wewœQ®² AYyi
wetting agent i…Gc cvwbi surface tension ˆK nËvm KGi| dGj gƒj gaÅKvi ‰B AvKlÆY kwÚ AGcÞvK‡Z `yeÆj| ZvB, CO2 mvaviY
cwiÓ•viK NH4OH gqjvGK `ƒi KiGZ cvGi| wWUviGRG´Ÿi Zvcgvòvq MÅvm|
AÅvbvqwbK cÉv¯¦ nvBGWÈvwdwjK nIqvq KvGPi ZjGK wmÚ KiGZ | |
SiOSiOSi
|

mvnvhÅ KGi| AbÅw`GK wWUviGRG´Ÿi Aci cÉv¯¦ wjGcvwdwjK nIqvq O=C=O

O
| |
O
|
O
‰wU ŠZjvÚ gqjvi mvG^ Ave«¬ nGq KvPZj ˆ^GK gqjvGK ZzGj CO2 ‰i MVb | | |
SiOSiOSi
ˆdGj| ‰Qvov cvwb ™ÏvGm ˆjGM ^vK ‰me gqjvGK ayGq ˆdGj| | | |

‰QvovI PZz^Æ Dcv`vb AvBGmv ˆcÉvcvBj AÅvjGKvnj KvGPi MvGq O O O

| | |
ˆjGM ^vKv cvwbGK ÷Gl ˆbq| A (SiO2)n ‰i MVb
wWUviGR´Ÿ : CH3(CH2)10 – CH2 – OSO3Na+
–
AcicGÞ, wmwjKb WvB-AÝvBGW cÉwZwU Si cigvYy PviwU KGi
wjGcvwdwjK (ˆjR) nvBGWÈvwdwjK (gv^v) AwÝGRb cigvYyi mvG^ hyÚ nGq e†nr AvYweK àœQ ŠZwi KGi|
Na+
Na+ myZivs, ‰G`i gaÅeZxÆ mgGhvRx e®¬b fvOGZ cÉPzi kwÚi cÉGqvRb
nq| ‰ KviGY, SiO2 ‰KwU KwVb c`v^Æ, wK¯§ CO2 ‰KwU MÅvm| A
M `ya ˆ^GK gvLb cÉÕ§Z cÉYvjx: ivmvqwbKfvGe `ya ‰es gvLb
`yGUvB Bgvjkb| `ya nGjv cvwbGZ PweÆi KYvi Bgvjkb ‰es gvLb
Na+
nGjv PweÆGZ cvwbi KYvi Bgvjkb| myZivs DΟvKiY (inversion)
Na+

gqjv ˆ^GK c†^K Kiv ŠZGji KYv
wPò : ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii cwiÓ•vi KiY ˆKŒkj
N ‰LvGb wgkÉYwU ™Ïvm wKÑbvi wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| wgkÉYwUGZ
AÅvGgvwbqvi cwieGZÆ ZxeË Þvi NaOH eÅenvi KiGj wgkÉYwUi
cÉGqvM ˆÞò wf®² nGq hvq| A
Avgiv Rvwb, AwaKvsk KvGPi gƒj Dcv`vb wnGmGe SiO2 we`Ågvb|
DÚ SiO2 ‰i mvG^ NH3 `ËeY wewKÌqv KGi bv| wK¯§ ZxeË Þvi ˆhgb
NaOH KvGPi Dcv`vb SiO2 ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqvq `ËeYxq ˆmvwWqvg
wmwjGKU Drc®² KGi| dGj KvP Þq nGq ‰i DcwiZGji gm†YZv
webÓ¡ nq| ZvB wgkÉYwUGZ AÅvGgvwbqvi cwieGZÆ ZxeË Þvi eÅenvi
KiGj Zv ™Ïvm wKÑbvi wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv hvGe bv|
Aciw`GK UqGjGU ™Ïvm AGcÞv fvix gqjvmn AYyRxe, ˆZj, wMÉR
I PweÆ we`Ågvb nIqvq Zv cwiÓ•vGi kwÚkvjx Þvi I ÞqKvix c`v^Æ
KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰GZ gqjv `ËeÅ AwZmnGR cwiÓ•vi
nq hv AÅvGgvwbqvi cGÞ cwiÓ•vi Kiv mÁ¿e bq|
myZivs AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq wgkÉGY AÅvGgvwbqvi cwieGZÆ
ZxeË Þvi eÅenvi Kiv nGjI Zv ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii cwieGZÆ KwVb
cwiÓ•viK wnGmGe UqGjU wKÑbvGii KvR KGi|
cÉwKÌqvq cvwbGZ PweÆi KYvi BgvjkbGK PweÆGZ cvwbi KYvi
BgvjkGb cwiYZ Kivi gvaÅGg `ya ˆ^GK gvLb ŠZwi Kiv nq| Mi‚,
gwnl, QvMj, ˆfov wewf®² cÉvYxi `ya ˆ^GKB gvLb Drc®² Kiv hvq|
Drc®² gvLbGK cvwbgyÚ KGi gvLb cÉÕ§wZ mÁ·®² Kiv nq|
gvLb cvwbgyÚKiY: gvLb ˆ^GK cvwb AcmviY `y’fvGe Kiv hvq|
cÉ^Gg QuvKb ‰es ‰ici Pvc cÉGqvM Kiv| ‰KwU cvZjv Kvco
w`Gq ˆQuGK gvLGbi AwaKvsk cvwb mivGbv nq| ‰ici cwiÓ•vi
KvcGoi QvKwbGZ wbGq evievi cvwb w`Gq ayGq Pvc w`Gq cvwb
mivGbv nq| hZÞY chƯ¦ ‰ cvwb Õ¼œQ bv nq ZZÞY ‰fvGe cvwb
AcmviY PjGZ ^vGK| ‰K chÆvGq Pvc w`GjI Avi cvwb ˆei nGe
bv| ZLb gvLbGK msMÉn KGi 10C ‰i wbGP msiÞY Kiv nq|
N ˆh ˆdRwU KYv wnGmGe Aci ˆdGR ew¥ŸZ ^vGK Zvi KYvi
AvKvi hw` 103 cm AGcÞv ˆQvU Z^v > 107 ˆ^GK 103 cm nq
ZGe H KYv Lvwj ˆPvGL ˆ`Lv hvq bv wVKB, wK¯§ AvΟÈv
gvBGKÌvmGKvc-‰ ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰ aiGbi wmGÕ¡gGK KjGqW eGj|
ˆKvb KjGqW wmGÕ¡Ggi KjGqWxq KYvmgƒn (wWmcvmÆ ˆdR) ‰KwòZ
nGq eo AvKvi aviY KGi wWmcvmÆb gvaÅg ˆ^GK c†^K nGq hvIqvi
welqGK RUe®¬b ev ˆKvqvàGjkb eGj| A^Ævr ˆKvqvàGjkb nGjv
KjGqGWi wÕ©wZnxbZv| me aiGbi KjGqGWi wÕ©wZkxjZvi RbÅ
AwZ mvgvbÅ cwigvGY wKQy Zwor weGkÏlÅ c`vG^Æi DcwÕ©wZ
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 119
cÉGqvRb| KjGqWxq KYvi cÉK‡wZ AbymvGi BGjKGUÇvjvBGUi wbw`ÆÓ¡ N cÉ`î A ˆhŒMwU wPwb ‰es D ˆhŒMwU wfGbMvi| wPwb I wfGbMvi
Avqb H KjGqGWi Dci AwaGkvwlZ nGq mgagxÆ PvGRÆi ‰KwU Õ¦i DfqB cÉvK‡wZK wcÉRviGfwUf wnGmGe eÅen†Z nGjI ‰G`i Lv`Å`ËeÅ
MVb KGi| dGj ‰KB PvGRÆ PvwRÆZ KYvmgƒn ciÕ·iGK weKlÆY msiÞY ˆKŒkj ‰KB cÉK‡wZi bq|
Kivq KYvmgƒn ‰KwòZ nGZ cvGi bv eGj c†^K mî½v wbGq wWmcvmÆb KviY wPwb «¼viv Lv`ÅeÕ§ msiÞY wPwbi Nbgvòvi Ici wbfÆi KGi|
gvaÅGg ew¥ŸZ ^vGK ‰es KjGqW wÕ©wZkxj nq| ˆhgb AvGmÆbvm kKÆiv ˆhgb, AvUv ev PvGji àuov w`Gq ŠZwi Lv`ÅeÕ§GK wPwbi
mvjdvBW (As2S3) mj| ‰GZ H2S MÅvm Pvjbv KiGj `ËeGY Drc®² wmivGc ev 65–70% wPwbi `ËeGY WzweGq wbGj H Lv`ÅeÕ§ `xNÆw`b
S2 Avqb KjGqW KYvi Dci AwaGkvwlZ nGq KYvmgƒnGK FYvñK AweK‡Z ^vGK| eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGli gaÅÕ© Rjxq AskGK wPwbi Mvp
PvRÆ hyÚ KGi| mgagxÆ PvGRÆi ‰ KYvmgƒn ciÕ·iGK weKlÆY Kivq `ËeY AwfmÉeY cÉwKÌqvq ÷Gl ˆbq| dGj eÅvKGUwiqv webÓ¡ nq|
As2S3 mj wÕ©wZkxjZv jvf KGi| Aciw`GK AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW CH3COOH ‰i 6–10% Rjxq `ËeY
ZvB, DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq ˆh, DGÍÏwLZ 2q AsGki nGjv wfGbMvi| Avgiv Rvwb ˆh pH hZ Kg nq ZZB ÞwZKi
ev KjGqGWi KwYKvmgƒn mvaviY AeÕ©vq RgvUe«¬ nq bv wK¯§ eÅvKGUwiqvi esk weÕ¦viI nËvm cvq| A^Ævr mvgvbÅ H+ ‰i DcwÕ©wZGZ
DchyÚ BGjKGUÇvjvBUGhvGM RgvUe«¬ nq| ÞwZKi eÅvKGUwiqv ˆeuGP ^vKGZ cvGi bv| ZvB wfGbMvi hv cÉavbZ
cÉk
² 67 AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW wbGÁ²vÚfvGe wKÌqv KGi
CH3COOH HooooooI CH3COO– + H+
BbfviGUR
A (C 12H 22O 11) + H 2O B Rxe¯¦ ÞwZKi eÅvKGUwiqv + H+  g†Z/wbwÓ˜q
eÅvKGUwiqv
RvBGgR AZ‰e, DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰ K^v Õ·Ó¡ ˆh wPwb I wfGbMvi
C + CO 2 ‰i Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞY ˆKŒkj wf®² cÉK‡wZi|
RviY gvBGKvWvgÆv AÅvwmwU NH3 NaOH
eÅvKGUwiqv cÉk
² 68 wfGbMvi `ËeY `ËeY
D
A B C
 wkLbdj: 8 I 9 [w`. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 6]
 wkLbdj: 9 I 10 [Xv. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 1] K. mvmGcbkb Kx? 1
K. ˆKvqvàGjkb Kx? 1 L. ˆnGmi Zvc mgwÓ¡KiY mƒòwU ˆjGLv I eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv eÅenvi Kiv nq bv ˆKb? 2 M. Lv`Å msiÞGY A ‰i ˆKŒkj eYÆbv KGiv| 3
M. DóxcGKi wewò×qvàGjv ˆjGLv| 3 N. ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ B I C `ËeGYi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaKZi
N. DóxcGKi A I D ‰i Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞY ˆKŒkj ‰KB DcGhvMx? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
cÉK‡wZi wKbv@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 68 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
67 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K mvmGcbkb nGjv KwVb I Zij c`vG^Æi ‰KwU Amgmî½ wgkÉY|
K ˆh cÉwKÌqvi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvGbv `ËeGY DcwÕ©Z Þz`Ë Þz`Ë KYvGK L ˆKvGbv wewKÌqvq wewKÌqK I Drcv` hw` wÕ©i ^vGK ZGe
(colloid) DchyÚ ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ (Coagulant) ˆhvM KGi
wewKÌqvwU ‰K avGc NUzK ev ‰KvwaK avGc NUzK bv ˆKb, ˆgvU
AGcÞvK‡Z eo KYvq i…cv¯¦wiZ KGi `ËeY ˆ^GK Avjv`v Kiv nq ZvckwÚi cwigvY meÆ`v mgvb nGe|
ZvGK ˆKvqvàGjkb eGj| gGb Kwi, ‰KwU wewKÌqvq wewKÌqK A ‰es Drcv` D| Drcv`wU
L ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi KwÓ¡K ˆmvWv Z^v NaOH eÅenvi Kiv nq bv, wewKÌqK A ˆ^GK `ywU wf®² cG^ ŠZwi Kiv nGjv|
KviY ™ÏvGmi cÉavb Dcv`vb SiO2, hv ZxeË ÞviK NaOH ‰i mvG^ awi, cÉ^g cG^ (A ˆ^GK D) wewKÌqvwU ‰K avGc mÁ·®² nGqGQ|
wewKÌqv KGi `ËeYxq ˆmvwWqvg wmwjGKU (Na2SiO3) bvgK ˆhŒM ŠZwi ‰LvGb kwÚi cwieZÆb H1|
KGi| H2 B
NaOH + SiO2  Na2SiO3 + H2O A
H3
dGj ™Ïvm ÞqcÉvµ¦ nq| ‰B KviGY ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv H1
eÅenvi Kiv nq bv| D
M DóxcGKi A ˆhŒMwU myGKÌvR (C12H22O11)| BbfviGUR bvgK wPò: ˆnm ‰i mƒò: H1 = H2 + H3
‰bRvBGgi DcwÕ©wZGZ myGKÌvRGK Av`ÆË weGkÏlY KiGj ™ÏyGKvR Avevi, 2q cG^ cÉ^Gg wewKÌqK A ˆ^GK B nGZ ‰es w«¼Zxq avGc B
cvIqv hvq| Zvici RvBGgR ‰bRvBGgi cÉfvGe ™ÏyGKvR weGqvwRZ ˆK Drcv` D ˆZ i…cv¯¦wiZ Kiv nGqGQ| ‰ `yB avGc kwÚi i…cv¯¦i
nGq B^vbj I CO2 Drc®² KGi| gvBGKvWvgÆv ‰wmwUK bvgK h^vKÌGg H2 I H3| KviY ‰GK fvãGZ cÉGqvMK‡Z ZvGci
eÅvKGUwiqvi cÉfvGe B^vbj RvwiZ nGq ‰wmwUK ‰wmW Drc®² KGi cwigvY ‰KB ^vGK|
hv wfGbMvi bvGg cwiwPZ| mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvàGjv wbÁ²i…c : myZivs, ˆnGmi mƒòvbyhvqx, H1 = H2 + H3
BbfviGUR M 40(N)bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
A (C12H22O11) + H2O  C6H12O6 (B) + C6H12O6
(Av`ËÆ weGkÏlY) ™ÏyGKvR dÌzGÙvR
RvBGgm N cÉ`î B ‰es C ˆhŒM nGjv h^vKÌGg NH3 `ËeY I NaOH

C6H12O6 (B)  CH3CH2OH (C) + CO2
™ÏyGKvR B^vbj
`ËeY| ‰G`i gGaÅ NH3 `ËeY ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi ‰es NaOH `ËeY
gvBGKvWvgÆv ‰wmwU eÅvKGUwiqv UqGjU wKÑbvGi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
2CH3CH2OH(C) + 2O2  2CH3COOH + H2O
AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi we`Ågvb NH3 ˆcvjvi c`v^Æ| ‰B ˆcvjvi
Dcv`vGbi mvG^ gqjvi AvGekx WvBGcvj-WvBGcvj e®¬b ŠZwi
120 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
nq ‰es ™Ïvm AGcvjvi c`v^Æ nIqvq AvGekx WvBGcvj- AYyRxGei ˆeuGP ^vKv I eskweÕ¦vi KwVb nGq cGo| ‰QvovI wPwb
WvBGcvj e®¬Gbi cÉfvGe gqjv ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi PGj AvGm| dGj LvG`Åi Õ¼v` ‰es àYMZ gvb evwoGq ˆ`q eüàGY| Avevi ‰wU wKQy
NH3 D«¼vqx nIqvq Zv gqjvmn evGÓ· cwiYZ nq| DcKvix AYyRxe m†wÓ¡i AbyK„j cwiGekI ŠZwi KGi|
myZivs ejv hvq ˆh dj RvZxq Lv`Å `ËeÅ ‰es AvPviGK wPwbi
UqGjGU we`Ågvb gqjvàGjv nGjv cÉavbZ AÁÏxq cÉK‡wZi ŠRe
eÅvKGUwiqvi AvKÌgY nGZ gƒjZ eÅvKGUwiqvGK wbwÓ˜q KGi iÞv
c`v^Æ| NaOH ÞviagÆx nIqvq ‰me c`v^ÆGK `ËeYxq jeGY
KGi wcÉRviGfwUf wnGmGe KvR KGi|
cwiYZ KGi| dGj UqGjU wKÑbvi eÅenvi Kivi ci cvwb
cÉevwnZ KiGj gqjvàGjv ayGq hvq| N cÉ`î wewKÌqvi gvaÅGg Drc®² C gƒjZ wfGbMvi hv gΟ wfGbMvi
bvGgI cwiwPZ| ‰i Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj wbÁ²i…c
wK¯§ ‰G`i wecixZ eÅenvGi mgmÅv iGqGQ| ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi AewkÓ¡ Ask 42(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ| A
NaOH eÅenvi KiGj Zv KvGP we`Ågvb SiO2 ‰i mvG^
cÉk
² 70
wewKÌqv KGi `ËeYxq ˆmvwWqvg wmwjGKU ŠZwi KGi KuvP Þq
KiGe| cÉwKÌqvKiY `xNÆw`b hver
(A)
Lvevi DcGhvMx
NaOH + SiO2  Na2SiO3 + H2O Avbvim
Aciw`GK UqGjU wKÑbvGi NH3 eÅenvi Kiv nq bv KviY Avbvim
NH3 D«¼vqx ‰es welvÚ hv Ave«¬ cwiGeGk welvÚ evqy Drc®²
im msMÉn cÉwKÌqvKiY AÁÏxq Lv`Å
KiGe ‰es ‰wU Õ¼vGÕ©Åi RbÅI ÞwZKi| ZvQvov ‰wU `yeÆj AvbviGmi im
(B) msiÞK
ÞviK nIqvq mnGR UqGjGUi KvwVb wcwœQj eRÆÅ AcmviY (X)
KiGZ cvGi bv| ZvB UqGjU wKÑbvGi NH3 eÅen†Z nq bv|  wkLbdj: 3 I 10 [P. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 6]
cÉk
² 69 K. wewKÌqvi nvi Kx? 1
HO RvBGgR RviY L. bvBGUÇvGRGbi cÉ^g AvqbxKiY wefe AwÝGRGbi cÉ^g
wPwb (A) 
2
C6H12O6  B(l)  C
AvqbxKiY wefe AGcÞv ˆewk ˆKb? 2
 wkLbdj: 2 I 10 [Kz. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 2]
M. cÉwKÌqvKiY (A) ‰i gƒjbxwZ eYÆbv KGiv| 3
K. weKviK Kx? 1
N. X-‰i Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
L. AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbj I cÅvivbvBGUÇvGdbj ‰i MjbvsGKi
70 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
wf®²Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi A «¼viv ˆh aiGbi Lv`Å msiÞY Kiv hvq Zv K ‰KK mgGq wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv nËvm ev DrcvG`i Nbgvòv e†w«¬i

eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 nviGK ˆKvb wewKÌqvi MwZGeM ev nvi eGj|
N. DóxcGKi C «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L N I O ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv:
69 bs cÉGk²i Dîi N(7) = 1s22s22p3
O(8) = 1s22s22p4
K ˆh ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ w`Gq AbÅ ˆKvb c`vG^Æi DcwÕ©wZ
 ‰KB chÆvGq bvBGUÇvGRb AGcÞv AwÝGRGbi ˆKG±`Ê abvñK PvRÆ
kbvÚKiY ev cwigvY wbYÆq Kiv hvq ZvGK eGj weKviK| ˆewk ^vKvq ‰i AvKvi ˆQvU nq ZvB AwÝGRGbi AvqbxKiY wefe
L AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbj ‰es cÅvivbvBGUÇvGdbj Dfq ˆhŒGM ˆewk nIqvi K^v| wK¯§ DchÆyÚ BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh,
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MwVZ nq| wK¯§ AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbGji AYymgƒGni N-‰i 2p AiweUvj AaÆcY ƒ Æ| Avgiv Rvwb ˆh, AaÆcƒYÆ I cƒYÆ
gGaÅ AYygaÅÕ© nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MwVZ nIqvq ‰i Mjbvâ ˆZgb AiweUvjàGjv wÕ©wZkxj| ZvB N-‰i meÆewntÕ© Õ¦i ˆ^GK
cwieZÆb nq bv| wK¯§ cÅvivbvBGUÇv ˆdbGji AYymgƒn ‰GK AGbÅi BGjKUÇb AcmviY KiGZ nGj ‰B wÕ©wZkxj BGjKUÇb webÅvm
mvG^ Av¯¦tAvYweK nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gb hyÚ ^vGK| ‰B e®¬b MVGb fvOGZ nq| Aciw`GK O-‰i ˆÞGò BGjKUÇb AcmviY KiGZ nGj
AYymgƒGni gaÅwÕ©Z AwZwiÚ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b fvOGZ AwZwiÚ ‰i…c ˆKvb wÕ©wZkxjZv fvOGZ nq bv| ZvB N ‰i 1g AvqbxKiY
Zvcgvòvi cÉGqvRb nq| dGj cÅvivbvBGUÇvGdbj ‰i Mjbvâ wefe O ‰i 1g AvqbxKiY wefGei ˆPGq ˆewk| 
AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbj AGcÞv ˆewk nq| M DóxcK Abyhvqx AvbvimGK ˆKŒUvRvZKiY ‰i gvaÅGg `xNÆw`b
hver Lvevi DcGhvMx KGi ivLv
hvq| ‰LvGb cÉwKÌqvKiY ejGZ
ˆKŒUvRvZKiY ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ|
AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbGj AbygaÅÕ© cÅvivbvBGUÇvGdbGj Av¯¦tAvYweK ‰LvGb ˆKvUvRvZKiGYi gƒjbxwZ
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b
AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv@
M ‰LvGb A ev wPwb cÉvPxbKvj nGZ eÅen†Z ‰KwU AbÅZg ˆKŒUvRvZKiY ev KÅvwbs Lv`Å
cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK| ‰wU gƒjZ AvPvi I AbÅvbÅ djRvZxq msiÞGYi Zvcxq cÉwKÌqvKiGYi
Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞGY eÅen†Z nq| ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ D`vniY| ‰ wPò : AvbviGmi ˆKŒUvRvZKiY
wPwb «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞGY wPwb Lv`Å nGZ gyÚ wPwb I cvwb ˆkvlY KGi c«¬wZGZ cÉ^Gg mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc cvKv,
`ËeGY cwiYZ KGi ‰es LvG`Åi mvG^ wgGk meÆò mylg NbZ½ eRvq wbL~uZ Avbvim wbeÆvPb Kiv nq| AvbviGmi mgÕ¦ AfÞYxq Ask
ivGL| Avevi eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvGli Afů¦Gi Rjxq AskGK wPwbi AcmviY KGi ÕÐvBmvi w`Gq KvswLZ AvKvGi ÕÐvBm KGi wbGZ nq|
Mvp `ËeY AwfmÉeb ev AmGgvwmm cÉwKÌqvq ÷Gl ˆbq| ‰i dGj ÕÐvBGmi cyi‚Z½ cÉGqvRb AbymvGi wVK Kiv nq ‰es cGi ‰G`i
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
AvKvGii Dci wfwî KGi ˆMÉwWs KiGZ nq| ÕÐvBmàGjv DchyÚgvòvi
ˆµÏBb KÅvGb fwZÆ KGi ZvGZ 40% gvòvi wPwbi Mig `ËeY ˆhvM
Kiv nq| ‰LvGb ˆLqvj ivLGZ nGe ˆhb ÕÐvBmàGjv wPwbi `ËeGY
wbgwäZ AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ‰ici KÅvbGK ‰M&Rm&wUs KGi wmj Kiv
nq ‰es dzU¯¦ cvwbGZ wmj Kiv KÅvbGK 20–30 wgwbU cÉGmwms KGi
Vvív Kiv nq| AZtci, KÅvGb ˆjGej jvwMGq ÷Ó•, Vvív I
AvGjvKwenxb Õ©vGb à`vgRvZ Kiv nq| ˆjGeGj LvG`Åi bvg,
Drcv`b ZvwiL I ˆgqv` DGÍÏL KiGZ nq|
‰fvGe chÆvqKÌwgK avc AbymiY KGi KÅvwbs ev ˆKŒUvRvZKiGYi
gvaÅGg ˆgŒmygx dj AvbvimGK cÉwKÌqvKiY Kiv nq|
N cÉ`î AÁÏxq Lv`Å msiÞK X gƒjZ wfGbMvi hv AvbviGmi im
nGZ cÉÕ§Z Kiv nGqGQ| ‰i Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj wbGÁ² AvGjvPbv
Kiv nGjv
AewkÓ¡ Ask eBGqi AaÅvq-5 ‰i 13(N) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi
`ËÓ¡eÅ|
cÉk
 ² 71 A (3s1) ˆgŒGji nvBGWÈvÝvBW, HCHO ‰es C6H6 cÉf‡wZ
ˆhŒM eZÆgvGb eÅvcKfvGe eÅen†Z nGœQ|
 wkLbdj: 5 [wm. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 1]
K. -KYv Kx?
L. ˆmwggvBGKÌv c«¬wZ cwiGek ev®¬e@ eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. 'A' ˆhŒGMi msiÞY c«¬wZ eYÆbv KGiv|
N. DóxcGK ewYÆZ ŠRe ˆhŒM«¼Gqi gGaÅ AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki ˆcÉwÞGZ
ˆKvbwU AwaKZi ügwKÕ¼i…c? DîGii Õ¼cGÞ hywÚ `vI|
71 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K `ywU ˆcÉvUb ‰es `ywU wbDUÇb ‰KGò hyÚ nGq wnwjqvg
wbDwKÑqvGmi gZ Awf®² ˆh KYv Drc®² nq ZvB nGjv -KYv|
L ˆmwggvBGKÌv c«¬wZ ivmvqwbK àYMZ weGkÏlGYi ‰KwU c«¬wZ|
‰wU weGkÏlYxq imvqGb ռ͸ cwigvY ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb mbvÚKiY I
cwigvYMZ weGkÏlGY eÅen†Z nq| ‰ c«¬wZGZ Lye A͸ cwigvY
(0.05 ˆ^GK 0.2g KwVb ev 2-4mL Zij `ËeÅ) ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ wbGq
cixÞv Kiv nq| dGj cwiGek `ƒlY DGÍÏLGhvMÅfvGe KGg AvGm|
Avevi, ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv ˆÞGò Kg SuywKi ivmvqwbK `ËeÅ eÅen†Z nq|
‰ KviGY ˆmwg-gvBGKÌv c«¬wZ cwiGek ev®¬e|
M ˆhGnZz ˆ`Iqv AvGQ A ˆgŒGji ˆkl KÞcG^i BGjKUÇb webÅvm
3s1| myZivs ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv 11 ‰es ˆgŒjwU nGjv Na|
Na LyeB mwKÌq ˆgŒj ‰es ‰wU ‰KwU wecäbK ˆgŒj| KÞ
Zvcgvòvq ‰wU AwÝGRb I cvwbi mvG^ ZxeËfvGe wewKÌqv KGi| ZvB
Na ˆK cÅvivwdGbi gGaÅ KuvGPi cvGò WzweGq ivLv nq| cÅvivwdGbi
NbZ½ Na ‰i NbZ½ AGcÞv Kg| ZvB ‰wU Na ‰i DcGi ‰KwU Õ¦i
m†wÓ¡ KGi hv Na ˆK cvwbi msÕ·GkÆ AvmGZ ˆ`q bv| dGj cvwbi
mvG^ Na ZxeËfvGe wewKÌqv KGi NaOH I H2 MÅvm Drc®² KGi hv
weGÕ¹viY NUvGZ cvGi bv| ‰RbÅB Na ˆK cÅvivwdb ev ˆZGji
wbGP WzweGq KuvGPi cvGò msiÞY Kiv nq|
N cÉGk² ewYÆZ ŠRe ˆhŒMàGjv nGjv wg^vbÅvj (HCHO) I ˆebwRb
(C6H6)| ‰G`i gGaÅ AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki ˆcÉwÞGZ wg^vbÅvj ˆewk
ügwKÕ¼i…c| AvgvG`i ˆ`Gk wg^vbÅvj digvwjb wnmvGe eÅen†Z nq|
wg^vbÅvGji 30–40% Rjxq `ËeYB nGjv digvwjb| KwZcq Amvay
eÅemvqx ‰Lb gvQ, kvK-mewR, djgƒj BZÅvw` msiÞY KGi ivLvi
RbÅ digvwjb eÅenvi KGi| digvwjb ‰me Lv`Å`ËGeÅi mvG^ wgGk
hvq| digvwjb nGjv ‰KUv `ËeY ˆhUv KÅv´Övi NUvGZ cvGi ‰es
gvbyGli wKWwb I wjfvGii ÞwZ KGi| digvwjb hyÚ Lv`Å nRGgi
121
mgq A¯¦tÕ© AGãi mvG^ `Ë‚Z wewKÌqv KiGZ cvGi, hLb cvKÕ©wj
Lvwj ^vGK ‰es Pig Wvqwiqv I ewg NUvGZ cvGi| ˆhUv ZxeË AvKvi
aviY KiGj gvbyGli bvfÆ wmGÕ¡gGK AGKGRv nGq hvq| Aciw`GK
ˆebwRb mvaviYZ cwiGeGk QwoGq cGo KjKviLvbv, Mvwoi ˆauvqv,
Kqjv `nb BZÅvw` KviGY| ˆebwRb ‰KwU AwZcwiwPZ KÅv´Övi
m†wÓ¡Kvix ˆhŒM| evqygíGj ˆebwRGbi DcwÕ©wZ wjDGKvwgqv ˆivM
m†wÓ¡ KGi| AvGgwiKvb ˆcGUÇvwjqvg BbwÕ¡wUDGUi gGZ, ˆebwRGbi
wbivc` Nbgvòv nGœQ, kƒbÅ| A^Ævr ˆebwRGbi ˆKvb wbivc` Nbgvòv
ˆbB| ZGe, Lv`Å`ËGeÅ ‰i ‰LvbI eÅenvi ˆbB eGj ÞwZKi w`GK
^vKv mGî½I AvgvG`i ˆ`Gk ˆebwRb, digvwjb AGcÞv Kg SzuwKcƒYÆ|
cÉk
 ² 72
A (kKÆiv)
AvL
B (ŠRe ‰wmW)
 wkLbdj: 9 I 10 [wm. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 5]
K. AiweUvj Kx? 1
L. b`xi ˆNvjv cvwb mgyG`Ë wMGq cwiÓ•vi nq ˆKb? 2
M. 'A' ˆhŒM ˆ^GK 'B' ˆhŒM cÉÕ§wZ mgxKiYmn eYÆbv KGiv| 3
1 N. gvQ msiÞGY 'A' I 'B' ˆhŒM«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK
2 DcGhvMx? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
3 72 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K wbDwKÑqvGmi Pviw`GK ˆh ‰jvKvq AveZÆbkxj I wbw`ÆÓ¡ kwÚhyÚ
4 BGjKUÇb ˆgGNi AeÕ©vGbi mÁ¿vebv 90–95% nGq ^vGK, BGjKUÇb
ˆgGNi ˆm ‰jvKvGK AweÆUvj ejv nq|
L b`xi ˆNvjv cvwbGZ Kv`v, gvwU BZÅvw` KjGqW KYv FYvñK
AvavGb PvwRÆZ AeÕ©vq ^vGK| b`xi ˆNvjv cvwb mgyG`Ë AvmGj
mgyG`Ëi cvwbGZ DcwÕ©Z jeYàwji Na+, K+ BZÅvw` «¼viv ˆNvjv
cvwbi FYvñK AvavbMÉÕ¦ KjGqW KYvàGjv cÉkwgZ nq| dGj cvwb
cwiÓ•vi nGq hvq|
M cÉGk² cÉ`î kKÆiv (A) ˆ^GK ŠRe ‰wmW (B) cÉÕ§wZ wbGÁ²
mgxKiYmn AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:
AewkÓ¡ Ask 40(M) bs m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi `ËÓ¡eÅ|
N ‰LvGb A ˆhŒMwU nGjv ŠRe ‰wmW I B ˆhŒMwU nGjv myGKÌvR|
‰G`i gGaÅ gvQ msiÞGY ŠRe ‰wmW ˆewk DcGhvMx|
Avgiv Rvwb, B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi 6-10% Rjxq `ËeYGK wfGbMvi eGj|
‰wU Lv`Å`ËGeÅ Drc®² wewf®² AYyRxeGK ˆhgb a»sm KGi wVK ˆZgwb
g†`y ‰wmW nIqvi KviGY kixGii Z`Ë‚c ˆKvGbv ÞwZ nq bv|
Lv`Å`ËeÅ cPGbi ˆÞGò ˆhme AYyRxe gƒLÅ f„wgKv cvjb KGi ZvG`i
eskweÕ¦vGi DchyÚ gvaÅg nGjv 5.4-7.0 gvGbi pH mxgv| 6%
B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi Rjxq `ËeGYi pH gvb cÉvq 2.35 hv eÅvKGUwiqv
ˆeuGP ^vKv I eskweÕ¦vGii RbÅ mÁ·ƒYÆ cÉwZK„j cwiGek m†wÓ¡ KGi|
ŠRe eÕ§ nIqvq gvQ AwZ mnGRB AYyRxe «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nq I
LvevGii AbycGhvMx nGq hvq| Avevi wewf®² ivmvqwbK cwieZÆGbi
dGjI gvQ bÓ¡ nGq hvq| gvGQ DcwÕ©Z ˆZj I PweÆi RviY wKÌqvi
gvaÅGgI gvQ bÓ¡ nGq UK Õ¼v` I `yMÆ®¬hyÚ nq| ‰B gvQGK
wfGbMvGii mvnvGhÅ cÉwKÌqvRvZ KiGj gvQ AYyRxe «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nq
bv ‰es cywÓ¡ gvGbiI ˆZgb cwieZÆb nq bv| wK¯§ ŠRe ‰wmGWi
cwieGZÆ myGKÌvR eÅenvi KiGj ‰wU DchyÚ pH m†wÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi bv
Avevi AYyRxGei AvKÌgYI cÉwZnZ KiGZ cvGi bv| A
myZivs DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi mvGcGÞ ‰ K^v Õ·Ó¡ KGi ejv hvq,
gvQ msiÞGY ŠRe ‰wmW ˆewk DcGhvMx|
122
cÉk
² 73 (A) NaOH (B) NH4OH
 wkLbdj: 8 [h. ˆev. 16  cÉk² bs 4]
K. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv Kx? 1 DcwifvGMi gm†YZv webÓ¡ nq|
L. `ËeGY Fe3+ Avqb Zzwg wKfvGe mbvÚ KiGe? 2 myZivs DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv ‰es ˆhŒwÚKZvi wfwîGZ ejv hvq NaOH
M. UqGjU cwiÓ•viKiGY (A) ‰i f„wgKv ˆjGLv| 3 ZxeË ÞqKvix ‰es NH4OH AGcÞvK‡Z `yeÆj Þvi| ZvB NH4OH
N. ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ DóxcGKi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU DchyÚ-
wewKÌqvmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 weavq (A) ‰es (B) ‰i gGaÅ ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ (B) A^Ævr
73 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K cigvYyi KÞcG^i AvKvi, AvK‡wZ, wògvwòK w`K webÅvm ‰es
BGjKUÇGbi NƒYÆGbi w`K cÉKvkKvix PviwU msLÅvGK ‰KGò  cÉk
² 74
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv eGj|
L ‰KwU cixÞvbGj 1 – 2 mL gƒj `ËeY ev Fe(III) jeGYi `ËeY
wbGq ZvGZ 1 – 2 ˆduvUv K4[Fe(CN)6] ˆhvM Kiv nGj ZvGZ Mvp bxj
eGYÆi AatGÞc cGo|
mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvwU nGjv
3+ +
Fe + K4[Fe(CN)6]  KFe[Fe(CN)6] + 3K
Mvp bxj
‰wU Fe(III) Avqb kbvÚKiGYi wbwøZ cixÞv|
M DóxcGKi A ˆhŒMwU nGjv ˆmvwWqvg ˆKÑvivBW (NaCl) jeY|
Lv`Å ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY NaCl ‰i f„wgKv Acwimxg|
Lv`Å msiÞGYi eüj cÉPwjZ c«¬wZ wKDwis| Lv`Å `ËeÅGK Lvevi
jeY ev ‰i wbw`ÆÓ¡ Nbgvòvi `ËeY «¼viv msiÞY Kiv cÉwKÌqvGK
wKDwis eGj| NaCl ‰i wewf®² Nbgvòvi `ËeY Lv`Å `ËeÅ nGZ gyÚ
cvwbGK ÷Gl ˆbq| dGj Lv`Å `ËGeÅi gGaÅ AYyRxe R¯ÃvGbvi AbyK„j
cwiGek cvq bv| NaCl ‰i `ËeY I jÅvKwUK ‰wmW eÅvKGUwiqvi
Drcv`b I eskweÕ¦vGii RbÅ cÉwZK„j cwiGek m†wÓ¡ KGi| ‰
c«¬wZGZ Lv`Å`ËeÅ `xNÆw`b myiwÞZ ^vGK|
jeY ‰KwU cÉvK‡wZK wcÉRviGfwUf| jeY Lv`Å `ËeÅ ˆ^GK cvwb ˆUGb
ˆbq ‰es wWnvBGWÈkGbi KvR KGi| dGj Lv`Å`ËGeÅ RxevYyi RbÅ
cÉGqvRbxq AbyK„j cwigvY cvwb `yÓ·ÉvcÅ nGq cGo ‰es RxevYyi
eske†w«¬ ˆ^Gg hvq| jeY ‰bRvBGgi wKÌqvGK evavMÉÕ¦ KGi| jeY
AwÝGRGbi `ËveÅZv nËvm KGi| dGj evqyRxwe eÅvKGUwiqv e†w«¬ jvf
KiGZ cvGi bv| jeY I ‰wmGWi wgkÉY cPbKvix RxevYy cÉwZGiva
KGi| ˆÕ·vi MVbKvix AÅvGivweK I AevZ eÅvKGUwiqv jeY mnÅ
KiGZ cvGi bv| ‰me KviGY Lv`Å msiÞGY wKDwis Kiv nq|
N DóxcGKi B ˆhŒMwU nGjv NH4OH| KvGRB B ˆhŒMwU ™Ïvm
wKÑbvi wnGmGe DchyÚ nGe| ˆKbbv Avgiv Rvwb ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii gƒj
Dcv`vb nGjv NH3, hv ˆ^GK NH4OH cvIqv hvq|
™Ïvm wKÑbvi ™ÏvGmi ˆZj, MÉxR, gqjvGK AcmvwiZ KGi ‰GK
SKSGK cwiÓ•vi ivGL| ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii gƒj Dcv`vb nGjv gƒjZ NH3
ˆ^GK Drc®² NH4OH hv ‰KwU g†`y Þvi|
NH3 + H2O  NH4OH
NH4OH ‰i OH– Avqb ™ÏvGm ˆjGM ^vKv MÉxR, ˆZj I PweÆi mvG^
wewKÌqv KGi ™Ïvm ˆ^GK gyÚ KGi wK¯§ ™ÏvGmi Dcv`vGbi mvG^ ˆKvGbv
wewKÌqv KGi bv|
R – COOR + NH4OH  R – COONH4 + ROH
™Ïvm + NH4OH  No reaction
cÞv¯¦Gi ™Ïvm cwiÓ•vGi NaOH eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| KviY ‰wU
™ÏvGm we`Ågvb Dcv`vb wmwjKvi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi `ËeYxq ˆmvwWqvg
wmwjGKU Drc®² KGi ™ÏvmGK Þq KGi|
2NaOH + SiO2  Na2SiO3 + H2O
cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
ZvQvov NaOH ZxeË ÞqKviK| ZvB ‰wU AGbK KwVb gqjvGK
cwiÓ•vi KiGZ cvGi ‰es ™ÏvGmiI Þq mvab KGi| dGj ™ÏvGmi
™ÏvGmi Dcv`vb ˆgŒGji ˆKvGbv ÞwZ bv KGi cwiÓ•vGi f„wgKv ivGL
NH4OH ˆewk DcGhvMx|
UGgGUv ˆLRyGii im
1bs wPò 2bs wPò
 wkLbdj: 2 I 4 [iv. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 5]
K. AvBGmvGUvc Kx? 1
L. wcÉRviGfwUfm Lv`ÅeÕ§GK msiÞY KGi KxfvGe? 2
M. 1bs wPGòi ˆ`kxq dGji ˆKŒUvRvZKiY eYÆbv Ki| 3
N. 2bs wPGòi Dcv`vb ˆ^GK wfGbMvi cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq wKbv?
hywÚ `vI| 4
74 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ‰KB ˆgŒGji wewf®² cigvYy, hvG`i cvigvYweK msLÅv ‰KB
(A^Ævr ˆcÉvUb msLÅv ‰KB), wK¯§ wbDwKÑqvGm wewf®² msLÅK wbDUÇb
^vKvi RbÅ fi msLÅv wewf®² nq, ZvG`i AvBGmvGUvc eGj|
L wcÉRviGfwUfm wewf®²fvGe ZvG`i KvhÆKvwiZv cÉ`kÆb KGi|
Lv`Å`ËGeÅ AYyRxGei weKvk ˆiva: KwZcq wcÉRviGfwUfm (ˆhgb,
5% CH3COOH) AYyRxGei ˆKvlxq pH gvb nËvm KGi AYyRxGei
weKvkGK evavMÉÕ© KGi|
Av`ËÆZv gyÚKiY: ‰B msiÞY cÉwKÌqvq ‰KwU DœP Nbgvòvi `ËeY
eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb- NaCl, wPwb, ˆhLvGb AYyRxGei cvwb
AwfmÉeY cÉwKÌqvq ˆewiGq `ËeGY PGj AvGm| Av`ËÆZvgyÚKiGYi
KviGY AYyRxGei g†ZzÅ NGU|
M ‰LvGb 1bs wPGòi ˆ`kxq dj nGjv gƒjZ UGgGUv hv ‰KwU
D®²ZgvGbi mewR| KÅvwbs ‰i RbÅ jvj eGYÆi cwicØ wbLyuZ UGgGUv
wbeÆvPb Kiv nq| UGgGUvi ˆMÉwWs KGi meÆvGcÞv fvjàGjvGK
cwiÓ•vi cvwb w`Gq fvGjvfvGe ˆaŒZ Kiv nq| Zvici
UGgGUvàGjvGK wKQyÞY Mig cvwbGZ WzweGq ivLv nq; ‰i dGj
UGgGUvàGjvi ewntÕ© AveiY big nGq hvq| ‰ AeÕ©vq
PvgovàGjv hðmnKvGi UGgGUv nGZ AcmviY Kiv nq| ‰ici
UGgGUvàGjvGK cybivq ˆaŒZ KGi KÅvGb fwZÆ Kiv nq ‰es ‰GZ
cÉGqvRbxq 10% NaCl ‰i Rjxq `ËeY ˆhvM Kiv nq| KLbI
KLbI KÅvwbs Kiv UGgGUvGZ wPwbI ˆhvM Kiv nq| KviY jeY I
wPwbi `ËeY cÉvK‡wZK msiÞK wnGmGe KvR KGi| ZvQvov ‰àGjv
UGgGUvi Õ¼v` I àYMZ gvbI e†w«¬ KGi| Zvici KÅvbGK
‰M&Rm&wUs KGi wmj Kiv nq| wmj Kiv KÅvbGK 45-60 wgwbU dzU¯¦
cvwbGZ cÉGmwms Kiv nq| cwiGkGl KÅvb Vvív KGi gyGQ ˆjGej
jvwMGq DchyÚ cwiGeGk msiÞY Kiv nq|
‰fvGe chÆvqKÌwgK avc AbymiY KGi ˆ`kxq mewR UGgGUvGK
KÅvwbs ev ˆKŒUvRvZKiY KGi `xNÆw`b msiÞY Kiv hvq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 123
N DóxcGK cÉ`î ˆLRyGii im ˆ^GK mnGRB wfGbMvi ŠZwi Kiv M mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvwUGK mÁ·®² KGi cvB,

hvq| KviY ˆLRyGii iGm cÉvq (11  17%) wPwb (WvBmÅvKvivBW, BbfvGUÆR
C12 H22 O11  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
C12H22O11) ^vGK| WvBmÅvKvivBGWi Rjxq `ËeYGK gGΟvR eGj| ™ÏyGKvR dÌzGÙvR
gGΟvR ˆ^GK `ywU avGc wfGbMvi ŠZwi Kiv nq| (A) (B)
C6H12O6 RvBGgR
cÉ^g avGc dvGgÆG´Ÿkb cÉwKÌqvq B^vbj ŠZwi Kiv nq| Avevi w«¼Zxq
™ÏyGKvR (A)  CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
avGc MuvRb cÉwKÌqvq AÅvjGKvnjGK AÅvwmwUK ‰wmGW i…cv¯¦wiZ Kiv B^vbj (C)
nq ‰es ‰B cÉwKÌqvGK ‘AÅvwmwUK dvGgÆG´Ÿkb eGj| gvBGKvWvgÆv ‰wmGUveÅvÙi
`ËeGYi gGaÅ `yB Pv PvgP (NH4)2SO4 I `yB Pv PvgP (NH4)3PO4 + O2
ˆhvM KGi wgkÉGYi gGaÅ ‰K Pv PvgP CÕ¡ ˆhvM KGi wZbw`b ˆXGK CH3 COOH + H2O
ivLGj MuvRb cÉwKÌqv mÁ·®² nq| dGj CO2 Drc®² nq ‰es CÕ¡ B^vbwqK ‰wmW
(D)
ˆ^GK BbfviGUR I RvBGgR bvgK `ywU ‰bRvBg wbtm†Z nq|
wbtm†Z BbfviGUR ‰bRvBg AvGLi iGmi wPwbGK Av`ËÆweGkÏwlZ KGi myZivs cÉ`î wewKÌqv nGZ cÉvµ¦ D ˆhŒMwU nGjv B^vbwqK ‰wmW ev
™ÏyGKvR I dÌzGÙvGR cwiYZ KGi| CÕ¡ ˆ^GK wbtm†Z RvBGgR wfGbMvi|
‰bRvBg Drc®² ™ÏyGKvR I dzGÙvRGK weGqvwRZ KGi B^vbj I CO2 N cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK wnGmGe D ˆhŒM Z^v wfGbMvGii ài‚Z½
‰ cwiYZ KGi| wbÁ²i…c
mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvmgƒn nGjv kvK-mewR msiÞGY wfGbMvi: ˆ`Gki meÆò me iKGgi kvK-
BbfvGUÆR
C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 mewR cvIqv hvq bv ‰es ‰wU `Ë‚Z cuPbkxj| ZvB kvK-mewR
30C
™ÏyGKvR dÌzGÙvR msiÞY KGi me chÆvGq gvbyGli KvGQ ˆcuŒGQ ˆ`Iqv AvRGKi
RvBGgR mgGqi `vwe| wfGbMvGi kvK-mewR msiÞY KiGj ‰wU kvKmewRi
2C6H12O6  4CH3CH2OH + 4CO2
30C eYÆ, cywÓ¡, wfUvwgb AÞzY² ivGL| wfGbMvi kvK-mewRGZ we`Ågvb
Avevi Drc®² B^vbjGK 30-35C Zvcgvòvq evqyi O2 ‰i mvG^ wewf®² LwbR c`v^Æ ˆhgb KÅvjwmqvg, ˆjŒn, dmdivm cÉf‡wZGK gyÚ
wewKÌqv KivGj ŠRe ‰wmW CH3COOH Drc®² nq| KGi kixGi MÉnGYi DcGhvMx KGi ˆZvGj| ‰wU kvK-mewRGZ
gvBGKvWvgÆv wfUvwgGbi cwigvYI AÞzY² ivGL|
CH3CH2OH + O2  CH3COOH + H2O
AÅvwmwU eÅvKGUwiqv dj msiÞGY wfGbMvi: wfGbMvGii mvnvGhÅ wewf®² dj mivmwi
DcGi ewYÆZ wewKÌqv I c«¬wZ AbymiY KGi ‰es MuvRb cÉwKÌqv A^ev dj ˆ^GK wewf®² Lv`Å mvgMÉx ŠZwi KGi msiÞY Kiv hvq|
cÉGqvM KGi mvaviYZ AvGLi im nGZ ŠRe ‰wmW ev wfGbMvi cÉÕ§Z weGkl KGi wewf®² dGji AvPvi ŠZwiGZ wfGbMvi AbbÅ f„wgKv
Kiv hvq| A cvjb KGi| mylg cywÓ¡i RbÅ wfGbMvGii mvnvGhÅ wewf®² dj ‰es
‰G`i ˆ^GK m†Ó¡ Lv`Å mvgMÉx msiÞY KGi mviv eQi LvIqv mÁ¿e|
BbfvGUÆR
cÉk
² 75 C12H22O11  A + B gvsm I gvQ msiÞGY wfGbMvi: gvQ `Ë‚Z cuPbkxj eÕ§| KviY gvQ,
RvBGgR gvBGKvWvgÆv gvsGm ÞviKxq Dcv`vb ^vKvq `Ë‚Z bÓ¡ nGq hvq| ˆhgb, Lye mnGR
A  C  D
‰wmGUveÅvÙi wfGbMvGi gvsm msiÞY KGi `xNÆmgq chƯ¦ eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
 wkLbdj: 1 I 2 [w`. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 5]
‰GÞGò ‰K UzKGiv KvcoGK cÉ^Gg wfGbMvGi wfwRGq Zvici
K. Lv`Å wbivcîv Kx? 1 Kvco w`Gq gvsmGK gywoGq ˆiGL w`Gj gvsm `xNÆmgq aGi fvGjv
L. Cu (29) mvaviY BGjKUÇb webÅvm eÅwZKÌg ˆKb? 2 ^vKGe|
M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqv cƒYÆ KGi 'D' ˆhŒMwU wPwn×Z KGiv| 3 LvG`Åi eÅvKGUwiqv I welvÚ eÕ§i a»sGm wfGbMvi: Lv`Å`ËeÅ
N. cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK wnmvGe 'D' ˆhŒGMi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY mvaviYZ eÅvKGUwiqv, CÓ¡ I ˆgvΣ «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ I welvÚ nGq
KGiv| 4 ^vGK| wfGbMvi ‰G`i wei‚G«¬ weGkl KGi eÅvKGUwiqvi wei‚G«¬
75 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉwZGiva MGo ˆZvGj|
K ‰KwU myÕ© I KvhÆKi RxebhvcGbi RbÅ chÆvµ¦ wbivc` ‰es cÉk
² 76 Avg msiÞGYi RbÅ ‰KRb dj eÅemvqx wbÁ²i…c cÉwKÌqv
cywÓ¡Ki LvG`Åi cÉwZ memgq mKj gvbyGli AwfMgÅZvB nGjv Lv`Å AbymiY Kij:
wbivcîv|
µÏvwÕ¡GKi wmivc I ‰KwU
cvKv AvGgi ˆKŒUv
L BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi wbqgvbyhvqx, hw` d DcÕ¦Gi cƒYÆZvi ˆPGq 1 ˆKŒUvq ivmvqwbK(A)
cwiÓ•vi UzKiv    wmjKiY
wU BGjKUÇb Kg ^vGK A^Ævr 9 wU BGjKUÇb ^vGK ZGe cieZxÆ fwZÆKiY ˆhvMKiY
1 4
kwÚÕ¦Gii s-AiweUvj ˆ^GK 1wU BGjKUÇb cƒeÆeZxÆ kwÚÕ¦Gii d 2 3
 wkLbdj: 2 [P. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 6]
AiweUvGj Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| ‰i dGj d DcÕ¦Gi 10 wU BGjKUÇb
AwRÆZ nGq cƒYÆ nq ‰es AwaK wÕ©wZkxj nq| ˆhgb: K. ‰bRvBg Kx? 1
L. Cr (24)-‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg
Cu (29)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2 ‰i cwieGZÆ, ˆKb? 2
Cu (29)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 (AwaK wÕ©wZkxj) M. 3bs avGc eÅen†Z A- ˆK Kx ejv nq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
ZvB ejv hvq gƒjZ BGjKUÇb webÅvGm wÕ©wZkxjZv ARÆGbi RbÅ Cu N. DóxcGKi cÉwKÌqvwUGZ Kxi…c cwieZÆb KiGj A- ˆhvM bv
‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY BGjKUÇGbi webÅvGmi eÅwZKÌg| KGiI Avg msiÞY Kiv hvGe? 4
124 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
76 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk
² 77
BbfvGUÆR
K Rxe¯¦ Dw«¿` ˆKvl I cÉvYx ˆKvl nGZ Drc®², DœP AvYweK fi C12H22 O11 + H2O  A + B
30C
wewkÓ¡ bvBGUÇvGRb hyÚ ˆcÉvwUb bvgK RwUj ŠRe c`v^ÆB nGœQ RvBGgR
‰bRvBg| A + B  C + D
30C
‰wmGUveÅvÙi
L mgkwÚmÁ·®² AiweUvjmgƒn AaÆcƒYÆ wKsev cƒYÆ nGj, ˆm C + O2  E + H2O  wkLbdj: 10 [wm. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 5]
BGjKUÇb webÅvm AwaKZi mywÕ©wZ ARÆb KGi| K. AvswkK cvZb Kx? 1
L. R ‰i gvb 1 ‰i ˆPGq Kg ˆKb? 2
dGj d4s2 webÅvGmi cwieGZÆ d5s1 webÅvm AwaKZi Õ©vqx nq| f
M. DóxcGKi E ‰i Drcv`b cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv KGiv| 3
Cr(24) ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm
N. E ˆhŒMwU Lv`Å msiÞGY f„wgKv ivGL eGj gGb KGiv
(Kg mywÕ©Z)
Cr(24) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2 wKbv KviYmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
‰i cwieGZÆ Cr(24) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1 nq| ˆhGnZz Cr 77 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
‰i ewntÕ© DckwÚ Õ¦i `ywUi webÅvm d4s2 AGcÞv d5s1 webÅvmwU
K ‰KvwaK ZiGji wgkÉY ˆ^GK ˆKvb Dcv`vb Zij c`v^ÆGK Ask
cÉwZmvgÅZvi KviGY AwaK wÕ©wZkxj| ZvB Cr (24) ‰i BGjKUÇb
Ask KGi cvwZZ KGi c†^K Kivi cÉwKÌqvGK AvswkK cvZb eGj|
webÅvm mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg nq|
L mgZjxq ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdGZ wÕ©i gvaÅGgi Dci w`Gq `Ëe KZƆK
M cÉ`î cÉevnwPGò 3 bs avGc eÅen†Z A nGjv 0.2% mvBwUÇK
‰wmW hv ‰KwU wcÉRviGfwUfm&| AwZKÌ v¯¦ `ƒiZ½ I mPj `ËveK KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiGZ½i AYycvZGK Rf
eGj| ˆhGnZz ˆKvGbv ˆhŒGMi AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ `ËveK AGcÞv Kg nq
mvaviYZ wcÉRviGfwUfm& LvG`Åi mvG^ cwiwgZ cwigvGY wgwkGq ZvB
Rf ‰i gvb meÆ`v 1 ‰i ˆPGq Kg nq| A^Ævr Rf ‰i mGeÆvœP
Lv`ÅGK AYyRxGei AvKÌgY nGZ iÞv Kiv nq| wcÉRviGfwUfm& LvG`Å
gvb 1 ‰es meÆwbÁ² gvb 0 (kƒbÅ) nGZ cvGi|
DcwÕ©Z AYyRxGei esk e†w«¬, LvG`Åi RviY I weGqvRb cÉwZGiva
KGi| wKQy wcÉRviGfwUfm& ‰w´ŸgvBGKÌvweqvj ‰es ‰w´ŸAwÝGW´Ÿ `yB  M mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvwUGK mÁ·®² KGi cvB,
i…Gc KvR KGi| BbfvGUÆR
C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
30C
DGÍÏwLZ dGj A^Ævr Avg ˆKŒUvRvZKiY cÉwKÌqvi 3 bs avGc wmivcx ™ÏyGKvR dÌzGÙvR
(A) (B)
c`v^Æ(wPwb wKsev jeGYi Rjxq `ËeY) ˆhvM Kivi ci 0.2% mvBwUÇK RvBGgR
‰wmW wgwkÉZ Kiv nq| AvGgi ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY wPwbi 40% Rjxq C6H12O6  30C
2CH3CH2OH + CO2
`ËeY cÉvK‡wZK wcÉRviGfwUfm& I ‰w´ŸgvBGKÌvweqvj ‰GR´Ÿ i…Gc (C) (D)
‰wmGUveÅvÙi
LvG`Å AYyRxe àGjvGK eskweÕ¦vi KiGZ evav m†wÓ¡ KGi| Aciw`GK CH3CH2OH + O2  CH3COOH + H2O
0.2% mvBwUÇK ‰wmW ‰w´Ÿ AwÝGW´Ÿ ‰GR´Ÿ i…Gc AvGgi weGqvRb wfGbMvi
C (E)
ˆivGa f„wgKv ivGL|
wfGbMvi ‰i Drcv`b cÉwKÌqv: AÅvjGKvnGji RviY wewKÌqvq OH
N DóxcGKi cÉwKÌqvwUGZ ‰M&RmwUs hyÚ Kiv nGj A ˆhvM bv gƒjGKi H cigvYy ‰es OH gƒjK msj™² KveÆb ˆ^GK ‰KwU H
KGiI Avg msiÞY Kiv hvGe| cigvYy RviGKi AwÝGRGbi mvG^ hyÚ nGq cvwb MVb KGi| dGj
evqyi DcwÕ©wZGZ AYyRxemgƒn esk weÕ¦vi KGi ^vGK| ZvQvov KveÆ wbj ˆhŒM MwVZ nq| ‰B KveÆwbj ˆhŒM cybivq RvwiZ nGq
LvG`Å DcwÕ©Z ˆh ˆKvb RviK c`v^Æ LvG`Åi RviY Z^v weGqvRb ‰wmW Z^v wfGbMvi cÉÕ§Z KGi|
NUvGZ cvGi| evqy I cvwbi msÕ·GkÆ ˆjvnvq gwiPv cGo hv (Fe2O3.
N E ˆhŒMwU (CH3COOH) ev wfGbMvi Lv`Å msiÞGY ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
nH2O) ‰KwU RviK c`v^Æ|
f„wgKv cvjb KGi| gƒjZ wfGbMvi (CH3COOH) ‰KwU cÉvK‡wZK
Avg ˆKŒUvRvZKiY cÉwKÌqvq 0.2% mvBwUÇK ‰wmW wgwkÉZ bv KGi DcRvZ eÕ§|
ˆKŒUvq Zvc cÉGqvM A^Ævr ‰M&Rm&wUs cÉwKÌqv «¼viv Avg msiÞY Kiv wfGbMvi ˆhvGM Lv`Å msiÞGYi c«¬wZGK wcK&wjs (pickling) eGj|
hvq| ‰GÞGò Zvc cÉGqvGM ˆKŒUvi evqy `ƒi nq| ‰GZ evqyi ‰LvGb Lv`Å nGZ cvwb mivGbvi RbÅ cÉ^Gg Lv`ÅGK Mvp jeY
AbycwÕ©wZGZ KÅvGbi ˆfZi gwiPv cGo bv ‰es evqyi AfvGe cvwbGZ (eËvBb) wmÚ Kiv nq| cGi wfGbMvGi WzevGbv nq| wfGbMvi
evqyRxwe AYyRxe R¯ÃvGZ cvGi bv| ZvQvov LvG`Å wPwbi 40% Rjxq ˆhvGM Lv`Å msiÞGYi gƒj welq nGjv ‰i DcwÕ©wZGZ Lv`Å`ËeÅ
`ËeY ^vKvq LvG`Å AYyRxe R¯ÃvGZ cvGibv| ˆKvGbv wPwbi Nb `ËeY evZvGmi AwÝGRb, Av`ËÆZv nGZ `ƒGi ^vKGZ cvGi| dGj LvG`Å cPb
Lv`Å `ËeÅ ˆ^GK cvwb ˆei nGZ ˆ`q bv eis LvG`Åi meÆò mylg NbZ½ ev LvG`Åi eYÆ cwieZÆb ˆiva nq| Lv`Å`ËeÅ bÓ¡ nIqvi Aci KviY
eRvq ivGL ‰es eÅvKGUwiqvi cÉvPxGi AwfmÉebxq Pvc m†wÓ¡ KGi
nGjv ‘Zvcgvòv’| wfGbMvi eÅenvGi LvG`Åi Zvcgvòv ‰gb chÆvGq
ˆKvl a»sm KGi ˆ`q|
^vGK ˆh, ‰GZ eÅvKGUwiqv ev ‰bRvBg R¯Ã wbGZ cvGi bv| KviY
wgwkÉZ Avg ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY AvGg wPwbi 40% Rjxq `ËeY-‰es Avgiv Rvwb Lv`Å gƒjZ `ywU KviGY bÓ¡ nq| ‰KwU nGjv
ˆKŒUvq Zvc cÉ`vb Kivq AYyRxGei esk e†w«¬ ‰es LvG`Åi RviY ev cÅvG^vGRGbi (pathogens) AvKÌgGY A^Ævr ˆivM m†wÓ¡Kvix RxevYy,
weRviY ˆiva nIqvq LvG`Å 0.2% mvBwUÇK ‰wmW bv w`GqI Avg ˆhgb eÅvKGUwiqv ‰es QòvK «¼viv| 2qwU nGjv- RviGYi dGj
msiÞY mÁ¿e|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 125
LvG`Åi cywÓ¡Ki Dcv`vb ˆfGO hvq| A^Ævr LvG`Åi ˆKvl cÉvPxi dGj AYyRxe weGkl KGi eÅvKGUwiqv R¯ÃvGbvi ev esk weÕ¦vGii
RviGYi dGj fvOb aGi ‰es Lv`Å axGi axGi bÓ¡ nGZ ^vGK| AYyK„j cwiGek cvq bv| wfGbMvGi 6% B^vbwqK ‰wmW ^vKGj ‰i
wfGbMvGii eÅenvGi ‰ `ywU cÉwKÌqvB eÅvnZ nq eGj LvG`Å RxevYyi pH ‰i gvb cÉvq 2.4 nq hv eÅvKGUwiqv a»sGmi RbÅ hG^Ó¡| ZGe
AvKÌgY ˆiva nq ‰es àYmÁ·®² Lv`Å wnGmGe msiwÞZ nq| ‰QvovI wfGbMvGii mvG^ jeY cÉGqvM KiGj Lv`Å msiÞY AviI KvhÆKi
wfGbMvGii B^vbwqK ‰wmW AYy nGZ ˆcÉvUb (H+) Avqb wegyÚ nq, nq| KviY jeY ˆhvM KiGj Lv`Å mvgMÉx nGZ AwZwiÚ cvwb ˆei
hv eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆcÉvwcb ‰es PweÆGK Av`ËÆweGkÏwlZ KGi dGj nGq AvGm| ‰GZ KGi wfGbMvGii Nbgvòv KGg hvevi mÁ¿vebv ^vGK
eÅvKGUwiqv gviv hvq| bv| ˆhGnZz ‰wU Rjxq `ËeGY wgGk hvq, ZvB LvG`Åi cvwbi mvG^
CH3  COOH + H2O HoooooI CH3COO + H  + mnGR wgGk meÆò mylg Nbgvòv eRvq ˆiGL AYyRxGei wei‚G«¬
‰ c«¬wZGZ mewR, gvsm, gvQ, wWg, dj ‰gbwK ev`vg msiÞY cÉwZGiva MGo ZzGj| ‰i Õ¹zUbvâ cvwb AGcÞv ˆewk nIqvq Lv`Å
Kiv hvq ‰es wcKwjs c«¬wZGZ 46% wfGbMvi `ËeY eÅen†Z nq| cÉwKÌqvRvZKiGYi mgq Zvc cÉGqvGM ‰i evÓ·xf„Z nIqvi myGhvM
^vGK bv| ‰wU mnRjfÅ I cvk¼Æ cÉwZwKÌqvnxb nIqvq ˆh ˆKvb gvbyl
cÉk
² 78 wfGbMvi NH3`ËeY NaOH3`ËeY wfGbMvGii mvnvGhÅ Lv`Å mvgMÉx msiÞY KiGZ cviGe| wfGbMvi
A B C Z^v B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi mvnvGhÅ dj, kvK-mewR, gvsm
 wkLbdj: 2, 8 [h. ˆev. 15  cÉk² bs 6] cÉwKÌqvRvZKiY I msiÞY Kiv hvq|
K. wcÉRviGfwUfm& Kx? 1 myZivs Lv`Å msiÞGY wfGbMvGii f„wgKv Acwimxg|
L. ˆKvqvàGjkb ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
M. Lv`Å msiÞGY A ‰i ˆKŒkj eYÆbv Ki| 3  N DóxcGKi A ˆhŒMwU nGjv wfGbMvi Z^v B^vbwqK ‰wmW
(CH3COOH)| ‰wU ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM| ™ÏvGm ˆjGM ^vKv aƒjvevwj ev
N. ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ A I C ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaKZi
gqjvi gGaÅ ™Ïvm wKÑbvi cÉGqvM Kiv nGj ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii
DcGhvMx weGkÏlY Ki| 4
(CH3COOH) ˆcvjvi Dcv`vbwU gqjvGK AvGekx WvBGcvGj cwiYZ
78 bs cÉGk²i Dîi KGi| dGj wKÑbvGi ˆcvjvi Dcv`vb CH COOH+ ‰i mvG^ ™ÏvGmi
3

K ˆh me c`v^Æ LvG`Åi mvG^ cwiwgZ cwigvGY wgwkGq Lv`ÅGK
wewf®² AYyRxe (eÅvKGUwiqv, CÕ¡, ˆgvΣ) ‰i AvKÌgY ˆ^GK iÞv
KGi ZvG`iGK wcÉRviGfwUfm eGj|
L ˆKvqvàGjkb nj ‰gb ‰K cÉwKÌqv hvi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvb `ËeGY
DcwÕ©Z Þz`Ë Þz`Ë KYvGK DchyÚ ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ ˆhvM KGi
AGcÞvK‡Z eo KYvq i…cv¯¦wiZ KGi `ËeY ˆ^GK Avjv`v Kiv nq|
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ A ˆhŒMwU nj wfGbMvi A^Ævr B^vbwqK
‰wmGWi 6  10% Rjxq `ËeY|
A ˆhŒMwU «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞY Kiv hvq| ‰wU AÁÏxq `ËeY nIqvq ‰i
mvnvGhÅ msiwÞZ Lvevi mvgMÉxi `ËeGY pH ‰i gvb KwgGq ˆ`q|
gqjvi WvBGcvj AvGekx WvBGcvGji gqjvi mvG^ ™ÏvGmi AvKlÆY
ej AGcÞv wKÑbvGii WvBGcvjvi ˆhŒGMi mvG^ AvKlÆY ejwU ˆewk
kwÚkvjx nq| dGj wKÑbvGii mvG^ gqjv MÅvm PGj AvGm| Avi
‰GZB ™Ïvm cwiÓ•vi nq| wK¯§ C ˆhŒM A^Ævr KwÓ¡K ˆmvWv (NaOH)
™Ïvm wKÑbvi wnGmGe DchyÚ nGe bv| ˆKbbv NaOH ÞqKvix c`v^Æ|
‰wU ™ÏvGmi SiO2 ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi Na2SiO3 ŠZwi KGi| dGj
™Ïvm `Ë‚Z Þq nq ‰es DcwiZGji gm†YZv webÓ¡ nq|
NaOH + SiO2  Na2SiO3 + H2O
myZivs ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ A I C ‰i gGaÅ A ˆhŒMwU AwaKZi
DcGhvMx|
 gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉkc
² ò 1

19. XvKv ˆevWÆ 2021

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. AvqwbKiY wefGei mwVK KÌg ˆKvbwU? 8. ˆKvb KYvi mvnvGhÅ iv`viGdvWÆ weœQziY 18. A2(g) + B2(g) HooooI 2AB(g);
K N>O>F cixÞv KGib? H = + X kJ/mol; wewKÌqvwUGZ@
L F < Cl < Br K  L  i. PvGci cÉfve we`Ågvb
M K < N < Li M  N X-ray ii. Zvcgvòvi cÉfve we`Ågvb
N Be > Mg > C
9. ˆKvbwUi ˆÞGò eYÆvwji eÅvLÅv mÁ¿e? iii. cÉfveGKi f„wgKv we`Ågvb
2. ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆewk? K H+ L He2+
K F L Cl 2+ 2+
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M Li N Be
M Br N I K i L ii
10. ˆeviGbi ˆkl BGjKUÇGbi ˆKŒwYK fiGeM
3. 'PH4Cl'-ˆhŒGM we`Ågvb@ M i I ii N i, ii I iii
KZ?
i. AvqwbK e®¬b 19. wbGPi ˆKvb wgkÉYwU wfGbMvi?
2n 2h
K L K H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7
ii. mgGhvRx e®¬b 2h 
n h L CH3COOH + H2O
iii. mw®²Gek e®¬b M N
2  M HCl + CH3COOH
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 11. ˆKvbwU AvK‡wZ cÉKvk KGi? N CH3COOH + H2SO4
I ii
K i L i I iii
K cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv 20. `†kÅgvb AvGjvi Ziã‹`NÆÅ KZ nm?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K 380  780
L ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv
4. sp-msKwiZ nGj AYyi AvK‡wZ Kx nGe? M mnKvix ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv L 10  380
wcivwgWxq
K
N NƒYÆb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv
M 380  106
L wòGKvYvKvi wòfzR N 106  380
12. ˆKvb AiweUvjwU mÁ¿e?
M mij‹iwLK 21. BGjKUÇb 3q kwÚÕ¦Gi wdGi AvmGj ˆKvb
K 5s L 3f
N PZzÕ¦jKxq M 2d N 1p eYÆvwj ˆiLv ˆ`Lv hvq?
5. ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqv nGjv@ 13. cigvYyGZ AiweUvGji aviYv wbGPi ˆKvbwU K jvBgÅvb L eËvGKU
i. L+M Drcv` + Zvc ˆ^GK cvIqv hvq? M cÅvGøb N evgvi

ii. X + Y  Drcv`; H = ve K AvDdevD bxwZ 22. ˆKvbwUGZ BGjKUÇb AvGM cÉGek KiGe?
L ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ejwe`Åv K 6p L 5d
iii. A + B + Zvc  Drcv`
M 4f N 7s
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M ˆevi cigvYy gGWj
N iv`viGdvWÆ cigvYy gGWj
23. CaF2-‰i mÁ·†Ú Rjxq `ËeGY ˆdÑvivBW
I ii
K i L i I iii
14. ˆKvbwU AGcvjvi `ËveK? AvqGbi Nbgvòv 0.00655 gL1 nGj CaF2
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K CCl4 L NH3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj KZ nGe?
6. ˆKvbwUGZ ˆcvjvivqb ˆewk NUGe?
M H2O N HCl K 3.7  1013
K MgCl2 L BeCl2
M NaCl N LiCl 15. ˆKvbwU kwÚkvjx ‰wmW? L 2.048  1010
K HNO2 L HNO3 M 3.7  1012
7. ˆh me cigvYyi fi msLÅv ‰KB wK¯§
M H2SO3 N H2SO4 N 2.048  1011
cvigvYweK msLÅv wf®², ‰G`iGK Kx ejv
16. we÷«¬ cvwbi pOH KZ? 24. ˆKvbwU wkLv cixÞv ˆ`q bv?
nq? K 14 L 7 K Na L Be
K AvBGmvGUvb M 1.4 N 0.7 M K N Ca
L AvBGmvgvi 17. H2O-‰i Abye®¬x AÁÏ ˆKvbwU? 25. ˆKvbwUGZ mgGhvRx e®¬b AbycwÕ©Z?
M AvBGmvevi K OH L H+ K HBr L H2S
+
N AvBGmvGUvc M O2 N H3 O M BeCl2 N CaF2

1 * 2 L 3 N 4 M 5 K 6 L 7 M 8 K 9 M 10 N 11 M 12 K 13 L
Dîi

14 K 15 N 16 L 17 N 18 L 19 L 20 K 21 M 22 M 23 N 24 L 25 N
* we.`Ë:1. ˆKvb AckbB mwVK bq; (L) bs AckGb F>Cl>Br ^vKGj mwVK DîiwU (L) nGZv|
2 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. 500C Zvcgvòvq 2 wjUvi AvqZGbi ‰KwU e«¬cvGò 5. ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii 1g AvqwbKiY 2q AvqwbKiY
msNwUZ wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c : ˆgŒj BGjKUÇb wefe wefe
2NOX(g) HooooI 2NO(g) + X2(g) ; H =  Ve webÅvm KJmol1 KJmol1
[mvgÅveÕ©vq NO, X2 ‰es NOX ‰i cwigvY h^vKÌGg 6 mol, 3 Q ns1 496 4562
2
mol ‰es 4 mol.] R ns 738 1450
n=3
K. AiweUvj KvGK eGj? 1
K. cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj Kx? 1
L. Fe2+ ‰es Fe3+ Avqb«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK Õ©vqx? eÅvLÅv
L. HNO2 ‰es H3PO3 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU kwÚkvjx ‰wmW@ eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 2
KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi Kc ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
M. 'Q' ‰es 'R' ‰i AÝvBW `ywUi mgGhvRx ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wf®²Zv
N. NOX ˆhŒMwUi weGqvRb e†w«¬GZ Kx Kx c`GÞc MÉnY Kiv ˆhGZ
iGqGQ@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
cvGi@weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. ˆgŒj `ywUi 1g AvqwbKiY wefGei gvGbi mvG^ 2q AvqwbKiY
2. ˆgŒj ewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm wefGei gvGbi eÅwZKÌgagÆxZvi KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
X ns2np3 6.
Y ns2np4 Ag2CO3
Zn2+
Al3+ ‰i mÁ·†Ú
Z (n + 1)s2 (n + 1)p3
Rjxq `ËeY
‰LvGb, n = 2 1bs cvò 2bs cvò
K. fiwKÌqv mƒòwU wjL| 1 Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3 ‰es Ag2CO3 ‰i Ksp h^vKÌGg 3.0  1017 I
L. HF ‰KwU `yeÆj ‰wmW@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 3.0  1034 ‰es 8.5  1012|
M. Z ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm üG´£i bxwZ ˆgGb PGj@ eÅvLÅv K. ÞvGii weGqvRb aË‚eK Kb Kx? 1
KGiv| 3 L. Zij AeÕ©vq B^vbwqK ‰wmW cwjgvi MVb KGi@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
N. XH3 ‰es H2Y ‰i AvK‡wZ Awf®² wKbv@msKiGYi mvnvGhÅ M. 2bs cvGò Ag+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv wnmve KGiv| 3
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. 1bs cvGòi `ËeGY NH4Cl ‰i DcwÕ©wZGZ NH4OH ˆhvM Kiv
3. jeY XY nGj ˆKvb AvqbwU AvGM AatwÞµ¦ nGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4

32C ˆkÉwY 
28C
DKiY XY ‰i
XZ 7. 1 16 17
130 gm H2O
`ËeY  chÆvq
mÁ·†Ú `ËeY `ËeY 1 X
1bs `ËeY 2bs `ËeY 3bs `ËeY 2 Y Z
XZ ‰i Ksp = 4  1011 mol2L2 3 M Q
[28C ‰es 32C Zvcgvòvq XY jeYwUi `ËveÅZv h^vKÌGg 35 ‰es K. `ËveÅZv àYdj ejGZ Kx eyS? 1
45] L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v MwZkxj@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
K. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v Kx? 1 M. Z ‰es Q ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi gvb ˆewk nGe?
L. mvgÅ aË‚eGKi gvb KLGbv kƒbÅ ev Amxg nq bv ˆKb? 2 eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
M. 2bs `ËeYGK mÁ·†Ú KiGZ Kx cwigvY AwZwiÚ `Ëe ˆhvM KiGZ N. X2Y ‰es X2M ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi wf®²Zvi KviY weGkÏlY
nGe@MYbv KGiv| 3 KGiv| 4
N. 0.01M XY `ËeY 3bs `ËeGY ˆhvM Kiv nGj XZ-‰i `ËveÅZvi 8.
15 mL 0.15 M 5mL 0.2 M
ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe wK? MvwYwZK hywÚ `vI| 4 HA `ËeY NaOH `ËeY
RviY 1bs cvò 2bs cvò
4. B^vbj  X + H2O
gvBGKvWvgÆv AÅvwmGUveÅvÙi K. g†rÞvi avZz KvGK eGj? 1
K. wRgÅvb cÉfve Kx? 1 L. 'F' meÆvGcÞv Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L. 3f AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 M. KÞ Zvcgvòvq 1bs cvGòi ˆhŒMwU 10% AvqwbZ nGj ‰i Ka
M. AvGLi im ˆ^GK X ˆhŒMwUi Drcv`b cÉwKÌqv wjL| 3 wnmve KGiv| 3
N. Lv`Å msiÞGY X ˆhŒGMi ˆKvGbv f„wgKv AvGQ wKbv@ DîGii N. 1bs I 2bs cvGòi wgwkÉZ `ËeGY mvgvbÅ Þvi ˆhvM KiGj pH
cGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4 gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe wK? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 3

20. gqgbwmsn ˆevWÆ 2021

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. NH4+ AvqGbi e®¬b ˆKvY KZ wWMÉx? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 19. Cl(17) ˆKvb eÐGKi ˆgŒj?
K 104.5 L 107 K i I ii L i I iii K s-eÐK
M 109.5 N 120 L p-eÐK
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
2. ˆKvb ˆhŒGMi Rjxq `ËeGY we`yÅr cwievwnZv 10. ˆKvb pH gvGbi `ËeYwUGZ nvBGWÈvGRb M d-eÐK
ˆewk? AvqGbi Nbgvòv ˆewk? N f-eÐK
K LiCl L NaCl
K 2.3 20. p-DckwÚ Õ¦Gi@
M CaCl2 N CCl4
L 5.5 i.  = 1
3. s-eÐGKi A¯¦fzÆÚ ˆgŒGji msLÅv KqwU? M 7.4 ii. m = + 1, 0,  1
K 6 L 7 N 9.5 iii. AiweUvj msLÅv 3
M 10 N 14
11. 0.05M H2SO4 `ËeGYi pH KZ? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
4. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) HooooI CO2(g) + K 0.5 L 1 K i I ii L i I iii
2H2O(); mvgÅ wewKÌqvwUi ˆÞGò ˆKvbwU M 1.5 N 2
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
cÉGhvRÅ? 12. wfGbMvi@ 21. ˆKvbwU g†rÞvi avZz?
K AvqZb AcwiewZÆZ i. wcKwjs ‰ eÅen†Z nq K Na
L AvqZb mÁ·ÉmvwiZ ii. AYyRxGei mwKÌq Õ©vbGK cÉkwgZ KGi L Ca
M mvgÅveÕ©vq Pvc wbiGcÞ iii. LvG`Åi dviGgG´Ÿkb NUvq M Al
N Pvc cÉGqvGM mvgÅveÕ©v Wvbw`GK wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? N Zn
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq K i I ii L i I iii
wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 22 I 23 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
5. ˆKvb jeYwUi Rjxq `ËeGYi pH > 7? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
`vI:
K NaCl L CuSO4 ˆgŒj BGjKUÇb webÅvm
13. ˆnevi em& c«¬wZGZ NH3 wkG͸vrcv`Gb
M Na2CO3 N NH4Cl L ns2
6. AvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb ˆewk nGj mswkÏÓ¡ cÉfveK mnvqK wnGmGe ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z M (n + 1)s1 n=2
ˆhŒGMi@ nq? X ns2np2
K MO L Fe Y ns2np4
i. mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆewk nq
ii. cvwbGZ `ËveÅZv Kg nq
M Ni N V 22. XY ˆhŒMwUi cÉK‡wZ Kxi…c?
14. p-AiweUvGji AvK‡wZ Kxi…c? K we÷«¬ mgGhvRx
iii. Av`ËÆweGkÏlY cÉeYZv e†w«¬ cvq
K eZzÆjvKvi L ˆMvjvKvi L ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M WvGÁ¼j N WvGevj WvGÁ¼j M AGcvjvi mgGhvRx
K i I ii L i I iii
15. nvBGWÈvGRb eYÆvwjGZ AwZGeàwb AçGj N AvqwbK
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ˆKvb wmwiR Drc®² nq? 23. LY AGcÞv M2Y ‰i@
7. ˆKvbwU cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK?
K jvBgÅvb L evgvi i. Mjbvâ ˆewk
K ˆmvwWqvg ˆebGRvGqU
M cÅvGøb N dv´£ ii. cvwbGZ `ËveÅZv ˆewk
L ˆmvwWqvg ˆKÑvivBW
M ˆmvwWqvg wg^vbGqU
16. ˆKvbwUi ˆÞGò ˆevi cigvYy gGWj cÉGhvRÅ? iii. mgGhvRx agÆ Kg
N BHA
K H+ L He2+ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M Li2+ N Be4+ K i I ii L i I iii
8. ˆKvb ˆhŒGM gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb msLÅv
17. cUvwmqvg cvBGivAÅvw´ŸGgvGbU wbGÁ²i ˆKvb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
mGeÆvœP?
K NH3
Avqb kbvÚKiGY eÅen†Z nq? 24. BeCl2 ‰i AYyi AvK‡wZ Kxi…c?
K NH4+ L Zn2+
L H2O K PZzÕ¦jKxq L wòGKvYvKvi
M M Na+ N Ca2+
HCl M mij‹iwLK N wcivwgWxq
N H2S 18. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv evoGj Kx NGU?
25. KÞ Zvcgvòvq 60 MÉvg fGii ‰KwU mÁ·†Ú
9. SO3 ˆhŒGM DcwÕ©Z@ K cigvYyi AvKvi KGg
`ËeGY 15 MÉvg NaCl `Ëexf„Z ^vKGj NaCl
i. mgGhvRx e®¬b L cigvYyi eÅvmvaÆ KGg
‰i `ËveÅZv KZ?
ii. mw®²Gek e®¬b M cigvYyi kwÚ evGo K 25 L 30
iii. cvB e®¬b N ˆK±`ÊgyLx ej KGg M 33.33 N 36.36

1 M 2 L 3 N 4 N 5 M 6 K 7 L 8 M 9 N 10 K 11 L 12 K 13 K
Dîi

14 M 15 K 16 M 17 M 18 N 19 L 20 N 21 L 22 L 23 N 24 M 25 M
4 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. K. ˆKjvmb Kx? 1
L. ˆKÌvwgqvGgi BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg ˆKb? 2
 xyz p
M. A AGcÞv B ‰i AvqwbKiY wefe ˆewk@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. ACl I BCl ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å AwaK?
nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy KviYmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
K. AiweUvj Kx? 1 6. MÉ‚c
11 17
L. Zvcgvòv e†w«¬GZ `ËveÅZv àYdj e†w«¬ cvq ˆKb? 2 chÆvq
M. DóxcGKi meÆGkl Õ¦Gi l I m ‰i gvb wnGme KGi ˆgvU 1
BGjKUÇGbi msLÅv wbYÆq KGiv| 3 2 P
N. DóxcGKi wewKiY eYÆvwji Ziã‹`NÆÅ wbYÆq KGi Dnvi 3 Q
eÅenvwiK ˆÞò weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 4 M R
2. K. gΟ wfGbMvi Kx? 1
40mL 20mL
4
5  10 M 0.05M L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©vi MwZkxjZv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
MSO4 NaOH
`ËeY `ËeY M. MQ I MQ2 ˆhŒM `ywUi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU iwOb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
cvò-A cvò-B N. DóxcGKi P, Q I R ‰i nvBWÈvwmGWi ZxeËZvi KÌg weGkÏlY
K. fiwKÌqv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1 KGiv| 4
L. O AGcÞv N ‰i AvKvi eo ˆKb?
2 3
2
ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb
M. DóxcGKi M Avqb kbvÚKiY cixÞvwU mgxKiYmn wjL| 3
2+ 7. ˆgŒj
webÅvm
N. DóxcGKi A I B cvGòi `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj ˆKvGbv AatGÞc [n = 2]
A ns2np3
coGe wKbv-MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
B ns2np4
3. AB5(g) HooooI AB3(g) + B2(g); H = + ve
E ns2np2
K. pH ˆÕ•j Kx? 1
K. AvqwbKiY kwÚ Kx? 1
L. Ka ‰i gvb ˆewk nGj ‰wmGWi kwÚ AwaK@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. mvgÅveÕ©vq AB5 ‰i  ˆgvj weGhvwRZ nGj Kp ‰i ivwkgvjv L. 25C Zvcgvòvq NaCl ‰i `ËveÅZv 36 ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
cÉwZcv`b KGiv| 3 M. AH3 ‰i AvK‡wZ msKiGYi mvnvGhÅ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvq Kx kGZÆ AwaK cwigvY Drcv` cvIqv mÁ¿e? N. EH4 I H2B ‰i Õ¹zUbvGâi wf®²Zvi KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 8.
AÅvwmGUveÅvÙi
4. B^vbj + O2  A + H2O 0.002M H2CO3
0.025M HCO3
(4  10%)
K. ˆcvjvivqb Kx? 1
L. 2d AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq ˆKb? 2 gvbyGli iÚ
M. AvGLi im ˆ^GK 'A' ˆhŒMwUi Drcv`b cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv KGiv| 3 [H2CO3 ‰i Ka = 3.98  107]
N. Lv`Å msiÞGY 'A' ˆhŒMwUi f„wgKv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 K. wRgÅvb cÉfve Kx? 1
5. meÆGkl BGjKUÇGbi ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi ˆmU
ˆgŒj L. we÷«¬ cvwbi pOH = 7 ˆKb? 2
n l m s
1 M. iGÚi pH MYbv KGiv| 3
A 4 0 0 +
2 N. DóxcK `ËeGY mvgvbÅ ‰wmW ev ÞviK ˆhvM KiGj pH ‰i gvb
1
B 3 0 0 +
2 cwiewZÆZ nGe wKbv@weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 5

21. ivRkvnx ˆevWÆ 2021

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. “cigvYyi wbDwKÑqvm abvñK AvavbhyÚ” @ 10. 28 wU BGjKUÇbavix ˆgŒj ev Avqb nGjv@ 18. bvBGUÇvGRb I AwÝGRGbi ˆÞGò ˆKvb
ˆKvb weævbx cÉgvY KGib? i. Cu2+ chÆvqe†î aGgÆi eÅwZKÌg ˆ`Lv hvq?
ii. Ni
K iv`viGdvWÆ L ˆevi K BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ
iii. Zu2+
M wW-eËMwj N ˆR. ˆR. ^gmb L AvqwbKiY kwÚ
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
2. KÅvjwmqvg dmGdGUi `ËveÅZv àYdj M Zwor FYvñKZv
K ii L i I ii
ˆKvbwU? N cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K 27S3 L S5 19. wbGÁ²i ˆKvb wewKÌqvq Kp > Kc?
M 27S5 N 108S5 11. Zwor FYvñKZvi mwVK KÌg ˆKvbwU? 1 1
K I > Br > Cl L F > O > Cl K H (g) + I2(g) HooooI HI(g)
3. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆgŒjwUi cÉ^g AvqwbKiY kwÚ 2 2 2
M F > Cl > O N N > I > Br 1 3
meÆwbÁ²? L N2(g) + H2(g) HooooI NH3(g)
K Rb L K
wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 12 I 13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 2 2
`vI: M PCl5(g) HooooI PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
M Na N Li
N 2SO2(g) + O2(g) HooooI 2SO3(g)
4. 4f AiweUvGji (n + l) ‰i gvb KZ? ˆkÉwY
20. X + Y HooooI Z ‰i mvgÅaË‚eK A ‰es Z
K 4 L 6  1 11 12 15 17
HooooI X + Y ‰i mvgÅaË‚eK B nGj ˆKvb
M 7 N 11  chÆvq
5. wbGPi ˆKvb e®¬bwU meGPGq ˆewk mgxKiYwU mwVK?
3 A B X
kwÚkvjx? 4 C D K B = 1/A L B = 1/ A
M B=A N B1 = A
K cvB-e®¬b 12. ˆKvb ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm AvDdevD
21. ˆKvbwU ˆ^GK wfGbMvi cÉÕ§wZ AGcÞvK‡Z mnR
L wmMgv-e®¬b bxwZi eÅwZKÌg NGU?
nGe?
M nvBGWÈvGRb-e®¬b K D L C
K Avjy L ˆLRyGii im
N fÅvbWvi-Iqvjm ej M B N A
13. mgGhvRx ˆhŒM ˆKvbwU? M B^vbj N ™ÏyGKvR
6. wbGPi ˆKvbwU ‰KgyLx wewKÌqvi kZÆ?
K DX2 L CX2 22. wfGbMvi@
K wewKÌqv e«¬ cvGò msNwUZ nIqv
M BX3 N AX i. eÅvKGUwiqv a»sm KGi
L AatGÞc msNwUZ nIqv
14. PZzÕ¦jKxq AvK‡wZi Avqb nGjv@ ii. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MVb KiGZ cvGi
M wewKÌqvi AmÁ·ƒYÆZv
i. BF4 iii. ZxeË AÁÏ
N wewKÌqv mvgÅveÕ©vq weivR Kiv
ii. NH4+ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
7. evdvi `ËeGYi ˆKŒkGji mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ wbGPi iii. H3O+ K i L iii
ˆKvbwU? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M i I ii N i, ii I iii
K jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ K i L ii
23. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwUi Mjbvâ meGPGq
L AviGnwbqvm mgxKiY M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ˆewk?
M AmIqvΣ jNyKiY bxwZ 15. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒGM avZzi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv K CaI2 L CaBr2
N dvRvGbi bxwZ ˆewk? M CaCl2 N CaF2
8. 25C Zvcgvòvq cvwbi pKw ‰i gvb KZ? K CsCl L RbCl 24. ˆKvbwU kbvÚKiGY ˆewiqvg bvBGUÇU
K 7 L 10 M MgCl2 N CaCl2 eÅenvi Kiv nq?
M 12 N 14 16. wbGPi ˆKvb `ËeGYi pH gvb meGPGq ˆewk? K NH4+
wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 9 I 10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K 10 M HCl 2
L Ca2+
`vI: L 5  102M H2SO4 M Cl
KZàGjv ‰wmGWi pKa gvb nGjv : A = 4.7, B = M 101M NaOH N SO42
3.25, C = 6.4, D = 1.8. N 104M Na2CO3 25. wbGPi ˆKvb AiweUvj üG´£i bxwZ cÉ`kÆGb
9. kwÚkvjx ‰wmW ˆKvbwU? 17. AÓ¡K AmÁ·ƒYÆ ˆhŒM ˆKvbwU? AÞg?
K D L B K NH3 L BF3 K s L p
M A N C M PCl3 N PCl5 M d N f

1 K 2 N 3 K 4 M 5 L 6 L 7 K 8 N 9 K 10 K 11 L 12 L 13 M
Dîi

14 * 15 M 16 M 17 L 18 L 19 M 20 K 21 M 22 M 23 N 24 N 25 K
* we.`Ë:14. mwVK Dîi nGe i I ii|
6 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. BGjKUÇb 'X' K. gΟ wfGbMvi Kx? 1
L. ˆdÑvwib meÆvGcÞv Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj ˆKb? 2
BGjKUÇb 'Y'
M. Õ¼vfvweK AeÕ©vq XZ2 ‰es YZ2 ‰i ˆfŒZ `kvi cv^ÆGKÅi
 KÞc^ KviY wPòmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
A
B N. Av`ËÆweGkÏwlZ nIqvi ˆÞGò XW4 ‰es YW4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvGbv
C cv^ÆKÅ AvGQ wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
D
ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii BGjÙÇb cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg
K. pH ˆÕ•j Kx? 1 5. ˆgŒj
webÅvm msLÅv (n)
L. Be I B ‰i gGaÅ Kvi AvqwbKiY kwÚ ˆewk I ˆKb? 2
A ns2np3 2
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ gGWjwUi meÆewntÕ© KÞcG^ mGeÆvœP KqwU 2 4
Q ns np 2
BGjKUÇb ^vKGZ cvGi Zv ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi mvnvGhÅ wbYÆq
R ns2np4 3
KGiv| 3
[‰LvGb, A, Q, R ˆgŒGji cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq]
N. DóxcGK 'X' ‰es 'Y' ‰i avcv¯¦Gii dGj m†Ó¡ Ziã PzÁ¼Kxq
K. ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ Kx? 1
wewKiGYi ‰KB AçGj cvIqv hvGe wKbv Zv MvwYwZKfvGe
L. 2d AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq ˆKb? 2
gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
M. AH3 ˆhŒGMi msKivqb MVb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
2. ˆgŒj cvigvYweK msLÅv
N. H2Q ‰es H2R ˆhŒM«¼Gqi e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb wf®²Zvi KviY
A 16
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
B 24
C 26 6. 16 mL
9 mL
0.1M
[cÉPwjZ AG^Æ 'A', 'B' ‰es 'C' ˆgŒGji cÉZxK bq] CH3COOH
0.1 M
NaOH
A+B
Ka = 1.8  105
K. cwji eRÆbbxwZ Kx? 1 'A' 'B' cvò-3
L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v MwZkxj@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 K. AvqwbKiY kwÚ Kx? 1
M. DóxcGKi 'A' ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi ˆÞGò üG´£i bxwZi L. Fe ‰es Fe Avqb `ywUi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK Õ©vqx? eÅvLÅv
2+ 3+

cÉGqvM eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 KGiv| 2

N. DóxcGKi 'B' ˆgŒj ‰es C+2 AvqGbi BGjKUÇb msLÅv ‰KB M. DóxcGKi 'B' cvGòi `ËeGYi pH MYbv KGiv| 3
nGjI BGjKUÇb webÅvm wf®²@weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. cvò-3 `ËeGY mvgvbÅ ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvGM pH ‰i gvGbi
3. ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb NUGe wKbv? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
KCl AgNO3
AgCl
0.02 M 0.01 M 7. 25 ˆmjwmqvm Zvcgvòvq 11 ˆgvj A 2 MÅvm 9 ˆgvj B 2
Ksp = 1.8  1010
100 mL 100 mL MÅvGmi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi mvgÅveÕ©vq 7 ˆgvj AB MÅvm Drc®²
KGi| wewKÌqvq H =  ve|
cvò-1 cvò-2 cvò-3
K. fi wKÌqvi mƒòwU Kx? 1
K. AiweUvj Kx? 1
L. ˆKvGbv `ËeGY Na AvqGbi DcwÕ©wZ KxfvGe kbvÚ KiGe? 2
+
L. HNO3 ‰es H2SO3 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK mej ‰wmW?
M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvbymvGi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvq AwaK Drcv` cÉvwµ¦i ˆÞGò Zvcgvòv I
M. cvò-1 ‰i `ËeGY ˆKÑvivBW (Cl–) AvqGbi Nbgvòv wbYÆq
PvGci cÉfve weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
KGiv| 3
8.
N. cvò-2 I cvò-3 ‰i `ËeY ‰KGò wgwkÉZ KiGj AatGÞc
AvGLi im wfGbMvi
evoGe wKbv@MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
4.  chÆvq
'A' 'B'
14 16 17
K. `ËveÅZv ejGZ Kx eySvq? 1
ˆkÉwY 
2 X Z L. CaCO2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 8.5  109 ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
3 Y W M. DóxcGKi 'A' nGZ 'B' KxfvGe ŠZwi Kiv hvq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
[cÉPwjZ AG^Æ X, Y, Z ‰es W ˆgŒGji mvaviY cÉZxK bq] N. 'B' ˆhŒMwU «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞGYi ˆKŒkj eYÆbv KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 7

22. w`bvRcyi ˆevWÆ 2021

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. `ËveÅZv àYdj wbGPi ˆKvb ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K AwaK `ËeYxq mgGhvRx ˆhŒM K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii L ii I iii
L AwaK `ËeYxq ZworGhvRx ˆhŒM M i I iii N i, ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M ռ͸ `ËeYxq AvqwbK ˆhŒM 9. ˆKvbwU AÁÏxq evdvi bq? 18. 1% HCl `ËeGYi pH KZ?
N ռ͸ `ËeYxq mgGhvRx ˆhŒM K H3PO4 + Na2HPO4 K 0.56 L 2.00
2. wfGbMvi@ L HS 
+ Na 2S M 2.50 N 5.6
i. 6  10% AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW M CO 2
3 + HCO3

19. wbGPi ˆKvb AiweUvjwU mÁ¿e?
N CH3COOH + CH3COONa K 1p L 4s
ii. Lv`Å msiÞK wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq
10. H3N I BF3-‰ ˆh e®¬bàGjv eZÆgvb@ M 3f N 2d
iii. kwÚkvjx ‰wmW
i. AvqwbK e®¬b 20. wbGPi ˆKvb Avqb/AvqbàGjvi BGjKUÇb msLÅv
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ii. mgGhvRx e®¬b AvMÆb cigvYyi BGjKUÇb msLÅvi mgvb?
K i I ii L ii I iii i. Ca2+
iii. mw®²Gek mgGhvRx e®¬b
M i I iii N i, ii I iii ii. Al3+
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
3. ˆcvjvivqb wbfÆi KGi@ iii. Cl
K i I ii L ii I iii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
i. KÅvUvqGbi AvKvGii Dci
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. AÅvbvqGbi AvKvGii Dci K i I ii L ii I iii
11. wfGbMvi mswkÏÓ¡ Z^Åmgƒn nGjv@ M i I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. KÅvUvqb I AÅvbvqGbi PvRÆ ev AvavGbi
i. ‰i pH 4.74 eÅvKGUwiqv e†w«¬GZ evav
Dci wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 21 I 22 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆ`q `vI:
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ii. wcKwjs cÉwKÌqvq me&wR msiÞY mÁ¿e
K i I ii L ii I iii A ‰es B ˆgŒj `ywU h^vKÌGg DœPZi Zwor
iii. ˆcÉvwUGbi weGqvRb mnR KGi
M i I iii N i, ii I iii abvñK ‰es Zwor FYvñK| AB ˆhŒMwU A I B
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
4. BGjGÙÇvgÅvMGbwUK eYÆvwjGZ wbGPi ˆKvbwUi ˆgŒj «¼viv MwVZ nq|
K i I ii L i I iii
Ziã‹`NÆÅ `xNÆ? 21. ˆhŒMwUi cÉK‡wZ@
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K UV-iwkÄ L TV-iwkÄ K mw®²Gek mgGhvRx
12. 1% NaOH `ËeGYi pH KZ?
M IR-iwkÄ N X-iwkÄ L mgGhvRx
K 0.8 L 13.4
5. hLb l = 2 ‰es n = 3, ˆKvb AiweUvjwU M 13.2 N 1.0 M AvqwbK
mwVK? 13. wbGPi ˆKvb abvñK AvqbwU FYvñK N D«¼vqx
K 2d L 3p
AvqGbi ˆewk ˆcvjvivqb NUvGZ cvGi? 22. AB ˆhŒMwU@
M 3d N 3f i. ŠRe ˆhŒGM `Ëexf„Z nq
K Na+ L Mg2+
6. nvBWÈvwmWmgƒGni ZxeËZv wbfÆi KGi M Fe2+ N Al3+ ii. we`yÅr cwienb KGi
ˆKvbwUi Dci? 14. sp3 msKiY msNwUZ nq@ iii. DœP Õ¹zUbvGâi ˆhŒM
K AÅvbvqGbi AvKvi i. CH4-‰ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
L KÅvUvqGbi AvKvi ii. NH3-‰ K i I ii L ii I iii
M ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi RviY msLÅv iii. H2O-‰ M i I iii N i, ii I iii
N ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi PvRÆ NbZ½ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 23. wbGPi ˆKvb AiweUvjwU cvB e®¬b MVGb
wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 7 I 8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K i I ii L ii I iii AskMÉnY KGi?
`vI: M i I iii N i, ii I iii K s-AiweUvj
A2(g) + B2(g) HooooI 2AB(g);  H = + ve 15. wbGPi ˆKvbwU HSO4 ‰i Abye®¬x AÁÏ? L p-AiweUvj
7. DcGii wewKÌqvwUGZ Pvc evovGj Kx NGU? K SO42 L SO32 M d-AiweUvj
K Drcv` evGo M H2SO3 N H2SO4
N f-AiweUvj
L Kp evGo 16. wbGPi ˆKvb c«¬wZwU ZvGcvrcv`x?
24. wbGPi ˆKvbwUi Zwor FYvñKZv meGPGq
M wewKÌqK evGo K Nbxfeb L e®¬b wefvRb
Kg?
N PvGci ˆKvGbv cÉfve ˆbB M Mjb N evÓ·xfeb K He L C
8. hw` Zvcgvòv evoGbv nq ZvnGj@ 17. AbyNUK@ M O N F
i. Kp evGo i. wewKÌqvi MwZ evovq 25. wbGPi ˆKvb jeYwU cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z nq?
ii. mvgÅveÕ©vi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nq bv ii. wewKÌqvi MwZ Kgvq K AgF L AgCl
iii. mvgÅveÕ©v mvgGbi w`GK AMÉmi nq iii. `Ë‚ZZi mvgÅveÕ©vq wbGq AvGm M AgBr N AgI

1 M 2 K 3 N 4 L 5 M 6 K 7 N 8 M 9 M 10 L 11 N 12 L 13 N
Dîi

14 N 15 N 16 K 17 N 18 K 19 L 20 M 21 M 22 L 23 L 24 K 25 K
8 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. ZY5(g) HooooI ZY3(g) + Y2(g)  Zvc 5.
ZY5(g) ‰i weGqvRb gvòv 0.30 ‰es ˆgvU Pvc 1.0 atm| 50 mL 0.175 M
50 mL
0.09 M X+Y
K. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv KvGK eGj? 1 wg^vbwqK ‰wmW KwÓ¡K ˆmvWv
L. BeCl2 AYyi AvK‡wZ mij‹iwLK@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 X Y Z
–4
[Ka = 1.8  10 ]
M. wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
K. sp2 msKiY KvGK eGj? 1
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU ˆ^GK KxfvGe mGeÆvœP cwigvY Drcv`
L. FeCl3 ‰es FeCl2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi Mjbvâ ˆewk ‰es
cvIqv hvGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ˆKb? 2
2. A  [Ar] 3d 4s 10 1
M. Z-cvGòi `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| 3
B  [Ar] 3d 4s 1 2
N. Z-cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGj pH
K. BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi msæv `vI| 1 gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
L
L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v meÆ`v MwZkxj@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 6. C12H22O11 + H2O  X + Y
37C
M. B-ˆgŒGji meÆGkl BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi M
X + Y  CH3CH2OH + CO2
gvb ˆ`LvI| 3 20  24C
N
N. A-ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb webÅvm AvDdevD bxwZ ˆgGb PGj wK? CH3CH2OH + O2  Z + H2O
10% 6%
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
K. fiwKÌqv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
3. X, Y ‰es Z ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 1, 7 ‰es 8| L. pH ˆÕ•j 0  14 ‰i gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ˆKb? 2
K. pH ‰i msæv `vI| 1 M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvàGjv cƒYÆ KGiv| 3
L. H2O ‰KwU ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 N. Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞGY Z-ˆhŒGMi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
M. Z ‰i ˆPGq Y-‰i AvqwbKiY kwÚi gvb ˆewk ˆKb? 3 7. ˆgŒj ewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm
N. X I Y ‰es X I Z «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒGMi msKiY ‰KB nGjI Q 2s2 2p2
R 3s1
AvK‡wZ wf®²@weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
T 3s2
4. 3s2 3p1
Mg (OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv 1.0  104M X
8.25  103gL1 Na2CO3 Y 3s2 3p5
X Y K. ‰wmGWi weGqvRb aË‚eK KvGK eGj? 1
L. Rb ‰i 37 Zg BGjKUÇbwU 4d AiweUvGj bv wMGq 5s AiweUvGj
5.0  105M [BaCO3 ‰i hvq ˆKb? 2
BaCl2 Ksp = 5.5  1010]
M. Q ‰es Y «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒMwUi msKiY eYÆbv KGiv| 3
Z
N. RY, TY2 ‰es XY3 ˆK mgGhvRx ŠewkGÓ¡Åi KÌgvbymvGi
K. jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1 mvRvGbvi cGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
L. HNO3 ‰es HClO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU kwÚkvjx ‰wmW? eÅvLÅv 8. A = [Ne] [3s 3p ]
2 1

D = [Ne] [3s23p5]
KGiv| 2
K. AiweU Kx? 1
M. Mg(OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj wnmve KGiv| 3
L. cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
N. Y ‰es Z cvGòi `ËeY `ywUGK ‰KGò wgwkÉZ KiGj ˆKvGbv M. wbÁ² Zvcgvòvq AD3 ‰i AvYweK fi w«¼àY nq@eÅvLÅv KGiv|3
AatGÞc m†wÓ¡i mÁ¿vebv AvGQ wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. ˆgŒjàGjvi AÝvBGWi cÉK‡wZ wewKÌqvi gvaÅGg eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 9

23. KzwgÍÏv ˆevWÆ 2021

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. -KYvi ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆKvbwU? 9. A + Ba(NO3)2  mv`v AatGÞc 17. DóxcGKi ˆgŒjmgƒGni ˆÞGò@
K ‰GZ `ywU ˆcÉvUb I `ywU BGjKUÇb HCl i. A ‰i nvBWÈvBW PZzÕ¦jKxq
 A`ËeYxq; 'A' ˆhŒGM wbGPi ˆKvb
AvGQ gƒjKwU we`Ågvb? ii. CD5 ˆhŒM C ‰i AÓ¡K mÁ·ÉmviY NGU
L ‰Uv Lye axi MwZmÁ·®² KYv K CO32 L Cl iii. B AGcÞv D ‰i BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆewk
M Bnv abvñK PvwRÆZ KYv M NH4+ N SO42 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
N ‰i fi msLÅv 2 10. we÷«¬ Lv`Å jeGYi ˆKjvmGb wbGÁ²i ˆKvbwU K i I ii L ii I iii
2. ˆKvbwU iwOb ˆhŒM? eÅen†Z nq? M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K NiSO4 L Al2(SO4)3 K NH4Cl L HCl 18. mgGgvjvi ™ÏyGKvR I dÌzGÙvGRi wgkÉYGK Kx
M ZnSO4 N Sc2(SO4)3 M BaCl2 N H2SO4
eGj?
3. KxGmi cwieZÆGbi dGj mvgÅaË‚eGKi gvb 11. AvKvGii ˆÞGò ˆKvb mÁ·KÆwU mwVK?
K myGKÌvR L BbfvUÆ myMvi
cwiewZÆZ nq? K Na > Na +
L F>F 

M gΟ N gGΟvR
K Zvcgvòv L Nbgvòv
3+ 2+ 2
M Al > Mg N O > O
M AvqZb N cÉfveK 12. avZzi Mjbvâ e†w«¬ cvq, hLb@ 19. ˆKvGbv BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi
4. ˆevi cigvYy gGWj eÅvLÅv KiGZ cvGi@ i. avZe ˆKjvGm gy Ú BGjKUÇ b ˆewk ^vGK ˆKvb ˆmUwU MÉnYGhvMÅ?
ii. AvqwbKiY wefe nËvm cvq 1 1
i. Li+ AvqGbi eYÆvwj K (1, 1, 1, + ) L (2, 0, 1, + )
2 2
ii. AveZÆbkxj BGjKUÇGbi kwÚ ˆkvlY I iii. cigvYyi AvKvi Þz`Ë nq
1 1
wewKiY wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M (4, 2, 1,  ) N (3, 1, 2,  )
2 2
nh K i I ii L ii I iii 20. wbGPi ˆKvb pH gvbwU `ËeGYi
iii. BGjKUÇGbi ˆKŒwYK fiGeM = 1M HCl
2 M i I iii N i, ii I iii RbÅ cÉGhvRÅ?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 13. g†`y ZworweGkÏGlÅi weGqvRb gvòv I K 3 L 2
K i I ii L i I iii Nbgvòvi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ Kx? M 1 N 0
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K weGqvRb gvòv Nbgvòvi mgvbycvwZK 21. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒGM ZzjbvgƒjK mej
5. wbGPi ˆKvb AvqwbKiGY meGPGq Kg kwÚ L weGqvRb gvòv Nbgvòvi eMÆgƒGji nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b DcwÕ©Z?
jvGM? mgvbycvwZK K B^vbj
K K  K+ + e M weGqvRb gvòv Nbgvòvi eÅÕ¦vbycvwZK L nvBGWÈvGRb ˆKÑvivBW
L Ca  Ca+ + e N weGqvRb gvòv Nbgvòvi eMÆgƒGji
M Mg  Mg+ + e
M AÅvGgvwbqv
+ 
eÅÕ¦vbycvwZK N cvwb
N Na  Na + e 14. wbGPi ˆKvbwU evdvi `ËeY wnGmGe KvR
6. gΟ wgkÉGY wbGPi ˆKvbwU AvGQ? 22. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒGMi Þvixq gƒjGKi
KiGe?
K B^vbj L wg^vbj K HF(aq) + NaF
d -AiweUvGj BGjKUÇb AvGQ?
M B^vbÅvj N wfGbMvi L CH3COOH + CH3COONa K ScCl 3 L TiCl4
M M CrSO4 N CaSO4
wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 7 I 8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi HCOOH + CH 3 COONa
N NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 23. Mg(OH)2 ‰es Al(OH)3 ‰i gGaÅ@
`vI:
TC Zvcgvòv I 2.0 atm PvGc wbGÁ²i wewKÌqvwU
15. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©vi ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆKvbwU? i. Al(OH)3 AwaK mgGhvRx
K wewKÌqvi mgvwµ¦ ii. Mg(OH)2 ‰i Mjbvâ ˆewk
mvgÅveÕ©vq AvGQ@
A2B4(g) HooooI 2AB2(g); H = 55.3 kJ L wewKÌqvi ‰KgyLxZv iii. Mg(OH)2 AGcÞv Al(OH)3 `yeÆj
7. wewKÌqvwUi weGqvRb gvòv 15% nGj Kp ‰i M f
cÉ veGKi cÉG qvRbxqZv ÞviK
gvb KZ atm? N mvGgÅi wÕ©wZkxjZv wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K 0.351 L 0.184 wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 16 I 17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K i I ii L ii I iii
M 0.176 N 0.053 `vI: M i I iii N i, ii I iii
8. wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©vq@ MÉ‚c 24. 100 mL 0.01M HCl ‰es 70 mL 0.02M
i. Zvcgvòv evovGj AvGiv AB2 Drc®²  15 17
NH4OH `ËeY ‰KGò wgkvGj wgkÉGYi
 chÆvq
nGe cÉK‡wZ nGe@
ii. Pvc evovGj Kp ‰i gvb evoGe
2q A B
K AÁÏxq evdvi L Þvixq evdvi
1 3q C D
iii. Kc = Kp (RT) M wbiGcÞ N AÁÏxq
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 16. A ˆgŒGj Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb KqwU? 25. ˆKvb ˆhŒMwUGZ e®¬b ˆKvY mGeÆvœP?
K i I ii L ii I iii K 0 wU L 1 wU K C2H2 L C2H4
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M 2 wU N 3 wU M NH3 N H2S
1 M 2 K 3 K 4 M 5 K 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 N 10 L 11 K 12 M 13 N
Dîi

14 L 15 N 16 N 17 N 18 L 19 M 20 N 21 N 22 M 23 N 24 L 25 K
10 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv I cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| K. ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv Kx? 1
(i) NH4Cl L. Cr ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg ˆKb? 2

`ËveÅZv M. DóxcK Aby m vGi XCl I YCl ˆhŒM«¼Gqi ˆKvbwUi cvwbGZ
g/100g (iii) Na2SO4.10H2O `ËeYxqZv ˆewk? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
(ii) Ca(OH)2
N. DóxcGKi A ˆgŒGji 1g AvqwbKiY wefe B ˆgŒGji ˆPGq ˆewk
Zvcgvòv (C) 
nGjI 2q AvqwbKiY wefe Kg nIqvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
(i) bs ˆhŒMwUi 300g mÁ·†Ú `ËeYGK 65C nGZ 15C Zvcgvòvq
5. O N
kxZj Kiv nGjv| 15C I 65C Zvcgvòvq ˆhŒMwUi `ËveÅZv
h^vKÌGg 20 I 50| H H H H H
K. wfGbMvi Kx? 1 wPò-1 wPò-2
L. H3PO4 I HNO3 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU ˆewk kwÚkvjx I ˆKb? 2 K. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v Kx? 1
M. 15C Zvcgvòvq kxZj KiGj (i) bs ˆhŒMwUi Kx cwigvY
L. F I Cl ‰i gGaÅ Kvi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆewk? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
AatGÞc coGe Zv wnmve KGiv| 3
M. wPò-2 ‰ Kx aiGbi msKivqb NGU? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi ˆhŒMàGjvi `ËveÅZvi cwieZÆGbi wf®²Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv
N. Dfq wPGò ‰KB msKivqb nGjI e®¬b ˆKvY wf®²
KGiv| 4
wf®²@weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
2. (i) H-cigvYyi cvigvYweK eYÆvwj :
n-‰i gvb
6. A I B ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 1 I 7|
7 A2(g) + B2(g) HooooI X(g) + Zvc
6
H2O
5
4 Y(aq)
3
C-wmwiR
Y ‰i Kb = 1.7  10@6
2
1
B-wmwiR K.
ˆcvjvivqb Kx? 1
A-wmwiR
Na I Na ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi AvKvi eo I ˆKb?
L. +
2
(ii) X3+  (n  1)d5; n = 4
M.
0.001M Y ˆhŒMwUi pH gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
K. BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ Kx? 1
DóxcGKi X ˆhŒM Drcv`Gbi wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i ivwkgvjv
N.
L. Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞGY wfGbMvGii f„wgKv Kx? 2
M. DóxcGKi B wmwiGRi ‰KwU ˆiLvi Ziã‹`NÆÅ 486 nm nGj cÉwZcv`b KGiv| 4
BGjKUÇbwU ˆKvb kwÚÕ¦i nGZ wdwiGq Avbv nGjv@ MvwYwZKfvGe 7. 25C Zvcgvòvq I 1.5 atm PvGc wbGÁ²i wewKÌqvwUi Kc ‰i
@3
3 gvb 1.815  10 mol L |
1
ˆ`LvI|
1
N. DóxcGKi X ˆgŒjwUi meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi mvnvGhÅ AB5(g) HooooI AB3(g) + B2(g); H = +40 kJmol
cwji eRÆbbxwZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 K. Avjdv KYv Kx? 1
3. A(H O) L. we÷«¬ cvwbi pH ‰i gvb 7 ˆKb? 2
Õ¹zUbvâ 

2
D(H Te) 2

C(H Se) 2
M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi weGqvRb gvòvi gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©vi Dci Zvcgvòv I Nbgvòvi
B(H S)
cÉfve@eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
2

K. fiwKÌqv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1

8.
L. 4d I 4f ‰i ˆKvbwUGZ BGjKUÇb AvGM cÉGek KGi I ˆKb? 2
AvGLi im 610% AÅvwmwUK
M. A I B ˆhŒGMi e®¬b ˆKvGYi wf®²Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 ‰wmW `ËeY
N. A, B, C I D ˆhŒGMi Õ¹zUbvGâi KÌGgi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
4. ˆgŒj BGjKUÇb webÅvm n-‰i gvb 'A' 'B'

A ns2 np3 3
K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b Kx? 1
B 2
ns np 4
3 L. AG^Æ vbvBGUÇ vGdbj I cÅvivbvBGUÇ vGdbj ‰i gGaÅ Kvi Mjbvâ
X ns2
3 ˆewk I ˆKb? 2
Y 10
(n  1)d ns 1
4 M. DóxcGKi 'A' nGZ 'B' KxfvGe ŠZwi Kiv hvq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
[A, B, X, Y ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji cÉZxK bq] N. 'B' ˆhŒMwUi Lv`Å msiÞGYi ˆKŒkj eYÆbv KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 11

24. PëMÉvg ˆevWÆ 2021

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. KÞZvcgvòvq 225g mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY 75g `Ëe 8. Fe2+ AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvGm weGRvo 19. wfGbMvi Lv`Å msiÞY KGi@
`Ëexf„Z ^vKGj ‰i `ËveÅZv KZ? BGjKUÇb msLÅv KZwU? i. LvG`Åi RviY wKÌqv ˆivGai gvaÅGg
K 100 L 75 K 2 L 3 ii. LvG`Åi pH KgvGbvi gvaÅGg
M 50 N 25 M 4 N 6 iii. LvG`Åi eÅvKGUwiqv I BGÕ¡i wei‚G«¬
wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 2 I 3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 9. K4 [Fe(CN)6] ‰i `ËeY «¼viv ˆKvb AvqbwU cÉwZGiva Movi gvaÅGg
`vI: kbvÚ Kiv nq? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K Na+ L NH4+
7 K i L i I ii
M Ca2+ N Zn2+
6 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
10. wbGPi ˆKvb wewKÌqvq Kp = Kc
kwÚ Õ¦i (n)

5 Z 20. HA ‰i Ka = 1.8  10@6 nGj 0.2M HA

4 K A2 + B2 HooooI 2AB
3 Y L A2 + 3B2 HooooI 2AB3 ‰i pOH KZ?
2 M M C + 2D HooooI A K 13.300 L 10.778
1 N C + D HooooI 3A M 3.220 N 0.6989

H-cvigvYweK eYÆvwj 11. NH3 ‰i e®¬b ˆKvY KZ? wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 21 I 22 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K 109.5 L 107 `vI:
2. DóxcGKi M wewKiYwU ˆKvb MX5 HooooI MX3 + X2
M 105 N 98
wmwiRfzÚ? 12. `†kÅgvb AçGji AvGjvi Ziã‹`GNÆi eÅvwµ¦ [weGqvRb gvòv  I ˆgvU Pvc 1 atm]
K jvBgÅvb L evgvi
KZ? 21. DóxcK wewKÌqvi Kp ‰i gvb@
M cÅvGøb N eËvGKU K 0.1  10 nm L 10  280 nm 2
i.
3. DóxcK gGZ@ M 380  780 nm N 780  106 nm
1
i. M iwkÄwU UV AçGji 2
13. ˆmŒi gGWj ˆKvbwU? ii.
1  2
ii. Y iwkÄi Ziã‹`NÆÅ, M AGcÞv eo K iv`viGdvWÆ cigvYy gGWj iii. Kc (RT)
iii. Rvj UvKv kbvÚKiGY Z iwkÄ eÅen†Z L ˆevi cigvYy gGWj wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
nq M ^gmb cigvYy gGWj K i L iI ii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? N WvΟb cigvYy gGWj M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i L i I ii 14. XeF2 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyGZ wbtmã 22. DóxcGK M ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv 15 nGj
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii BGjKUÇb ˆRvo AvGQ@ wewKÌqK ˆhŒMwUi@
4. meGPGq `yeÆj e®¬b ˆKvbwU? K 4 L 3 i. AvK‡wZ wòGKvYvKvi w«¼-wcivwgWxq
K wmMgv e®¬b M 2 N 1
ii. msKiY Sp3d
L cvB e®¬b 15. ˆKvGbv kwÚ Õ¦Gi AiweUvj msLÅv wbYÆGqi iii. wmMgv e®¬b 5wU
M nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b mƒò@ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
N AvqwbK e®¬b K 2(2n + 1) L 2n + 1
K i L i I ii
M 2n2 N n2
5. MX2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj ˆKvbwU? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K [M2+]  [X]2
16. N2 + 3H2 HoooI 2NH3 ‰i Kp ‰KK@
K atm2 L atm 23. ˆKvbwU meÆvwaK Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj?
L [M2+]2  [X] K Cl L O
M atm1 N atm2
M [M2+]  [X2] M N N F
N [M2+]  [X2]2 wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 17 I 18 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
24. ˆevi cigvYy gGWj ˆKvbwUi eYÆvwj eÅvLÅv
6. PvjGKvGRb ˆgŒjàGjvi AeÕ©vb chÆvq `vI:
 + KiGZ cvGi?
mviwYi ˆKvb MÉ‚Gc? CH3COOH + H2O HooooI CH3COO + H3O
K He+ L H
K 15 L 16 17. wewKÌqvwUGZ AYye®¬x ÞviK ˆKvbwU? M He2+ N H+
M 17 N 18 K CH3COOH L H2O
25. ‰KwU BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi
7. gvbyGli iGÚ ˆKvb evdvi `ËeY we`Ågvb? M CH3COO N H3O+
ˆKvb ˆmUwU mÁ¿e?
K NaHCO3 + H2CO3 18. DóxcGK AGÁÏi Nbgvòv 0.001M ‰es
1 1
L CH3COONa + CH3COOH weGqvRb gvòv 10% nGj, Ka ‰i gvb KZ? K 1, 1, 0, +
2
L 1, 0, 0, 
2
M NH4Cl + NH4OH K 0.00001 L 0.0001 1 1
N HCOOH + HCOONa M 0.001 N 0.1 M 1, 0, 1, + N 1, 1, 0, 
2 2

1 M 2 K 3 L 4 M 5 K 6 L 7 K 8 M 9 N 10 K 11 L 12 M 13 K
Dîi

14 L 15 N 16 N 17 M 18 K 19 M 20 L 21 M 22 N 23 N 24 K 25 L
12 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. MÉ‚c 17 K. wfGbMvi Kx? 1
chÆvq L. HClO4 I H2SO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU ZxeË AÁÏ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
2 A M. DóxcGK (ii) ‰ DwÍÏwLZ BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi meÆGkl BGjKUÇb
3 B `ywUi ˆÞGò cwji eRÆb bxwZi cÉGqvM ˆ`LvI| 3
4 C N. DóxcK (i) ‰ wmwiR `ywUi ˆKvbwU `†kÅgvb eYÆvwj cÉ`kÆb KGi
5 D
MvwYwZKfvGe gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
K. AvqwbKiY kwÚ KvGK eGj? 1 5. `yBRb wkÞv^Æx X ‰es Y h^vKÌGg H2O ‰es H2S welqeÕ§i
L. AaÆcYƒ Æ 'p' AiweUvj AwaK wÕ©wZkxj ˆKb? 2 Dci ZvG`i cieZÆx KÑvGm ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ˆ`Iqvi K^v| ZvB Zviv
M. NB3 ˆhŒMwUi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi AiweUvGji msKiY eÅvLÅv `yRb ZvG`i wbw`ÆÓ¡ welqeÕ§i Dci cÉÕ§wZ wbGœQ|
KGiv| 3 K. jv-kvGZwjqvGii bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1
N. DóxcGKi ˆgŒjàGjvi Zwor FYvñKZvi KÌGgi mvG^ BGjKUÇb L. cÉkg Rjxq `ËeGYi pH gvb 7  ˆKb? 2
AvmwÚi KÌGgi eÅwZKÌg weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 M. wkÞv^Æx X ‰i welq mswkÏÓ¡ ˆhŒMwUi e®¬b ˆKvGYi Dci
2. gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇGbi cÉfve eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
e N. DóxcGKi AvGjvPÅ ˆhŒM `yGUvi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v ‰KB bv wf®²
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
E1
E2 E 3 6. kZvwõKvj aGi AvgvG`i M†wnYxG`i gvGS ‰KwU AÁÏxq `ËeY
RbwcÉq Lv`Å msiÞK wnGmGe eÅen†Z nGœQ| ‰B Lv`Å msiÞKwU
H-cigvYy
BÞzim ev ™Ïvwmqvj AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW ˆ^GK cÉÕ§Z Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
K. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi msæv `vI| 1 K. cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj Kx? 1
L. NaCl I MgCl2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK AvqwbK ‰es ˆKb? 2 L. Kp ‰es KC ‰i gGaÅ ‰KwU mv`†kÅ I ‰KwU Šemv`†kÅ ˆjGLv|
M. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ BGjKUÇb Õ©vbv¯¦Gi wewKwiZ kwÚi cwigvY 2
wbYÆq KGiv| 3 M. BÞzim ˆ^GK DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Lv`Å msiÞKwU KxfvGe cÉÕ§Z
N. DóxcGK E1 I E2 Õ¦Gii gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi kwÚ ˆewk? KiGe wewKÌqvmn ˆjGLv| 3
MvwYwZKfvGe eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK Lv`Å msiÞKwUi Lv`Å msiÞGYi ˆKŒkj
3. DGÍÏLcƒeÆK ài‚Z½ gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
Ksp = 1.8  1033 Ksp = 1.4  105 7. 2PQ(g) HooooooI P2(g) + Q2(g); H = + YkJ aGi bvI ˆh,
wewKÌqvwU ‰KwU e«¬ bGj msNwUZ nGœQ| wewKÌqGKi cÉv^wgK
cwigvY 2a ˆgvj ‰es mvgÅveÕ©vq cÉwZwU DrcvG`i cwigvY 
ˆgvj|
(i) 25CZvcgvòvq Al(OH)3 ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeY K. ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM KvGK eGj? 1
(ii) 25CZvcgvòvq Ag2SO4 ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeY L. AiweUvj wPò ‰uGK O2 AYyGZ we`Ågvb  ‰es -e®¬b
K. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj KvGK eGj? 1 ˆ`LvI| 2
L. KÅvjwmqvg cigvYyi 19Zg BGjKUÇbwU 3d AiweUvGj bv wMGq M. DóxcGKi mgxKiYwUi RbÅ Kp I KC ‰i gGaÅ ‰KwU mÁ·KÆ
4s AiweUvGj Mgb KGi ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 cÉwZÓ¤v KGiv| 3
M. `ËeY (ii) ‰i gGaÅ we`Ågvb AÁÏxq gƒjKwUi DcwÕ©wZ Zzwg N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU ˆ^GK KxfvGe AwaK cwigvY Drcv` cvIqv
KxfvGe wbwøZ KiGe? wewKÌqvmn ˆjGLv| 3 hvq? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
N. DóxcGKi ˆKvb `ËewU cvwbGZ AwaKZi `ËeYxq, MvwYwZKfvGe 8.
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
4. 10 mL 0.1M 30 mL 0.1M AIB
n=5 NH4OH(aq) HCl(aq) ‰i wgkÉY
(i)
wmwiR bs 2

n=4
n=3 A B C
[Kb = 1.8  105]
n=2
K. ˆKjvmb Kx? 1
wmwiR bs 1

L. B ‰i AvqwbKiY kwÚ Be AGcÞv Kg ˆKb? 2

n=1
M. A-cvGòi `ËeGYi pH wbYÆq KGiv| 3
wPò : nvBGWÈvGRGbi wewKiY eYÆvwji Drm| N. DóxcGKi C cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY AÁÏ ev Þvi ˆhvM
(ii) Mg (12)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
KiGj `ËeGYi pH cwieZÆb nGe wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 13

25. wmGjU ˆevWÆ 2021

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. meÆewntÕ¦Gii d-AiweUvGji RbÅ cÉGhvRÅ 10. DóxcGKi ˆhŒMwUGZ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ˆKvbwU? i. HPH e®¬b ˆKvY 109.5 AGcÞv K i I ii L i I iii
K n = 1, l = 0 L n = 2, l = 1 M I N i, ii I iii
Kg ii iii
M n = 3, l = 2 N n = 4, l = 3
ii. RÅvwgwZK AvK‡wZ wòfzRxq wcivwgW 18. ˆewiqvg KveÆ vBW + HCl  A + B(g);
2. A¯¦tAvYweK nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MVb KGi ‰LvGb B ‰i ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ, ‰GZ
iii. jyBm ÞviK wnGmGe KvR KGi
i. AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbj
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? we`Ågvb
ii. AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvUjyBb
K i I ii L i I iii i. sp msKiY
iii. AG^ÆvnvBWÈwÝ ˆebRvjwWnvBW
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
11. A3B2 ‰i `ËveÅZv S mol L nGj Ksp KZ?
1 iii. S eÐK ˆgŒj
K i I ii L i I iii
K 8S 3 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
L 16S 4 K i L i I iii
3. W + X HooooooI Y + Z mvgÅveÕ©vi
M 27S3 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wewKÌqvi mÁÃyLgyLx wewKÌqvi nviaË‚eK K1 I N 108S5 19. KzBK wfGbMvi cÉÕ§wZGZ ˆKvbwU eÅvKGUwiqv
cøvrgyLx wewKÌqvi nviaË‚eK K2 nGj 12. NH + AvqGbi msKiY ˆKvbwU?
4 e†w«¬GZ mnvqK wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq?
mvgÅaË‚eK, Kc = KZ? K dsp2 L sp3 K NH4NO3 L (NH4)2SO4
K K1. K2 L K11. K2 M sp2 N sp M (NH4)2CO3 N NH4Cl
M K1. K21 N K11. K21
13. wbGÁ²i ˆKvbwUi ˆÞGò fÅv´£vi Iqvjm 20. PvjGKvGRb ˆgŒj ˆKvb eÐGKi A¯¦fzÆÚ?
4. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒGM  (cvB) e®¬b AvGQ? AvKlÆY ej meGPGq ˆewk? K f L d
K CO2 L PH3 M p N s
K F2 L Cl2
M PCl5 N HF
M Br2 N I2 21. ‰KwU AiweUvGj meÆvwaK KqwU BGjKUÇb
5. ˆKvbwU ÞviGKi ZxeËZvi mwVK KÌg?
14. wbGÁ²i ˆKvbwUi ˆÞGò üG´£i bxwZ cÉGhvRÅ? ^vGK?
K LiOH < NaOH < KOH < CsOH
K Na L He K 2 L 6
L NaOH < LiOH < KOH < CsOH
M O N Be M 10 N 14
M KOH < CsOH < LiOH < NaOH
N LiOH < KOH < CsOH < NaOH 15. wbGÁ²i ˆKvbwU e†n`vKvi AYy MVb KGi? 22. cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj (Kw) ‰i ‰KK
6. wbGÁ²i ˆKvb wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Kp = Kc nGe? K HI L HBr ˆKvbwU?
K A + B HooooooI 2L + M M HCl N HF K mol L1 L mol2 L2
L 2A + B HooooooI L + 2M wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 16 I 17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M mol2 L2 N mol2 L2
M 2A + B HooooooI L + M `vI: 23. ˆKvb ‰bRvBGgi cÉfvGe ™ÏyGKvR I dÌzGÙvR
N A + B HooooooI 2L + 2M 1 3 B^vbGj cwiYZ nq?
7. wbGPi ˆKvbwUGZ ˆcvjvivqb AwaK? mvgÅ wewKÌqv : AB3(g) HooooooI A2(g) + B2(g)
2 2 K BbfvGUÆR L WvqvGÕ¡R
K NaCl L CaCl2  Zvc M gÅvjGUR N RvBGgR
M AlCl3 N FeCl3
16. ‰ wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Kp I Kc ‰i mÁ·KÆ 24. A2+ + K4 [Fe(CN)6] LGqix eGYÆi
8. C2H2 AYyGZ wmMgv I cvB e®¬Gbi AbycvZ
ˆKvbwU? AatGÞc A2+ ‰i ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ| ‰wU
KZ?
K Kp = Kc(RT)2 L Kp = Kc(RT)1 i. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj
K 1t2 L 3t1
M Kp = Kc(RT)1 N Kp = Kc(RT)2
M 3t2 N 4t3 ii. RwUj Avqb MVb KGi
wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 9 I 10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 17. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi ˆÞGò iii. WvqvPzÁ¼Kxq
1
`vI: i. ‰i gvb e†w«¬ ˆcGj Kp ‰i gvb nËvm wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
T
‰KwU ˆhŒM A, hv 3q chÆvq I 15 bs ˆkÉwYi K i I ii L ii I iii
cvq
ˆgŒGji nvBWÈvBW| M i I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. Pvc e†w«¬ KiGj AB3 ‰i Drcv`b e†w«¬
9. DóxcGKi AYyGZ BGjKUÇGbi gGaÅ Kq 25. cvigvYweK msLÅvi KÌg AbymvGi cÉ^g
cvq
aiGbi weKlÆY m†wÓ¡ nq? AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj ˆKvbwU?
K 1 L 2 iii. Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ ˆcGj mvGgÅi AeÕ©vb K Ti L Cr
M 3 N 4 Wvb w`GK mGi hvq M Fe N Ni

1 M 2 N 3 M 4 K 5 K 6 L 7 M 8 M 9 L 10 N 11 N 12 L 13 N
Dîi

14 M 15 N 16 L 17 N 18 L 19 L 20 M 21 N 22 L 23 N 24 K 25 K
14 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI :
FYvñKZv 4. DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI:

Q
wewKiY
+ n=4
L T A
 Zwor

1 7 89 16
 cvigvYweK msLÅv K. AiweUvj KvGK eGj? 1
K. ˆbvW KvGK eGj? 1 L. HF I H2O ‰i gGaÅ HF AwaK ˆcvjvi ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi cigvYy gGWGji ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii RbÅ l I m ‰i gvb
L. CH4 ‰KwU AGcvjvi AYy eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
wnmve KGi ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
M. DóxcGKi L I M ˆgŒj «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒGMi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi
N. DóxcGKi avcv¯¦wiZ BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ Ziã‹`NÆÅ wbYÆqcƒeÆK m†Ó¡
msKivqb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 eYÆvwj `†kÅgvb nGe wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
N. DóxcGKi M I T ‰es M I A ˆgŒj «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM«¼Gqi 5. DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv :
ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v ‰KB nGe wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 (i) PCl5(g) HoooI PCl3(g) + Cl2(g); H = + Ve
2. DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI : (ii) N2(g) + 3H2(g) HoooI 2NH3(g); H =  Ve

MÉ‚c K. jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1

L. mvgÅaË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nq bv ˆKb? 2
1 2 13 17
M. 450K Zvcgvòvq 1.5 atm PvGc (i) bs mvgÅ wewKÌqvwUi wewKÌqK
chÆvq 25% weGqvwRZ nGj Kp wbYÆq KGiv| 3
2 P N. DóxcGKi (ii) bs wewKÌqvi Dci Zvcgvòv I PvGci cÉfve
3 X Y Z Q
AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
4 R
6. 1.5% H3PO3, HNO3, HClO4, H3PO4
[X, Y, Z, P, Q I R ˆgŒGji cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq] K. evdvi `ËeY KvGK eGj? 1
K. ˆcvjvwiwU Kx? 1 L. OF2 MwVZ nGjI OF4 MwVZ nq bv ˆKb? 2
L. Na I Na ‰i ˆKvbwUi AvKvi eo ‰es ˆKb?
+
2 M. DóxcGKi cÉ^g ‰wmWwUi pH MYbv KGiv| 3
M. DóxcGKi P, Q I R ˆgŒjàGjvi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi KÌg eÅvLÅv N. DóxcGKi ‰wmWàGjvi ZxeËZvi KÌg weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
KGiv| 3 7.
BbfvGUÆR B RvBGjR C AÅvwmGUveÅvÙi D
N. DóxcGKi X I Q, Y I Q ‰es Z I Q ˆgŒj «¼viv MwVZ AvL A
ˆhŒMàGjvi cvwbZ `ËveÅZvi KÌg weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 K. üG´£i bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1
3. DóxcKwU chÆGeÞY KGiv : L. `ËeGY Na+ Avqb KxfvGe kbvÚ KiGe? 2
M. DóxcGKi 'A' ˆ^GK 'D' ‰i cÉÕ§wZ mgxKiYmn eYÆbv KGiv| 3
30C 30C N. DóxcGKi 'D' «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞGYi ˆKŒkj AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
110 mL 55 mL 8. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI :
0.4M 0.01M
XP2 QZ
CH3COOH NaOH
A-cvò B-cvò 30 mL 15 mL
0.5 M 0.5 M
[Ksp(XZ2) = 8.32  1012]
cvò-X cvò-Z cvò-Y
[Ka= 1.8  105]
K. Fe3+
‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm ˆjGLv| 1
K. pH ‰i msæv `vI| 1
L. BeCl2 ‰i AvK‡wZ mij‹iwLK ˆKb? 2
L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v MwZkxj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi A cvGòi ˆhŒMwUi `ËveÅZvi àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3 M. cvò-X ‰i `ËeGYi pH MYbv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK A I B cvGòi `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj ˆKvGbv AatGÞc N. cvò-Z ‰ mvgvbÅ cwigvY ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGj pH gvGbi
coGe wKbv MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe wKbv? Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 15

26. hGkvi ˆevWÆ 2021

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. kixGii ˆgUvewjRGg AskMÉnY KGi ˆKvb 7. nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi eYÆvwjGZ cÅvGøb 16. ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv
e®¬b? wmwiR m†wÓ¡ nq ˆKvb AçGj? i. BGjKUÇGbi NƒYÆb cÉKvkK
K mgGhvRx L nvBGWÈvGRb K AwZGeàwb L `†kÅgvb ii. m ‰i gvb l ‰i Dci wbfÆikxj
M wmMgv N cvB M AeGjvwnZ N gvBGKÌvIGqf iii. m = 0 ˆ^GK  l
2. ˆ`Gni iGÚi pH AcwiewZÆZ ivLvi RbÅ ˆh 8. AÅvwmGWvwmm gvbyGli ˆKvb ˆKvlGK `yeÆj wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
evdvi wmGÕ¡g KvR KGi KGi ˆdGj? K i I ii L ii I iii
i. KveÆGbU evdvi K iÚ ˆKvl L Õ²vqy ˆKvl M i I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. evBKveÆGbU evdvi M ˆPvGLi ˆKvl N AveiYx ˆKvl 17. CO2 ˆhŒGMi ˆK±`Êxq ˆgŒGji msKivqb nGjv
iii. dmGdU evdvi 9. CH 4 (g) + 2O 2(g) HooooI CO 2 (g) + K sp L sp2
2H2O(l) + Zvc; wewKÌqvwUi Zvcgvòv
3
M sp N sp3d
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
evovGj 18. AsKz w iZ evwjÆ nGZ cÉÕ§ZK‡Z wfGbMvi
K i I ii L ii I iii
i. Kp ‰i gvb nËvm cvGe ˆKvbwU?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. Kp ‰i gvb e†w«¬ cvGe K mvBWvi L wÕ·wiU
3. 30C Zvcgvòvq 200g mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY 18g
iii. mvgÅveÕ©v evGg mGi hvGe M gΟ N Õ¡vPÆ
`Ëe `Ëexf„Z ^vKGj `ËeYwUi `ËveÅZv KZ?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 19. wbGPi ˆKvbwU iGÚi bÅvq jvj `ËeGYi
K 9.0 L 9.5
M 10.5 N 18.0 K i L ii msGKZ?
N i I iii K Fe(CNS)3 L Fe(CNS)2
wbGPi ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 4 I 5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M iii
M NH4CNS N KCNS
`vI: 10. wfGbMvi KxfvGe eÅvKGUwiqv a»sm KGi?
K ˆcÉvwUGbi MVb ˆfGã w`Gq
20. BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ wbfÆi KGi
ˆkÉwY i. cigvYyi AvKvGii Dci
2 13 14 17 L `ËeGY ™ÏyGKvGRi gvb KwgGq
ii. BGjKUÇb webÅvGmi Dci
chÆvq M `ËeGY pH ‰i gvb KwgGq w`Gq
iii. AaÆcY ƒ Æ ev cƒYÆ AiweUvGji Dci
2q K N N `ËeGY pH ‰i gvb e†w«¬ KGi
11. 2.5% H2SO4 `ËeGYi OH ‰i Nbgvòv  wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
3q L M X
K i I ii L ii I iii
[K, L, M, N I X ˆgŒGji cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq] nGjv
K 3.92  107
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
4. NX4 AYyi AvK‡wZ 7 21. Cu Avqb kbvÚKiGY eÅen†Z nq
2+
L 1.95  10
K wòfzRvK‡wZ L PZzÕ¦jKxq
M 3.92  1014 K Þvixq K2Hgl4 L K4[Fe(CN)6]
M mgZjxq eMÆvKvi M K2H2Sb2O7 N CaC2O4
N 1.95  1014
N wòGKvY w«¼-wcivwgWxq 12. evgvi wmwiGRi 2q jvBGbi ˆÞGò n-‰i 22. H2S ˆhŒGM we`Ågvb weKlÆY ej nGjv
5. DóxcGKi ˆhŒMmgƒn gvb KZ? i. B.PB.P ii. B.PL.P
i. LX2 I MX3 ‰i gGaÅ MX3 ‰i K 2 L 3 iii. L.PL.P
mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆewk M 4 N 5 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ii. KX2 ˆhŒGM sp msKivqb NGU 13. wbGPi ˆKvb AvqwbK ˆhŒGMi meGPGq ˆewk K i I ii L ii I iii
iii. MX3 ˆhŒMwU WvBgvi MVb KiGZ cvGi ˆcvjvivqb NGU? M i I iii N i, ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K HCl L NaCl 23. ‰KwU `Ë e GYi OH 
AvqGbi Nbgvòv 3.5 
M MgCl2 N BeCl2 104 nGj, H `ËeGYi pH KZ?
K i I ii L ii I iii
14. Aw݉wmWmgƒGni ˆKvbwUi ZxeËZv ˆewk? K 3.55 L 10.54
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K HNO3 L HClO3 M 12.55 N 13.54
6. 25C Zvcgvòvq RQ5(g) HooooI RQ3(g) + M H2SO3 N H3PO4 24. ˆKvb AvqbwU AvKvGi eo?
Q2(g); wewKÌqvi Kp = 0.14 atm nGj Kc 15. AB3 ˆhŒGMi `ËveÅZv àYdj 1.7  1012 nGj K N3 L O2
KZ? ‰i `ËveÅZv KZ? M F N Na+
K 5.72  103 mol dm3 K 6.3  1014 mol L1 25. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwUi e®¬b ˆKvY meGPGq
4 3
L 2.338  10 mol dm L 6.3  1010 mol L1 Þz`?Ë
M 5.62  104 mol dm3 M 2.5  107 mol L1 K NH3 L H2O
N 7.265  105 mol dm3 N 5.0  104 mol L1 M PH3 N BH3

1 L 2 L 3 * 4 L 5 N 6 K 7 M 8 L 9 N 10 M 11 N 12 M 13 N
Dîi

14 K 15 N 16 L 17 K 18 M 19 K 20 N 21 L 22 N 23 L 24 K 25 M
16 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. K. ˆcvjvivqb Kx? 1
L. He ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm cwji eRÆbbxwZ ˆgGb PGjeÅvLÅv
AgCl 100 mL 100 mL KGiv| 2
Ksp = 0.02 M 0.01 M
1.8  10 10
KCl AgNO3 M. Õ¼vfvweK AeÕ©vq DóxcGKi XZ2 ‰es YZ2 ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v
wf®² eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
cvò-1 cvò-2 cvò-3
K. evdvi `ËeY Kx? 1 N. DóxcGKi XW4 ‰es YW4 ˆhŒGMi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU Av`ËÆ weGkÏwlZ
L. Mg MwVZ nGjI Mg Avqb MwVZ nq bv ˆKb? nGe, ˆhŒwÚK eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
2+ 3+
2
5. (i) [Ag(NH ) ]Cl (ii) MgCl (iii) AlCl
M. cvò-1 ‰i `ËeGY ˆKÑvivBW (Cl) AvqGbi Nbgvòv wbYÆq KGiv| 3 2 2 3

K. gΟ wfGbMvi Kx? 1

3
L. AwÝGRb AGcÞv bvBGUÇvGRGbi cÉ^g AvqwbKiY kwÚ ˆewk nq
N. cvò-2 I cvò-3 ‰i `ËeY ‰KGò wgwkÉZ KiGj AatGÞc
ˆKb? 2
coGe wKbv MvwYwZwKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 M. DóxcGKi (i) bs ˆhŒGM KZ cÉKvGii e®¬b AvGQ eÅvLÅv
2. KGiv| 3
cÉavb mnKvix ˆPŒÁ¼K N. DóxcGKi (ii) I (iii) bs ˆhŒGMi Mjbvâ I cvwbGZ `ËveÅZvi
ˆgŒj ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆKvqv´Ÿvg wÕ·b ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv KÌg eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
msLÅv msLÅv msLÅv 6. PCl5(g) HoooooI PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
A 3 0 0 1 1.0 wjUvi cvGò msNwUZ wewKÌqvwUGZ Zvc cÉGqvM Kiv nGj wKQy
+
2 wewKÌqK DrcvG` cwiYZ nq ‰es Zvc nËvm Kiv nGj wKQy Drcv`
B 3 0, 1 0, + 1,  1 1 1 1
+ ,+ ,+ ,+
2 2 2 2
wewKÌqGK cwiYZ nq| PCl5 ‰i cÉv^wgK ˆgvj msLÅv 1.0 I
1
1 1 1 mvgÅveÕ©vq Cl2 ‰i ˆgvj msLÅv 0.5|
 , , K. ˆbmjvi weKviK Kx? 1
2 2 2
C 2 0, 1 0, + 1,  1 1 L. HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK kwÚkvjx ‰es ˆKb? 2
+ ,
1 2 2 M. DwÍÏwLZ wewKÌqvi RbÅ Kc ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
K. fi wKÌqvi mƒò Kx? 1 N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi Dci mvgÅveÕ©vq Zvc I PvGci cÉfve
L. ˆKvGbv jeGYi “`ËveÅZv 30” K^vwUi A^Æ Kx? 2 eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
M. A, B I C ˆgŒj wZbwU Kx Kx ‰es ˆKb? 3 7.
N. AB ˆhŒMwUi FYvñK Avqb KxfvGe kbvÚ Kiv hvq wewKÌqvmn g†`y AÁÏ ZxeË Þvi I + II
HA MOH
ˆjGLv| 4 100 mL 30 mL
wgkÉY
3. 0.1 M 0.1 M
O N cvò-I cvò-II cvò-III
H H H HH K. g†rÞvi avZz Kx? 1
wPò-1 wPò-2 L. Kc ‰i gvb kƒbÅ nGZ cvGi bv ˆKb? 2
K. AvDdevD bxwZ Kx? 1 M. DóxcGKi 1 bs cvGòi `ËeGYi pH MYbv KGiv
L. Al(OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 3.7  10  K^vwUi A^Æ eÅvLÅv
15
(Ka = 1.8  105)|
3
KGiv| 2 N. DóxcGKi III bs cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY AÁÏ ev Þvi
M. wPò-2 ‰ Kx aiGbi msKivqb NGU? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 wgwkÉZ KiGj pH gvGbi Kxi…c cwieZÆb nGe eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
N. Dfq wPGò ‰KB msKivqb nGjI e®¬b ˆKvY wf®² nq, weGkÏlY 8.
KGiv| 4 AuvGLi im wfGbMvi
4.
'A' 'B'
ˆkÉwY K. jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ Kx? 1
14 16 17
chÆvq L. cvwb Zij nq ˆKb? eywSGq ˆjGLv| 2
2 X Z M. DóxcGKi A nGZ B ˆhŒM ŠZwi c«¬wZ wewKÌqvmn eÅvLÅv
3 Y W
KGiv| 3
(cÉPwjZ AG^Æ X, Y, Z ‰es W ˆgŒGji mvaviY cÉZxK bq) N. B ˆhŒMwU KxfvGe Lv`Å msiÞY KGi Zvi ˆKŒkj eYÆbv KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 17

27. ewikvj ˆevWÆ 2021

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. NH+4 ‰i AvK‡wZ ˆKvbwU? 9. Cu ‰i 19 Zg BGjKUÇbwU ˆKvb AiweUvGj 18. ˆKvbwUGZ gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇGbi cÉfve
K AÓ¡ZjKxq hvq? meGPGq ˆewk?
L w«¼-wcivwgWxq K 3s K NH3
M PZzÕ¦jKxq L 4s L H2O
+
M 3d M NH4
N wcivwgWxq
N 3p N H3O+
2. ‰KwU 1.0 ˆgvjvi NH4OH `ËeGYi weGqvRb
10. gvbyGli iGÚi pH KZ? 19. ˆKvbwUi cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ ˆewk?
gvòv 1.34%| DÚ `ËeYwUi Kb ‰i gvb
K 8.4 K Na L Mg
KZ? L 7.4 M Si N S
K 1.659  104 M 6.4 20. ‰KB chÆvGq cvigvYweK msLÅv e†w«¬
L 1.975  106 N 5.4
M 1.567  106
ˆcGj
11. ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆewk?
N 1.795  104 i. Zwor FYvñKZv e†w«¬ cvq
K F L Cl
3. cigvYyGZ AiweUvj mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ˆ`q ii. AavZe agÆ e†w«¬ cvq
M Br N I
ˆKvb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv? iii. AvqwbKiY kwÚ e†w«¬ cvq
12. we÷«¬ cvwbi pH ‰i gvb KZ?
K cÉavb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K 7 ‰i mgvb
L mnKvix ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv K i I ii L ii I iii
L 7 ‰i ˆewk
M ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M 7 ‰i KvQvKvwQ
N wÕ·b ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv 21. ˆKvbwU ˆdGivgÅvMGbwUK ˆgŒj?
N 7 ‰i Kg
4. 25C Zvcgvòvq N2O4 ‰es NO2 ‰i mvgÅ K Co
13. d-DcÕ¦Gi AiweUvj KqwU? L Ti
wgkÉGY ZvG`i AvswkK Pvc h^vKÌGg 0.69 K 1 L 3 M Cu
atm ‰es 0.31 atm, N2O4 ‰i weGqvRb M 5 N 7 N Zn
wewKÌqvi Kp ‰i gvb KZ? 14. ˆKvbwUi ZxeËZv ˆewk? 22. wfGbMvGii gGaÅ B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi cwigvY
K 0.349 atm L 0.249 atm K H2CO3
KZ?
M 0.449 atm N 0.139 atm L HNO3
K 12%
5. l = 2 nGj DcÕ¦i ˆKvbwU? M H2SO4
L 24%
K s-DcÕ¦i L p-DcÕ¦i N HClO4
M 46%
M d-DcÕ¦i N f-DcÕ¦i 15. Avmgvwb AvGjvi Ziã‹`GNÆÅi ˆPGq ˆQvU
N 610%
6. AiweUvjmgƒGni kwÚi mwVK KÌg ˆKvbwU? Ziã‹`GNÆÅi AvGjv ˆKvbwU? 23. M + H  M+ + e; ‰LvGb H ˆKvbwU?
K 3s < 3d < 4p K bxj L meyR
K BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ
L 3d < 3s < 4p M Kgjv N jvj
M 4p < 3s < 3d L AvqwbKiY kwÚ
16. ™ÏyGKvR ˆ^GK B^vbj cÉÕ§wZGZ ˆKvb M Zwor abvñKZv
N 3s < 4p < 3d
7. 2NH3(g) HoooooI N2(g) + 3H2(g); ‰bRvBgwU eÅen†Z nq? N Zwor FYvñKZv
K WvqvGÕ¡R L gGΟR 24. wbGPi ˆKvbwU AwfRvZ MÅvm?
wewKÌqvwUi Kc ‰i ‰KK
K L2 mol2 L mol2 L2 M RvBGgR N BbfvGUÆR K H2 L N2
M mol L2 6 2
N mol L 2 17. mvjGdU Avqb (SO42) kbvÚKiGY eÅen†Z M F2 N Xe
8. BGjKUÇGbi PvRÆ KZ KzjÁ¼? nq 25. DeÆi gvwUi RbÅ AZÅvbyK„j pH KZ?
K 1.6  10 20
K AgCl K 3.04
L 1.6  1019 L AgNO3 L 56
M 4.8  1010 M Ba(NO3)2 M 78
N 4.8  109 N BaSO4 N 1011

1 M 2 N 3 L 4 N 5 M 6 K 7 * 8 L 9 L 10 L 11 L 12 K 13 M
Dîi

14 N 15 K 16 M 17 M 18 L 19 K 20 N 21 K 22 N 23 L 24 N 25 M
* we.`Ë:7. mwVK Dîi nGe mol2L2|
18 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. 5. `ywU wf®² cvGò msNwUZ wewKÌqv wbÁ²i…c :
(i) N2 + 3H2 HooooooI 2NH3; H =  93 kJ
10 mL 1 mL (ii) 2NH3 HooooooI N2 + 3H2; H = + 93 kJ
0.25 M FeCl3 0.5 M NH4OH
K. ˆgŒGji chÆvqe†î agÆ Kx? 1
cvò-A cvò-B L. 3f AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq ˆKb? 2
[Fe(OH)3 ‰i Ksp 3.74  10 ]
38 M. (ii) bs mgxKiGY NH3 ‰i weGqvRb nvi 20% nGj cÉgvY PvGc
K. Kc ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 1 Kp KZ? 3
L. `ËeGY SO42 Avqb KxfvGe kbvÚ Kiv hvq? 2 N. cvò `ywUGZ hw` 10 kJ Zvc ˆhvM Kiv nq ZGe DfqGÞGò NH3
M. cvò-A ‰i jeGYi `ËveÅZv àYdj MYbv KGiv| 3 ‰i cwigvGci ˆKvGbv ZviZgÅ cwijwÞZ nGe wK? eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N. cvò-A ‰i `ËeY cvò-B ˆZ ˆhvM KiGj AatGÞc coGe wK? 4
6.
ˆZvgvi DîGii Õ¼cGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
0.023M 7 mL
BbfvGUÆR RvBGgR (O2) AÅvwmGUv 50 mL 5% Na CO A + B
2. Z  A + B  C  D 2 3
eÅvÙi Formic Solution
Acid
(X ‰KwU WvBmÅvKvivBW) A B C
K. cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK Kx? 1 K. cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 1
L. cvwb ‰KwU DrK‡Ó¡ `ËveK ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L. diwgK ‰wmGWi Ka = 1.8  10 ejGZ Kx ˆevS?
4
2
M. Z nGZ D ˆhŒGMi cÉÕ§wZ mgxKiYmn ˆjGLv| 3 M. B cvGòi `ËeGYi pH wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. Lv`Å msiÞK wnGmGe D ˆhŒGMi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. C cvGòi `ËeGYi pH wbYÆqcƒeÆK wgkÉGYi cÉK‡wZ weGkÏlY KGiv|
3. DóxcK-1: A I B `ywU AavZe ˆgŒj hvG`i Zwor FYvñKZv 4
.. .. 7.
h^vKÌGg 3.2 ‰es 2.2| ‰G`i nvBWÈvBW AH3 ‰es BH3|
B(17)
DóxcK-2: Z nGjv chÆvq mviwYi 3 bs chÆvGqi I 15 bs MÉ‚Gci
BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ

350
ˆgŒj| A(9)
K. ivmvqwbK e®¬b KvGK eGj? 1 C(35)
+ 300 D(53)
L. NH4 AvqGbi mw®²Gek e®¬b eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
cvigvYweK msLÅv
M. ZCl5 ˆhŒGMi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi nvBweËWvBGRkb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 [A, B, C ‰es D cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq]
.. ..
N. AH3 ‰es BH3 ˆhŒM `ywUi e®¬b ˆKvY wf®² nGe wKbv? weGkÏlY K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b Kx? 1
KGiv| 4 L. mvaviY Zvcgvòvq F2 MÅvm wK¯§ I2 KwVb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
4. M. C I D ‰i nvBWÈvwmWmgƒGni AvGcwÞK ZxeËZv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. A I B ˆgŒj«¼Gqi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi gvGbi ZviZGgÅi KviY
AgF H2O(l) AgI hywÚmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
8. A  [Ar] 3d 4s 10 1

A B C B  [Ar] 3d14s2
K. weGqvRb gvòv Kx? 1 K. BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi msæv `vI| 1
L. CaCl2 I AlCl3 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU cvwbGZ AwaK `ËeYxq ‰es L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v meÆ`v MwZkxj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
ˆKb? 2 M. B ˆgŒGji meÆGkl BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb
M. A ˆhŒM B-ˆZ KxfvGe `Ëexf„Z nq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 ˆ`LvI| 3
N. A I C-ˆK c†^KfvGe B-ˆZ ˆhvM KiGj `ËveÅZvi Kx ZviZgÅ N. A-ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb webÅvm AvDdevD bxwZ ˆgGb PGj wK?
cwijwÞZ nGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 19

28. XvKv ˆevWÆ 2019

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
wbGPi DóxcKwU cGov ‰es 1 I 2bs cÉGk²i 9. wbGPi ˆKvb avZz wkLv cixÞvq njy`vf meyR 18. wbGPi ˆKvb eGYÆi AvGjvK iwkÄi ˆdvUGbi
Dîi `vI: eYÆ ˆ`Lvq? kwÚ meÆvwaK?
BGjKUÇb Zwor K Ca L Ba K meyR L ˆeàwb
ˆgŒj M Na N K
webÅvm FYvñKZv M jvj N bxj
L ns2 10. SO2 ‰i ÞviKGZ½i gvb KZ? 19. wbGPi ˆKvbwU gGqøvivBRvii…Gc AvdUvi
K 2 L 3
M (n+1)s 2
ˆkf ˆjvkGb eÅe†nZ nq?
M 4 N 5
Y ns2np5 3.0 K wW-bÅvPvWÆ AÅvjGKvnj
11. ˆKvGbv MÉ‚Gci Dci ˆ^GK wbGPi w`GK
1. Y2 ˆhŒMwUi cÉK‡wZ@ L ˆcÉvcvBwjb AÅvjGKvnj
bvgGj ˆgŒGji@
K AvqwbK M Bw^wjb ™ÏvBKj
i. AavZe ŠewkÓ¡Å nËvm cvq
L AGcvjvi mgGhvRx N w™Ïmvij
ii. avZzi mwKÌqZv e†w«¬ cvq
M ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx 20. ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdGZ wbGÁ²i Dcv`vbàGjvi
iii. AvqwbKiY kwÚ nËvm cvq
N we÷«¬ mgGhvRx AwaGkvlGYi mwVK KÌg nGjv@
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K – COOH > – OH > – NH2 > – CHO
2. LY2 AGcÞv MY2 ‰i@
K i I ii L ii I iii L – CHO > – COOH > – OH > – NH2
i. Mjbvâ ˆewk
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M – NH2 > – COOH > – CHO > – OH
ii. cvwbGZ `ËveÅZv ˆewk N – OH > – NH2 > – COOH > – CHO
12. X2Y3 jeGYi `ËveÅZvi àYdGji ‰KK@
iii. mgGhvRx agÆ ˆewk 21. eiGdi ‰KwU AwÝGRb cigvYyGZ KqwU
K mol5L–5 L mol–5L–5
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M mol5L5 N mol–5L5 H-e®¬b we`Ågvb?
K i I ii L ii I iii 13. `yGa pH wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z nq? K 2 L 3
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K ˆjeyi im L jNy HCl M 4 N 5
3. 0.212g Na2CO3 ‰i 20 cm3 `ËeGYi M NaOH N NaHCO3 22. 28Ni ‰i KZàGjv BGjKUÇGbi ˆÞGò (n + l) = 4
kwÚgvòv KZ nGe? 14. Cr cigvYyGZ we`Ågvb weGRvo BGjKUÇb nq?
K 1.0M msLÅv@ K 3 L 6
L 0.1M M 7 N 8
K 4 L 5
M 0.01M
M 6 N 7 23. CH3COOH (aq) + NH4OH (aq) 
N 0.001M CH3COONH4 (aq) + H2O (l)
15. meyR imvqGbi A¯¦f„ÆÚ@
4. wbGPi ˆKvbwUGZ AwÝGRGbi RviY msLÅv – 2?
1 wewKÌqvwUi cÉkgb ZvGci gvb KZ?
i. Kg ÞwZKi ivmvqwbK msGkÏlY
K –68.0 kJ mol–1
K Na2O2 L H2O2 ii. bevqbGhvMÅ KuvPvgvj eÅenvi L –57.3 kJ mol–1
M F2O N KO2 iii. eRÆÅ c`v^Æ cÉwZGiva M –55.2 kJ mol–1
5. P2O5 + H2O → X; wewKÌqvwUGZ X ‰i wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? N –50.4 kJ mol–1
ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ@ K i I ii L ii I iii 24. 25 C Zvcgvòvq Ca(OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv
i. ÞviKZ½ 3 M i I iii N i, ii I iii àYdj 4.42 × 10–5 nGj Ca(OH)2 ‰i
ii. ÞviKZ½ 2 wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es 16 I 17bs `ËveÅZv KZ?
iii. cwj ˆcÉvwUK ‰wmW cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: K 1.111 × 10–2
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L 2.223 × 10–2
An+ + NH4CNS  `ËeY
M 2.452 × 10–2
K i I ii L ii I iii 16. `ËeYwU jvj eGYÆi nGj An+ AvqbwU nGe@ N 2.806 × 10–2
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K Fe3+ 25.
6. 0.005M H2SO4 `ËeGYi pH KZ? L Al3+
K 1.5 L 2.0 M Cu2+
M 2.3 N 3.0 N Ca2+
7. meGPGq `yeÆj ‰wmW ˆKvbwU? 17. `ËeYwUi eGYÆi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb bv nGj@
K H3BO3 i. An+ AvqGbi ˆgŒjwU AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj
L HNO3
ii. WvqvgÅvMGbwUK agÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi ‰ mZKÆZv wPn× «¼viv Kx eySvGbv nq?
M H3PO3
N HClO2 iii. Qq mw®²Gek msLÅvi RwUj ˆhŒM MVb KGi K Še`yÅwZK Szwu K
8. wbGPi ˆKvbwU iwOb ˆhŒM? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L cwiGek SzuwK
K MgCl2 L CoCl2 K i I ii L ii I iii M ŠRe `ƒlK
M Cu2Cl2 N ScCl3 M i I iii N i, ii I iii N welvÚ
1 N 2 K 3 L 4 N 5 M 6 L 7 M 8 L 9 L 10 K 11 N 12 K 13 N
Dîi

14 M 15 N 16 K 17 M 18 L 19 N 20 K 21 K 22 N 23 N 24 L 25 K
20 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. 5. ˆgŒj ewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb n ‰i gvb
X2CO3 YMnO4
webÅvm
2.6575 g P (n–1)d6ns2
Q (n–1)d10ns1 4

cvò-1 cvò-2 R (n–1)d10ns2

[X I Y ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 11 I 19] [P, Q I R ˆgŒGji
cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq]
K. `nb Zvc KvGK eGj? 1 K. Zwor FYvñKZvi msæv `vI| 1
L. Zvcgvòvi mvG^ cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj cwieZÆbkxj ˆKb? 2 L. üGíi bxwZ Abyhvqx dmdivGmi BGjKUÇb webÅvm eÅvLÅv KGiv|2
M. cj eywã eÅvGj´Ö ‰i mvnvGhÅ cvò-1 ‰i weKviwU KxfvGe M. 'P' ˆgŒjwU wewf®² RviY AeÕ©v cÉ`kÆb KGi ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv|
gvcGe? 3 3
N. cvò-1 I cvò-2 ‰i weKviK«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU gvwUi pH N. Q I R ˆgŒj«¼Gqi ˆKÑvivBW ˆhŒMmgƒGni eGYÆi wf®²Zvi KviY
cwieZÆGbi f„wgKv ivGL? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
2.
MOH
`yB KveÆbwewkÓ¡ 6.
0.65 M, 15mL gGbvKvGeÆvwÝwjK
MOH ‰i ‰wmW
6%, 20 mL RNO3 QCl
AvYweK fi 40 Ka = 1.8 × 10–5 20 mL 16 mL

0.1M
cvò-1 cvò-2 0.07M
27C 27C 27C
K. ivBWvi KvGK eGj? 1
L. ‘iÚ ‰KwU evdvi `ËeY’@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
A-cvò C-cvò B-cvò
M. cvò-2 ‰i `ËeGYi mvnvGhÅ Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. cvò-1 I cvò-2 ‰i `ËeY«¼Gqi wgwkÉZ `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY 27C Zvcgvòvq RNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv = 2.2 ×10–3 ‰es Ksp(RCl) = 4.8
nvBGWÈvGKÑvwiK ‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGYi pH cwiewZÆZ nGe × 10–6
wK? ˆZvgvi Dîi MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 K. ˆcvjvivqb ‰i msæv `vI| 1
3. `†kÅK͸-1: mewR 7-8% NaCl KÅvwbs L. 25C Zvcgvòvq NaCl ‰i `ËveÅZv 36@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
`ËeY
I II III M. A cvGò RNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3
`†kÅK͸-2: gvQ 40% HCHO KÅvwbs N. C cvGò ˆKvGbv AatGÞc coGe wK? MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY
`ËeY
I II III KGiv| 4
K. evÓ· cvZb ‰i msæv `vI| 1 7. MX5(g) HooooI MX3(g) + X2(g) – Zvc
L. UqGjU wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ NaOH eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 ‰LvGb MX5 ‰i weGqvRbgvòv 80% ‰es wewKÌqv cvGòi AvqZb
M. `†kÅK͸-1 ‰i III bs avGci ài‚Z½ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 2L|
N. `†kÅK͸-1 I 2 ‰i msiwÞZ Lv`Å`ËeÅ«¼Gqi Lv`Å wnGmGe K. wKDwis KvGK eGj? 1
DcGhvwMZvi Zzjbv KGiv| 4 L. AlCl3 KÞ Zvcgvòvq WvBgvi MVb KGi ˆKb? 2
4. ˆgŒj Avqb AvqGbi BGjKUÇb msLÅv M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi KC wbYÆq KGiv| 3
X X+ 10
N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ˆKvb kGZÆ AwaK Drcv` cvIqv hvGe?
Y Y2+ 10
3+
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
Z Z 10
8. 1Y I 24Z `ywU ˆgŒj| ˆhLvGb Y I Z cÉPwjZ A^Æ enb KGi
[X, Y I Z ˆgŒGji cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq]
bv|
K. cÉfveK KvGK eGj? 1
K. mgGhvRx eÅvmvaÆ KvGK eGj? 1
L. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi NH4OH eÅen†Z nq ˆKb? 2
M. ˆgŒjmgƒGni AvqwbKiY wefe KxfvGe cwiewZÆZ nGe@ eÅvLÅv L. wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl eÅen†Z nq ˆKb? 2
KGiv| 3 M. 'Z' ˆgŒjwU RwUj ˆhŒM MVb KGi ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. ˆgŒjmgƒGni ˆKÑvivBGWi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å N. ˆevi ZGî½i mvnvGhÅ 'Y' ˆgŒGji eYÆvjx eÅvLÅv Kiv hvGe wK?
cÉ`kÆb KiGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 gZvgZ `vI| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 21

29. ivRkvnx ˆevWÆ 2019

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1
1. 100 mL 10M AÝvwjK ‰wmGWi `ËeY cÉÕ§Z wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 17. wbGPi ˆKvbwU A`vnÅ c`v^Æ?
K i I ii L ii I iii K ˆebwRb L bvBGUÇvGRb
KiGZ KZ MÉvg AÝvwjK ‰wmW cÉGqvRb?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M B^vi N nvBGWÈvGRb
K 0.09 L 0.90
M 9.00 N 90.00 10. PbCl2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 1.6 × 10–5 nGj 18. DœP kwÚÕ¦i nGZ nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi
2. ˆKvb AÝvBWwU meGPGq ˆewk AÁÏagÆx? Pb 2+
‰i Nbgvòv KZ mol L –1
? BGjKUÇb Z‡Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gi Õ©vbv¯¦i nGj
K P2O3 L Cl2O7 K 1.6 × 10 –2
L 3.2 × 10 –2
wbGPi ˆKvb wmwiR Drc®² nGe?
M SO3 N CO2 M 1.6 × 10–5 N 3.2 × 10–5 K jvBgÅvb wmwiR
3. ˆKvbwU evdvi `ËeY? 11. ˆKvbwU AwaK kwÚkvjx ‰wmW? L evgvi wmwiR
K HF L HCl
K `ya L gay M cÅvGøb wmwiR
M HBr N HI
M iÚ N mÅvjvBGbi `ËeY N eËvGKU wmwiR
12. AvqwbK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi KÌGgi ˆÞGò wbGPi
4. cvwbGZ wbGPi ˆKvb c`v^ÆwUi `ËveÅZv ˆewk? 19. wbGPi AvqbàGjvi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi AvKvi
ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K NaCl L CaCl2 meGPGq ˆQvU?
K MgO > Al2O3 > Na2O
M BaCl2 N AlCl3 K Cl– L F–
L Al2O3 > Na2O > MgO
5. gvwUi pH e†w«¬GZ ˆKvbwU eÅenvi Kiv nq? M Na2O > MgO > Al2O3 M O2– N N3–
K KNO3 L NH4NO3 20. ˆKvb ˆhŒGMi e®¬b ˆKvY eo?
N MgO > Na2O > Al2O3
M CaO N (NH4)2HPO4 K NH3 L H2O
13. imGMvÍÏv wPwbi wmivGc msiÞY Kiv nq,
6. 150 MÉvg mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY 50 MÉvg `Ëe `Ëexf„Z M BCl3 N NF3
KviY@
^vKGj H `ËGeÅi `ËveÅZv KZ? 21. `ya ˆ^GK Qvbv ŠZwi KiGZ ˆKvb cÉwKÌqv
i. wPwb cvwbi mvG^ e®¬b MVb KGi
K 150 L 100 eÅen†Z nq?
M 50 N 25 ii. AYyRxGei ˆ`n nGZ cvwb ˆkvlY KGi
K AwÝGWkb L dviGgbGUkb
7. wbGPi ˆKvbwUi wewKÌqv Zvc AwaK? iii. mivmwi AYyRxeGK a»sm KGi
M Av`ËÆweGkÏlY N ˆKvqvàGjkb
K NaOH + CH3COOH  wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
22. ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi pH = 1.5 nGj H `ËeGYi H+
CH3COONa + H2O K i I ii L ii I iii
L NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O AvqGbi Nbgvòv KZ?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M NaOH + HF  NaF + H2O K 3.16 × 10–2 L 3.16 × 10–3
14. 4% NaOH `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb KZ?
N NaOH + HNO3  NaNO3 + H2O M 4.0 × 10–2 N 4.0 × 10–4
K 0 L 1
ˆkÉwY  23. ˆKvbwU ˆKÌvwgK ‰wmW?
M 7 N 14
15 17 18 K HClO4 + K2Cr2O7
 chÆvq An+(aq) + NH4OH (aq)  B (Mvp bxj
L H2SO3 + K2Cr2O7
2q D `ËeY) M HClO3 + K2Cr2O7
3q E F G DcGii DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 15 I 16bs cÉGk²i N H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7
[D, E, F I G ˆKvGbv ˆgŒGji cÉZxK bq] Dîi `vI: 24. KMnO4 nGjv@
DcGii DóxcK ˆ^GK 8bs ‰es 9bs cÉGk²i 15. An+ Avqb ˆKvbwU? i. cÉvBgvwi Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ c`v^Æ
Dîi `vI: K NH4+ L Cu2+ ii. RviK c`v^Æ
M Fe2+ N Al3+ iii. Õ¼-wbG`ÆkK
8. mvaviY AeÕ©vq wbGPi ˆKvbwUi AwÕ¦Z½
16. B ‰i RwUj AvqbwU@ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
AvGQ?
i. mgZjKxq eMÆvKvi
K D2 L G2 K i I ii L ii I iii
M E3 N F4 ii. PZzÕ¦jKxq
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
9. jÞ KGiv@ iii. cÅvivPzÁ¼Kxq
25. ˆKvb Avqb kbvÚKiGY ˆbmjvi weKviK
i. E ‰i ˆPGq D ‰i AvqwbKiY kwÚ ˆewk wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? eÅen†Z nq?
ii. DF5 MwVZ nq K i I ii L i I iii K Cu2+ L Zn2+
iii. EF3 Av`ÆËweGkÏwlZ nq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M NH4+ N Fe2+

1 L 2 L 3 M 4 L 5 M 6 M 7 M 8 K 9 M 10 K 11 N 12 M 13 *
Dîi

14 N 15 L 16 L 17 L 18 M 19 L 20 M 21 N 22 K 23 N 24 L 25 M
* we. `Ë: 13. mwVK Dîi ÷ay (ii)
22 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. 5.
ˆmwg ˆgvjvi `ËeY

700 mL 3d6 3d5

NH4OH
250 mL
0.11M Avqb Avqb
Na2CO3 `ËeY
H2SO4

cvò-A cvò-B
K. ˆgvjvi `ËeY Kx? 1 weKviK 1g `ËeY 2q `ËeY
L. “ˆKjvm cvwbhyÚ jeGYi `ËveÅZv, Zvcgvòv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ K. üGíi wbqg ˆjGLv| 1
‰K chÆvGq e†w«¬ bv ˆcGq nËvm cvq”@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L. mg Avqb cÉfvGei dGj `ËveÅZv nËvm cvq ˆKb? 2
M. A-cvGò we`Ågvb ‰wmGWi fi KZ wbYÆq KGiv| 3 M. DóxcGKi weKviK eÅenvi KGi 1g I 2q `ËeGY ^vKv Avqb«¼q
N. `ËeY `ywU wgwkÉZ KiGj, wgkÉYwU Kx cwigvY AÁÏxq ev Þvixq Kxi…Gc mbvÚ KiGe, Zv mswkÏÓ¡ mgxKiYmn ˆjGLv| 3
nGe@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. DóxcGKi 2q `ËeGY weKviK ˆhvM KGi cÉvµ¦ AatGÞcwUi `ËveÅZv
wbYÆGqi c«¬wZ weGkÏlY KGiv| [25C Zvcgvòvq Ksp = 4.5 ×
2. (i) A = .................. (n – 1)d (8  10) ns ˆgŒjwUi meÆ
1
10–21] 4
ewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbwU N kwÚÕ¦Gi AvGQ| 1.5 atm
(ii) B2+ = ......... (n –1)p6ns (n = 4) 6. AX5(g) HoooooooooooI AX3(g) + X2(g); H = (+) ve
30C
K. α KYv Kx? 1 K. cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj Kx? 1
L. ˆdÑvwib meÆvwaK Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L. Na2CO3 ‰i Rjxq `ËeY ÞviagÆx ˆKb? 2
M. A ˆgŒjwUGK h^vh^ cixÞvmn mbvÚ KGiv| 3 M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi Kp ivwkgvjv Dccv`b KGiv| 3
N. “DóxcGKi ˆgŒj I Avqb iwãb ˆhŒM MVGb I wkLv cixÞvq N. DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ wewKÌqvq mvgÅveÕ©vi Dci wKÌqvkxj wbqvgKàGjvi
mvov ˆ`q”@ ‰ DwÚi mZÅZvi mcGÞ ˆZvgvi hywÚ `vI| 4 mnvqK cÉfve weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
3. 7.
euvGki
14 mL 6 mL (A + B)
0.1 M 0.1 M KuwP  ˆLvmv  eÐvwçs  wKDwis  KÅvwbs
HA `ËeY MOH `ËeY ˆKvivj gyÚKiY
msMÉn
K. AvBGmvGUvc KvGK eGj? 1
A `ËeY B `ËeY wgkÉY
L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v MwZkxj@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
K. weGqvRb gvòv KvGK eGj? 1 M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK Lv`ÅeÕ§i ˆKŒUvRvZKiY c«¬wZ eYÆbv
L. ˆgvjvwiwU Zvcgvòvi Dci wbfÆikxj ˆKb? 2 KGiv| 3
M. A `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb KZ? [Ka = 1.8 × 10 ]
–5
3 N. DóxcGKi eÅen†Z eÐvwçs I KÅvwbs ‰i ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
N. A I B `ËeGYi wgkÉGYi cÉK‡wZ pH MYbvi gvaÅGg weGkÏlY 8.
KGiv| 4
30 mL
4. 5 × 10–3 M
20 mL
25 C 3 × 10–3 M
 YCl2 NaF
MÉ‚c IA IVA VA VIA
chÆvq 
1g X
1bs `ËeY 2bs `ËeY
2q Y Z R Y ‰i cvigvYweK fi 40|
3q M K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b KvGK eGj? 1
K. wcÉRviGfwUm Kx? 1 L. cvwbi WvBGcvGji KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L. Na+ MwVZ nGjI Na2+ MwVZ nq bv ˆKb? 2 M. 1bs `ËeGYi KÅvUvqGbi mbvÚKiGY cixÞv mgxKiYmn ˆjGLv| 3
M. X2M I X2R ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi wf®²Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 N. 1bs I 2bs `ËeY ‰KGò wgwjZ KiGj YF2 ‰i AatGÞc coGe
N. YX4 I ZX3 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi msKiY ‰KB A^P ‰G`i wKbv MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv|
RÅvwgwZK MVb wf®²@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 [ YF2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 4 × 10–17] 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 23

30. w`bvRcyi ˆevWÆ 2019

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. meyR AvGjvi Ziã Š`NÆÅ KZ nm? 11. mvmGcbkGb `ËGei KYvàGjv 19. ˆKvb wewKÌqvwUGZ Kp ‰i ‰KK (atm)2?
K 380 – 424 L 425 – 454 i. 10 cm ˆ^GK eo nq
–5 K PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) HoooooooI PCl5(g)
M 500 – 575 N 647 – 780 L 2NH3(g) HoooooooI N2(g) + 3H2(g)
ii. wdΟvi KvMR w`Gq ˆhGZ cvGi
2. ˆKvb cÉwKÌqvwU ZvGcvrcv`x? M 2HI(g) HoooooooI H2(g) + I2(g)
iii. Lvwj ˆPvGL ˆ`Lv hvq
K e®¬b weGqvRb L evÓ·xfeb N COCl2(g) HoooooooI CO(g) + Cl2(g)
M Mjb N Nbxfeb
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
20. NH+4 kbvÚKiGY ˆKvb weKviK eÅen†Z nq?
3. ˆKvb ˆmUwU ciÕ·i AvBGmvGUvb? K i I ii L ii I iii
K ˆbmjvi `ËeY
30 32 31 33 M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K 14Si, 16S L 15P, 16S L wmjfvi bvBGUÇU
12. ˆcvjvi `ËveGK `ËveÅZvi mwVK KÌg ˆKvbwU?
14 16 2 4
K SiCl4 > AlCl3 > MgCl2 > NaCl M ˆewiqvg bvBGUÇU
M 7 N, 8 O N 1H, 2He
L NaCl > MgCl2 > AlCl3 > SiCl4 N cUvwmqvg cvBGivAÅvw´ŸGgvGbU
4. ˆKvb ˆgŒGj meÆvwaK msLÅK Ahy™Â BGjKUÇb AvGQ?
M MgCl2 > AlCl3 > NaCl > SiCl4 21. ˆKvbwU AvqZbgvwòK weGkÏlGY eÅen†Z nq?
K Co L Fe
N AlCl3 > SiCl4 > MgCl2 > NaCl K weKvi L ˆUÕ¡wUDe
M Mn N Cr
DóxcKwU cGov ‰es 5 I 6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: 13. ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU AvqwbK nvBWÈvBW? M wcGcU N dvGbj
K H2O L H2S
ˆgŒj BGjKUÇb webÅvm n-‰i gvb 22. ˆKvbwU ™ÏvGmi Þq KGi?
M NaH N HI
L ns1 K HI (aq) L HBr (aq)
M ns2 14. [Cr(H2O)4Cl2] Br ‰ Cr ‰i RviY gvb M HCl (aq) N HF (aq)
n=3
Q nd10(n + 1)s1 KZ? wbGPi DóxcKwU cGov ‰es 23 I 24 bs cÉGk²i
R ns2np5 K +2 L +3
Dîi `vI:
[‰LvGb L, M, Q, R ˆgŒjàGjvi cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq] M +4 N +6
5. DóxcGKi ˆKvb ˆgŒj K4[Fe(CN)6] «¼viv 15. ˆKvbwUi 1g AvqbxKiY kwÚ ˆewk? MÉ‚c 
kbvÚ Kiv hvq? K Be L C chÆvq 1 2
KL L M MO N N c
MQ N R 16. ‰wmwWwUi ZxeËZvi mwVK KÌg ˆKvbwU? 3q X Y
6. DóxcK gGZ K H2SO4 > H3PO4 > HClO4 > HBrO4 4^Æ P Q
i. ‘Q’ AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj L HClO4 > HBrO4 > H2SO4 > H3PO4
M H3PO4 > H2SO4 > HBrO4 > HClO4 [X, Y, P ‰es Q ˆgŒGji cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq]
ii. LR AGcÞv MR2 cvwbGZ Kg `ËeYxq
N HBrO4 > HClO4 > H3PO4 > H2SO4 23. ‘P’ ˆgŒGji meÆGkl AiweUvGji ˆPŒÁ¼K
iii. LR AGcÞv QR ‰i Mjbvâ ˆewk
17. evdvi `ËeY nGjv ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb ˆKvbwU?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K0 L –1
K i I ii L ii I iii i. 30mL 0.1M CH3COOH I 15 mL
M +1 N +2
M i I iii N i, ii I iii 0.1M NaOH ‰i wgkÉY
24. DóxcGKi
7. ˆKvbwU cÉfveK wel? ii. 30mL 0.1M CH3COOH I 30 mL
K As2O3 L Al2O3 i. mKj ˆgŒj wkLv cixÞvq eYÆ ˆ`Lvq
0.1M NaOH ‰i wgkÉY
M MnO2 N Ni ii. ‘Q’ ˆgŒj kbvÚKiGY AÅvGgvwbqvg
iii. 25mL 0.1M NH4OH I 15 mL 0.1M
8. ˆKvbwUi AvqwbK AvKvi meGPGq ˆQvU? AÝvGjU eÅen†Z nq
K Na+ L Mg2+ HCl ‰i wgkÉY
iii. ‘X’ ‰i nvBGWÈvÝvBW ‘Y’ ‰i
MF –
N O2– wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
9. nvBGWÈvÝvBW AGcÞv kwÚkvjx Þvi
CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + K i I ii L ii I iii
H2O; wewKÌqvi H KZ nGe? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K –68.6 kJ/mol K i I ii L ii I iii
BbfviGUR
L –58.03 kJ/mol 18. wPwb + H2O  A + dÌzGÙvR M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M –57.34 kJ/mol RvBGgR
N –55.22 kJ/mol A  B + CO2 25. ˆmwggvBGKÌv weGkÏlGY eÅen†Z H2S ‰i Drm
10. ˆKvbwU ‰w´ŸAwÝGW´Ÿ? ‘B’ ‰i RviGY Drc®² c`v^Æ ˆKvbwU? ˆKvbwU?
K ˆmvwWqvg ˆebGRvGqU K B^vGbvwqK ‰wmW K CH3CSNH2 I H2O
L mvBwUÇK ‰wmW L diwgK ‰wmW L FeS I jNy H2SO4
M weDUvBwjGWW nvBGWÈvwÝ ‰wbGmvj M ™ÏyGKvR M FeSO4 I jNy H2SO4
N ˆmvwWqvg bvBGUÇU N B^vbj N H2NCSNH2 I H2O

1 M 2 N 3 K 4 N 5 M 6 K 7 K 8 L 9 N 10 M 11 M 12 L 13 M
Dîi

14 L 15 N 16 L 17 M 18 N 19 L 20 K 21 M 22 N 23 K 24 L 25 K
24 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. 5. ‰KRb Qvò jveGiUwiGZ X-c«¬wZGZ 10 mg ‰i ˆPGq Kg
–2 –3 w
75 mL 3.5  10 M 125 mL 3  10 M
cwigvY ‰es Y-c«¬wZGZ 0.5 g cwigvY 2% V HCl ‰i bgybv wbGq
A3B2 `ËeY XY2 `ËeY

cvò-1 cvò-2 KvR KGi|

AY2 ‰i`ËveÅZv àYdj = 9.148  10 –7 K. ˆbvW KvGK eGj? 1
K. Bgvjmb KvGK eGj? 1 L. Cl2 AGcvjvi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L. msKi AiweUvj cvB e®¬b MVb KGi bv ˆKb? 2 M. DóxcGKi ‰wmWwUi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
M. DóxcGKi cvò-1 ‰es cvò-2 ‰i wgwkÉZ `ËeGY B3 AvqGbi N. DóxcGKi ˆKvb c«¬wZ cwiGekev®¬e? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
Nbgvòv MYbv KGiv| 3 6. HCl + NaOH  X + H2O
N. DóxcGKi cvò-1 ‰es cvò-2 ‰i `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj AatGÞc K. nÅvRvWÆ wmÁ¼j KvGK eGj? 1
coGe wK? MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L. pH ˆÕ•j 0 – 14 ‰i gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ˆKb? 2
2.
M. X ‰KwU cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
ˆgŒj BGjKUÇb webÅvm
N. DóxcGKi ‰wmWwUi cwieGZÆ HF eÅenvi KiGj H ‰i gvGbi
Q ..........2s22p3
W ..........2s22p5 cwieZÆb nGe wK? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
X ..........3s23p5
7. X ‰es Y ˆgŒGji ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv
Y ..........4s24p5
‰LvGb Q, W, X I Y cÉK‡Z cÉZxK bGn| wbÁ²i…c
K. ˆKjvmb KvGK eGj? 1 ˆgŒj n l m s
L. H3PO4 ‰es H3AsO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK AÁÏxq ‰es ˆKb? 2 X 3 2 –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 1
M. DóxcGKi QH3 ˆZ nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b nGjI HX ‰i
5 +
2 ( )
4 0 0 1
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b nq bv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 +
2
N. DóxcGKi W ‰es Y ‰i nvBWÈvwmWmgƒGni Õ¹zUbvGâi Y 3 2 –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 1 1
wf®²Zvi KviY DGÍÏL KGiv| 4 4 + ,
2 2 ( )
3. 4 0 0 1

2
wjMv´£ NH3, X I Y ‰i mvG^ [X(NH3)6]3+ I [Y(NH3)6]2+
wÕ©wZkwÚ

2AB
Avqb MVb KGi|
A2 + B2
K. MVb ZvGci msæv `vI| 1
L. wfGbMvi KxfvGe eÅvKGUwiqv a»sm KGi? 2
wewKÌqv AMÉMwZ
K. ivBWvi KvGK eGj? 1 M. DóxcGKi Y-ˆgŒjwU iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
L. Nbgvòv e†w«¬GZ wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬ cvq ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 N. DóxcGKi Avqb«¼Gqi MVbvK‡wZ Awf®² wKbv h^vh^ KviYmn
M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅ aË‚eGKi ivwkgvjv cÉwZcv`b KGiv| 3 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©vi Dci Zvc I Zvcgvòvi cÉfve 8.
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 i. C2H2(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(l); H = – 1300
kJmol–1
4.
ii. C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g); H = –394 kJmol–1
iii. H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(l); H = –286 kJmol–1

`ya BaCl2 K. RviY wkLvi msæv `vI|

AgNO3 1
`ËeY `ËeY
L. cvwb ‰KwU DfagÆx c`v^Æ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
X-cvò Y-cvò Z-cvò
M. DóxcGKi (i) wewKÌqvi nvBGWÈvKveÆbwUi MVb ‰b^vjwc wbYÆq
K. s-eÐK ˆgŒj KvGK eGj? 1 KGiv| 3
L. Fe2+ I Co3+ ciÕ·Gii AvBGmv BGjKUÇwbK eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
N. DóxcGKi (ii) I (iii) Drcv`«¼Gqi e®¬b ˆKvY wf®² hywÚmn
M. DóxcGKi X-cvGòi c`v^Æ ˆ^GK gvLb ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvwU ˆjGLv|3
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
N. Y-cvò I Z-cvGò HCl ˆhvM Kivi djvdj weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 25

31. KzwgÍÏv ˆevWÆ 2019

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. gvsm msiÞGY eÅen†Z Lv`Å msiÞK DóxcKwU cGov ‰es cieZÆx `ywU cÉGk²i Dîi DóxcKwU cGov ‰es cieZÆx `ywU cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
ˆKvbwU? `vI: cUvwkqvg ˆdGivmvqvbvBGWi mvG^ Avjv`vfvGe
K ˆmvwWqvg miGeU 2SO2(g) + O2(g) HooooooI 2SO3(g) + Zvc X2+, Y2+ I Z3+ ‰i wewKÌqvq h^vKÌGg mv`v,
L miweK ‰wmW 10. DóxcK wewKÌqvq Zvcgvòv KgvGj Kx NGU? ev`vgx I Mvp bxj eGYÆi AatGÞc m†wÓ¡ nq|
M ˆmvwWqvg bvBUÇvBU K Kc ‰i gvb e†w«¬ cvq 18. DóxcK nGZ 'Y' ˆgŒj ˆKvbwU?
N mvjdvi WvBAÝvBW K Fe L Cu
L Kp ‰i gvb e†w«¬ cvq
M Ca N Zn
2. ˆKvbwU -KYv? M wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬ cvq
19. DóxcK gGZ ˆKvbwU cÅvivPzÁ¼KZ½ agÆ cÉ`kÆb
K ‰KwU wbDUÇb I ‰KwU ˆcÉvUb N mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK hvq
KiGe?
L `ywU wbDUÇb I `ywU ˆcÉvUb 11. DóxcK wewKÌqvi RbÅ Kp ‰i ‰KK K X, Y L Y, Z
M ‰KwU wbDUÇb I `ywU ˆcÉvUb ˆKvbwU? M X, Z N X, Y I Z
N `ywU wbDUÇb I ‰KwU ˆcÉvUb K atm L atm1 20. gÅvMGbwkqvg dmGdU ‰i `ËveÅZv àYvsK
3. (I2 + NaCl) ‰i wgkÉY nGZ AvGqvwWb M atm2 N atm2 ˆKvbwU?
c†^KxKiY cÉwKÌqv ˆKvbwU? 12. ˆKvb wewKÌqvi cÉkgb Zvc ‰i gvb meGPGq K [Mg2+]  [PO43]2
K evÓ· cvZb L AvswkK cvZb Kg? L [Mg2+]3  [PO43]
M Ea»ÆcvZb N wbÁ²PvGc cZb K HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O M [Mg2+]2  [PO43]3
4. wbGÁ²vÚ cwieZÆb ˆKvb aiGbi? L CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O N [Mg2+]3  [PO43]2
1 M NaOH + HF = NaF + H2O 21. ™ÏyGKvR nGZ AÅvjGKvnj cÉÕ§wZGZ eÅen†Z
Cl (g)Cl(g); H = + 121 kJmol1
2 2 N HCOOH + NH4OH = HCOONH4 + H2O ‰bRvBg ˆKvbwU?
K evÓ·xKiY Zvc K RvBGgm L BbfvGUÆR
L Ea»ÆcvZb 13. wPwn×Z c`v^Æ ˆKvbwU? M ‰wmGUv eÅvKUi N gGΟR
M cigvYyKiY Zvc 22. dmdivm UÇvBGKÑvivBW ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi
N Mjb Zvc K CCl4 L DDT ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gi gyÚ I e®¬b BGjKUÇb ˆRvo
5. cvwbi AYyGZ e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb KZ? M K2Cr2O7 N C2H5OC2H5 KqwU?
K 109.5 L 107 14. ˆMvjZwj dÑvÕ• «¼viv mÁ·v`b Kiv nq K 2, 4 L 2, 3
M 104.5 N 90 i. widÑvÕ• M 1, 4 N 1, 3
6. ˆKvb iwkÄwUi kwÚ meÆvwaK? ii. cvZb 23. ‰KwU eÅvGjG´Öi gvSLvGb kƒbÅ `vM,
K Mvgv L ˆiwWI IGqf iii. cËgvY `ËeY cÉÕ§wZ meÆWvGb 50, ivBWvi IRb 5mg| ivBWvi
M AeGjvwnZ N gvBGKÌvIGqf wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? aË ‚eGKi gvb KZ MÉvg?
7. C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g); wewKÌqvwU nGjv K i L ii K 0.0001 L 0.0002
i. KveÆGbi `nb wewKÌqv M 0.1 N 0.2
M i I ii N i I iii
ii. KveÆb WvBAÝvBGWi MVb wewKÌqv 24. MÐ v m cwiÓ•viGKi Dcv`vb nGjv
15. ˆKvbwUi weGqvRb Zvcgvòv meGPGq Kg?
iii. Zvc-Drcv`x wewKÌqv K Na2CO3 L MgCO3 i. AÅvGgvwbqvi Rjxq `ËeY

wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M K2CO3 N BaCO3 ii. AvBGmv-ˆcÉvcvBj AÅvjGKvnj

K i L ii 16. ˆKvbwU Þvixq evdvi `ËeY? iii. ˆmvwWqvg jivBj mvjGdU
M i I ii N i, ii I iii K NaOH + NaCl wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
8. ˆKvb Zvcgvòvq cvwbi AvqwbK àYdGji L NH4OH + NH4Cl K i L i I ii
M CH3COOH + CH3COONa M I N i, ii I iii
gvb meÆvwaK? i iii
N NH4OH + (COONH4)2 25. ‰KwU cigvYy G Z `y w U BGjKUÇ Gbi mGeÆvœP
K 10C L 25C
M 30C N 100C
17. ˆKvb AÝvBGWi Rjxq `Ë eGYi pH ‰i gvb KqwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb ‰KB nGZ
9. ˆKvbwUi 1g AvqbxKiY kwÚ ˆewk? 7 ‰i ˆewk? cvGi?
K B L C K Na2O L Cl2O7 K 1 L 2
M N N O M SiO2 N SO2 M 3 N 4

1 M 2 L 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 K 7 N 8 N 9 M 10 N 11 L 12 N 13 N
Dîi

14 M 15 L 16 L 17 K 18 L 19 L 20 N 21 K 22 N 23 K 24 N 25 M
26 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. 5. 2M(g) + N(g) HooooooI 2L(g); H =  ve ...... (i)
O(g) + P(g) HooooooI 2Q(g); H = + ve ............... (ii)
10mL
0.1M
5mL [M, N, L, O, P ‰es Q ˆgŒGji cÉZxK bq]
0.01M
CaCl2 AgNO3 K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b KvGK eGj? 1
`ËeY `ËeY L. ˆdÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi ˆPGq ˆKÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ
ˆewk ˆKb? 2
cvò-A cvò-B M. DóxcGKi L ˆK cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z KiGj 0.001M H2SO4 `ËeY
Drc®² nq| ‰B `ËeGYi pOH ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
K. dvÕ¡Æ ‰BW eÝ Kx? 1
N. (i) I (ii) bs wewKÌqvi Drcv` e†w«¬i ˆKŒkGji eYÆbv `vI| 4
L. jÅveGiUwiGZ nÅv´£ ™Ïvfm eÅenvGii cÉGqvRbxqZv eÅvLÅv KGiv|2
6. A I B chÆvq mviwYi w«¼Zxq chÆvGqi MÅvmxq w«¼-cigvYyK
M. A cvGò Ca2+ ‰i cwigvY wbYÆq KGiv| 3
ˆgŒj| ˆgŒj `ywU evqygíGj cÉPzi cwigvGY we`Ågvb| ‰i gGaÅ A
N. A I B cvGòi wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi cÉK‡wZ `ËveÅZvi wfwîGZ
ˆgŒjwU cÉvq wbwÓ˜q ‰KwU ˆgŒj|
MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
K. wewKÌqvi nvi KvGK eGj? 1
2.
L. AvDdevD bxwZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
cvigvYweK msLÅv 6 14 15 16 17
M. KÞ Zvcgvòvi ˆPGq 0C Zvcgvòvq H2B ‰i NbZ½ Kg ˆKb?
ˆgŒj A B C D E
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
K. cËfveK wel KvGK eGj? 1 N. DóxcGKi A I B ‰i nvBWÈvBGWi RÅvwgwZK AvK‡wZ ZzjbvgƒjK
L. cvwb ‰KwU DfagÆx c`v^Æ- eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
M. DóxcGKi C I D ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi AvqbxKiY kwÚ ˆewk? 7. 5(E)
KviYmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. AE4 I BE4 ˆhŒM `ywU cvwbi mvG^ ‰KB aiGbi wewKÌqv cÉ`kÆb 4(D)
KGi wKbv hywÚmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
3(C)
3.
2(B)
1(A)
KjGqW Mi‚i `ya
KYv K. wjMÅv´£ KvGK eGj? 1
L. KcvGii mvaviY BGjKUÇb webÅvm eÅwZKÌg ˆ`Lvq ˆKb? 2
A B
M. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv eÅenvi KGi D kwÚÕ¦Gii AiweUvj msLÅv
K. cvB e®¬b KvGK eGj? 1 wbYÆqcƒeÆK ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv MYbv KGiv| 3
L. HNO3I H3PO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU ZxeË ‰wmW eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
N. B kwÚ Õ¦Gii Z‡Zxq ˆiLvi Ziã Š`GNÆÅi eYÆ `†kÅgvb nGe wKbv
M. B cvGòi c`v^Æ nGZ wN cÉÕ§ZcÉYvjx cÉevn wPòmn eYÆbv KGiv| 3
MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
N. A cvGòi KjGqW KYvmgƒGni RgvU bv evavi KviY eÅvLÅvmn
8.
RgvU evavi ˆKŒkj weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
4. 0.1M
CH3COOH
0.1M
NaOH
NaOH KMnO4 LiAlH4 C2H5OH 100 mL 40 mL

A B
A B C D
Ka = 1.8  105
[A, B, C ‰es D ˆhŒMmgƒnGK jÅveGiUwii ‰KB ˆmjGd DcGii
KÌgvbyhvqx msiÞY Kiv nGjv|] K. BGjKGUÇvGbGMwUwfwU KvGK eGj? 1
K. `ËveK wbÓ•vkb KvGK eGj? 1 L. MÐvm wKÑbvGi KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv eÅenvi Kiv nq bv ˆKb? eÅvLÅv
L. UV iwkÄi mvnvGhÅ KxfvGe Rvj UvKv kbvÚ Kiv nq? 2 KGiv| 2
M. A ˆhŒGMi Þvixq gƒjGKi kbvÚKiGY wkLv cixÞvq ˆh eYÆ M. A cvGòi `ËeGYi H+ AvqGbi ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
Drc®² KGi Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 N. A I B cvGòi `ËeYGK wgwkÉZ KiGj `ËeGYi cÉK‡wZ pH wbYÆGqi
N. DóxcK Abyhvqx A, B, C I D ‰i msiÞY Kivi ˆKŒkj mwVK gvaÅGg weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wKbv Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 27

32. PëMÉvg ˆevWÆ 2019

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. wkLv cixÞvq BGUi bÅvq jvjGP eYÆ ˆ`Lvq 8. BGjKUÇGbi ˆKvb Õ©vbv¯¦i evgvi mvwii 18. A2B I A2X ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v wf®²Zvi
ˆKvb ˆgŒj? Z‡Zxq ˆiLvi Drcwîi KviY KviY
K Na L Ca K n4  n1 L n4  n2 K AvqwbK e®¬b
M Cu N K M n5  n2 N n6  n3 L mgGhvRx e®¬b
2. ˆKvbwUi Mjbvâ Kg? 9. BeCl2 ˆhŒGM e®¬b ˆKvY KZ? M nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b
K AgF L AgCl K 104.5 L 107
N mw®²Gek e®¬b
M AgBr N AgI M 109 N 180
3. Mg ˆgŒGji meÆewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi 19. A2X ˆhŒGMi ˆÞGò 
10. ˆebwRGb wmMgv e®¬b KqwU?
i. sp3 msKiY NGU
RbÅ PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi mwVK ˆmU K 10wU L 12wU
ii. e®¬b ˆKvY 104.5
ˆKvbwU? M 14wU N 16wU
1 1 iii. AYyGZ 2wU gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb
K n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = + ,  11. K2Cr2O7 + Mvp H2SO4 wgkÉYwU
2 2 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
i. ‰KwU RviK c`v^Æ
1 1
L n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = + ,  K i I ii L i I iii
2 2 ii. cwiÓ•viK wgkÉY
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 1 iii. cËfveKi…Gc eÅen†Z nq
M n = 3, l = 0, m = 1, s = + , 
2 2 20. A I B ‰i Zwor FYvñKZvi gvb h^vKÌGg
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
1 1 2.1 I 2.5 nGj A I B «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒMwU
N n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = + , 
2 2 K i I ii L i I iii
i. ˆcvjvi ii. AGcvjvi
4. kixGii ˆKvGbv Õ©vGb Þvi jvMGj Dnv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. mgGhvRx
cÉkgGbi RbÅ ˆKvbwU eÅenvi Kiv nq? 12. ˆKvbwUi AvqwbK eÅvmvaÆ meÆwbÁ²?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K 5% NaHCO3 L 5% NaOH K O2 L Na+
M Al3+ N Mg2+ K i I ii L i I iii
M 0.1M H3BO3 N 0.1M H2SO4
13. ˆccvi ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdGZ Rf ‰i ˆKvb gvbwU M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wbÁ² DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 5 I 6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
MÉnYGhvMÅ? 21. `y G ai wgwÓ¡ Õ¼ v G`i RbÅ gƒjZ `vqx ˆKvbwU?
`vI:
K 0.5 L 1.5 K jÅvKGUvGRb L ˆcËvwUb
N2O4(g) HoooooI 2NO2(g); wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©vq
M 2.5 N 3.5 M ˆKvGjÕ¡ij N LwbR Dcv`vb
weGqvRb gvòv  nGj ‰es MÅvm wgkÉGYi ˆgvU 14. Mi‚i `yGa Lv`Å KÅvjwi (kCal/100g) KZ? A2 + B2 HooooooI 2AB
Pvc P| K 70 L 73 wewKÌqvi AvGjvGK 22 I 23 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
5. mvgÅveÕ©vq NO2 ‰i AvswkK Pvc nGjv M 76 N 110 22. wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i ‰KK ˆKvbwU?
2.P 2.P 15. Al2(SO4)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 1.5  105 nGj K atm L atm1
K L
1 1+ ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY SO4 ‰i Nbgvòv KZ?
2
M atm2 N ‰KK ˆbB
.P .P K 4.25  102 L 8.5  102
M
1+
N
1 23. wewKÌqvwUi ˆÞGò
M 12.75  102 N 1.7  102 K Kp = Kc
6. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò  16. Al2O3 ‰i AÁÏZ½ KZ? L Kp = Kc (RT)2
(1  ).P K 2 L 3
i. Kp = M Kp = Kc (RT)1
 M 4 N 6 N Kc = Kp (RT)2
42.P
ii. Kp =
1  2
17. `ya ˆ^GK Qvbv cvIqvi cÉwKÌqv nGjv 24. CH3CH2OH + CH3  COOH 
iii. Kp = Kc(RT) K Av`ËÆweGkÏlY L AatGÞcY CH3COOCH2  CH3 + H2O ˆhŒMwUi
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M ˆKvqvàGjkb N Bgvjkb ‰Ug BKGbvwg KZ?
K i I ii L i I iii ˆgŒj ewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm K 65% L 78%
A (n  1) s1 M 83% N 100%
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
7. cçg kwÚÕ¦Gi ˆgvU AiweUvj KZwU?
B ns2np4 25. PÅvjGKvGRb ˆgŒj ejv nq ˆKvb MÉ‚Gci
X (n + 1)s2 (n + 1)p4
K 5wU L 9wU
ˆgŒjGK
n=2
K 13 L 14
M 16wU N 25wU DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 18 I 19 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: M 15 N 16

1 L 2 N 3 N 4 M 5 L 6 M 7 N 8 M 9 N 10 L 11 N 12 M 13 K
Dîi

14 K 15 M 16 N 17 M 18 M 19 L 20 M 21 K 22 N 23 K 24 M 25 N
28 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. 5.

HA NaOH
H2SO4 50mL 30mL
10M 0.1M 0.1M wgkÉY
100mL
cvò-K cvò-L cvò-M
Ka = 1.8  105 `ËeY-II wgkÉY-III
K. ivBWvi aË‚eK Kx? 1 `ËeY-I
L. ˆmwggvBGKÌv c«¬wZ cwiGek ev®¬b ˆKb? 2
M. `ËeYwUi RbÅ cÉGhvRÅ nvRvWÆ cÉZxKwU Aâb KGiv ‰es eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 K. wewKÌqvi nvi Kx? 1
N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK `ËeY ˆ^GK DchyÚ KvP cvò eÅenvi KGi L. AmIqvGΣi jNyKiY mƒò eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
1M Nbgvòvi `ËeY ŠZwi Kivi cÉwKÌqv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 M. `ËeY `ywUi cÉkgb ‰b^vjwci gvb aË‚eK gvb AGcÞv wf®² ˆKb?3
2. N. wgkÉGY mvgvbÅ I ˆewk cwigvGY ‰wmW c†^KfvGe ˆhvM KiGj
pH ‰i ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe wKbv-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
MN2 ‰i XI Y ‰i
mÁ·†Ú `ËeY 6. myGKÌvR  Lv`Å msiÞK-1|
`ËeY
100 mL RviY cÉwKÌqv ˆivaKiY
PweÆhyÚ Lv`Å + ŠRe Lv`Å msiÞK-2 
A B msiwÞZ Lv`Å|
Ksp = 1.7  105 X I Y mgGhvRx e®¬Gb Ave«¬
K. ˆKvjGqW Kx?
KveÆbNwUZ ˆhŒM| ‰G`i 1
L. KvP cwiÓ•viKiGY NH3 eÅen†Z nq ˆKb?
Õ¹zUbvâ 80C I 125C 2
K. cwji eRÆb bxwZ ˆjGLv| 1 M. Lv`Å msiÞK-1 ‰i cÉ Õ § w Z ˆjGLv| 3
L. 3f AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq ˆKb? 2 N. Lv`Å msiÞGY DóxcGKi msiÞK `ywUi ZvwjKv Zzjbv KGiv| 4
M. `ËeGY MN2 ‰i cwigvY ˆgvj ‰KGK wbYÆq KGiv| 3 7.
N. A `ËeY nGZ MN2 ‰es B `ËeY nGZ 'X' c†^KxKiY c«¬wZi ˆkÉwY 1 2 15 16 17
Zzjbv KGiv| 4
3.  chÆvq
2 A X L M
AB CD 3 Z
40 mL 30 mL
0.04 M 0.03 M cËPwjZ AG^Æ A, X, L, M I Z cÉZxK bq|
K. fÅv´£vi Iqvjm ej Kx? 1
L. s-AiweUvj cvB e®¬b MVGb Ask ˆbq bv ˆKb? 2
B ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm ns2np5| B ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ‰KB M. L I M ‰i AvqwbKiY kwÚi KÌGgi eÅwZKÌg eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
ˆkÉwYGZ Zvi cƒeÆeZÆx ˆgŒj AGcÞv ˆewk| CB ‰i Ksp = 1.8  N. AZ I XZ2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi Mjbvâ Kg eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
1010| 8.
K. ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd Kx? 1
L. wRâ iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi bv ˆKb? 2
wefe kwÚ

M. `ËeGY B AvqbwU KxfvGe kbvÚ KiGe? 3 A(g)

N. AB I CD wgwkÉZ KiGj ˆKvGbv AatGÞc Drc®² nGe wKbv- 2B(g)
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 wewKÌqvi AMÉMwZ
4. w«¼Zxq chÆvGqi cici wZbwU ˆgŒj cÉGZÅGK nvBGWÈvGRGbi
mvG^ ‰KB msKiGYi gvaÅGg nvBWÈvBW MVb KGi| 25C Zvcgvòvq I 1 atm PvGc A ‰i weGqvRb gvòv 20%|
K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b Kx? 1 K. ˆnGmi mƒò ˆjGLv| 1
L. NH4 AvqGbi gGaÅ ˆKvb aiGbi e®¬b we`Ågvb- eÅvLÅv KGiv|2 L. NH4Cl ‰i Rjxq `ËeGYi pH < 7 ˆKb?
+ 2
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ w«¼Zxq ˆgŒjwU «¼viv MwVZ AYyi AvK‡wZ wbYÆq M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wewKÌ q vwUi Kp wbYÆ q KGiv| 3
KGiv| 3 N. B ‰i cwigvY e†w«¬ KiGZ Zvcgvòv I PvGci ‰KGò Kx aiGbi
N. DóxcGKi ˆhŒM wZbwUi ciÕ·Gii gGaÅ `ËveÅZvi Zzjbv KGiv| 4 cwieZÆb KiGZ nq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 29

33. wmGjU ˆevWÆ 2019

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. e®¬b ˆKvGYi mwVKKÌg ˆKvbwU? 9. Õ·ÅvPzjv ˆKvb KvGR eÅen†Z nq? 18. UÅvjKg cvDWvGi wcwœQjKviK wnGmGe
K CH4 > NH3 > H2S > H2O K fi cwigvGc eÅen†Z nq
L NH3 > H2O > H2S > CH4
L Nbgvòv cwigvGc i. wRsK wÕ¡qvGiU
M CH4 > NH3 > H2O > H2S
N H2S > H2O > NH3 > CH4 M AvqZb cwigvGc ii. gÅvMGbwmqvg wÕ¡qvGiU
N Zvcgvòv cwigvGc iii. gÅvMGbwmqvg wmwjGKU
2. ˆeM aË‚eGKi gvb
i. wewKÌqv KÌg wbfÆi 10. Av`Ë Æ ˆKjvm ÷Ó•KiGY ˆKvb Ku v Ph¯¨ eÅen†
Z wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ii. mwKÌqb kwÚ wbfÆi nq? K i I ii L ii I iii

iii. Zvcgvòv wbfÆi K c†^KxKiY dvGbj M i I iii N i, ii I iii

wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L wdDg üW 19. wbGPi ˆKvb evdvi `Ë e Y gvbeG`Gni iGÚi
pH wbq¯¨Y KGi bv?
K i I ii L i I iii M KÅvjwiwgUvi
K AÅvwmGUU evdvi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N ˆWwmGKUi
L ˆcÉvwUb evdvi
wbGPi DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 3 I 4 bs cÉGk²i 11. 4-wWwRU eÅvGjG´Öi mƒßZv KZ?
M dmGdU evdvi
Dîi `vI: K  0.01 L  0.001
2AB2(g) + B2(g) HoooooI 2AB3(g); H = –Ve M  0.0001 N  0.00001
N KvGeÆvGbU evdvi
3. mvgÅ wewKÌqvwUGZ 20. ˆKvbwU AwZwiÚ NH3 `ËeGY `ËeYxq?
12. gvBGKÌv AÅvbvjvBwmm c«¬wZ nGjv K Cu2+ L Fe3+
i. Kp ‰i ‰KK atm i. HPLC ii. AAS M Zn 2+
N Ca2+
ii. Kc = Kp RT iii. NMR
21. Awe÷«¬ ˆebRwqK ‰wmWGK weGkvab Kivi
iii. Zvcgvòv cwieZÆGb Kp ‰i gvb wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
c«¬wZi bvg Kx?
cwiewZÆZ nq K i I ii L ii I iii
K AvswkK cvZbL evÓ· cvZb
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M Ea»ÆcvZb N wbÁ² Pvc cvZb
K i I ii L ii I iii 13. 25C Zvcgvòvq Ca(OH)2 ‰i Ksp = 3.2  10–14 22. AvqbxKiY wefe, BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ I Zwor
M i I iii N i, ii I iii nGj `ËeGYi pH gvb KZ? FYvñKZvi Dci cÉfve weÕ¦viKvix
4. mvgÅ wewKÌqvwUGZ AB3(g) ‰i Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvGe K 4.40 L 4.70
wbqvgKmgƒn nGjv
i. Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj M 9.60 N 13.50
i. ewntÕ© BGjKUÇb webÅvm
ii. Pvc e†w«¬ KiGj 14. ˆWwmGgvjvi wg^vbwqK ‰wmGWi weGqvRb
ii. AvœQv`b cÉfve
iii. wewKÌqv cvò ˆ^GK AB3(g) AcmviY KiGj gvòv 10% nGj ‰i pH gvb KZ?
iii. cvigvYweK msLÅv
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K1 L 1.5
M2 N 2.5 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L ii I iii
15. wbGPi ˆKvb MÅvGmi R¾vjvwb ÞgZv meGPGq K i I ii L ii I iii
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
ˆewk? M i I iii N i, ii I iii
5. wbGPi ˆKvb `ËeGYi pH > 7?
K FeCl3 L Na2CO3 K CH4 L C2H6 23. HNO3 I KOH DfGqi mvG^ wewKÌqv
M NaCl N NH4Cl M C3H8 N C4H10 KGi
6. ‰KwU evdvi `ËeGY 0.2 ˆgvj gGbvGewmK ‰wmW 16. wmiKv nGjv i. BeO ii. ZnO
iii. Na2O2
(pKa = 4.8) ‰es 0.02 ˆgvj DÚ ‰wmGWi i. AÅvwmwUK ‰wmGWi 6  10% Rjxq `ËeY
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
cUvwkqvg jeY AvGQ| ‰i pH ˆKvbwU? ii. LvG`Åi pH ‰i mgZv eRvq ivGL
K 2.8 L 3.8 K i I ii L ii I iii
iii. dzW wcÉRviGfwUf
M 4.8 N 5.8 M i I iii N i, ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 24. ˆKvbwU AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bGn?
7. ˆmwggvBGKÌv c«¬wZGZ jeY weGkÏlGY H2S
K i I ii L ii I iii KV L Cr
‰i cwieGZÆ wbGPi ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z nq?
K C2H5CSNH2 L H2SO4 M i I iii N i, ii I iii M Fe N Zn
M CH3CSNH2 N C6H5CSNH2 17. ‰w´Ÿ AwÝGWG´Ÿi KvR nGjv 25. IF7 ‰i ˆÞGò ev cÉGhvRÅ
8. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆmUwU ZiGji AvqZb i. RviY wKÌqvGK g¯©i Kiv i. AvK‡wZ cçf„Rxq w«¼-wcivwgW
cwigvGci RbÅ DchyÚ bGn? ii. Zvcgvòv wbq¯¨Y Kiv ii. I-‰i RviYgvb -1
K wcGcU I wgRvwis wmwj´£vi iii. cvwb ˆkvlY Kiv iii. sp3d3 msKiY NGU
L wcGcU I eyÅGiU wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M wcGcU I weKvi Ki L ii Ki L i I iii
N Iqvk ˆevZj I dvGbj Mi I iii N i, ii I iii M iii N ii I iii

1 M 2 N 3 L 4 L 5 L 6 L 7 M 8 N 9 K 10 N 11 M 12 N 13 M
Dîi

14 M 15 K 16 N 17 K 18 K 19 K 20 K 21 M 22 N 23 K 24 N 25 L
30 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. K. dvhvGbi bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1
cÉZxKx ˆgŒj evwnGii Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm L. B^vBj AÅvjGKvnj cvwbGZ wgkÉYxq@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
X  3d104s1
M. DóxcGKi X `ËeYwUi pH wbYÆq KGiv| 3
Y  3s23p5
Z  3s1 N. D I E wgkÉY `ywUi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU evdvi `ËeY nGe? MvwYwZK
X ‰es Y «¼vivMwVZ eYÆnxb ˆhŒM B hvi Ksp = 1.75 × 10–5 (molL–1)2 fvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
25C Zvcvgvòvq| 5. (i) 2A + 3B2 = 2AB3; H = –700 kJ
K. nÅvRvWÆ wmÁ¼j KvGK eGj? 1 (ii) AB3 + B2 = AB5; H = –140 kJ
L. p DcÕ¦Gi mGeÆvœP QqwU BGjKUÇb ^vKGZ cvGi@ cwji eRÆb K. ivBWvi aË‚eK KvGK eGj? 1
bxwZ Abyhvqx eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L. 25C Zvcgvòvq Zn(OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 1 × 10 ejGZ
–17

M. 25C Zvcgvòvq B ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY Y– ‰i Nbgvòv KZ@

Kx ˆevS? 2
wnmve KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi B ‰i 0.003 M `ËeGY mgAvqZb 0.004 M ZY ˆhvM M. DcGii (ii) bs wewKÌqvwUi RbÅ Kp I Kc ‰i gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ
KiGj AatGÞc nGe wKbv@ MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 cÉwZcv`b KGiv| 3
2. Y
N. AB5 MVb wewKÌqv ZvGcvrcv`x bv Zvcnvix@ DóxcGKi
AvGjvGK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
6.
AvqwbKiY kwÚ 

X
1.098 g/mL digvjwWnvBW Avg
HCl
Y A B C
Z
X
17
K.
‰b^vjwc KvGK eGj? 1
8 9
L.
AÅvGgvwbqv ‰KwU cÉkg wjMÅv´£@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
cvigvYweK msLÅv
M.
‘C’ cvGòi eÕ§wUi msiÞY cÉYvjx eYÆbv KGiv| 3
K. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v KvGK eGj? 1
L. ˆcvjvwiwU I ˆcvjvivqGbi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ Kx? 2 N.
DóxcGKi ivmvqwbK `ËeÅàGjv jÅveGiUwiGZ eÅenvGii mgq
Kxi…c wbivcîvgƒjK eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KiGe? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
M. H2Z + H+  A
7.(i) X I Y `ywU nvBGWÈvKveÆb hvG`i AvYweK fi h^vKÌGg 16
A ‰i e®¬bàGjvi AiweUvj MVb AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
N. cvigvYweK msLÅvi mvG^ DóxcGKi ˆgŒjàGjvi AvqwbKiY ‰es 30| X ‰i MVb Zvc – 75 kJ mol–1 ‰es Y ‰i
kwÚi cwieZÆb hywÚmnKvGi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 MVb Zvc –85 kJ mol–1|
3. (ii) C(s) + O2(g)  A, H = –395 kJ mol–1
1
cÉZxKx mGeÆvœP cÉavb mGeÆvœP cÉavb kwÚÕ¦Gi H2(g) + O2(g)  B, H = –220 kJ mol–1
2
ˆgŒj kwÚÕ¦i BGjKUÇb msLÅv
M 3 1
K. mwKÌ qb kwÚ Kx? 1
X 3 6 L. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b I mgGhvRx e®¬Gbi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjGLv| 2
K. ˆKÑvwiK ‰wmGWi MvVwbK msGKZ ˆjGLv| 1 M. DóxcGKi A I B ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU DfagÆx c`v^Æ? wewKÌqvmn
L. UvBGUÇkGb KwbKÅvj dÑvGÕ•i f„wgKv ˆjGLv| 2 eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
M. H2X ‰i RÅvwgwZK MVb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 N. DóxcGKi (i) bs ‰es (ii) WvUv nGZ R¾vjvwb wnGmGe X I Y ‰i
N. M2X ‰es H2X ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vq wf®²Zvi KviY hywÚmnKvGi
gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK Dîg MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
4. 8. X(g) HooooI Y(g) + Z(g); Kp = 1 atm
HA B(OH)3 HC K. Rf Kx? 1
200 mL, 0.1 M 50 mL, 0.1 M 100 mL, 0.1 M
Ka = 1.8 × 10–6 ZxeË Þvi Ka = 1.7 × 10–7 L. wPwKrmv ˆÞGò IR- iwkÄi eÅenvi ˆjGLv| 2
M. wewKÌqvwUi 30% weGqvwRZ KiGZ KZ cwigvY Pvc cÉGqvRb nGe
X-cvò Y-cvò Z- cvò Zv MYbv KGiv| 3
D = X-cvò + Y-cvò E = Y-cvò + Z-cvò N. DóxcGKi wewKÌ
q vwUGK 1.2 atm PvGc NUvGj X ‰i kZKiv KZ
A, B I C cÉPwjZ cÉZxK bq
Ask weGqvwRZ nGe? MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 31

34. hGkvi ˆevWÆ 2019

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. kZKiv wnmvGe `yGai cÉavb Dcv`vb 10. 20. ˆKvb ˆgŒjwU cÅvivgÅvMGbwUK?
ˆKvbwU? 50 mL 50mL K Cr L Mn
K PweÆ L Avwgl 0.02M 0.02M A + B M Ti N Zn
M kKÆiv N cvwb
HNO3 Ba(OH)2 21. A `ËeGYi pH 5, B `ËeGYi pH8, A
A B C `ËeY B `ËeY AGcÞv KZàY ˆewk AÁÏxq?
2. A + K2HgI4  ev`vgx AatGÞc; K 100 L 1000
C `ËeGYi OH AvqGbi Nbgvòv nGjv
A ˆhŒMwU M 10000 N 1000000
K 1  103M L 1  104M
i. ‰i e®¬b ˆKvY 107 22. l = 2, ‰es n = 3 nGj, ‰wU ˆKvb AiweUvj
M 5  103M N 5  104M
ii. ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy sp3 msKwiZ wbG`Æk KGi?
11. AlCl3 ˆhŒGMi 
iii. UqGjU wKÑbvGii gƒj Dcv`vb K 2d L 3p
i. WvBgvGi 16 ˆRvov BGjKUÇb AvGQ M 3d N 3f
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ii. Ea»ÆcvZb Zvcgvòv 180C 23.
K i I ii L ii I iii Y H3 Z
M i I iii N i, ii I iii iii. e®¬b ˆKvY 120
3. CaN2 + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + X; X wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? H2
H1 H4
ˆhŒMwU Kx? K i I ii L ii I iii
K NO2 L HNO3 M i I iii N i, ii I iii X H5
W
M N2 N NH3 12. Ca+2 wkLv cixÞvq eYÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi? DóxcGKi ˆÞGò
4. ˆKvb c«¬wZGZ avGbi Zzl ˆ^GK ˆfvRÅGZj K nvjKv bxj L bxjvf meyR i. H1 = H2 + H3
wbÓ•vkb Kiv nq? M ˆeàbx N BU jvj
ii. H5 = H2 + H3 + H4
K wÕ¡gcvZb iii. H5 + H4 = H2 + H3
13. Še`yÅwZK kK ev ÞZ m†wÓ¡ ˆ^GK myiÞvi wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
L `ËveK wbÓ•vkb
RbÅ ˆKvb ™Ïvfm eÅenvi nq? K i I ii L i I iii
M AvswkK cvZb
K jÅvGUÝ L wbIwcÉb M I N i, ii I iii
N Kjvg ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd ii iii
M wRGUÝ N PVC 24. ˆKvb ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇ b webÅvGm AvDdevD
5. ˆKvb AvqGbi ռ͸ cwigvY DcwÕ©wZ
ˆKvqvàGjkb `Ë‚ZZi KGi? 14. C 2H4 ˆhŒGM KveÆb cigvYy«¼Gq ˆKvb aiGbi bxwZi eÅwZKÌ g ˆ`Lv hvq?
K Na+ L Mg+2 msKiY NGU? K Cu L Co
M Ba+2 N Al+3 K sp L sp2 M Mn N Fe
6. A‹Re jeGYi ÞvixqgƒjK weGkÏlGY ˆKvb M sp3 N dsp2 25.
wkLv eÅen†Z nq? 15. cjeywã eÅvjvG´Ö ivBWvGii fi 10 mg nGj
K Abyä¾j ivBWvi aË‚eK KGZv nGe?
L A¯¦tÕ© bxj weRviY wkLv K 0.02 mg L 0.002 g
HNO3 H2SO4
M weRviYx wkÞv M 0.0002mg N 0.0002 g
N Dä¾j 16. Fe(OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 3.8  1038 nGj A B
7. ˆKvb ˆgŒjwUi AvqwbKiY kwÚ meGPGq mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY OH ‰i ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv KZ A I B ˆhŒGMi ˆevZGj eÅen†Z wPn×
Kg? mol/L?
K Rb L Cs K 1.93  1011 L 3.86  1011 i.
M Sr N Ba M 5.79  1011 N 7.72  1011
8. 2% NaOH `ËeGYi pH KZ? 17. ˆKvb ‰wmWwU meGPGq ˆewk kwÚkvjx?
K 13.196 L 13.336 K HClO4 L H2SO4 ii.
M 13.699 N 13.977 M H3PO4 N HIO3
9. Rf ‰i gvb 18. Al2(SO4)3 ‰i `ËveÅZvi àYdGji ‰KK
iii.
i. `~wU `ƒiGZ½i AbycvZ ˆKvbwU?
ii. mˆeÆvœP 1, mGeÆvwbÁ² 0
5 5 4 4
K mol /L L mol /L
M mol3/L3 N mol2/L2 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
iii. `ËveGKi cÉK‡wZi Dci wbfÆikxj
K i I ii L ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 19. ˆKvb ˆgŒjwU mGeÆvœP RviY msLÅv ˆ`Lvq?
K Cr L Mn M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L ii I iii
M Co N V
M i I iii N i, ii I iii

1 N 2 K 3 N 4 L 5 N 6 K 7 L 8 M 9 N 10 * 11 L 12 N 13 M
Dîi

14 L 15 N 16 * 17 K 18 K 19 L 20 M 21 L 22 M 23 K 24 K 25 K
* we.`Ë: 10. mwVK Dîi 1  102 M; 16. mwVK Dîi 5.81  1010|
32 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. M. DóxcK AbymvGi NiS ‰i `ËveÅZv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. Avqb c†^KxKiGY DóxcGKi QvòwU «¼viv Abym†Z bxwZwU
chÆvq  chÆvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
13 15 17
MÉ‚c  5.
2 Y
3 X Z
wfGbMvi
K. AvswkK cvZb KvGK eGj? 1
L. KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv `ËeYGK KvGPi ˆevZGj msiÞY Kiv hvq bv ˆKb?2 A B
M. DóxcGKi Y ˆgŒjwUi meÆGkl AiweUvGji BGjKUÇbàGjvi ˆÞGò K. wjMÅv´£ KvGK eGj? 1
PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi cÉGqvM ˆ`LvI| 3 L. H3PO4 AGcÞv HNO3 kwÚkvjx ‰wmW eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
N. Z ‰i mvG^ c†^KfvGe ˆhŒM MVGb X I Y ‰KB ˆhvRbx cÉ`kÆb M. DóxcGKi A `ËeÅwUi ˆKŒUvRvZKiY c«¬wZ AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
KiGjI ‰G`i AvK‡wZ wf®² nq hywÚmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 N. B `ËeÅwU ‰KwU DrK‡Ó¡ Lv`Å wcÉRviGfwUf nGjI `ya msiÞGY
2. ‰wU eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
6.

BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ
(kJmol1)


9 17 35 53
wPò-B wPò-C cvigvYweK msLÅv
wPò-A K. mwKÌqb kwÚ KvGK eGj? 1
K. AÅvw´ŸAwÝGW´Ÿ KvGK eGj? 1 L. Rf gvGbi ˆKvGbv ‰KK ^vGK bv ˆKb? 2
L. mvgÅ aË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb KLGbv Amxg nq bveÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 M. DóxcGKi cvigvYweK msLÅvwewkÓ¡ ˆgŒjàGjvi ˆmvwWqvg jeGYi
M. A wPGòi h¯¨wUGK D Kivi ˆKŒkj eYÆbv KGiv| 3 MjbvGâi Zzjbv KGiv| 3
N. B I C wPGn×i mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ ivmvqwbK `ËeÅvw`i eÅenviKvGj N. DóxcK AbymvGi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi KÌg cwieZÆb hywÚmn eÅvLÅv
Õ¼vÕ©Å SuywK nËvGm KiYxq Dcvq mÁ·GKÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 KGiv| 4
3. 7. gvbeG`Gni iÚiGm we`Ågvb ‰wmW I ‰i jeGYi ˆgvjvi
ˆiLv- I Nbgvòvi AbycvZ h^vKÌGg 0.06 t 1 ‰es iGÚi pH gvb nGjv 7.4|
wÕ©wZkwÚ (kJmol1)

Lv`Åi…Gc AÁÏagÆx dGji im ‰es Jlai…Gc ÞviagÆx ‰´ŸvwmW wmivc

ˆiLv- II
ˆmeGbi ciI iGÚi pH gvb meÆ`v wÕ©i ^vGK|
cËfveK
wewKÌqK K. nyGíi bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1
DcwÕ©Z
L. Zn AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq ˆKb? 2
Drcv` M. DóxcK AbymvGi iÚiGm we`Ågvb AÁÏwUi Ka ‰i gvb wbYÆq
wewKÌqv AÞ KGiv| 3
K. Lv`Å wbivcîv ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 1 N. DóxcGKi eYÆ b vgGZ pH gvb wÕ©i ^vKvi KviY weGkÏ l Y KGiv|4
L. 2d AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 8. 7
6
M. DóxcGKi ˆjLwPò nGZ ZvGcvrcv`x A^ev Zvcnvix wewKÌqvi 5
aviYv KxfvGe cvIqv hvq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 4
N. DóxcGKi I bs I II bs ˆiLv AbymvGi msNwUZ wewKÌqvi nvGii 3
2
ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 1
4. CuS I NiS ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj h^vKÌGg 4  1038 ‰es 1.5  wPò: nvBGWÈvGRGbi cvigvYweK eYÆvjx
1024| ‰KRb Qvò Cu2+ I Ni2+ ‰i wgkÉ `ËeY ˆ^GK ‰KwU
AvqbGK AatGÞcY «¼viv c†^K KiGZ DÚ wgkÉ `ËeGY jNy HCl ˆhvM K. KjGqW KvGK eGj? 1
Kivi ci H2S MÅvm Pvjbv Kij| L. H 2 S AGcÞv H 2 O ‰i Õ¹z U bvâ DœP ˆKb? 2
K. cËfveK mnvqK KvGK eGj? 1 M. DóxcGKi aviYv AbymvGi ˆgŒj kbvÚ Kiv hvq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
L. Na MwVZ nq, wK¯§ Na MwVZ nq bveÅvLÅv KGiv|
+ 2+
2 N. DóxcGKi wPGò eümsLÅK ˆiLv m†wÓ¡i KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 33

35. ewikvj ˆevWÆ 2019

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. wkLv cixÞvq ˆKvb ˆgŒjwU eYÆ ˆ`Lvq? 11. ˆmwggvBGKÌv c«¬wZGZ H2S ‰i cwieGZÆ 18. gvwUi pH e†w«¬i RbÅ eÅen†Z nq
K Be L K eÅen†Z nq K BDwiqv L WGjvgvBU
M Mg N Zn
K CH3SH L (CH3)2NH M wW‰wc N wU‰mwc
2. ˆKvb wewKÌqvq Zvc ˆkvwlZ nq?
M CH3CONH2 N CH3CSNH2
K N2 + 3H2  2NH3 19. N2(g) + 3H2(g) HooooI 2NH3(g); wewKÌqvwUi
12. ˆKvbwU cÉvK‡wZK AÅvw´ŸAwÝGW´Ÿ?
L C2H6 + O2  CO2 + H2O mvgÅvâ cwieZÆb nGe
K TBHQ L EDTA
M S + O2  SO2 K Pvc e†w«¬GZ
N N2 + O2  2NO M  KÅvGivwUb N ˆcÉvcvBj MÅvGjU
L Drcv` e†w«¬GZ
3. ˆmwggvBGKÌv c«¬wZGZ eÅen†Z bgybvi 13. chÆvq mviwYGZ f-eÐK ˆgŒGji msLÅv KZwU?
MÉnYGhvMÅ cwigvY ˆKvbwU? K 27 L 30 M wewKÌqK e†w«¬GZ
K 1 – 2 mg L 10 – 100 mg M 36 N 41 N Zvcgvòv e†w«¬GZ
M 1–2g N 10 – 100 g 14. ˆKvb ˆgŒjwUi AvqbxKiY wefe meGPGq 20. ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU ˆewk AvqwbK?
4. ˆKvbwU cÉvBgvwi Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ c`v^Æ? ˆewk? K LiCl L NaCl
K HCl L H2SO4 M KCl N RbCl
KB L C
M K2Cr2O7 N KMnO4
MN N O 21. ˆKvb AÝvBWwU ÞviagÆx?
5. A(5) I B(7) ˆgŒGji ˆKÑvivBGWi ˆÞGò
15. ˆKÑvwib AYyGZ ˆKvb aiGbi e®¬b we`Ågvb? K Al2O3 L MgO
i. BCl3 AGcÞv ACl3 ‰i e®¬b ˆKvY eo M SiO2 N P2O5
K AvqwbK e®¬b
ii. DfGqi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi msKiY ‰KB 22. ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU cvwbGZ `ËeYxq?
L AGcvjvi mgGhvRx e®¬b
iii. DfGqi RÅvwgwZK AvK‡wZ ‰KB K AgF L AgCl
M ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx e®¬b
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M AgBr N AgI
Ki L ii N mw®²Gek e®¬b
23. H-e®¬Gbi KviGY ˆhŒGMi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 16. A(6), B(7) I C(8) wZbwU ˆgŒGji
i. Õ¹zUbvâ e†w«¬ cvq
6. nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi eYÆvwjGZ cÅvGøb nvBWÈvBWàGjvi gGaÅ wbGÁ²vÚ Z^ÅwUi
wmwiGRi RbÅ mGeÆvœP Ziã msLÅv KZ? ii. cvwbGZ `ËveÅZv e†w«¬ cvq
ˆÞGò
RH 5 iii. WvBgvi MVb mÁ¿e nq
K
9
L
36RH i. AI B ‰i nvBWÈvBGWi gGaÅ mgmî½
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
7 144 wgkÉY
M N Ki I ii L i I iii
144 RH 7RH
ii. B I C ‰i nvBWÈvBGWi gGaÅ mgmî½
7. 250 mL cvwbGZ 13.8 g Na2CO3 ˆK M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wgkÉY
`Ëexf„Z KiGj `ËeGYi Nbgvòv nGe 24. ˆKvGbv w«¼-AÁÏxq ÞvGii ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv
iii. B I C ‰i nvBWÈvBGWi gGaÅ
K 0.42M L 0.52M 0.05 M nGj pH KZ nGe?
M 0.40M N 0.36M nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b we`Ågvb
K 10 L 11
8. ˆKvbwU Dîg ˆKvqvàGj´Ÿ? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M 12 N 13
K Na+ L Mg2+ Ki I ii L i I iii
M Al3+ N Ca2+ 25. wfGbMvi Lv`Å msiÞY KGi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
9. `yGa we`Ågvb cÉavb ˆcÉvwUbwU nGjv i. AÁÏxq cwiGek m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg
17. Xvj = –35 nGj, mwKÌqb kwÚ KZ?
K KÅvwmb L ˆ™ÏvweDwjb ii. eÅvKGUwiqvi AÅvKwUf mvBU bÓ¡ Kivi
M jÅvKGUv AÅvjeywgb gvaÅGg
lnk
N jÅvKGUv ˆ™ÏvweDwjb iii.wKGjwUs ‰GR´Ÿ wnmvGe
10. AvswkK cvZb cÉwKÌqvi RbÅ ZiGji gGaÅ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
1
Õ¹zUbvGâi bƒÅbZg cv^ÆKÅ ^vKv DwPZ T
Ki I ii L ii I iii
K 20C L 30C K 285 Jmol–1 L 291 Jmol–1
M 40C N 50C M 670 Jmol–1 N 675 Jmol–1 Mi I iii N i, ii I iii

1 L 2 N 3 L 4 M 5 K 6 K 7 L 8 M 9 K 10 K 11 N 12 M 13 K
Dîi

14 M 15 L 16 K 17 L 18 L 19 N 20 N 21 L 22 K 23 N 24 N 25 K
34 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. ‰KwU KGjGRi wkÞv^Æxiv ZvG`i imvqb jÅveGiUwiGZ 0.01g 5. KOH + CH3COOH  jeY + cvwb + 55.2kJ
bgybv, 5 wgwj AvqZGbi ˆUÕ¡wUDe ‰es 40 wgwj AvqZGbi weKviK
ˆevZj wbGq ‰KwU cixÞv KiGjb| KvR ˆkGl ZvG`i eRÆÅàwjGK 10 mL 0.1M 5 mL 0.1M
Zviv weGkl wPwn×Z ˆevZGj ivLGjb| AbÅ AvGiKwU KGjGRi HCOOH `ËeY
Ka = 1.0  10–4
HCOONa `ËeY

wkÞv^Æxiv ‰B aiGbi cixÞv-wbixÞv ˆkGl ZvG`i eRÆÅàwj mivmwi

KGjGRi cvGki RwgGZ ˆdGj ˆ`q| `ËeY-I `ËeY-II
K. ˆgvjvwiwU KvGK eGj? 1 K. AGUv-cÉfveK KvGK eGj? 1
L. jÅveGiUwiGZ wbivc` Pkgv eÅenvi Kiv cÉGqvRb ˆKb? 2 L. AB5(g) HooooooI AB3(g) + B2(g). ‰B wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©vi Dci
M. DóxcGKi cÉ^g KGjGRi QvòG`i eÅen†Z AÅvbvjvBwUKÅvj PvGci cÉfve eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
c«¬wZwU eYÆbv KGiv| 3 M. DóxcGKi 1g AsGki wewKÌqvwUGZ eÅen†Z AGÁÏi cwieGZÆ HF
N. cwiGek weGePbvq `ywU KGjGRi eRÆÅ eÅeÕ©vcbvi h^v^ÆZv eÅenvi KiGj wewKÌqv ZvGci Kxi…c cwieZÆb nGe? eÅvLÅv Ki|3
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. `ËeY `ywUi wgkÉGYi pH gvGbi mgvb pH ‰i 1 wjUvi HCl `ËeY
KxfvGe cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq? eYÆbv KGiv| 4
2. üGíi wbqGg ‰KwU e E
6.

Mjbvâ (C)

Mjbvâ (C)
cigvYyi BGjKUÇb webÅvm
+ K L M
wbÁ²i…c:
1s 2s 2p
11 13 14 15 16 17 Li Na K Rb
L L @@ H-cigvYy (A) (B)
 cvigvYweK msLÅv


wPò-II
wPò-I
e1 e2 K. Zwor FYvñKZvi msæv ˆjGLv| 1
1g Ask 2q Ask L. Cr AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj ˆKb? 2
K. AvDdevD bxwZwU wee†Z KGiv| 1 M. I bs ˆjLwPGò A ‰i AvKvi B AGcÞv eo wK¯§ A ‰i mywÕ©Z
L. HCl ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM ˆKb? 2 AvqGbi AvKvi B ‰i mywÕ©Z Avqb AGcÞv ˆQvU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
M. e1 ‰es e2 ‰i ˆÞGò cwji eRÆb bxwZ cÉGhvRÅ wKbv eÅvLÅv N. DóxcGKi ˆjLwPò `ywUi cÉK‡wZ wf®²Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
KGiv| 3 7. 2g I 2
0.714g Fe(OH) 2

N. DóxcGKi wewKiYwU wPwKrmv ˆÞGò bv wK Rvj UvKv kbvÚ

KiGZ eÅen†Z nq? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 200 mL 200 mL 500 mL mÁ·†Ú
CCl
`ËeY
3. ˆkÉwY `ËeY
4

2 14 16 17
chÆvq cvò-I cvò-II cvò-III
2q P Q X wg. ‘X’, I bs cvGòi mÁ·ƒYÆ `ËveK wbGq ‰KevGi ‰es wg. ‘Y’ I bs
3q Y cvGòi `ËveKGK mgvb Pvi fvGM fvM KGi Pvi evGi II bs cvò nGZ
4^Æ A Z I2 wbÓ•vkb KGib|
K. Þvi avZz KvGK eGj? 1 K. AiweUvj KvGK eGj? 1
L. wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 L. Rf ‰i mGeÆvœP gvb 1 eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. A ˆgŒGji mvG^ c†^KfvGe X, Y I Z «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒMmgƒGni M. III cvGòi `Ë Gei `Ë v eÅZv àYdj wbYÆ q KGiv| 3
MjbvGâi mwVK KÌg eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 N. I2 wbÓ•vkGb ˆKvb cÉwKÌqvwU jvfRbK MvwYwZKfvGe eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
N. ‘P’ wf®² wf®² msKiGYi gvaÅGg nvBWÈvBW MVb KiGjI ‘Q’ 8. B^vbj Drcv`Gbi `ywU c«¬wZ wbÁ²i…c:
÷aygvò ‰K aiGbi msKiGYi gvaÅGg nvBWÈvBW MVb KGi RvBGgm
i. C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2
20 – 25C
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ii. C2H5Br + KOH  C2H5OH + KBr
4. 1g c«¬wZ: Lv`Å mvgMÉx digvwjb/K‡wòg 50 – 60C
wcÉRviGfwUfm msiwÞZ Lv`Å cÉ^g Ask
2q c«¬wZ: djgƒj/mewR ˆaŒZKiY A 2 (g) + B 2 (g) HoooooooI 2AB(g); 2L AvqZGbi cvGò
450C Zvcgvòvq wewKÌqvwU mvgÅveÕ©vq AvGQ|
eÐvwçs ‰KRwÕ¡s
mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆgvU ˆgvGji 10.5% AB iGqGQ|
msiwÞZ cÉwKÌqvRvZ Lv`Å
w«¼Zxq Ask
K. Lv`Å wbivcîv KvGK eGj? 1 K. MÉxb ˆKwgwÕ¡È KvGK eGj? 1
L. `ya ‰KwU `ËeY bv Bgvjmb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L. KCl I CaCl2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU ˆewk AvqwbK eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. 2q c«¬wZGZ UGgGUv cÉwKÌqvRvZKiY eYÆbv KGiv| 3 M. DóxcGKi w«¼Zxq AsGki wewKÌqvwUi Kc ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. wbivc` Lv`Å msiÞGY `ywU c«¬wZi h^v^ÆZv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. B^vbj Drcv`Gbi ˆKvb c«¬wZwU MÉxb ˆKwgwÕ¡Èi mvG^
mvgémÅcƒYÆ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 35

36. mKj ˆevWÆ 2018

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU ej
cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1| mKj cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. wbGPi ˆKvbwUi RÅvwgwZK MVb mij‹iwLK? 9. AatGÞcwU mv`v eGYÆi nGj An+ AvqbwU 17. wcÉRviGfwUf ˆKvbwU?
K BCl3 L H2O nGe? K Na2SO4 L NaNO3
M CH3 – CH3 N CO2 K Ca2+ L Zn2+ M CH3COONa
2. CaF2 ‰i `ËveÅZv 0.0002 mol/L nGj M Cu2+ N Fe2+ N C6H5COONa
`ËveÅZv àYdj KZ? 10. mwKÌq fi ejGZ ˆevSvq 18. wbGPi ˆKvb ‰wmGWi ZxeËZv ˆewk?
11
K 2.3  10 L 3.2  10 11
i. ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv K H2SO4 L HClO4
M 2.3 1010 N 3.2  1010 M H3PO4 N HNO3
ii. AvswkK Pvc
3. PCl5 ‰ ˆKvb aiGbi nvBweËWvBGRkb 19. ˆKvΣ wKÌGg jyweËGKwUs ‰GR´Ÿ wnGmGe
iii. AvYweK fi
we`Ågvb? eÅen†Z nq ˆKvbwU?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K sp L sp2 K Zij cÅvivwdb
K i I ii L ii I iii
M sp3 N sp3d L ˆcÉvcvBj cÅvivGeb
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
4. [Cu(NH3)4] Cl2 ˆhŒGM ˆgvU KqwU M w™Ïmvwib
11. 1% HCl `ËeGYi pH KZ?
e®¬b we`Ågvb? K 0.56 L 1.0 N ˆgvg
K6 L 8 M 2.6 N 5.6 20. jÅveGiUwiGZ KvGPi h¯¨cvwZ cwiÓ•vi
M 14 N 18
12. ˆmvwWqvg nvBGWÈvÝvBGWi mvG^ wbGPi Kivi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq
5. AÓ¡K AmÁ·ƒYÆ ˆhŒMàGjv nGjv ˆKvb ‰wmWwUi cÉkgb Zvc meÆvwaK? i. H2SO4
i. NH3 ii. BF3 ii. K2Cr2O7
K HNO3 L HF
iii. AlCl3 iii. CHCl3
M HCl N H2SO4
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es 13 I 14 bs
K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii L ii I iii
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
'X' ‰KwU avZz hv wkLv cixÞvq ˆmvbvjx
6. Lv`Å`ËeÅ cPGbi KviY
njy` eYÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi|
i. PweÆi DcwÕ©wZ 21.
13. avZzwU ˆKvb cÉK‡wZi? i
ii. LvG`Åi RviY
K AcavZz L gy`ËvavZz
iii. AÅvw´Ÿ AwÝGWG´Ÿi Afve
M g†rÞvi avZz N Þvi avZz wPò: DGîRK
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? DóxcGKi mZKÆ wPn× «¼viv Kx ˆevSvGbv nq?
14. 'X' avZzi AvqGbi kbvÚKvix weKviK
K i I ii L ii I iii
nGjv? K DGîRK L ÞqKvix
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K K2H2Sb2O7 M ÞwZKviK N Še`yÅwZK SzuwK
7. KÞ Zvcgvòvq we÷«¬ cvwbi AvqwbK L (NH4)2C2O4 22. ˆKvbwU ÷Ó•KviK wnGmGe KvR KGi?
àYdj KZ? M K4[Fe(CN)6] K N2O5 L P2O5
K 1  1014 L 1 1014 N NH4CNS M Cl5O5 N V2O5
M 1  107 N 1  107 15. Avg ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY ˆKvb ˆhŒM eÅen†Z 23. mgAvqb cÉfve we`Ågvb ˆKvbwUGZ?
wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es 8 I 9 bs nq? K H2S, HCl L NaCl, CH3Cl
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: K ‰mKiweK ‰wmW M CH4, HCl N CaCl2, C6H5Cl
An+ + K4[Fe(CN)6]  AatGÞc L mvBwUÇK ‰wmW 24. p DckwÚÕ¦Gii RbÅ
8. AatGÞcwU jvj eGYÆi nGj M wfGbMvi i. l = 1 ii. m = 1, 0, +1
i. An+ AvqGbi ˆgŒjwU AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj N digvwjb iii. AiweUvj msLÅv 2
ii. Pvi mw®²Gek msLÅvi RwUj ˆhŒM 16. `ËeGYi AvqZb mwVKfvGe cwigvGci wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
MVb KGi RbÅ wbGPi ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z nq? K i I ii L ii I iii
iii. WvqvgÅvMGbwUK agÆ ˆ`Lvq K wcGcU I ˆgRvwis wmwj´£vi M i I iii N i, ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L eyGiU I wcGcU 25. wbGPi ˆKvb AvqbwU iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi?
K i I ii L ii I iii M eyGiU I `vMKuvUv weKvi K Cu+ L Sc3+
2+
M i I iii N i, ii I iii N `vMKuvUv weKvi I ˆgRvwis wmwj´£vi M Ni N Zn2+
1 N 2 L 3 N 4 N 5 L 6 N 7 K 8 K 9 L 10 K 11 K 12 L 13 N
Dîi

14 K 15 L 16 L 17 N 18 L 19 K 20 K 21 K 22 L 23 K 24 K 25 M
36 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

37. XvKv, w`bvRcyi, wmGjU I hGkvi ˆevWÆ 2018

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. Na H2SO4 K. ˆcvjvwiwU Kx? 1
ivmvqwbK `ËeÅ-A ivmvqwbK `ËeÅ-B L. Fe ˆK AeÕ©v¯¦ i ˆgŒj ejv nq ˆKb? 2
K. mvmGcbkb Kx? 1 M. A2D ‰KwU MÅvmxq c`v^Æ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
L. cUvwmqvGgi 19-Zg BGjKUÇbwU 3d-AiweUvGji cwieGZÆ 4s- N. B I C ‰i nvBWÈ v BW«¼ Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi e®¬b ˆKvY ˆewk?
AiweUvGj hvq ˆKb? 2 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
M. jÅveGiUixGZ ivmvqwbK `ËeÅ A-‰i wbivc` msiÞY eÅvLÅv 5.  MÉ‚c
1 17
KGiv| 3 chÆvq
N. cwiGek msiÞGY jÅveGiUixGZ ivmvqwbK `ËeÅ B-‰i cwiwgZ 2q  X
eÅenvGii ài‚Z½ Kx? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 3q P Y
2. 4^Æ  Z
D
C K. evdvi `ËeY Kx? 1
B
A L. NaOH I HCl ‰i cÉkgb ZvGci gvb aËe‚ K eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. Y ‰i BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ X AGcÞv ˆewk eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. PY I PZ ˆhŒM«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK AvqwbK? weGkÏlY
KGiv| 4
R = 109678 cm1 6.
H
K. fiwKÌqv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1 CH3COOH KOH `ËeY Dfq `ËeGYi
`ËeY wgkÉY
L. we÷«¬ cvwbi pH ‰i gvb 7 eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
5mL 0.25M + 5mL 0.25 M
M. DóxcGKi meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gi AiweUvj msLÅv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwU B-ˆkGj avcv¯¦wiZ nGj wbMÆZ iwkÄi eYÆ
cvò-A cvò-B cvò-C
Kxi…c nGe? MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
Ka = 1.8  105
3. K. AvqbxKiY wefe Kx? 1
20C 20C 20C L. F meÆvwaK Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
MN2-‰i XY
M. cvò A ‰i `ËeGYi pH MYbv KGiv| 3
AmÁ·†Ú `ËeY `ËeY
15 mL 10 mL
N. C cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY HCl `ËeY ˆhvM KiGj H
5  105 M MN2 + XY 0.1 M `ËeGYi pH gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb NUGe wK? MvwYwZKfvGe
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
cvò-A cvò-C cvò-B 7.i. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) HooooI 2SO3(g) + Zvc
i. MN2-‰i `ËveÅZv 0.0002 mol L1 ii. N2O4(g) HooooI 2NO2(g)  Zvc
ii. MY2-‰i Ksp = 185  108 27C Zvcgvòv I 1 atm PvGc N2O4 ‰i 25% weGqvwRZ nq|
K. wmMgv e®¬b Kx? 1 K. wfGbMvi Kx? 1
L. Al2O3 ‰KwU DfagxÆ AÝvBW eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L. gvLbGK cvwbgyÚ Kiv cÉGqvRb ˆKb? 2
M. A-cvGòi jeYwUi `ËveÅZv àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3 M. (ii) bs wewKÌqvwUi KP ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. C-cvGò MY2-‰i AatGÞc coGe wK? MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY N. Zvcgvòv evovGj ˆKvb wewKÌqvq meÆvwaK Drcv` cvIqv hvGe?
KGiv| 4 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
4. meÆewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb 8. X(NaOH); Y(NH4OH); Z(NaCl)
ˆgŒj
webÅvm K. 4-wWwRU eÅvGj´Ö Kx? 1
A (n-2)s1 L. cvDwji eRÆb bxwZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
‰LvGb, n= 3
B (n-1)s2(n-1)p3 M. Lv`Å ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY Z ‰i f„wgKv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
C (n-1)s2(n-1)p4 N. ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ DóxcGKi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU DchyÚ? weGkÏlY
D ns2 np4 KGiv| 4
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 37

38. ivRkvnx, KzwgÍÏv, PëMÉvg I ewikvj ˆevWÆ 2018

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvMmnKvGi cGov ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ cÉk²àGjvi h^vh^ Dîi `vI| ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU
cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|]
1. CH3COOH ‰es CH3 COONa
BGjKUÇb
5. 0.05M H2SO4
`ËeY ‰i wgwkÉZ `ËeY
A-cvò B-cvò
X K. AvqbxKiY wefe Kx? 1
Y
Z L. HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU kwÚkvjx ‰wmW? eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 2
K. ‰w´Ÿ-AwÝGW´Ÿ Kx? 1 M. DóxcGKi 'A' cvGòi `ËeGYi pOH wnmve KGiv| 3
L. mwKÌqb kwÚ wewKÌqvi nviGK cÉfvweZ KGi| eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 N. DóxcGKi 'B' cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY ZxeË ‰wmW ev ZxeË
M. l I m ‰i gvGbi wfwîGZ Z ˆkGji ˆgvU BGjKUÇb wnmvGe KGi Þvi ˆhvM KiGj pH gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe wKbv weGkÏlY
ˆ`LvI| 3 KGiv| 4
N. DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwUi avcv¯¦Gii dGj m†Ó¡ Ziã Zwor PzÁ¼Kxq 6. MA5(g) HooooI MA3(g)  A2(g)  Zvc|
wewKiGYi ˆKvb AçGj cvIqv hvq Zv MvwYwZKfvGe gƒjÅvqb wewKÌqvwU 25C Zvcgvòvq 1 atm PvGc 10% weGqvwRZ nq|
KGiv| 4 K. eYÆvjx Kx? 1
2.
L. CaCl2 ‰es MgCl2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi MjbvsK ˆewk ‰es ˆKb? 2
50 mL 40 mL M. wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
6  104 M 0.05 M
ZnSO4 NaOH
N. wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅveÕ©vq Zvcgvòv I PvGci cwieZÆb NUGj
`ËeY `ËeY DrcvG`i Dci Kxi…c cÉfve ˆdGj? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
7.
cvò-1 cvò-2 UqGjU A
Zn(OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj, Ksp = 1  1017 wKÑbvi
K. `ËeY Zvc Kx? 1 ™Ïvm B
L. OF6 MwVZ nq bv ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK Zn(OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv wnmve KGiv| 3 wPò-2
Avg
N. cvò-1 ‰es cvò-2 ‰i `ËeY `ywUGK ‰KGò wgwkÉZ KiGj wPò-1
ˆKvGbv AatGÞc m†wÓ¡i mÁ¿vebv AvGQ wKbv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 K. ˆgRvwis wmwj´£vi Kx? 1
3. ˆgŒj X Y Z L. Cu ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg nq ˆKb? 2
cvigvYweK M. wPò-1 ‰i djwUi msiÞY c«¬wZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
13 20 30
msLÅv N. wPò-2 ‰i A I B cwiÓ•vi Kivi ˆKŒkGji ZzjbvgƒjK
K. AGUv cÉfveK Kx? 1 AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
L. wkLv cixÞvq HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 8.imvqbvMvGi AwZ mZKÆZvi mvG^ ˆh mKj c`v^Æ eÅen†Z nq Zv
M. `ËeGY X3– AvqGbi kbvÚKiY cixÞv mgxKiYmn ˆjGLv| 3 nGjv
N. Y ‰es Z ˆgŒGji ˆKÑvivBW ˆhŒGMi AvqwbK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi i. Mvp mvjwdDwiK ‰wmW
ZviZGgÅi ˆhŒwÚK KviY gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4 ii. Zij AÅvGgvwbqv
4.A = ................... np 2
iii. ˆmvwWqvg avZz
B = ................... np3
C = ................... np 4
[n = 2] iv. cUvwmqvg ˆdGivmvqvbvBW
K. AvswkK cvZb Kx? 1 K. ˆKÌ vgGUvMÉvdx Kx? 1
2 L. Na I F ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi AvKvi eo? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
 
L. R ‰i gvb 1 ‰i ˆPGq Kg nq ˆKb?
M. DóxcGKi A ‰i nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒGMi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi msKiY M. DóxcGKi (i) I (iii) ‰i mvG^ mivmwi cvwb hy Ú Kiv hvq bv
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi B ‰es C ˆgŒGji nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒGMi e®¬b ˆKvGYi N. DóxcGKi c`v^ÆàGjv AwaK eÅenvi cwiGeGki Dci wKi…c
wf®²Zv iGqGQ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 cÉfve ˆdGj weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
38 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

39. XvKv ˆevWÆ 2017

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU
() ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. 25C Zvcgvòvq Mg(OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv DóxcKwU jÞÅ KGiv ‰es 11 I 12bs cÉGk²i 18. ˆKvbwU UÅvjKg cvDWvGii cÉavb Dcv`vb?
àYdj 4  103 nGj OH AvqGbi Nbgvòv Dîi `vI: K 3MgO.4SiO2.H2O
KZ molL ? 1
25C Zvcgvòvq 1.5atm PvGc mvgÅveÕ©vq 15.6% L CaCO3.2MgCO3
M C4H10O4
PCl5 weGqvwRZ nq| PCl5 ‰es Cl2 MÅvGmi
1 2
K 10 L 10
N Na2B4O7.10H2O
M 103 N 104 AvswkK Pvc h^vKÌGg 1.095 ‰es 0.202 atm| DóxcKwU jÞÅ KGiv ‰es 19 I 20 bs cÉGk²i
2. eyÅGiGUi cici `y’`vGMi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ^vGK 11. KP ‰i gvb KZ?
Dîi `vI:
KZ wg.wj.? K 2.74  102 atm
K 1.0 L 0.1 2
L 2.84  10 atm
MÉ‚c 
2 13
M 0.01 N 0.001 2
M 3.74  10 atm chÆvq 
3. 25C Zvcgvòvq cvwbi AvqwbK àYdGji N 5.74  102 atm 3 X Z
4 A Y
gvb KZ? 12. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvq hw` PCl5 ˆhvM Kiv nq,
19. DóxcGKi A ‰i meÆewntÕ© BGjKUÇGbi
K 1  107 L 1  107 ZGe
M 1  1014 N 1  1014 ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb KZ?
i. wewKÌqv mÁÃyL w`GK AMÉmi nGe
K +1 L 1
4. cÉfveK ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvi cwieZÆb KGi ii. wewKÌqv cøvr w`GK AMÉmi nGe M0 N +2
K mwKÌqb kwÚ iii. mvgÅveÕ©vq cwieZÆb NUGe 20. DóxcGKi ˆgŒjmgƒGni gGaÅ
L DrcvG`i wÕ©wZkwÚ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? i. A ‰i ˆPGq X ‰i AvqwbKiY kwÚ
M wewKÌqGKi wÕ©wZkwÚ Ki L i I iii ˆewk
N wewKÌqv Zvc M iii N i, ii I iii ii. Z ‰i ˆKÑvivBW ˆhŒGMi Rjxq `ËeY
5. KÅvjwmqvGgi meÆewntÕ©Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb«¼Gqi 13. Al2(SO4)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv hw` "S" nq ZGe AÁÏxq
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi ˆmU ˆKvbwU? Al2(SO4)3 ‰i AvqwbK àYdGji gvb nGe iii. Z3+ ‰i ˆcvjvib ÞgZv, X2+ ‰i
1 1 K S5
K n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = + ,
2 2 ˆcvjvib ÞgZv AGcÞv ˆewk
L 6S5
1 1 M 27S 5 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
L n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, s = + , +
2 2
N 108S 5 K i I ii L ii I iii
1 1 M I N i, ii I iii
M n = 4, l = 1, m = 0, s =  , 
2 2 14. [Fe(CN)6] ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi Kx aiGbi
2 i iii

1 1 msKiY NGU? 21. ˆKvbwU ˆmGK´£vwi Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ c`v^Æ?

N n = 4, l = 2, m = 1, s = + ,  K sp3d2 L sp3d K Na2CO3 L K2Cr2O7
2 2
M sp3d3 N d2sp3 M H2C2O4 N KMnO4
6. Rvj cvmGcvUÆ kbvÚKiGY ˆKvbwU eÅenvi
Kiv nq? 15. ˆKvbwU cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK? 22. AÓ¡K mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆhŒM nGjv
K digvwjb i. H2O
K -iwkÄ L X-iwkÄ ii. BCl3
M IR-iwkÄ N UV-iwkÄ L mvjdvi WvBAÝvBW iii. NCl3
7. ˆKvb AiweUvjwU mÁ¿e? M ˆmvwWqvg bvBGUÇU wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K 3f L 3d N ˆmvwWqvg ˆKÑvivBW K i I ii L ii I iii
M 2d N 1p 16. ˆmwggvBGKÌv AÅvbvjvBwUKÅvj c«¬wZGZ M i I iii N i, ii I iii
8. 0.005M H2SO4 `ËeGY pH ‰i gvb KZ? welvÚ H2S ‰i cwieGZÆ Kx eÅenvi Kiv 23. ˆKvb AiweUvGji AwaKÌgGYi dGj C2H4
K 2.3 L 2.0 nq? ˆhŒGM -e®¬b MwVZ nq?
M 1.3 N 1.0 K CH3CSNH2 K sp2-sp2 L sp2-s
9. chÆvq mviwYGZ d-eÐK ˆgŒGji msLÅv KZwU? L CS(NH2)2 M 2pz-2pz N 2py-2py
K 28wU L 36wU M CH3CNS
24. HCO3 ‰i Abye®¬x ÞviK ˆKvbwU?
M 41wU N 44wU N CH3  S  CH3
K H2CO3 L CO32
10. ˆKvbwU wfGbMvi? 17. ˆKvbwU ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii cÉavb Dcv`vb? M CO22 N H+
K 6-10% HCOOH K wfGbMvi 25. KcvGii 19Zg BGjKUÇbwU ˆKvb AiweUvGj
L 6-10% CH3COOH L AÅvKzqvm AÅvGgvwbqv cÉGek KGi?
M 6-10% C2H5COOH M NaOH K 3s L 4s
N 6-10% C6H5COOH N Na jivBj mvjGdU M 3d N 4p
1 K 2 L 3 M 4 K 5 K 6 N 7 L 8 L 9 M 10 L 11 M 12 L 13 N
Dîi

14 N 15 N 16 K 17 L 18 K 19 M 20 N 21 N 22 M 23 M 24 L 25 L
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 39

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq cGov ‰es cÉ`î AvUwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI|]
1. 5. AÅvGgvwbqvi wkG͸vrcv`b wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c:

e
BGjKUÇb  BGjKUÇb N2(g) + 3H2(g) HooooI 2NH3(g), H = FYvñK
 
e AiweU
n=1  K. pH ‰i msæv ˆjGLv| 1
+ n=2 + wbDwKÑqvm
n=3 L. ‘mKj AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj d eÐK ˆgŒj, wK¯§ mKj d eÐK ˆgŒj
AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq’ ˆKb? 2
I II
M. DóxcK wewKÌqvi KP wbYÆq KGiv| 3
K. AiweUvj Kx? 1
L. KjGqGWi mywÕ©wZi KviY Kx? 2 N. DóxcK wewKÌqv nGZ mGeÆvœP Drcv`b cvIqvi kZÆmgƒn weGkÏlY
M. DóxcK I ‰i ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii l I m ‰i gvb wnmve KGi KGiv| 4
AiweUvj msLÅv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
6. 0.1M 50 mL DH4OH `ËeY 0.001M 15 mL K + L ‰i wgkÉY
N. DóxcK I I II ‰i cigvYy gGWj«¼Gqi Zzjbv KGiv| 4 Kb = 1.8  105 HA `ËeY
2. I. L L L L @ cvò-K cvò-L cvò-M
3s 3p 3d 4s
[A I D ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 17 I 7]
II. A(28)
K. `ËveÅZv Kx? 1 K. ˆnGmi mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
L. 'N' I 'O' cigvYyi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi AvKvi ˆQvU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L. ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË ÞvGii cÉkgb Zvc aË‚eK ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcK I ‰i 3d AiweUvj duvKv ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 M. K cvGò we`Ågvb abvñKgƒjK kbvÚKiY mgxKiYmn eYÆbv
N. DóxcK II ‰i 'A' ˆgŒjwU cÉfveb agÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi Kx? ˆZvgvi KGiv| 3
Dîi weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. M cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY ZxeË ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGj
3. ˆkÉwY  `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb NUGe wK? weGkÏlY
1 2 14 17
chÆvq  KGiv| 4
2 X
3 P Q R Y 7. weKviK Drc®² `ËeÅ
K. chÆvqe†î agÆ Kx? 1 KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv cwiÓ•viK A
L. wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 AÅvGgvwbqv `ËeY cwiÓ•viK B
M. 'X' I 'Y' ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆewk? eÅvLÅv K. mvmGcbkb Kx? 1
KGiv| 3
L. Lv`Å wbivcîvq imvqGbi f„wgKv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
N. 'Y' ‰i c†^KfvGe P, Q I R ‰i ˆhŒMàGjvi cÉK‡wZ weGkÏlY
M. 'A' ‰i cwiÓ•viKiY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
KGiv| 4
N. UqGjU wKÑbvi wnmvGe 'B' eÅenvi Kiv hvGe wK? hywÚmn weGkÏlY
4. AwbK 4-wWwRU eÅvGjG´Ö 1.0589g Na2CO3 ‰es Zzwj 2-
wWwRU eÅvGjG´Ö 1.62g K2Cr2O7 wbGq c†^KfvGe 100 mL KGiv| 4
AvqZbwgwZK dÑvGÕ• wbGq cÉGqvRbxq cwigvY cvwb wgwkGq `ËeY 8. Q, R I T ˆgŒjòGqi cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 6, 7 I 15|
ŠZwi Kij| K. wmMgv e®¬b Kx? 1
K. cÉgvY `ËeY Kx? 1 L. H2O Zij wK¯§ H2S MÅvmxq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L. jÅveGiUixGZ eÅen†Z ivmvqwbK `ËGei cwiwgZ eÅenvGii ài‚Z½ M. 'Q' I 'R' ‰KB msKiY cÉ`kÆb KiGjI ZvG`i nvBWÈvBGWi
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
AvK‡wZ wf®²’ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
M. AwbGKi cÉÕ§ZK‡Z `ËeYwUi pH wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. ˆKÑvwiGbi mvG^ 'R' ‰KwU ˆhŒM MVb KiGjI 'T' `ywU ˆhŒM MVb
N. DóxcGKi ˆKvb `ËeYwU cÉgvY `ËeY wnGmGe AwaK MÉnYGhvMÅ?
KGi weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆZvgvi DîGii mcGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
40 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

40. ivRkvnx ˆevWÆ 2017

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU
() ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. dgÆvwjGb Kx cwigvY wg^vbÅvj ^vGK? 9. AÁÏxq KMnO4 ‰es AÝvwjK ‰wmW 17. CH, CCl, ClCl ‰es HCl ‰i e®¬b
K 52% L 40% `ËeGYi wiWÝ wewKÌqvq ˆKvbwU AGUv kwÚmgƒn h^vKÌGg 413 kJmol1, 328
M 20% N 8% cÉfveK wnmvGe KvR KGi? kJmol1, 243 kJmol1 ‰es 433 kJmol1
2. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi eÅen†Z ivwes AÅvjGKvnj ˆKvbwU? K MnO4

L Mn 2+ nGj CH4 + Cl2 = CH3Cl + HCl wewKÌqvq
K AvBGmvGcÉvcvBj AÅvjGKvnj 2 + H-‰i gvb KZ?
M CrO4 N K
L AvBGmvweDUvBj AÅvjGKvnj K 105 kJmol1 L 100 kJmol1
M Uviwkqvix weDUvBj AÅvjGKvnj 10. CH 3COOH(aq) + NH 4OH (aq)  M 95 kJmol1 N 90 kJmol1
CH 3COONH4(aq) + H2O(l) wewKÌqvwUi 18. cÉ vBgvwi Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ `ËeY ŠZwiGZ ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z
N B^vBj AÅvjGKvnj
3. AvDdevD bxwZ AbymvGi wbGPi ˆKvb KÌgwU cÉkgb ZvGci gvb KZ? nq?
K 50.4 kJmol1L 55.2 kJmol1 K KMnO4 L Na2CO3
mwVK? 1 1
M 57.2 kJmol N68.6 kJmol M H2SO4 N CH3COOH
K 4s < 3d < 4p
L 3d < 3s < 4p 11. N2(g) + 3H2(g) HooooI 2NH3(g); mgxKiYwUi 19. DckwÚ Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb aviY ÞgZv wbYÆGqi
M 4d < 5s < 5p 1 3
mvgÅaË‚eK K1 nGj, 2N2(g) + 2H2(g) HooooI mƒò ˆKvbwU?
N 5s < 5p < 4d K 2n2 L (2l + 1)
wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es cieZxÆ `ywU NH3(g) mgxKiYwUi mvgÅaË‚eK K2 KZ? M 2(l + 1) N 2(2l + 1)
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: K K2 =
1 20. UÅvjGKi mshywÚ ˆKvbwU?
K1 K 4MgO.3SiO2.H2O
Z2+ AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm nGjv
9 0 L K2 = K1 L 3MgO.4SiO2.H2O
[Ar] 3d 4s
M K2 = K1 M 3MgO.SiO2.H2O
4. 'Z' ˆgŒjwU wkLv cixÞvq ˆKvb eYÆ m†wÓ¡ KGi? 1 N 4MgO.2SiO2.H2O
K ˆmvbvjx njy` L BGUi bÅvq jvj N K2 = K1
2 w
M bxjvf meyR N njy`vf meyR 12. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi KviGY
21. 2%
V ()
Na2CO3 `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb
5. àYMZ weGkÏlY 'Z' ˆgŒjwUi mbvÚKiGY i. HF Zij KZ?
weKviK wnmvGe eÅen†Z nq ii. B^vbj cvwbGZ `ËeYxq
K 10.6 L 12.6
i. NH4OH M 13.6 N 14.0
iii. B^vbwqK ‰wmW WvBgvi MVb KGi
ii. K4[Fe(CN)6] 22. nÅv´£vimb-nÅvGmjevL mgxKiY «¼viv Kiv
iii. K3[Fe(CN)6] wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
hvq
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L ii I iii
i. evdvi `ËeGYi pH MYbv
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. weGhvRb aË‚eK wbYÆq
M i I iii N i, ii I iii 13. ˆmwggvBGKÌv weGkÏlGY H2S ‰i cwieGZÆ
iii. ævZ pH ‰i evdvi `ËeY ŠZwi
6. ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU cvwbGZ AwaK `ËeYxq? ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z nq?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K AgCl L AgF K ˆmvwWqvg ^vGqvmvjGdU
M AgBr N AgI K i I ii L ii I iii
L ^vGqvAÅvjGKvnj
ˆkÉwY VA M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M ^vGqvAÅvwmGUvb
chÆvq 
VIA 23. nvBGWÈvwbqvg AvqGb ˆKvb ˆKvb e®¬b we`Ågvb?
N ^vGqvAÅvwmUvgvBW
K AvqwbK I mgGhvRx
2q A B 14. eyÅGiU I wcGcU ŠZwiGZ ˆKvb KuvP eÅen†Z L mgGhvRx I mw®²Gek
3q X Y nq? M AvqwbK I mw®²Gek
DóxcGKi AvGjvGK cieZxÆ `ywU cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: K wmwjKv KuvP N AvqwbK I nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b
7. ˆKvb Z^ÅwU DóxcGKi mKj ˆgŒGji RbÅ L cvBGiÝ KuvP 24. 50C Zvcgvòvq KNO3 ‰i 100g mg†«¬
cÉGhvRÅ? M ˆevGivwmwjGKU KuvP `ËeYGK evÓ·xf„Z KiGj 50g AeGkGl
K Wvb ˆ^GK evGg AvqwbKiY kwÚ e†w«¬ cvq N wdÑ´Ÿ KuvP cvIqv hvq| H Zvcgvòvq KNO3 ‰i
L 'A' I 'X' ˆgŒj«¼q ˆc´ŸvnÅvjvBW MVb KGi 15. `yGa Kq aiGbi ˆKBwmb eZÆgvb ^vGK? `ËveÅZv KZ?
M cÉK‡wZGZ hyÚ AeÕ©vq cvIqv hvq K2 L 3 K 200 L 150
N KÞ Zvcgvòvq w«¼cigvYyK M4 N 5 M 100 N 50
8. DóxcK AbymvGi 16. AlCl3 ˆhŒMwU nGjv
25. miweK ‰wmW nGjv
i. AB2 ˆhŒM AÁÏagÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi i. jyBm ‰wmW
i. ‰w´ŸgvBGKÌvweqvj wcÉRviGfwUfm
ii. X2B5 ˆhŒGMi wbi‚`b agÆ AvGQ ii. AÕ¡K AcƒYÆ
ii. ˆnÝ-2, 4-WvB Bb-1-AwqK ‰wmW
iii. YB3 ˆhŒGMi ÞviKZ½-2 iii. Rjxq `ËeGY AÁÏagxÆ
iii. ‰w´ŸAwÝGW´Ÿ
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii
K i I ii L ii I iii
L ii I iii
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M i I iii
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
N i, ii I iii
1 L 2 K 3 K 4 M 5 K 6 L 7 M 8 N 9 L 10 K 11 M 12 N 13 N
Dîi

14 L 15 M 16 N 17 K 18 L 19 N 20 L 21 M 22 N 23 L 24 M 25 K
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 41

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq cGov ‰es cÉ`î AvUwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI|]
1. `ywU ˆgŒGji ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm; 5. MÉ‚c 
2 4 2 3 15 16
ns np ; n = 2 ns np ; n = 3 chÆvq 
(A) (B)
2q A B
K. ˆbmjvi weKviK Kx? 1
3q C D
L. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
K. AvDdevD bxwZ Kx? 1
M. "A" ˆgŒjwUi ˆÞGò üG´£i bxwZwUi cÉGqvM ˆ`LvI| 3
L. `ËveÅZvi Dci Zvcgvòvi cÉfve eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
N. "A" I "B" ˆgŒj«¼Gqi nvBWÈvBGWi AvK‡wZi Dci gyÚGRvo
M. B ˆgŒjwUi nvBWÈvBW Zij nGjI D ˆgŒjwUi nvBWÈvBW MÅvmxq
BGjKUÇGbi cÉfve eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
ˆKb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
2. (1) A2(g) + 3H2(g) HooooI 2AH3(g) + Zvc
N. A, B, C, D ˆgŒj PviwUi MÉ‚cwfwîK ‰es chÆvqwfwîK
(2) A2(g) + O2(g) HooooI 2AO2(g)  Zvc
AvqbxKiY kwÚi cwieZÆb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
K. AiweUvj KvGK eGj? 1
6.
L. mKj 'd' eÐK ˆgŒj AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj bq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 50mL 15mL `ËeY-I + `ËeY-II
0.1M CH3COOH 0.2M NaOH
M. mvgÅveÕ©vq DóxcGKi wewKÌqv `ywUGZ PvGci cÉfve AvGjvPbv
KGiv| 3 `ËeY-I `ËeY-II `ËeY-III
N. (1) I (2) wewKÌqvi Zvcgvòv cwieZÆGbi mvG^ mvgÅvsK Kp ‰i K. `†kÅgvb AvGjvi Ziã Š`GNÆÅi mxgv ˆjGLv| 1
cwieZÆb ˆjLwPGòi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvI| 4 L. HNO3 I H3PO4 ‰wmW«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi ZxeËZv ˆewk?
3. eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2

e M. II bs `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| 3
M
L N. III bs `ËeGY A͸ cwigvY H+ ev OH ˆhvM Kiv mGî½I `ËeGYi
+ K
pH ‰i cwieZÆb nq bv hywÚmnKvGi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4

7. cÉvK‡wZK K‡wòg

djgƒj wcÉRviGfwUf wcÉRviGfwUf
K. pH Kx? 1 kvK-mewR «¼viv msiwÞZ «¼viv msiwÞZ
L. NH3 ‰KwU wjMÅv´£ ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 Lv`Å Lv`Å
A
M. DóxcK gGWjwUi meÆewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gi mGeÆvœP KqwU BGjKUÇb B C
^vKGZ cvGi Zv ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi mvnvGhÅ wnmve KGiv| 3 K. KjGqW Kx? 1
N. gGWjwU nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ nGj BGjKUÇbwUi L. R ‰i gvb 1 ‰i ˆPGq Kg ˆKb? 2
avcv¯¦Gii mgq wbMÆZ kwÚ wbYÆq KGi ‰i Ziã‹`NÆÅ wbYÆq M. "A" ‰i ˆKŒUvRvZKiY cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv KGiv| 3
KGiv| 4 N. B ‰es C LvG`Åi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU Õ¼vGÕ©Åi RbÅ AwaK wbivc`
4. HCl, NH3, NaOH ivmvqwbK `ËeÅàGjv jÅveGiUixGZ wewf®² eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
KvGR eÅen†Z nq| 8. (i) A2(g) + 3B2(g) HooooI 2AB3(g); H =  ve
K. cwji eRÆb bxwZwU ˆjGLv| 1 (ii) PX5(g) HooooI PX3(g) + X2(g); H = + ve

L. KÞ Zvcgvòvq BaSO4 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 1.1  1010 ejGZ K. evdvi wKÌqv Kx? 1
Kx ˆevSvq? 2 L. cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
M. DóxcGKi Dcv`vbmgƒGni wbivc` msiÞY ˆKŒkGj eYÆbv KGiv| 3 M. DóxcGKi (ii) bs mgxKiGYi KP-‰i ivwkgvjv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. Õ¼vÕ©Å I cwiGeGki Dci Dcv`vbmgƒGni ÞwZKi cÉfve N. DóxcK wewKÌqv«¼Gqi mvgÅaË‚eGKi Dci Zvcgvòvi cÉfve
cwijwÞZ nq weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 AvGjvPbv KGi ˆjLwPGòi mvnvGhÅ Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
42 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

41. w`bvRcyi ˆevWÆ 2017

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU
() ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. H3PO2 ‰i ÞviKZ½ KZ? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 18. XeF2 ‰i Xe cigvYyGZ ˆKvb msKiY NGU?
K1 L 2 K i I ii L i I iii K sp L sp2d
3 2
M3 N 4 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M sp d N sp3d
2. MSDS Kx? 10. wbGPi ˆKvbwUi ˆÞGò ˆevGii mƒò cÉGhvRÅ? 19. AvqwbKiY wefGei ˆÞGò ˆKvb KÌgwU mwVK?
K Material Safety Data Scale K O < N < B < Be
K H+ L He+
L Material Safety Data Sheet L N < O < Be < B
M Li+ N Be2+
M Manual Service Data Sheet M Be < B < O < N
11. cvwbGZ gq`vi wgkÉYGK Kx eGj? N B < Be < O < N
N Manual Safety Data Scale
K `ËeY 20. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwUi MjbvsK I Õ¹zUbvsGKi
3. eyÅGiGUi mvnvGhÅ meÆwbÁ² ˆh AvqZb cwigvY
L KjGqW gvb meGPGq ˆewk?
Kiv hvq
i. 0.1 cm3 M ˆKvqvàGjkb K CaCl2 L FeCl2
ii. 0.1  103 dm3 N mvmGcbkb M CuCl2 N ZnCl2
iii. 0.1  106 m3 12. AÅvgvBGbv ‰wmWmgƒn I KvGeÆvnvBGWÈGUi DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 21 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wgkÉY ˆ^GK Dcv`vbmgƒn c†^KxKiGYi H1
A B
K i I ii L ii I iii mGeÆvîg ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvdxK c«¬wZ ˆKvbwU?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K Kjvg L KvMR
4. 50 mL 0.175 M HCOOH (Ka = 1.8  104) M cvZjv Õ¦i N MÅvm H5 H2
H3
`ËeGYi gGaÅ 50 mL 0.09 M NaOH `ËeY DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 13 I 14 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆhvM KiGj m†Ó¡ `ËeGYi pH KZ nGe? `vI:
K 10.2305 L 5.9673
‰KwU jeGYi `ËeGY Þvi ˆhvM Kiv nGjv| cÉ^Gg
M 5.6957 N 3.7695 C D
mv`v AvVvGjv AatGÞc coGjv hv AwZwiÚ H4
5. wewKÌqv nvGii ‰KK ˆKvbwU?
K mol L1s L L mol1s1
ÞviGhvGM `Ëexf„Z nq ‰es NH4Cl(s) mn Zvc 21. DóxcGKi ˆÞGò hv cÉGhvRÅ
M mol L1s1 N L2 mol2s2 w`Gj AatGÞc wdGi AvGm| i. H3 + H4 = H1 + H2
13. DóxcGKi Z^ÅgGZ ˆKvb AvqbwUGK ii. H1 = H3 + H5
6. wKÑwbs wgkÉY ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z nq iii. H4 = H5 + H2
i. K2Cr2O7 mywbwøZ Kiv hvq? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ii. H2SO4 K Al3+ L Zn2+
iii. H2O M Ca2+ N Ba2+ K i I ii L ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 14. DóxcKgGZ ÞviKxq ˆgŒjwUi meÆGkl M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L ii I iii BGjKUÇbwUi RbÅ ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi mwVK 22. fÅvwbwms KÌxGgi cÉavb Dcv`vb ˆKvbwU?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii ˆmU ˆKvbwU? K KwÕ¡K cUvk
7. ˆmwggvBGKÌv c«¬wZGZ H2S ‰i cwieGZÆ 1 1 L wÕ¡qvwiK ‰wmW
K 3, 0, 0,  L 3, 2, 2,  M Awjf AGqj
ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z nq? 2 2
K NH4CNS L Na2S 1
M 3, 1, 1,  N 3, 2, 1, 
1 N KviweUj
M CH3CSNH2 N CH3CSCI 2 2 23. gΟ wfGbMvi cÉÕ§wZGZ myGKÌvGRi Av`ËÆ weGkÏlGY
8. R gvGbi ˆÞGò hv cÉGhvRÅ 15. weGRvo BGjKUÇb msLÅvi KÌg ˆKvbwU ˆKvb ‰bRvBg eÅen†Z nq?
i. `Ëe I `ËveK KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiGZ½i mwVK? K WvqvGÕ¡R
K Mn2+ > Fe2+ > Cr3+
AbycvZ L RvBGgR
L Mn2+ > Cr3 > Fe2+
ii. `ËveK I `Ëe KZƆK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiGZ½i M Fe2+ > Cr3 > Mn2+ M gÅvGΟR
AbycvZ N Cr3 > Mn2+ > Fe2+ N BbfvGUÆR
iii. gvb ‰K (1) ‰i Kg nq 16. ˆgG´£wjGdi chÆvq mviwYGZ KZwU chÆvq 24. ˆWwmGgvjvi B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi (Ka = 1.8  105)
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wQj? pH KZ?
K i I ii L i I iii K5 L 7 K 2.872 L 11.128
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M9 N 12 M 11.281 N 11.821

9. sp3 msKiY NGU 17. ZzuGZi AvYweK MVGb KZ cÉKvi e®¬b 25. wbGPi ˆKvb AÝvBGWi Rjxq `ËeGYi pH
i. BF3 we`Ågvb? gvb 7 AGcÞv ˆewk?

K4 L 3 K B2O3 L BeO
ii. BH4
M2 N 1 M P2O5 N Cl2O7
iii. H2O

1 K 2 L 3 N 4 N 5 M 6 N 7 M 8 L 9 M 10 L 11 N 12 M 13 K
Dîi

14 M 15 K 16 N 17 K 18 N 19 N 20 K 21 N 22 L 23 N 24 K 25 L
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 43

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq cGov ‰es cÉ`î AvUwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI|]
1. 5.
SrF2 SrF2
e
 + XY Z
H2O 0.1M
NaF

K. üG´£i bxwZ Kx? 1 A B

L. AÅvbvqb «¼viv KÅvUvqGbi ˆcvjvivqb nq bv ˆKb? 2 A cvGò SrF2 ‰i `ËveÅZvi àYdj 8  1010

M. DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwU avcv¯¦Gii mgq ˆkvwlZ kwÚi cwigvY K. Lv`Å wbivcîv Kx? 1
wbYÆq KGiv| 3 L. HClO4 ‰es HBrO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK AÁÏxq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2

N. DóxcGKi Z kwÚÕ¦Gii s AweÆUvGj ‰es Y kwÚÕ¦Gii s AweÆUvGj M. B cvGò SrF2 ‰i `ËveÅZv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. A I B cvGò SrF2 ‰i `ËveÅZvi gvGbi cv^ÆGKÅi KviY weGkÏlY
‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb ‰KB w`GK NyiGQ| ‰GÞGò BGjKUÇb `ywU
KGiv| 4
cwji eRÆbbxwZ ˆgGb PGj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 6.
2.
eÐ~ wfwUÇIGji ™ÏyGKvR I
mÁ·†Ú `ËeY jÅvKGUvR
`ËeY
ˆgvjvi `ËeY

A B

wbÁ²Pvc cvZb Kx?

K. 1
250 cm3 L.
`ËveÅZv àYdj ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
H2SO4
A cvGòi `ËeGK c†^K Kivi c«¬wZ eYÆbv KGiv|
M. 3
wPò-A wPò-B wPò-C wPò-D
B cvGòi `ËeGYi ˆÞGò ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdK c«¬wZi cÉGqvM
N.
K. dvÕ¡Æ ‰BW eÝ Kx? 1 weGkÏ lY KGiv| 4
L. NaOH ‰es HF ‰i cÉkgb ZvGci gvb aË‚eK gvGbi ˆPGq ˆewk 7.
ˆKb? 2
M. A cvGò we`Ågvb H2SO4 ‰i fi wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. gvwòK weGkÏlGY DóxcGKi KvPhG¯¨i ˆKvbàGjv AcwinvhÆ?
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
cvò-A cvò-B cvò-C
3. D, Q I R ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 6, 7 I 8|
K. fi wKÌqv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
K. fÅv´£viIqvjm ej Kx? 1
L. we÷«¬ cvwbi pH ‰i gvb 7 ˆKb? 2
L. CaCl2 ‰es AlCl3 jeY«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU cvwbGZ AwaK M. cvò A `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| (K = 1.8  104) 3
a
`ËeYxq ‰es ˆKb? 2 N. DóxcGKi C cvGò mvgvbÅ HCl ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGYi pH
M. DóxcGKi DH4 ‰es H2R ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi ˆÞGò gƒjZ cwieZÆb nGe wKbv KviYmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬bB `vqx eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 8.
N. DóxcGK AYy wZbwUi AvK‡wZi wf®²Zvi KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 A (ŠRe ‰wmW)

4. 20 mL 0.1M 6mL 0.025M 150mL 0.85M AvL

H2SO4 NaOH CH3COOH
B (myGKÌvR)
Ka = 1.85  105
A B K. AweÆUvGji msKiY Kx? 1
C
L. bvBGUÇvGRGbi cÉ^g AvqbxKiY wefe AwÝGRGbi cÉ^g
K. meyR imvqb Kx? 1
AvqwbKiY wefe AGcÞv ˆewk ˆKb? 2
L. `ËeGY Al3+ Avqb Zzwg KxfvGe kbvÚ KwiGe? 2 M. B ˆhŒM ˆ^GK A ˆhŒM cÉÕ§wZ mgxKiYmn eYÆbv KGiv| 3
M. (B + C) wgkÉGYi pH MYbv KGiv| 3 N. gvQ msiÞGY A I B ˆhŒM«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK DcGhvMx?
N. (A + B) wgkÉGYi cÉK‡wZ wKi…c nGe Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
44 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

42. KzwgÍÏv ˆevWÆ 2017

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU
() ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. gvbyGli iGÚi pH KZ? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K 8.0 L 7.4 K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii L ii I iii
M 7.0 N 6.5 M i I iii N i, ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
2. wbGPi ˆKvb AvqbwUi Rjxq `ËeY eYÆnxb? 12. Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj wewKÌqvi nvi e†w«¬ 19. UvBGUÇkbKvGj ZiGji AvqZb mƒßfvGe
K Zn2+ L Ni2+ cwigvGci RbÅ ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z nq?
M Cu2+ N Fe2+ cvq| KviY
i. wewKÌqKmgƒGni msNlÆ msLÅv evGo K wcGcU I KwbKÅvj dÑvÕ•
3. 30C Zvcgvòvq PbSO4 ‰i `ËveÅZvi
ii. wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚ KGg L eyÅGiU I wcGcU
àYdj 1.7  105 nGj ‰i mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY M eyÅGiU I ˆgRvwis dÑvÕ•
2 iii. wewKÌqKmgƒGni MwZkwÚ evGo
SO4 ‰i Nbgvòv KZ mol/L? N ˆgRvwis wmwj´£vi I KwbKÅvj dÑvÕ•
K 1.64  102 L 2.06  103
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
3 3 K i I ii L ii I iii
20. ˆKvGbv cigvYyi ‰KwU BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ wbGPi
M 3.24  10 N 4.12  10 ˆKvb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi ˆmUwU mwVK?
4. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒGMi AvK‡wZ mij‹iwLK? M i I iii N i, ii I iii
1
K KveÆb WvB AÝvBW 13. UqGjU wKÑbvGii gƒj Dcv`vb ˆKvbwU? K n = 3, l = 1, m = 2, s = +
2
K Na2CO3 L NaOH
L ˆRbb ˆUUÇv ˆdÑvivBW L n = 1, l = 1, m = 0, s = 
1
M (NH4)2CO3 N NH4OH 2
M dmdivm ˆc´Ÿv ˆKÑvivBW
14. wbGPi ˆKvb wewKÌqvwUi KP ‰i ‰KK 1
N ˆevib UÇvB ˆdÑvivBW M n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s = +
(atm)2? 2
5. wPn×wU cÉKvk KGi K H2(g) + I2(g) HooI 2HI(g) 1
N n = 2, l = 1, m = +2, s = 
L 2NO2(g) HooI N2O4(g) 2
K RviK c`v^Æ M 2NH3(g) HooI N2(g) + 3H2(g) 21. wbGPi ˆKvb wbDwKÑqvmwU NMR mwKÌq?
16 12
L `vnÅ c`v^Æ N CH4(g) + H2O(g) HooI CO(g) + 3H2(g) K 8O L 6C
M ˆZRwÕ˜q c`v^Æ 15. wbGPi ˆKvbwU wkLv cixÞvq ˆeàbx eYÆ 32
M 16S N 1H
1

N ÞwZKviK c`v^Æ ˆ`Lvq? MÉ‚c 

K Na+ L Al3+ 1 16
6. wbGPi ˆKvbwU ˆbmjvi weKviK? chÆvq 
M Ni2+ N K+
K cUvwkqvg gviwKDwiK AvGqvWvBW 1g A 
16.
L ˆmvwWqvg gviwKDwiK AvGqvWvBW 2q  B
M wRsK gviwKDwiK AvGqvWvBW kwÚ 3q  C
N KÅvjwmqvg gviwKDwiK AvGqvWvBW DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 22 I 23 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
7. UÅvjKg cvDWvGii gƒj Dcv`vb wnGmGe 22. A2B ‰es A2C ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi wf®²Zvi
X
eÅenvi Kiv nq KviY
K KÅvjwmqvg KveÆGbU Drcv` K AvqwbK e®¬b
L ˆevwiK ‰wmW mÁÃyLgyLx wewKÌqvi AMÉMwZ L mgGhvRx e®¬b
M UÅvjK DóxcGKi mÁÃyLgyLx wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚ KZ? M nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b
N gÅvMGbwmqvg KveÆGbU Ky L x N mw®²Gek e®¬b
8. ˆnevi c«¬wZGZ NH3 Drcv`vbKvGj wbGPi M (x + y) N (x  y) 23. A2B ˆhŒGMi ˆÞGò
ˆKvbwU cÉfveK wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq? i. An+ + K4[Fe(CN)6]C (jvjGP AatGÞc) i. e®¬b ˆKvY 104.5
K Mo L Fe ii. Bn+ + K4[Fe(CN)6]D (mv`v AatGÞc) ii. AYyGZ `yBGRvov gyÚ BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb
M Ni N Cr (n = 2) iii. AvK‡wZ ˆKŒwYK
9. ‰KwU `ËeGY nvBGWÈvGRb AvqGbi Nbgvòv DcGii DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 17 I 18bs cÉGk²i wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
104mol/L nGj DÚ `ËeGYi pOH KZ? Dîi `vI: K i I ii L ii I iii
K4 L 6 17. An+ AvqbwU nGjv M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M 10 N 14 K Zn2+ L Ni2+ 24. wbGPi ˆKvb wbqGgi mvnvGhÅ ‰KwU
10. wbGPi ˆKvbwUi AvKvi ˆQvU? M Ca2+ N Cu2+ DckwÚÕ¦Gi ˆgvU BGjKUÇb MYbv Kiv nq?
KO L N 18. Bn+ AvqbwUi ˆÞGò K 2(2l + 1) L (2l + 1)
MC N Li M (n + 1) N 2n2
i. d eÐGKi ˆgŒj
11. mwKÌq fi ejGZ ˆevSvq ii. PZzÕ¦jKxq ˆhŒM MVb KGi 25. wbGPi ˆKvbwU DfagxÆ AÝvBW?
i. AvswkK Pvc ii. AvYweK fi K Na2O L Al2O3
iii. cÅviv ˆPŒÁ¼K agÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi
iii. ˆgvjvi Nbgvòv M CaO N K2O

1 L 2 K 3 N 4 K 5 L 6 K 7 M 8 L 9 M 10 K 11 M 12 M 13 L
Dîi

14 M 15 N 16 K 17 N 18 K 19 L 20 M 21 N 22 M 23 N 24 K 25 L
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 45

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq cGov ‰es cÉ`î AvUwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI|]
1. ˆkÉwY  5. ewntÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb
1 15 17 ˆgŒGji bvg
chÆvq  webÅvm
1 X   A 3d6 4s2

2  Y  B 4d104s2
C 3s2 3p5
3   Z
K. mwKÌqb kwÚ Kx? 1
K. cÉfveK wel Kx? 1
L. ˆKÌvwgqvg eÅwZKÌgagxÆ BGjKUÇb webÅvm ˆ`Lvq ˆKb? 2
L. HCl ‰KwU ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM ˆKb? 2
M. AC2 I AC3 ˆhŒM«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK mgGhvRx AvGjvPbv
M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK YX4Z ˆhŒGM we`Ågvb e®¬bmgƒn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
KGiv| 3 N. DóxcGKi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
N. YX3 ‰es YX4+ ‰i ˆÞGò ‰KB msKiY ^vKv mGî½I e®¬b 6.
ˆKvY wf®² nq ˆKb? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
2. PCl5(g) HooooI PCl3(g) + Cl2(g); H = + Ve
PCl5 wewKÌqKwU 30C Zvcgvòvq 1.5 atm PvGc 15%
cvò-A cvò-B
weGqvwRZ nq|
ˆcqviv AvGLi im
K. AvswkK cvZb Kx? 1 K. mvgÅveÕ©v Kx? 1
L. Zn wK AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L. wkLv cixÞvq HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcK wewKÌqvwUi KP ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3 M. A cvGòi djwUi `xNÆKvjxb msiÞY c«¬wZ eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. mvgÅveÕ©vq wewKÌqvwUGZ Zvc I PvGci cwieZÆb NUGj DrcvG`i N. B cvGòi Dcv`vb nGZ wfGbMvi ŠZwi Kiv hvGe wKbv

cwigvGYi cwieZÆb NGU wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 weGkÏ lYcƒeÆK gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
7. 40mL; 6  103M 40mL; 6  103M
3. 0.1M HCl ˆWwmGgvjvi 0.1M HF
CaCl2 `ËeY NaF `ËeY
`ËeY KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv `ËeY
25C 25C
`ËeY
A cvò B cvò
A cvò B cvò C cvò
25C Zvcgvòvq CaF2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj Ksp = 4  1011
K. meyR imvqb Kx? 1 K. AiweUvj Kx? 1
L. jÅveGiUwiGZ wbivc` Pkgv eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 L. 25C Zvcgvòvq KNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv 31.6 ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
M. DóxcGKi B cvGòi `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| 3 M. A cvGòi KÅvUvqb I AÅvbvqb mbvÚKiY cixÞv mgxKiYmn
N. A I B cvGòi wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi cÉkgb Zvc ‰es B I C cvGòi ˆ`LvI| 3
wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi cÉkgb Zvc ‰KB wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. A I B cvGòi `Ë e Y wgwkÉ
Z KiGj wgkÉ GY CaF 2 ‰i AatGÞc
coGe wKbv? MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
4.
Mvp H SO NH OH KMnO LiAIH
8. (i) CS2(s) + 3O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2SO2(g); H = 1109.2 kJ
2 4 4 4 4
(ii) C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g); H = 394 kJ
(iii) S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g); H = 297.3 kJ
A cvò B cvò C cvò D cvò
K. cÉfveK wel Kx? 1
K. `ËveÅZv Kx? 1
L. KP ‰i gvb kƒbÅ nGZ cvGi bv ˆKb? 2
L. 2d AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq ˆKb? 2 M. (ii) bs wewKÌqvq 1200 kJ Zvc Drc®² KiGZ STP ˆZ KZ wjUvi
M. DóxcGKi Dcv`vbmgƒGni msiÞY c«¬wZ AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3 AwÝGRb cÉGqvRb? 3
N. DóxcGKi ˆhŒMmgƒGni AcwiwgZ eÅenvi gvbe Õ¼vÕ©Å ‰es N. DóxcK Abyhvqx CS2 ‰i MVb wewKÌqvwU ZvGcvrcv`x bv
cwiGeGki RbÅ ügKxÕ¼i…c wKbv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 Zvcnvix weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
46 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

43. PëMÉvg ˆevWÆ 2017

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU
() ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. Rvj UvKv mbvÚKiGY ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z DóxcKwU cGov ‰es 12 I 13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
nq? `vI: Ki L ii
K ‰ÝGi V wjUvi AvqZGbi ‰KwU e«¬cvGò 1 ˆgvj Mi I ii N ii I iii
L Avjdv iwkÄ N2O4ˆK D Kiv nGj mvgÅveÕ©vq  ˆgvj 20. wbGPi ˆKvb ‰wmW `ËeYwUi pH gvb
M AwZ ˆeàbx iwkÄ weGqvwRZ nq| MÅvm wgkÉGYi ˆgvU Pvc P| Kg?
N AeGjvwnZ iwkÄ N2O4(g) HooooI 2NO2(g) K 0.5 M L 0.05 M
12. mvgÅveÕ©vq NO2 ‰i AvswkK Pvc M 0.005 M N 0.0005 M
2. Fe2+ AvqGb d AiweUvGj BGjKUÇb
msLÅv KqwU? 2p 2p DóxcKwU cGov ‰es 21 I 22 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K L `vI:
K7 L 6 1 1+
M5 N 4 p p MÉ‚c 1
M N 16 17
3. kixGii ˆKvGbv Õ©vGb ‰wmW coGj 1+ a chÆvq
ˆKvb `ËeYwU eÅenvi Kiv nq? 13. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi RbÅ ˆKvb mÁ·KÆwU 1 A  
K 5% Na2CO3 mwVK? 2  X Z
42 3  Y 
L 5% KOH
M 5% NaOH
i. Kc =
(1  )v 21. DóxcGKi ˆgŒjàGjvi Zwor FYvñKZvi
N 5% NaHCO3 42P KÌg ˆKvbwU?
ii. Kp = KZ > X > Y > A
1  2
4. wbGPi ˆKvbwU AGcvjvi ˆhŒM? LZ>Y>X>A
K CCl4 L CHCl3 (1  )P
iii. Kp = MY > A > X > Z
M CH3OH N HF 
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? NA > Y > X > Z
5. NH4+ ‰i msKiY Kxi…c? 22. X, Y I Z ‰i mwnZ A ‰i ˆhŒMàGjvi
K sp L sp2 K i I ii L ii I iii
M sp 3
N sp3d M i I iii N i, ii I iii gGaÅ KÞ Zvcgvòvq ˆKvbàGjv KwVb I
6. mnKvix ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb hLb 2 14. ˆKvbwU cÉvBgvwi Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ c`v^Æ? Zij?
ZLb m ‰i gvb KZwU? K H2SO4 L HCl i. AX I AY
K2 L 3 M K2Cr2O7 N KMnO4 ii. AX I AZ
M4 N 5 15. UÅvjKg cvDWvGii cÉavb Dcv`vb ˆKvbwU? iii. AY I AZ
7. ˆmvwWqvg Avqb mbvÚKiGY ˆKvbwU K UÅvjK L ZnO wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
eÅen†Z nq? M CaCO3 N myMw®¬ `ËeÅ Ki L ii
K K2CrO4 L K2H2Sb2O7 16. `yGa ˆKvb WvBmÅvKvivBW ^vGK? M iii N i, ii I iii
M K2Sb2O7 N PbCrO4 K myGKÌvR L ˆmjyGjvR 23. 10.5mL KMnO4 mwVKfvGe gvcGZ
8. ˆKvbwU AwaK mgGhvRx? M gGΟvR N jÅvKGUvR ˆKvbwUi eÅenvi DrK‡Ó¡ nGe?
K LiCl L NaCl 17. kwÚ wewKiY KGi BGjKUÇb hLb 2q K AvqZbwgwZK dÑvÕ•
M KCl N CsCl L eyÅGiU
kwÚ Õ¦Gi wdGi AvGm ZLb ZvGK ejv
9. ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdi `kv KqwU? M KwbKÅvj dÑvÕ•
nq?
K1 L 2 N wcGcU
K jvBGgb L cÅvGøb
M3 N 4 24. eyÅGiU wib&m KiGZ ˆKÌvwgK ‰wmW
M evgvi N dz´£
10. ‰KGgvj AÅvwmwUwjbGK ˆcvovGZ KZ eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb?
18. ˆKvbwU AvDdevD bxwZ ˆgGb PGj?
ˆgvj AwÝGRb cÉGqvRb? K 5s > 4p > 4f K ‰i kwÚkvjx RviY gvb we`Ågvb
7 5
K L L 3s > 3p > 3d L ‰wU ÞqKviK
2 2 M 5s > 4d > 5p
M1 N 3 M ‰i kwÚkvjx weRviY agÆ we`Ågvb
N 3s > 3p > 5s N ‰i wbi‚`b agÆ we`Ågvb
11. wcÉRviGfwUf wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq 19. H2O AYyi AvK‡wZ V nIqvi KviY
i. CH3COOH ii. BHA and BHT 25. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi gƒj Dcv`vb ˆKvbwU?
iii. CH3OH i. `yBwU OH e®¬b ^vGK K B^vBj AÅvjGKvnj
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? ii. AwÝGRGbi `yBwU gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb L AÅvGgvwbqv `ËeY
Ki I ii L ii I iii ^vGK M AvBGmvweDUvBj AÅvjGKvnj
Mi I iii N i, ii I iii iii. wZbwU e®¬b ˆRvo BGjKUÇb ^vGK N AvBGmvGcÉvcvBj AÅvjGKvnj

1 M 2 L 3 N 4 K 5 M 6 N 7 L 8 K 9 L 10 L 11 K 12 L 13 K
Dîi

14 M 15 K 16 N 17 M 18 M 19 M 20 K 21 K 22 L 23 L 24 K 25 L
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 47

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq cGov ‰es cÉ`î AvUwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI|]
1. weGkÏlwY imvqGb K’wU c«¬wZ iGqGQ ˆhgb K. AvaywbK chÆvq mƒGòi msæv `vI| 1
(i) gvBGKÌv c«¬wZ; L. chÆvq mviwYi MÉ‚Gci ˆÞGò AvqbxKiY kwÚi cwieZÆb eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 2
(ii) ˆmwg gvBGKÌv c«¬wZ;
M. "D" wPwn×Z MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒjàGjvi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
(iii) UvBGUÇkb c«¬wZ
N. E, Z, A I R ˆgŒjàGjvi Zwor FYvñKZvi KÌg weGkÏlY KGiv|4
K. ÞqKvix c`vG^Æi msæv `vI| 1
5. cvigvYweK
L. KvGPi h¯¨cvwZ cwiÓ•vGii ˆÞGò mZKÆZvàGjv ˆjGLv| 2 ˆgŒj
msLÅv
M. (iii) bs c«¬wZwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 E 1
N. (i) I (ii)bs c«¬wZ `ywUi myweav I AmyweavàGjvi ZzjbvgƒjK A 7

AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4 B 14

2. K. wewKÌqv Zvc Kx? 1

e L. mw®²Gek e®¬b nGjv wmMgv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
 M. A I E ˆgŒj «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒGMi msKivqb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3

-KYv + Q N. A I B ˆgŒGji WvB AÝvBW `ywUi AÁÏ aGgÆi ZzjbvgƒjK

AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
M
[cigvYy] 6. (i) KOH + NHO3 = KNO3 + H2O
K. AiweU Kx? 1 (ii) NaOH + HF = NaF + H2O
(iii) CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O;
L. He+ ‰i ˆÞGò ˆevi Zî½ cÉGhvRÅ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 H = 54.32kJ/mol
M. DóxcGKi BGjKUÇGbi ˆKŒwYK fiGeM KZ wbYÆq KGiv| 3 K. cvB () e®¬b Kx? 1
N. M-KYvi mvnvGhÅ Q eÕ§wU kbvÚKiGYi gvaÅGg cigvYyi MVb L. Nbgvòv e†w«¬GZ wewKÌqv nvi e†w«¬ cvq ˆKb? 2
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 M. CH3COOH ‰i weGqvRb ‰b^vjwc wbYÆq KGiv| 3

3. chÆvq mviwYi w«¼Zxq chÆvGqi `y’wU ˆgŒj X ‰es Y| ‰G`i N. (i) I (ii) bs wewKÌqvi RbÅ ˆKvbwUi wewKÌqv Zvc ˆewk nGe
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆhvRbx Õ¦Gii webÅvm h^vKÌGg ns2np3 ‰es ns2np4|
7.HA + H2O HooooI H3O+ + A
K. jÅv¯©vbvBW Kx? 1 5
Ka = 1.8  10
L. KC ‰i gvb kƒbÅ nq bv ˆKb? 2 K. Avjdv KYv Kx? 1
M. XH3 ‰es YH2 ‰i e®¬b ˆKvGYi Zzjbv KGiv| 3 L. HOCl ‰KwU ‰wmW eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
N. XH3 AGcÞv YH2 kwÚkvjx ‰wmW weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 M. 0.1M gvòvi HA `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| 3
4. IA N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ ‰wmWwUi ‰KwU evdvi `ËeY ŠZwi KGi ‰i

III IV VI VII
evdvi wKÌqv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
IIA VA
A A A A 8. wfGbMvi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ˆhŒM| ‰i eÅenvi eügvwòK|
E A R K. ˆKvqvàGjkb Kx? 1

Z D
L. NaCl ZxeË ZworweGkÏlÅ c`v^Æ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. MuvRb cÉwKÌqvq Zzwg KxfvGe ˆhŒMwU Drc®² KiGe? 3
N. ˆhŒMwUi Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
48 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

44. wmGjU ˆevWÆ 2017

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU
() ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
wbGPi DóxcKwU cGov ‰es cieZÆx `yBwU cÉGk²i 8. DóxcK wgkÉYwUi pH cwieZÆb KiGZ nGj 17. wkLv cixÞvq ˆKvb AvqGbi eYÆ ˆKvevΟ
Dîi `vI: wbGÁ²i ˆKvbwU mvgvbÅ ˆhvM KiGZ nGe? KuvP w`Gq nvjKv meyR ˆ`Lv hvq?
K NH4OH L HNO3 K Cu2+ L Fe2+
Ca(OH)2 + aq  A + 2OH
M HCOOH N CH3COOH M Zn2+ N Ca2+
1. DóxcGK 'A' ‰i RbÅ cÉGhvRÅ Z^Å nGjv 9. wbGPi ˆKvbwUi cÉÕ§wZGZ wÕ¡qvwiK ‰wmW 18. AeGjvwnZ iwkÄi A¯¦MÆZ wmwiR nGjv
i. wkLvq BGUi gZ jvj eYÆ ˆ`Lv hvq jvGM? i. eËvGKU ii. cÅvGøb
ii. (NH4)2C2O4 ‰i mvG^ mv`v eYÆ ˆ`q K ˆÕ²v iii. jvBGgb
iii. Pzb bvGg cwiwPZ L ˆKvΣ wKÌg wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M UÅvjKg cvDWvi Ki L ii
Ki L ii N wjcwÕ¡K Mi I ii N i, ii I iii
M i I ii N i, ii I iii 10. “ˆcvjvivqGbi” mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ ˆhŒM ˆKvbwU? 19. cwiGek ev®¬e c«¬wZ nGjv
2. DóxcGK OH AvqGbi MvpZ½ 0.02M nGj K nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬bhyÚ ˆhŒM i. gÅvGKÌv c«¬wZ
‰i pH KZ nGe? L mgGhvRx ˆhŒM ii. ˆmwggvBGKÌv c«¬wZ
K 12.60 L 12.30
M mw®²Gek ˆhŒM iii. gvBGKÌv c«¬wZ
M 1.70 N 1.40 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
N AvqwbK ˆhŒM
3. 20C Zvcgvòvq 20.2g fGii
‰KwU mÁ·†Ú K i I ii L i I iii
11. cigvYyi Z‡Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gi ˆgvU AiweUvj
`ËeGY 10.2g `Ëe AvGQ| H Zvcgvòvq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
msLÅv KZ?
`ËewUi `ËveÅZv KZ? 20. MÉxb `ËveK ˆKvbwU?
K3 L 4
K 1.02 L 50.50 K KwVb KveÆb WvBAÝvBW
M 102 N 202 M8 N 9
12. ˆPvGL Þvi coGj wbGPi ˆKvbwU eÅenvi L KveÆb WvBAÝvBW MÅvm
4. gvsm ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY eÅen†Z `ËeY nGjv M 31.1 C ‰i wbGPi KveÆb WvBAÝvBW
i. 2% Lv`Å jeY
Kiv nq?
K 4%CH3COOH N 72.8C Zvcgvòvi KveÆb WvBAÝvBW
ii. 10% Lv`Å jeY 21. wewKÌqvi nvGii ‰KK ˆKvbwU?
L 5% CH3COOH
iii. 2% wPwbi `ËeY M 4% NaHCO3 K mol LS1 L mol L1S1
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? N H3BO3 M L mol1S1 N mol L1S
Ki L ii 13. wkLv cixÞvq eÅenvi Kiv nq 22. PZzÕ¦jKxq MVb ˆ`Lvq
Mi I iii N ii I iii i. Mvp HCl i. NH4+ ii. CCl4
5. gvQ, gvsm msiÞGY eÅen†Z wcÉRviGfwUf ii. µÏvwUbvg Zvi
iii. NH3
ˆKvbwU? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
iii. Abyä¾j wkLv
K ˆmvwWqvg ˆebRGqU K i I ii L i I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
L ˆmvwWqvg bvBUÇvBU Ki L ii
M miweK ‰wmW
23. gvwUi pH Kg nGj dmj djvGbvi RbÅ
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
wbGÁ²i ˆKvbwU cÉGqvRb?
N ˆcÉvcvbwqK ‰wmW 14. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) HooooooooI 2SO3(g) +
K wU.‰m.wc
6. wbGÁ²i ˆKvb ˆhŒGM gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb msLÅv 44.8 kCal; wewKÌqvwUGZ Zvcgvòv evovGj
L Pzb
mGeÆvœP? Kx NGU?
M WGjvgvBU
K HCl L NH3 K SO3 ‰i Drcv`b nËvm cvq
M H2O N H2S N AÅvGgvwbqvg KveÆGbU
L wewKÌqv mÁÃygyLx nq
wbGPi DóxcKwU cGov ‰es cieZÆx `yBwU cÉGk²i 24. wbGÁ²i ˆKvb ˆgŒGji w«¼Zxq AvqbxKiY
M Zij SO3 Drc®² nq
Dîi `vI: wefe gvb mGeÆvœP?
N O2 ‰i cwigvY KGg hvq
80 mL 0.25M NH4OH `ËeGY 20mL 0.25M K wbqb L ˆmvwWqvg
15. chÆvq mviwYi RbK ˆK? M bvBGUÇvGRb N AwÝGRb
HCl `ËeY ˆhvM Kiv nGjv| K ˆjv^vi ˆgqvi L ˆgG´£wjd
7. DóxcK wgkÉGY AwZwiÚ ‰wmW ev ÞvGii 25. jvj iwkÄi Ziã Š`NÆÅ 7000Å nGj ‰i
M ˆgvm&Gj N iv`viGdvWÆ Ziã msLÅv KZ?
cwigvY KZ? 16. wbGÁ²i ˆKvb ˆgŒjwUi RviY msLÅv mGeÆvœP K 1.428  103nm
K 60 mL NH4OH
nGZ cvGi? L 14.28  103cm1
L 40 mL NH4OH
M 100 mL HCl K fÅvbvwWqvg L ˆKvevΟ M 1.428  103m1
N 20 mL HCl M ˆKÌvwgqvg N Avqib N 14.28  103Å

1 M 2 K 3 M 4 M 5 L 6 K 7 K 8 L 9 K 10 N 11 N 12 N 13 N
Dîi

14 K 15 L 16 M 17 N 18 M 19 M 20 M 21 L 22 K 23 K 24 L 25 L
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 49

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq cGov ‰es cÉ`î AvUwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI|]
1. 5.
cvigvYweK msLÅv ˆgŒj

wÕ©wZ kwÚ
6 X 2AB2
7 Y
8 Z A2 + 3B2
16 R
K. `ËveÅZv Kx? 1 wewKÌqvi AÞ
L. cwji eRÆb bxwZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. mvaviY ZvGc Z ‰i nvBGWÈvBW Zij wK¯§ R ‰i nvBWÈvBW ‰KwU cvGò 520 Zvcgvòv ‰es 180 evqyPvc 22% AB3 AvGQ|
MÅvm eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 K. AvBGmvGUvb Kx? 1
N. X, Y ‰es Z ‰i nvBWÈvBWàGjv Awf®² msKiGYi gvaÅGg ŠZwi L. wkLv cixÞvGZ Mvp HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2
nGjI BnvG`i AvK‡wZ wf®² wf®² weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi Kp wbYÆq KGiv| 3
2. PY2 ‰i Ksp = 1.85  108 N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU ˆ^GK KxfvGe mGeÆvœP cwigvY Drcv`
cvIqv hvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
0.5M 0.1M
50mL
50mL 6.
PQ
‰i `ËeY XY `ËeY
0.1M
1MNaOH 1MH2SO4 CH3COOH
1g wPò 2q wPò
`ËeY `ËeY `ËeY

K. Rf Kx? 1 A B C
L. mgAvqb cÉfvGei dGj `ËveÅZv nËvm cvq ˆKb? 2
M. 1g I 2q cvGòi wgwkÉZ `ËeGY [P2+] wbYÆq KGiv| 3 CH3COOH ‰i Ka = 1.8  105
N. 1g I 2q cvGòi wgkÉGY PY2 AatwÞµ¦ nGe wKbv? K. wcGcU Kx? 1
MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L. O2 ‰i AYyGZ wmMgv e®¬b ‰es cvB e®¬b DfqB ˆ`Lv hvq|
3. eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. C cvGòi `ËeGYi pH wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. A ‰es B cvGòi `ËeGYi cÉkgb ZvGci mvG^ A ‰es C cvGòi
`ËeGYi cÉkgb ZvGci cv^ÆKÅ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
7.
100 mL ˆgŒj chÆvq ˆkÉwY
A 1g 14
A B C D B 3q 14
K. ivBWvi a˂eK Kx? 1 M 3q 17
L. `ËeGY SO42 Avqb KxfvGe kbvÚ KiGe? wewKÌqv ˆjGLv| 2 K. mwKÌqb kwÚ Kx? 1
M. A h¯¨wUGK eÅenvi KGi KxfvGe NaOH ‰i ˆWwmGgvjvi `ËeY L. ˆewiwjqvg ˆKÑvivBW mij‹iwLK ˆKb? 2
ŠZwi KiGe? eYÆbv KGiv| 3 M. M ˆgŒjwU AmvgémÅZv wewKÌqv cÉ`kÆb KGieÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. B, C ‰es D h¯¨GK AvqZbwgwZK weGkÏlGY eÅenvi Kiv nq N. BM4 Av`ËÆweGkÏwlZ nq wK¯§ AM4 Av`ËÆweGkÏwlZ nq bv weGkÏlY
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 KGiv| 4
4. 8. PviwU ˆgŒGji ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbGP ˆ`qv
`yB KveÆbwewkÓ¡ nGjv:
Þvi avZzi Þvi ˆgŒj P Q R S
gGbv KveÆwÝwjK
‰wmW ˆhvRÅZv ns2np2 ns2 (n+1)s2(n+1)p5 (n+1)s2
Õ¦i
A B
‰LvGb n = 2
K. wewKÌqvi nvi Kx? 1 K. Avjdv KYv Kx? 1
L. ˆKÑvwiGbi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ ˆdÑvwib AGcÞv ˆewk ˆKb? 2 L. ‰bRvBgGK ŠRe cÉfveK ejv nq ˆKb? 2
M. B cvGòi `ËeYGK ™Ïvm wKÑbvi wnmvGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv wK¯§ M. Q, R ‰es S, R «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒGMi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU MjbvsK
UqGjU wKÑbvi wnmvGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 ˆewk-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. A cvGòi jNy `ËeY (6-10%) «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞGYi ˆKŒkj eYÆbv N. P ‰es R ˆgŒj «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒGMi AvK‡wZ ˆKgb nGe? hwÚmn
KGiv| 4 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
50 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

45. hGkvi ˆevWÆ 2017

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU
() ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. ˆgŒGji cigvYyi ˆKvbwUGZ mGeÆvœP 6wU 7. ˆKvbwU Abye®¬x AÁÏ-ÞviK hyMj? 17. wÕ©i Zvcgvòvq AvqZb cwieZÆb ˆKvb
BGjKUÇb ^vKGZ cvGi? K HCl, NaOH wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©vq cÉfve weÕ¦vi KiGe?
K 1wU d-AiweUvGj L H3O+, H2O i. C2H4(g) + H2(g) HoooooooI C2H6(g)
M O2, H2O N H+, Cl ii. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) HoooooooI 4NO(g) +
L 1wU p-DcÕ¦Gi
M 3q Õ¦Gi N ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gi
8. ˆKvb ˆgŒjwU AÁÏ x q AÝvBW I AÁÏ x q 6H2O(l)
iii. SO3(g) + NO2(g) HoooooooI NO2(g) +
2. e®¬b ˆKvGYi ˆKvb KÌgwU mwVK? nvBWÈvBW MVb KGi? SO2(g)
K NH3 > PH3>AsH3>SbH3 K ˆmvwWqvg L gÅvMGbwmqvg wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
L PH3 >AsH3 >SbH3 > NH3 M bvBGUÇvGRb N mvjdvi K i I ii L i I iii
M AsH3 >SbH3 >NH3 > PH3 9. ˆKvb AÁÏ-ÞviK UvBGUÇkGbi mgZzjwe±`y M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
N SbH3 > NH3 > PH3 > AsH3
mwVKfvGe wbYÆq Kiv hvq bv? 18. msM†wnZ `yGai pH wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ ˆKvbwU
3. ˆKvbwU `yeÆjZg ‰wmW?
K HMnO4 L H2SO4 K `y eÆ j AÁÏ - `y e Æ j ÞviK ˆ`qv nq?
M HClO4 N HNO3 L `y eÆ j AÁÏ - mej ÞviK K NaHCO3 L H2O2
4. Zn3(PO4)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj cÉKvkK M mej AÁÏ - `y e Æ j ÞviK M NaCl N NH3
+
ˆKvbwU? N mej AÁÏ-mej ÞviK
19. PH4 AvqGb P cigvYyi msKiY ˆKvbwU?
K sp2d L sp3d
K Ksp = [Zn2(+)] [PO43()] wbGPi wewKÌqvwU weGePbv KGi 10 I 11 bs M sp 2
N sp3
L Ksp = 6[Zn2(+)] [PO43()] cÉG k² i Dîi `vI:
2(+) 3
M Ksp = [Zn ] [P4 ] 3() 2 20. ˆKvbwU `ËeY Õ©vbv¯¦iGbi RbÅ AcwinvhÆ?
N2(g) + 3H2(g) HooooooI 2NH3(g);
N Ksp = 108 [Zn2(+)]3 [PO43()]2 K ˆUÕ¡wUDe L Usm
H =  92kJmol1
5. ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ meÆwbÁ²? M dvGbj N weKvi
10. wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i ‰KK Kx?
KF L O 21. SO2 ‰i ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi msKiY
K atm2 L atm1
M Ca N Si
M atm N atm2 AeÕ©v
6. ‰KwU wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚ 40kJmol1 I 11. DrcvG`i MVb Zvc KZ kJmol1? K sp3d L sp3
wewKÌqv Zvc 100 kJmol1 ŠÕ©wZK kwÚi K + 92 L +46
M sp2 N sp
ˆKvb wPòwU wewKÌqvGK mwVKfvGe wbG`Æk M  46 N  92
DóxcK : 25C Zvcgvòvq 1 wjUvi `ËeGY
KGi? 12. ˆKvbwU cÉGcGbi `nb wbG`Æk KGi? mGeÆvœP 1.0  103 ˆgvj PbI2 `Ëexf„Z nq|
‰LvGb R = wewKÌqK, P = Drcv`, X-AGÞ K C3H8(g) = 3C(s) + 3H2(g) wbGÁ²i 22 I 23 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
wewKÌqv mw®²Gek I Y-AGÞ ŠÕ©wZK kwÚ| L C3H8(g) = C3H6(g) + H2(g) 22. 25C Zvcgvòvq pbI2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj
7
M C3H8(g) + O2(g) = 3CO(g) + 4H2O(l)
nGjv
40 2 K 1  106 L 1  109
K 100 N C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) = 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) 9
M 2  10 N 4  109
R P X 13. `ywU ˆgŒj A I B| ‰G`i cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ 23. I (aq) ‰i Nbgvòv w«¼àY KiGj PbI2(s)
()
‰i
h^vKÌGg rA I rB ‰es mgGhvRx e®¬b `ƒiZ½ mvG^ mvgÅveÕ©vq ^vKv Pb2+(aq) AvqGbi
dAB| wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? Nbgvòvi Dci wKi…c cÉfve weÕ¦vi KiGe?
L 40
100 K rA + rB = dAB L rA + rB <dAB K 4 àY nGe L 16 àY nGe
M rA + rB > dAB N Abygvb AGhvMÅ M 4 fvM nGe N 16 fvM nGe
R P X
14. ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm Al3+ AvqGbi 24. ˆKvbwUGZ Zvc ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ ZviRvwj
bÅvq? eÅenvi nq bv?
K O L F K ˆUÕ¡wUDe L KwbKÅvj dÑvÝ
100 40
M M Cl N Mg+ M weKvi N ˆcvGmÆwjb evwU
R P X 15. ˆKvbwU UqGjU wKÑbvGii cÉ`vb Dcv`vb? 25. ˆKvb wewKÌqvGZ cvwb ‰KwU eËbGÕ¡W-jvDwi
K AÅvGgvwbqv L KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv AÁÏ wnmvGe wKÌqv KGi?
M wÕ·wiU N jeY K H2O + HCl  H3O(+) + Cl()
N
40 100 16. ˆKvbwU ivmvqwbK ŠewkÓ¡Å? L H2O + NH3  NH4(+) + OH()
K NbZ½ L `ËveÅZv M H2O + SO3  H2SO4
R P X N H2O + CO2  H2CO3
M AÁÏZv N MjbvsK

1 L 2 K 3 N 4 M 5 M 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 K 10 K 11 N 12 N 13 K
Dîi

14 L 15 L 16 M 17 K 18 K 19 N 20 M 21 M 22 N 23 M 24 K 25 K
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 51

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq cGov ‰es cÉ`î AvUwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI|]
1. K. cÉwZwbwa ˆgŒj Kx? 1
L. mvjwdDwiK ‰wmWcƒYÆ weKviK ˆevZj KvGVi ŠZwi ˆmjGd ivLv
0
10
200
50
40
nq bv ˆKb? 2
20
150
30 M. X +
AvqbwU wewKÌq vmn mbvÚ KGiv| 3
30
40
100 20
10
N. B `ËeGYi cwieGZÆ Ba(OH)2 eÅenvi KiGj X+ AvqbwU
50 50
mbvÚKiGYi RwUjZv hywÚmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
II III
I
5.
MÉ‚c IA VIA VIIA
K. BGjKUÇGbi DckwÚ Õ¦i Kx? 1 chÆvq
L. mw®²Gek msLÅv KvGK eGj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 1 A
M. I bs h¯¨GK cwiÓ•vi Kivi ˆKŒkj ˆjGLv| 3 2 D E
N. MGelYvMvGi II I III bs h¯¨ eÅenvGii ZzjbvgƒjK AvGjvPbv 3 M

KGiv| 4 K. cwji eRÆb bxwZ Kx? 1

OH
OH L. KjGqW KYvi mywÕ©wZ KxfvGe webÓ¡ Kiv hvqeÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
2. Hg , H2O2,
2+ M. AE AGcÞv A2D ‰i Õ¹zUbvsK ˆewk ˆKbeÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. A2D I A2M ‰i e®¬b ˆKvGYi cv^ÆGKÅi KviY weGkÏlY KGiv|4
K. [COCl2(NH3)4]+ ˆhŒMwUi IUPAC bvg ˆjGLv| 1
6. wZbwU ˆgŒGji meÆGkl BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c
L. AbycÉfv KxfvGe m†wÓ¡ nq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 A ns1
M. ivmvqwbK c`v^ÆàwjGK jÅveGiUix nGZ ˆWÈGbGRi cƒGeÆ wK Ens2
c`GÞc ˆbIqv DwPZwewKÌqvmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 Dns2,np5
N. c`v^Æàwj gvbe Õ¼vÕ©Å I cwiGeGki Dci ˆh me ÞwZKi cÉfve ‰LvGb, n = 3
m†wÓ¡ KGi Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 K. ˆUjKg cvDWvGii cÉavb Dcv`vb Kx? 1
3. 250g M2A ‰i `ËeGY M2A ‰i `ËveÅZv Zvcgvòvi mvG^ L. AÅvUg BGKvbwg ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
wbÁ²i…Gc cwiewZÆZ nq, M I A ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 1 I M. A I E ‰i w«¼
- abvñK Avqb MVGbi mÁ¿ v eÅZv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
16| N. AD Kx cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z nGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
Zvcgvòv (C) `ËveÅZv 7. 2N2O5 HoooooooooI 4NO2 + O2, H = +Ve
25 28 wewKÌqvq O2 ‰i Nbgvòv mgGqi mvG^ wbÁ²iG… c cwiewZÆZ nq
45 37
mgq (ˆmGK´£) Nbgvòv (mol dm3)
K. cÉfveK weeaÆK Kx? 1 500 0.22  102
L. B^vi cvZGbi mgq mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc Abv`ËÆ Kiv nq bv ˆKb? 2 1,000 0.37  102
M. `ËeYwUGK DœP Zvcgvòv nGZ wbÁ² Zvcgvòvq wbGq ˆMGj Kx
cwigvY `ËeÅ ˆKjvwmZ nGe? 3 K. AvqwbK àYdj Kx? 1
N. `ËeYwUGZ MZ(Z-‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv 17) ˆhvM KiGj M2A L. MgO AGcÞv Na2O AwaK Þvixq ˆKb, eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
‰i `ËveÅZv wK cwiewZÆZ nGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 M. wewKÌqvwUGZ AwÝGRb Drc®² nIqvi nvi wbYÆq KGiv| 3
4. N. wewKÌqvwUGZ mGeÆvœP Drcv` cvIqvi ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
8. AÅvGgvwbqv `ËeY, AvBGmvGcÉvcvBj AÅvjGKvnj I wWUviGR´Ÿ-
‰i wgkÉY ‰KwU cwiÓ•viK|
K2HgI4 KOH K. `nb Zvc Kx? 1
L. ivBWvi eÅenvi ˆKb cÉGqvRb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi wgkÉYwUi cwiÓ•viKiY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
A B N. wgkÉYwUGZ AÅvGgvwbqvi cwieGZÆ ‰KwU ZxeË Þvi eÅenvi KiGj
X2SO4(aq) + (A + B)  ev`vgx AatGÞc cwiÓ•viKwUi cÉGqvMGÞò wf®² nGq hvq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
52 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

46. ewikvj ˆevWÆ 2017

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  25 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² gvb  25
[weGkl `ËÓ¡eÅ: mieivnK‡Z eüwbeÆvPwb AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU
() ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. wbGPi ˆKvb cÉvYxi `yGa ˆcÉvwUGbi cwigvY KiGZ AbymiYxq c«¬wZ ˆKvbwU? ˆKvbwU?
meGPGq ˆewk? K wbÁ²Pvc cvZbL evÓ· cvZb K (molL1)2 L (mol1L)2
K gvbyl L Mi‚ M AvswkK cvZbN Ea»ÆcvZb M molL1 N (mol1L)2
M gwnl N ˆfox 10. AB wgkÉY AGcÞv AC wgkÉY mnGR c†^K 19. D ‰i Drcv`b e†w «¬GZ ˆZvgvi KiYxq Kx?
2. wbGPi ˆKvb KvRwU imvqb jÅveGiUixGZ Kiv hvq KviY i. Zvcgvòv evovGZ nGe
Kiv hvGe bv? i. A ‰es C ‰i Õ¹zUbvGâi cv^ÆKÅ ˆewk ii. Pvc KgvGZ nGe
i. LvIqv ii. cvb Kiv ii. B Õ¹zUbvGâi AvGM weGqvwRZ nq iii. wewKÌqvÕ©j ˆ^GK `Ë‚Z C ˆK mwiGq
iii. k¼vm ˆbqv iii. A ‰es C ‰i c†^KxKiGY AskxKiY Õ¦Á¿ wbGZ nGe
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
3. cj-eywã eÅvGj´Ö «¼viv ‰KwU eÕ§i IRb 11. P, Q ‰es R ˆgŒj wZbwUi Zwor 20. jÅveGiUixGZ k¼vm-cÉk¼vGmi ˆÞGò wbivc`
wbGZ cvÍÏvi Wvb cvGk wbGÁ²vÚ IRbmgƒn FYvñKZvi gvb h^vKÌGg 2.1, 3.0 I 3.4 ^vKvi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq wbGPi ˆKvbwU?
ˆbqv nGjv: 5g + 2g + 1g + 500mg + nGj wbGPi Z^ÅàGjv jÞ KGiv: K wbivc` Pkgv L AÅvGcÉvb
20mg ‰es 10mg fGii ivBWvi Wvb i. PQ ˆhŒMwU ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx M ™Ïvfm N gvÕ•
cvGki 10bs NGi Õ©vcb Kiv nq| eÕ§wUi ii. PQ ‰i ˆPGq PR ‰i AvqwbK agÆ Kg 21. wfGbMvi ŠZwiGZ wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwUi
fi KGZv? iii. QR ˆhŒMwU we÷«¬ mgGhvRx Rjxq `Ë e Y eÅen†Z nq?
K 8.518g L 8.521g wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K wfbvBj AÅvwmGUU
M 538g N 548g
K i I ii L ii I iii L ‰wmwUK ‰wmW
4. wbGPi ˆKvb e®¬Gbi DcwÕ©wZi KviGY cvwb M i I iii N i, ii I iii M wg^vbÅvj N wfbvBj ˆKÑvivBW
KÞ Zvcgvòvq Zij nq? 22. 25C Zvcgvòvq cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj KZ?
12. H2O ‰i e®¬b ˆKvGYi gvb
K AvqwbK e®¬bL mgGhvRx e®¬b K7 L 14
K 104.5 L 107
M mw®²Gek e®¬bN nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b M 1014 N 6.023  1023
M 109.5 N 120
5. [Xi] wPn×wU ˆKvb aiGbi ˆhŒGMi? 23. wkLv cixÞvq wbGPi ˆKvb AvqbwU ˆeàwb
13. gvbyGli iGÚi pH
K DGîRK L weGÕ¹viK K 4.5 L 5.4
eYÆ ˆ`Lvq?
M ÞwZKviK N cwiGek `ƒlYKvix K Na+ L K+
M 6.9 N 7.4
M Ca2+ N Cu2+
6. MRI Kx? 14. wbGPi ˆKvbwU 4-wWwRU eÅvGjG´Öi gvc?
DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es 24 I 25 bs cÉGk²i
K ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq AeGjvwnZ iwkÄ K 1.024 L 10.24
M 22.1202 N 2212.02 Dîi `vI:
L ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq AbymiY cÉwZœQweKiY
15. mewR msiÞGYi RbÅ wbGPi ˆKvbwUGZ 15 16 17 18
M wbDwKÑqvi ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq AbyiYb
N ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq ˆiwWI cÉwZœQweKiY WzweGq ivLv nq? ˆkÉwY
7. wewKÌqvi nvi ejGZ Kx eySvq? K wPwbi `ËeY chÆvq
i. wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv nËvGmi nvi L jeGYi `ËeY w«¼Zxq L E R Ne

ii. cÉfveGKi cwigvY e†w«¬i nvi M digvwjb N ŠZj Z‡Z xq M G Q Ar

iii. DrcvG`i Nbgvòv e†w«¬i nvi 16. cigvYy i 2q KÞcG^i ‰KwU BGjKUÇ G bi 24. DóxcGKi GQ 4 ˆhŒMwUi G cigvYyGZ
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? RbÅ ˆKŒwYK fiGeGMi gvb wbYÆ G qi KZwU gy Ú BGjKUÇ b AvGQ?
K i I ii L ii I iii mgxKiY K1 L 2
M i I iii N i, ii I iii 2h h M4 N 6
K mvr = L mvr =
8. DœPZi dÅvwU ‰wmGWi ˆmvwWqvg jeY nGjv
 2 25. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wbGPi Z^ÅàGjv jÞ
K w™Ïmvwib L wWUviGR´Ÿ M mvr =
h
N mvr =
4h KGiv:
  i. AvqbxKiY kwÚi KÌg L > E
M weÐwPs cvDWvi N mvevb 17. wbGPi ˆKvb wbwÓ˜q MÅvmwU p-eÐK ˆgŒj bq?
DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es 9 I 10bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: ii. BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi KÌg Q > R
K He L Ne
iii. MQ3 WvBgvi MVb KGi
ˆhŒM Õ¹zUbvâ weGqvRb Zvcgvòv M Ar N Kr
DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es 18 I 19 bs cÉ
G k² i wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
A 90C 110C
Dîi `vI: K i I ii L ii I iii
B 110C 90C M i I iii N i, ii I iii
A + B HoooooooI C + 2D; H = +X
C 120C 150C
18. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUGZ Kc ‰i ‰KK wbGPi
9. AB ‰i wgkÉY ˆ^GK Dcv`vbàGjv c†^K
1 N 2 K 3 * 4 N 5 K 6 L 7 M 8 N 9 M 10 N 11 * 12 K 13 N
Dîi

14 M 15 L 16 M 17 K 18 M 19 N 20 N 21 L 22 M 23 L 24 L 25 N
* we.`Ë.: 3. mwVK Dîi nGZ 8.522g;
11. mwVK Dîi ÷ay (i)|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 53

mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 35 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cÉk² gvb  50

[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq cGov ‰es cÉ`î AvUwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv cuvPwU
cÉGk²i Dîi `vI|]
1. M. (I) bs DóxcK AbymvGi wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv 1.5 mol L1 nGZ
cvigvYweK 0.5 mol L1 ‰ nËvm ˆcGZ wewKÌqvi nvi wbYÆq KGiv| 3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
msLÅv N. DóxcK (II) ‰i wewKÌqvwU Pvc I Zvcgvòv «¼viv cÉfvweZ
AvqwbKiY wefe nqeÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
(kJ/mol) 520 899 801 1080 1402 1314 1680
5.
K. mgmî½ cÉfveb Kx? 1
L. 675nm Ziã‹`NÆÅ wewkÓ¡ eYÆvjxi kwÚ wbYÆq KGiv| 2 A = `ya B = gvLb ; KjGqW
M. DóxcGKi ˆgŒjmgƒGni AvKvi KxfvGe cwiewZÆZ nq? eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 3 1g Ask 2q Ask
K. ivBWvi a˂eK Kx? 1
N. DóxcK AbymvGi AvqwbKiY wefGei KÌg cwieZÆGbi eÅwZKÌg
L. CO2 MÅvm, wK¯§ SiO2 KwVb ˆKb? 2
cwijwÞZ nq weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
M. DóxcK AbymvGi A ˆ^GK B cÉÕ§ZcÉYvjx eYÆbv KGiv| 3
2.
N. DóxcGKi 2q AsGki KwYKvmgƒn mvaviY AeÕ©vq RgvUe«¬
nq bv| wK¯§ BGjKGUÇvjvBUGhvGM RgvUe«¬ Kiv hvqweGkÏlY
0.05M CH3COOH (30mL) KGiv| 4
+
0.05M NaOH (20mL) 6. H2S MÅvm
23
ZnS ‰i KSP = 3.0  10
Ka = 1.8  105
CuS ‰i KSP = 5.0  1038
HCl

Zn2 Cu2+ Rjxq `ËeY

K. cvDwji eRÆb bxwZ Kx? 1
L. jÅveGiUwiGZ IqvUvi ev^ eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 CuS AatGÞc
M. DóxcK `ËeGYi pH KxfvGe wbYÆq KiGe? 3
N. DóxcK `ËeGY mvgvbÅ ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGYi pH
K. `ËeY Zvc Kx? 1
cwiwZÆZ nGe wK? KviYmn ˆjGLv| 4
L. AÅvGgvwbqv AYyi e®¬b ˆKvY 107 ˆKb? 2
3. M M. DóxcGKi AatGÞcwUi `ËveÅZv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
L
K N. DóxcK `ËeGY we`Ågvb Avqb `ywU ‰KB mvG^ AatGÞc Drc®²
+ e KGi bv hywÚmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
7.

AgNO3
K. Zwor FYvñKZv Kx? 1 `ËeY
L. iGÚi evdvi wKÌqv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 weKviK ˆevZj III
M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK cigvYyi MVb mÁ·wKÆZ gGWjwU AvGjvPbv I II
KGiv| 3
N. DóxcK gGWjwU hw` nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy nq ZvnGj K. fiwKÌqv mƒòwU ˆjGLv| 1
BGjKUÇbwUi avcv¯¦Gi ˆkvwlZ kwÚ wnmve KGi Zvi KÁ·vâ L. ˆcvjvi ˆhŒM KxfvGe m†wÓ¡ nq? D`vniYmn ˆjGLv| 2
wbYÆq KGiv| 4 M. DóxcGKi (1) bs wPGòi weKviKwUGK KxfvGe ˆfRvjgyÚ ivLv
4. hvq eYÆbv KGiv| 3
2.0
N. (II) I (III) bs cÉZxGK wbG`ÆwkZ ivmvqwbK `ËeÅàGjvi eÅenvi
wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv(molL1)

1.5
cieZÆx wbivc` cwiZÅvMKiGY weGkl c`GÞc MÉnY KiGZ
nGehywÚmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
1.0
0.5 8. A2+ I B2+ Avqb `yBwUi meÆewntÕ© BGjKUÇb webÅvm
0.2
h^vKÌGg 3d9 I 3d10|
0 100 250 350 500
K. Lv`Å wbivcîv Kx? 1
mgq (S)
L. wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2
II. X2Y4(g) HoooooooooI 2XY2(g); H = + 54kJ M. [A(NH3)4]2+ ‰i MVb cÉwKÌqv AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
K. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj Kx? 1 N. [A(NH3)4]2+ AvqbwU iwOb nGjI [B(NH3)4]2+ eYÆnxbeÅvLÅv
L. Rvj UvKv mbvÚKiGY UV iwkÄi eÅenvi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 KGiv| 4
54 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò
.

47. XvKv ˆevWÆ 2016

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. BbfviGUR
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b Kx?
K. 1
A (C12H22O11) + H2O B L.
NaCl AGcÞv CuCl ‰i Mjbvâ Kg ˆKb? 2
RvBGgR cvò-A ‰i `ËeGYi pH gvb MYbv KGiv| (Ka = 1.8  10–4) 3
M.
C + CO2 N.
DóxcGKi C cvGò mvgvbÅ HCl ˆhvM KiGj `ËeGYi pH
RviY gvBGKvWvgÆv AÅvwmwU
cwieZÆb nGe wKbv-KviYmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
eÅvKGUwiqv
K. ˆKvqvàGjkb Kx? D 1 5.
L. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv eÅenvi Kiv nq bv ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi wewò×qvàGjv ˆjL| 3 MN jeY PQ jeY
N. DóxcGKi A I D ‰i Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞY ˆKŒkj ‰KB cÉKw‡ Zi
wKbv-weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 20C
2. A = (n – 1)d5ns1 Zvcgvòv
B = (n – 1)d1ns2, ‰LvGb n = 4
0.30 M `ËeY 0.01 M `ËeY
K. mg-Avqb cÉfve Kx? 1 cvò-1 cvò-2
L. 3d I 4p AiweUvGji gGaÅ ˆKvbwUGZ BGjKUÇb AvGM cÉGek
KGi? 2 20C Zvcgvòvq MQ ‰i K sp = 3.5  10–4
M. A ˆgŒGji meÆGkl BGjKUÇbwUi PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb K. fi-wò×qv mƒòwU wjL| PN ‰i Ksp = 2.5  10–2 1
wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. A I B ˆgŒj«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi KviYmn L. H2SO3 I HNO3 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK AÁÏxq ‰es ˆKb? 2
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 M. DóxcGKi MN `ËeYwU mÁ·†î× nGj 20C Zvcgvòvq MN ‰i
3. MÉ‚c 15 16 17 `ËveÅZv àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3
chÆvq N. DóxcGK DGÍÏ w LZ `Ë eY `y wUGK wgwkÉ Z KiGj AatGÞc coGe
2 P Q R wKbv-KviYmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
3 X Y Z 6. ˆgŒj meÆewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb
K. wjMÅv´£ Kx? 1 webÅvm
L. we÷«¬ NaCl ˆKjvmGb HCl ˆhvM Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 D ns2
M. R I Z ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb Avmwî× ˆewk KviYmn E (n + 1)s2
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 F (n + 2)s2
N. DóxcGKi P I Q ‰i mvG^ nvBGWÈvGRb MwVZ ˆhŒGMi e®¬b G (n + 1)s2 (n + 1)p5
ˆKvGY wf®²Zv iGqGQ wKbv- weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ‰LvGb, n = 2
4. K. nÅvRvWÆ cÉ ZxK Kx? 1
L. Rvj cvmGcvUÆ mbvî×KiGY U.V iwkÄ eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2
A+B
M. DóxcGKi D AGcÞv F ‰i AvqbxKiY wefe Kg ˆKb@ eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 3
cvò-A cvò-B cvò-C N. DCO3, ECO3, FCO3 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi weGhvRb Zvcgvòv
HA 25 mL NaOH 0.1M meGPGq Kg@ Zv hywî×mn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
15 mL 0.1M

mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35

[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. wbGÁ²i ‰wmWàGjvi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU ‘nvBGcv’ 3. 3d AweÆUvGji RbÅ m ‰i gvb ˆKvb ˆmU DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 5 I 6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
‰wmW? nGe? BbfviGUR
K H3PO3 L H3PO2 K 0 wPwb + cvwb  A + dÌzGÙvR
M H3PO4 N HPO3 L –1, 0, +1 RvBGgR
A  B + CO2
2. AB3 ˆhŒGMi `ËveÅZv àYdj 1.7  10 nGj
–12 M –2, –1, 0, +1, +2
N –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3 5. 'A' ˆhŒMwUi bvg Kx?
‰i `ËveÅZv KZ?
–14 –1 4. Õ·kÆ c«¬wZGZ H2SO4 Drcv`Gbi RbÅ K B^vbj
K 6.3  10 mol L
–7
L 2.5  10 mol L –1 ˆKvb cÉfveK eÅenvi Kiv nq? L wfGbMvi
–4
M 5.0  10 mol L –1 K Fe L Ni M ™ÏyGKvR
N 5.0  10–3 mol L–1 M Al2O3 N V2O5 N B^vbÅvj
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 55

6. B-‰i RviGY Drc®² c`v^ÆwU nGjv 16. BF3 27. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii cÉavb Dcv`vb ˆKvbwU?
i. jNy B^vbwqK ‰wmW i. sp 2
nvBweËWvBGRkGb AskMÉnY KGi K KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv L wjKvi AÅvGgvwbqv
ii. B^vi ii. PZzÕ¦jKxq MVb aviY KGi M ˆdbj N wÕ·wiU
iii. B^vbj iii. NH3 ‰i mvG^ mw®²Gek e®¬b MVb KGi 28. wefvRb ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd nGjv
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? i. cvZjv Õ¦i ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd
K i L ii K i I ii L ii I iii ii. MÅvm ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd
I iii
M i N ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii iii. ˆccvi ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd
7. NaCl-‰i MjbvsK KZ? 17. ˆKvbwU cÉvBgvix Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ c`v^Æ? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K 776C L 801C K KMnO4 L H2SO4 K i I ii L ii I iii
M 826C N 862C M Na2S2O3 N K2Cr2O7 M i I iii N i, ii I iii
8. A ‰i Zwor FYvñKZvi gvb 3.0 nGj HA 18. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒGMi mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å AwaK? 29. cj-eywã eÅvGjG´Öi mvnvGhÅ meÆwbÁ² KZ
I MOH ‰i cÉkgb ZvGci gvb KZ nGe? K AgCl L AgF
cwigvY fi wbfzÆjfvGe gvcv hvq?
K –1 M AgI N AgBr
–55.22kJ mol K 0.0001g L 0.0002g
L –57.32kJ mol–1 19. meÆvwaK KvhÆKi ˆKvqvàGj´Ÿ ˆKvbwU? M 0.0010g N 0.0020g
M –66.04kJ mol–1 K KOH L NaCl 30. iv`viGdvGWÆi -KYv weœQziY cixÞvq ˆKvb
N –68.60kJ mol–1 M Mg((NO3)2 N Fe2(SO4)3
c`v^Æ cÉGjchyÚ c`Æv wnmvGe eÅen†Z nq?
9. KÞ Zvcgvòvq ˆKvbwU Zij? 20. s-eÐK ˆgŒj msLÅvq KqwU? K Au L ZnS
K P4 L Na K 14wU L 24wU M PbS N Ra
M Br2 N I2 M 26wU N 36wU 31. gvbyGli iGÚi pH ‰i gvb KZ?
10. wbGPi ˆKvb bxwZi wfwîGZ AiweUvjmgƒGn 21. ˆKvb ˆhŒGM nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b MwVZ nq? K 5.4 L 6.4
BGjKUÇb webÅÕ¦ nq? K HCl L H2S M 7.4 N 9.4
K üG´£i L AvdevD M CH3COOH N CHCl3 32. K‡wòg AÅvw´Ÿ-AwÝGW´Ÿ nGjv
M cwji eRÆb N VSEPR 22. SiO2 ˆKvb aGgÆi AÝvBW? K wfUvwgb C L ˆmvwWqvg ˆKÑvivBW
11. chÆvq mviwYi ˆKvb ˆkÉwYi ˆgŒjGK K AÁÏxq L Þvixq M myMvi N ˆcÉvcvBj MÅvGjU
PÅvjGKvGRb ejv nq? M DfagÆx N wbiGcÞ 33. 2.0mL 1.5 M NaOH `ËeY ‰es 1.5 mL
K 13 L 14 wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki ‰es 23 I 24bs 2.0 M NaOH `ËeY ciÕ·i wgwkÉZ KiGj
M 15 N 16 cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: wgkÉGYi Nbgvòv KZ?
12. A I B ‰i eÅvmvaÆ h^vò×Gg 37 pm I 99 pm Z3+ AvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c:@ K 1.50 M L 1.65 M
nGj AB mgGhvRx ˆhŒGMi e®¬b `ƒiZ½ KZ? [Ar]3d34s0 M 1.71 M N 1.78 M
K 120 pm L 136 pm 23. 'Z' ˆgŒjwUi bvg Kx? MÉ‚c
1 2
M 173 pm N 180 pm K Kcvi L Õ•Åvw´£qvg chÆvq
13. Rym msiÞGY wbGÁ²i ˆKvb wcÉRviGfwUf M fÅvbvwWqvg N ˆò×vwgqvg 3q X Y
eÅenvi Kiv nq? 24. chÆvq mviwYGZ 'Z' ˆgŒGji AeÕ©vb ˆKvbwU? 4^Æ P Q
K wfGbMvi K 4^Æ chÆvq ‰es MÉ‚c 4 DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 34 I 35 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
L cUvwmqvg ˆgUvevBmvjGdU L 4^Æ chÆvq ‰es MÉ‚c 2 34. Q ˆgŒGji meÆGkl AweÆUvGji ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq
M mvjdvi WvBAÝvBW M 3q chÆvq ‰es MÉ‚c 3 ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi gvb KZ?
N ˆmvwWqvg ˆebGRvGqU N 4^Æ chÆvq ‰es MÉ‚c 6 K –1 L 0
DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 14 I 15bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: M +1 N +2
25. LPG I CNG msiÞGY ˆKvb mZKÆZv wPn×
A2(g) + 3B2(g) HoooooI 2AB3(g), H = +ve eÅen†Z nq? 35. DóxcGKi
14. wewò×qvwUGZ cÉfveK ˆhvM KiGj wK NUGe? i. mKj ˆgŒj wkLv cixÞvq eYÆ ˆ`Lvq bv
K Kc e†w«¬ cvGe K L ii. Q ˆgŒj mbvÚKiGY AÅvGgvwbqvg
L Kp e†w«¬ cvGe AÝvGjU eÅen†Z nq
M wewò×qvi nvi e†w«¬ cvGe iii. 'X'-‰i nvBGWÈvÝvBW, Y-‰i
M N
N mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK mGi hvGe nvBGWÈvÝvBW AGcÞv `yeÆj Þvi
15. wewò×qvwUGZ Kc ‰i ‰KK ˆKvbwU? 26. ˆmwgGgvjvi NaOH `ËeGYi pOH KZ? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K mol–2L2 L L–2mol2 K 0.03 L 0.20 K i I ii L ii I iii
M L–2mol–2 N mol2L2 M 0.30 N 0.50 M i I iii N i, ii I iii

1 L 2 M 3 M 4 N 5 M 6 K 7 L 8 L 9 M 10 L 11 N 12 L 13 N 14 M 15 K 16 M 17 N 18 M
Dîi

19 N 20 K 21 M 22 K 23 N 24 N 25 K 26 M 27 L 28 L 29 K 30 L 31 M 32 N 33 M 34 L 35 K
56 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

48. ivRkvnx ˆevWÆ 2016

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. 4. A2+ + NH4OH (AwZwiÚ)  [A(NH3)4]2+ + H2O
Mvp bxj
AgCl 100 mL 100 mL B2+ + NH4OH (AwZwiÚ)  [B(NH3)4]2+ + H2O
Ksp = 1.510–10 0.02 M 0.01 M
eYÆnxb
mol2L–2 KCl AgNO3
[A I B ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 29 I 30]
cvò-1 cvò-2 cvò-3 K. wKDwis Kx? 1
K.  KYv Kx? 1 L. `ya ‰KwU Bgvjkb@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
2 M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqK Avqb A I B ˆK ‰KB weKviK «¼viv wKfvGe
2+ 2+
L. pH ˆÕ•j 0–14 ‰i gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ˆKb?
M. cvò-1 ‰i `ËeGY ˆKÑvivBW (Cl–) AvqGbi Nbgvòv wbYÆq KGiv| 3 mbvÚ Kiv hvq? 3
N. DóxcGKi Drcv` RwUj Avqb«¼Gqi MVbvK‡wZ Awf®² wKbv@ h^vh^
N. cvò-2 I cvò-3 ‰i `ËeGY wgwkÉZ KiGj AatGÞc coGe wK?
KviYmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
5.
gvBGKvWvgÆv AÅvwmwUK B
2. B^vbj (10%) + O2  X + H2O:

1g AvqwbKiY kwÚ (kJ mol–1) 

J
G
I
150 mL 100 mL wgkÉY A
0.1M 0.1M F
(A + B) H
'X' NaOH D
L
`ËeY-A `ËeY-B `ËeY-C C E
K

K. mwKÌqY kwÚ Kx? 1 2 4 6 8 10 12

L. wmMgv e®¬b gƒjZ mgGhvRx e®¬b-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 K. Iqvwks wgkÉY Kx? 1
M. `ËeY-A ‰i Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 L. `yeÆj ‰wmW I mej ÞGii cÉkgb Zvc –57.34 kJ nGZ Kg nq ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi F-‰i AÝvBGWi cÉK‡wZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. C cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ Þvi ˆhvM KiGj pH gvGbi cwieZÆb nGe
N. DóxcGKi C ˆ^GK J ˆgŒjmgƒGni AvqwbKiY kwÚi gvGbi
wKbv@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 avivevwnKZvi ˆÞGò eÅwZKÌgmgƒn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
3. He 6.
A B – –
C – – –
K. ”Like dissolves like"@bxwZwU Kx? 1
L. ‰KwU BGjKUÇb ^vKv mGî½I nvBGWÈvGRGbi cvigvYweK eYÆvjxGZ
A B C
AGbK ˆiLv ˆ`Lv hvq ˆKb? 2 K. jÅveGiUwi wKU Kx? 1
M. 30 Zvcgvòvq I 1 atm PvGc DóxcGKi A2B4 ‰i weGqvRGbi L. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi AÅvGgvwbqv eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2
mvgÅaË‚eK Kp = 0.50 atm weGqvRb gvòv wbYÆq KGiv| 3 M. DóxcK C cÉZxK ˆKvGbv cvGò ^vKGj Zvi cwiZÅvM ˆKŒkj eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi A I C ‰i Abyi…c nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒGMi e®¬b ˆKvGYi wf®²Zv N. DóxcGK wbG`ÆwkZ nÅvRvWÆ cÉZxKàGjvi gGaÅ Suwy Ki ZzjbvgƒjK gvòv
ˆ`Lv hvGe wK? KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35
[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. ‰KwU jeY wkLv cixÞvq BGUi gZ jvj 3. 6Ó¤ cÉavb kwÚÕ¦Gi mGeÆvœP KZwU BGjKUÇb 5. nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi ‰KwU BGjKUÇb Z‡Zxq
wkLv cÉ`kÆb KGi| avZe ˆgŒjwU wK nGZ ^vKGZ cvGi? kwÚÕ¦i ˆ^GK cÉ^g kwÚÕ¦Gi AvmGj KZ
cvGi? K 18 L 32 Ziã‹`GNÆÅi m†wÓ¡ nq?
K Na M 50 N 72 K 880 Å L 923 Å
4. ÞwZKviK c`vG^Æi wPn× ˆKvbwU? M 998 Å N 1025 Å
L Ca
M Ba 6. jÅveGiUwiGZ wbGPi ˆKvb KvRwU ˆewk
N Cu K L wec`äbK?
2. ŠRe ˆhŒGM KveÆb I nvBGWÈvGRb mbvÚKiGY K wbMÆZ MÅvGmi M®¬ I Õ¼v` ˆbIqv
eÅen†Z nq ˆKvbwU? L Lvevi MÉnY
K NMR L MRI M N M `Ë‚Z PjvPj
M IR N UV N ˆjGej Qvov weKviK eÅenvi
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 57
7. NH3 ˆhŒGMi Abye®¬x AÁÏ ˆKvbwU? 18. `ËeGY Na+ Avqb mbvÚKiGY wbGPi ˆKvbwU 27. HNO3 ‰es H3PO4 ‰i ˆÞGò
eÅen†Z nq?
+ –
K NH4 L NH2 i. N ‰es P ‰i RviY gvb mgvb
M NH4OH N NH2– K K2H2Sb2O7 ii. N ‰i ˆPGq P ‰i PvRÆ NbZ½ Kg
8. AbyGgvw`Z K‡wòg AÅvw´ŸAwÝGW´Ÿ nGjv L Na2H2Sb2O7
iii. H3PO4 AGcÞv HNO3 ZxeË ‰wmW
i. BHA (Butylated hydroxy anisole) M AgNO3
ii. BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene) N (NH4)2C2O4
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
iii. TBHQ (tert-butyl hydroquinone) 19. AÅvGivmj mvmGcbkb nGj ‰i weÕ¦vi gvaÅg K i I ii L ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? ˆKvbwU? M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L ii I iii
K MÅvm
28. ‰KwU ˆgŒGji meÆGkl kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb
M i I iii N i, ii I iii webÅvm (n – 1)d10ns2 ˆhLvGb n ‰i gvb meÆwbÁ²|
L Zij
9. Mg(OH)2 ‰es H2O ‰i wgkÉYGK wK ejv i. ˆgŒjwU AeÕ©v¯¦i
M KwVb
nq? ii. ‰wU WvqvgÅvMGbwUK
N MÅvm I ZiGji wgkÉY
K mvmGcbkb L KjGqW iii. ‰i ˆhŒMmgƒn eYÆnxb
20. Pvgovq ‰wmW coGj
M Bgvjkb N `ËeY wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
i. cvwb w`Gq ayGZ nq
10. ™Ïvm-wKÑbvi ŠZwii ˆÞGò wbGPi ˆKvbwU K i I ii L ii I iii
ii. jNy ˆmvwWqvg evBKveÆGbU `ËeY w`Gq
eÅen†Z nq? M i I iii N i, ii I iii
ayGZ nq
K AÅvGgvwbqv L AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW 29. wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
iii. evbÆj KÌxg eÅenvi KiGZ nq
M PweÆ N digvjwWnvBW K AvKvGii mwVK KÌg nGjv Mg2+ > Na+ > At3+
11. wbGPi ˆKvb AvqGbi ˆKvqvàGjkb ÞgZv wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
L Al2O3 ‰i AÁÏZ½ 3
K i I ii L ii I iii
ˆewk? M C2H6 ˆhŒGM -e®¬b msLÅv 6 wU
K Al3+ L Ca2+ M i I iii N i, ii I iii
N AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbGj A¯¦t AvYweK
M Mg2+ N K+ wbGPi DóxcKwU cGo 21 I 22 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b we`Ågvb
12. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒGMi MjbvsGKi gvb ˆewk? 2SO2(g) + O2(g) HoooooI 2SO3(g); H = –192kJ
30. CH3CH2Br + NaOH(aq) 
K CaCl2 L CaBr2 21. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Kp ‰i ‰KK
CH3CH2OH + NaBr
M CaF2 N CaI2 wbGÁ²i ˆKvbwU? wewKÌqvwUi AÅvUg BGKvbwg KZ?
13. 25C Zvcgvòvq Cu(IO3)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv K atm L atm–1
K 29.11% L 30.87%
àYdj 1.4  10–7 nGj Kcvi AvGqvGWGUi M atm–2 N atm2
M 36.12% N 39.12%
ˆgvjvi `ËveÅZv KZ molL–1? 22. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi mvgÅveÕ©v Wvbw`GK 31. wbGPi ˆKvb DrGmi `yGa meÆvwaK PweÆ ^vGK?
K 1.5  10–3 L 2.6  10–3 Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò K gwnl L ˆfov
M 3.3  10–3 N 4.5  10–3 i. Zvc evovGZ nGe M Mi‚ N QvMj
wbGPi QK ˆ^GK 14 ‰es 15bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: ii. Zvcgvòv KgvGZ nGe 32. BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi mwVK KÌg ˆKvbwU?
cÉavb iii. Drcv` AcmviY KiGZ nGe K
mnKvix F > Cl > Br > I
ˆkj ˆKvqv´Ÿvg wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L Cl > F > Br > I
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv
msLÅv K i I ii L ii I iii M I > Br > Cl > F
A 3 0, 1, 2 N Cl > Br > F > I
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
B 4 0, 1, 2, 3 33. ˆKvGbv MÉ‚Gci Dci ˆ^GK wbGPi w`GK bvgGj
14. B-ˆkGj KZàGjv ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv we`Ågvb? 23. CaCO3(s) HoooooI CaO(s) + CO2(g)
ˆgŒGji
K 2 L 8 wewKÌqvwUi Kc ‰i ivwkgvjv nGjv
[CaO] [CaO][CO2] i. AavZe ŠewkÓ¡Å nËvm cvq
M 16 N 18 K Kc = L Kc =
[CaCO3] [CaCO3] ii. avZzi mwKÌqZv e†w«¬ cvq
15. A-ˆkGj
M Kc = [CO2] N Kc = [CaO] iii. AvqbxKiY kwÚ nËvm cvq
i. -AiweUvj
24. pH KGg ˆMGj RwgGZ eÅen†Z nq wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ii. ˆgvU PzÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv 9
i. Pzb ii. KÅvjwmqvg mvi K i I ii L ii I iii
iii. 3p ˆZ PzÁ¼K ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv 3
iii. gÅvMGbwmqvg mvi M i I iii N i, ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 34. 0.5 M bvBwUÇK ‰wmGWi bgybv ˆ^GK 100
K i I ii L ii I iii
K i I ii L ii I iii mL 0.1 M HNO3 `ËeY cÉÕ§Z KiGZ KZ
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M i I iii N i, ii I iii mL cvwbi cÉGqvRb nGe?
16. 105 MÉvg mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY 30 MÉvg `Ëe `Ëexf„Z
25. wbGÁ²i ‰wmWàwji gGaÅ kwÚkvjx ‰wmW ˆKvbwU? K 20 L 50
^vKGj `ËveÅZv KZ? M 80 N 90
K HNO3 L HlO3
K 30 L 40
M H3PO4 N HClO4 35. imvqb cixÞvMvGi eÅen†Z eyÅGiGUi AvqZb
M 75 N 100
17. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒGMi `ËveÅZv Kg? 26. 12.5% NaOH `ËeGYi pH KZ? cwigvGci mƒßZv KZ?
K 12.51 L 13.51 K 0.05 mL L 0.01 mL
K NaCl L AlCl3
M 14.51 N 15.51 M 0.1 mL N 1.0 mL
M KCl N CaCl2

1 L 2 K 3 N 4 M 5 N 6 N 7 K 8 N 9 K 10 K 11 K 12 M 13 M 14 M 15 L 16 L 17 L 18 K
Dîi

19 K 20 N 21 L 22 L 23 M 24 N 25 N 26 M 27 N 28 L 29 N 30 L 31 K 32 L 33 N 34 M 35 M
58 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

49. w`bvRcyi ˆevWÆ 2016

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. 4.
H

109.5 ¨ ¨:
A B D

107 104.5
H H H H H H
H H
AH4 BH3 H2D
A, B I D ˆgŒGji cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 6, 7 I 8
K. ˆmwg gvBGKÌv weGkÏlY Kx? 1
K. meyR imvqb Kx? 1
L. ZxeË ‰wmW ‰es ZxeË ÞvGii cÉkgb ZvGci gvb wÕ©i@ eÅvLÅv
L. iGÚi evdvi wKÌqv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi AH4 ‰es H2D ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi ˆÞGò gƒjZ KGiv| 2
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬bB `vqx eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 M. DóxcGKi A wPGòi DcKiYàGjvi cÉGqvM eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi AYy wZbwUi AvK‡wZ I e®¬b ˆKvGYi Dci gyÚGRvo N. DóxcGKi Dcv`vbmgƒn jÅveGiUwi wbivcîv weavGb AZxe Ri‚wi,
BGjKUÇGbi cÉfve weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
2. (i) X2(g) + Y2(g) HoooooI 2XY(g) 5.
Zvc
(ii) A2(g) + 3B2(g) HooooooooI 2AB3(g); H = –Ve 100mL 30mL
Pvc 0.1M 0.1M A+B
CH3COOH NaOH
K. MSDS ‰i cƒYÆi…c ˆjL| 1
L. mvgÅ aË‚eK Kc ‰i gvb kƒbÅ A^ev Amxg nGZ cvGi bv, ˆKb? 2 cvò-A cvò-B cvò-C
M. DóxcGKi (i)bs wewKÌqvwUi mvgÅ aË‚eGKi ivwkgvjv wbYÆq KGiv| 3 K. ivmvqwbK mvgÅveÕ©v Kx? 1
N. DóxcGKi (ii)bs wewKÌqvwUGZ ˆewk cwigvY Drcv` ŠZwii ˆÞGò L. CaCO3 ‰i `Ë v eÅZv àYdj 8.7  10–9
ejGZ Kx ey S? 2
jv-kÅvGZwjqvGii bxwZi eÅenvi MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 M. A-cvGòi `ËeGYi pH MYbv KGiv| [Ka = 1.8  10–5] 3
3. N. C-cvGòi `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM KiGj pH
K L M
+ ‰i gvb wKfvGe AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ee


6. wfGbMvi NH3 NaOH

`ËeY `ËeY
K. AvqwbKiY wefe Kx? 1
A B C
L. ˆKÌvGgvGUvMÉvwdi gƒjbxwZ ˆjL| 2
M. DóxcGKi BGjKUÇbwU avcv¯¦Gii mgq ˆkvwlZ kwÚi cwigvY K. mvmGcbkb Kx? 1
wbYÆq KGiv| 3 L. ˆnGmi Zvc mgwÓ¡KiY mƒòwU ˆjL I eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
N. DóxcGK M kwÚÕ¦Gii s AiweUvGj ‰es L kwÚÕ¦Gii s M. Lv`Å msiÞGY A ‰i ˆKŒkj eYÆbv KGiv| 3
AiweUvGj ‰KwU KGi BGjKUÇb ‰KB w`GK NyiGQ| ‰GÞGò N. ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ B I C `ËeGYi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaKZi
BGjKUÇb `ywU cwji eRÆbbxwZ ˆgGb PGj@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4 DcGhvMx? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35
[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. eÅenvwiK ˆÞGò welvÚ ˆebwRGbi cwieGZÆ 3. 5% NaHCO3 `ËeGYi Nbgvòv KZ ˆgvjvi? 5. wbGÁ²i ˆKvb ˆhŒMwUGZ Av¯¦tAvYweK
wbGÁ²i ˆKvbwUGK weK͸i…Gc eÅenvi Kiv K 0.15 L 0.321 nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b we`Ågvb?
nq? M 0.595 N 1.06 K mÅvwjmvBwjK ‰wmW
K ˆKÑvGivdig L ˆnGÝb 4. SO3 ˆhŒGM we`Ågvb e®¬b nj L cvwb
M RvBwjb N UjyBb i. 3wU mgGhvRx e®¬b M ˆdbj N AÅvGgvwbqv
ii. 2wU mw®²Gek e®¬b 6. wbGÁ²i ˆKvbwU cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK?
2. Lv`Å `ËeÅ cPGb AbÅZg mnvqK
K SO2 iii. 1wU mgGhvRx e®¬b K wfGbMvi
L N2O wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L digvwjb
M NO2 K i L ii M Lv`Å jeY
N O2 M ii I iii N i I ii N mvjdvi WvB AÝvBW
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 59

e«¬cvGò CaCO3 wbÁ²iG… c weGqvwRZ nq 16. ˆKvbwUi ˆÞGò ˆevGii Zî½ cÉGhvRÅ bq 27. 0.1 M HCl `ËeY cÉÕ§wZGZ Mvp HCl
 CaO(s) + CO (g)
CaCO3(s) HoooooI 2
K H L H+ cwigvGci RbÅ eÅenvi KiGZ nGe
M He+ N Li2+ K wcGcU L AvqZwbK dÑvÝ
DóxcKwUi AvGjvGK wbGÁ²i 7 I 8bs cÉGk²i
17. N2(g) + 3H2(g) HoooooI 2NH3(g); M gvcb wmwj´£viN Iqvk ˆevZj
Dîi `vI:
wewKÌqvwUi RbÅ Kp I Kc ‰i gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ 28. ivmvqwbK c`v^ÆGK ÷Kbv ivLGZ eÅen†Z
7. wewKÌqvwUGK ‰KgyLx KiGZ nGj
nGe nq
i. cvGòi XvKbv LyGj w`GZ nGe
K Kp = Kc (RT)2L Kp = Kc(RT)–2
ii. Drcv`GK KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv `ËeGY Pvjbv K ˆWwmGKUi L KÅvjwi wgUvi
M Kp = Kc(RT)–1NKp = Kc(RT)–4
KiGZ nGe M eybGmb evbÆvi N wdDg üW
18. Š`ZÅKvi AYy ˆKvbwU?
iii. cÉfveK eÅenvi KiGZ nGe K CO2 L SiO2 29. chÆvq mviwYGZ 3q chÆvGqi cÉ^g PviwU
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M SO2 N NO2 ˆgŒGji ˆKvb agÆwU evg ˆ^GK WvGb KÌgvMZ
K i I ii L ii I iii 19. LvG`Å wbGÁ²i ˆKvb wcÉRviGfwUfwUi nËvm cvq?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii AwZgvòvq DcwÕ©wZ gvbeG`Gn KÅv´Övi K MjbvsK L avZe agÆ
8. Drcv` MÅvmwUi AwÝGRb cigvYyGZ m†Ó¡ m†wÓ¡GZ mnvqK? M ewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb msLÅv
msKiY nj K ˆmvwWqvg ˆebRGqU N AvqwbKiY wefe
K sp3 L sp2 L mvBwUÇK ‰wmW
M sp N dsp2 M ˆmvwWqvg bvBUÇvBU

(kJ)
9. UqGjU mvevGbi pH nj N cUvwmqvg miGeU
K 4–6 L 6–7 20. digvwjb Dcv`vbwU kixGi cÉGek KiGj
M 7–8 N 8 – 10
i. wKWbx bÓ¡ nGq hvq
10. CH4(g) + Cl2(g)  CH3Cl(g) + ii. KÅv´Övi nIqvi mÁ¿vebv ^vGK
HCl(g) (C – H, Cl – Cl, C – Cl ‰es H –
iii. ˆPvL A®¬ nGq hvIqvi mÁ¿vebv ^vGK
Cl ‰i e®¬b kwÚ h^vKÌGg 430.53, 242.90,
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
328.0 ‰es 433.0 kJ mol–1) wewKÌqvwUi H DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wbGÁ²i 30 I 31 bs cÉGk²i
K i I ii L ii I iii
nj Dîi `vI:
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K –57.34 kJ L –87.57 kJ 30. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwU
M +87.57 kJ N +90.27kJ
21. 25C Zvcgvòvq PCl5(g) HoooooIPCl3(g) +
i. ZvGcvrcv`x
Cl2(g) wewKÌqvi Kp = 0.14 atm nGj Kc
11. wbGÁ²i ˆhŒMàwji ˆKvbwUi e®¬b ˆKvY ii. Zvcnvix
meGPGq ˆewk? nGe
iii. cÉfveK «¼viv cÉfvweZ nq
K PCl3 L H2S K 5.51  10–4 mol dm–3
L 5.51  10–2 mol dm–3
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M PH3 N H2O
M 5.72  10–3 mol dm–3 K i I ii L ii I iii
12. UÇvwdK wmMbÅvGji jvj AvGjvi Ziã Š`NÆÅ
N 5.62  10–4 mol dm–3 M i I iii N i, ii I iii
665 nm nGj mswkÏÓ¡ ˆdvUGbi kwÚ KZ?
22. nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYyi cÉ^g KÞcG^i kwÚ 31. cÉfvweZ wewKÌqvq mwKÌqb kwÚ nËvGmi
(h = 6.62  10–34Js)
K 3.115  10–18 J E1 nGj Z‡Zxq KÞcG^i kwÚ nGe cwigvY
L 2.986  10–19 J 1 K 10 kJ L 20 kJ
K E1  L E1  9 M 30 kJ N 40 kJ
M 2.856  10–16 J 9
N 3.245  10–21 J M E1 
1
N E1  3 32. ˆiLv eYÆvjx eÅen†Z nq
3 i. Rvj UvKv I Rvj cvmGcvUÆ mbvÚKiGY
13. wMÉb imvqGbi bxwZgvjv nj
23. wbGÁ²i ˆKvb AÝvBWwU AwaK AÁÏagÆx? ii. ivmvqwbK ˆgŒj mbvÚKiGY
i. Kg ÞwZKi ivmvqwbK msGkÏlY
K SiO2 L P2O3
ii. bevqbGhvMÅ KuvPvgvGji Kg eÅenvi iii. ˆivM wbYÆq I wbivgGq
M SO3 N Cl2O7
wbwøZKiY wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
24. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii cÉavb Dcv`vb nj K i L ii
iii. gvaÅwgK ˆMŒY c`vG^Æi Drcv`b nËvmKiY i. KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv ii. AÅvGgvwbqv `ËeY
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M iii N i, ii I iii
iii. ˆmvwWqvg jivBj mvjGdU
K i I ii L ii I iii 33. H- cvigvYweK eYÆvjxi ˆKvb wmwiRwUGZ
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? `†kÅgvb AçGji iwkÄ ˆ`Lv hvq?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L ii I iii
14. ™Ïvm cwiÓ•viKiGY wbGPi ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z K cÅvGøb L jvBGgb
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
nq? M evgvi N eËvGKU
25. ÞviKZ½ nËvGmi mwVK KÌg ˆKvbwU? 34. ˆKÌvwgK ‰wmGWi mvnvGhÅ KvPcvò cwiÓ•vi
K AÅvGgvwbqv `ËeY K F– > Cl– > Br– > I–
L ˆmvwWqvg nvBGWÈvÝvBW L Br– > Cl– > F– > I– Kivi mgq ˆKvb aiGbi wewKÌqv NGU?
M ˆdbj M I– > Cl– > Br– > F– K weRviY L cÉwZÕ©vcb
N wWUviGR´Ÿ N F– > Cl– > I– > Br– M cÉkgb N RviY
15. ewntÕ© BGjKUÇbxq KvVvGgv ns1 wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒj 26. N2(g) + 3H2(g) HoooooI 2NH3(g); 35. BHT ‰i cƒYÆi…c ˆKvbwU?
wewKÌqvwUi Kc ‰i ‰KK nj K Butylated Hydro Toluene
cvwbi mvG^ hyÚ nGj ˆKvbwU ŠZwi nq? L Butylated Hydroxy Toluene
K mol2 L2 L mol–2 L2
K ‰wmW L Þvi M Butahydrated Hydroxy Thiamine
M mol2 L–2 N mol–2 L–2
M jeY N ÞviK N Butahydrated Hydro Thiamine

1 N 2 N 3 M 4 M 5 K 6 M 7 K 8 L 9 N 10 L 11 K 12 L 13 M 14 K 15 L 16 L 17 L 18 L
Dîi

19 M 20 N 21 M 22 K 23 N 24 L 25 K 26 L 27 K 28 K 29 L 30 M 31 L 32 L 33 M 34 N 35 L
60 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

50. KzwgÍÏv ˆevWÆ 2016

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. chÆvq K. UÅvjK Kx? 1
ˆkÉwY 
2 14 L. `Ë eGY AÅvjy wgwbqvg AvqGbi kbvÚKiY wewKÌ qv mgxKiYmn ˆjL| 2
 M. DóxcGKi `ËeGY H+ AvqGbi Nbgvòv wKfvGe wbYÆq Kiv hvq
2q A B eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
3q C E N. DóxcGKi we÷«¬ `ËveGKi weGqvRb ˆ^GK pH ˆÕ•j cÉwZÓ¤vKiY
K. BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ KvGK eGj? 1 mÁ¿e wKbv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
L. bvBGUÇvGRbGK wbwÕ˜q gvaÅg wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 5.
M. A ‰i nÅvjvBW ˆhŒGMi RÅvwgwZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. B I E ‰i AÝvBGWi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi wf®²Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
H2O RvBGgR RviY
2. wPwb (A)  C6H12O6  B(l)  C ZnSO4
K. weKviK Kx? 1 6  10–4 M
50 mL
L. AG^ÆvbvBGUÇvGdbj I cÅvivbvBGUÇvGdbj ‰i MjbvsGKi wf®²Zv
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi A «¼viv ˆh aiGbi Lv`Å msiÞY Kiv hvq Zv eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 3 Zn(OH)2 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj = 1  10–17
N. DóxcGKi C «¼viv Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 K. KjGqW Kx? 1
3. L. jÅveGiUwiGZ wbivc` Pkgv eÅenvGii cÉGqvRbxqZv eÅvLÅv KGiv|2
M. A cvGòi ˆhŒGMi `ËveÅZv àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3
100 N. A cvò ‰es B cvGòi `ËeY `ywUGK ‰KGò wgwkÉZ Kiv nGj
mL
0.1M H2SO4 ˆKvGbv AatGÞc m†wÓ¡i mÁ¿vebv AvGQ wKbv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
6.
A
K. ˆgvjvwiwU Kx? 1
L. kxZKvGj ˆKvΣwKÌg eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2
M. A cvGò we`Ågvb H2SO4 ‰i cwigvY wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. gvwòK weGkÏlGY DóxcGKi KvPhG¯¨i ˆKvbàwj AcwinvhÆ
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
4. HA g†`y ‰wmW
K. msKivqb Kx? 1
L. Lv`Å`ËeÅ msiÞGY evqygyÚ ivLv nq ˆKb? 2
we÷«¬ `ËveK
M. DóxcGK J2+ ‰i mvG^ NH3 wKfvGe RwUj Avqb ŠZwi KGi
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi A, F I K ‰i MjbvsGKi cwieZÆb weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
`ËeY

mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35

[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. AlCl3 ˆhŒGMi WvBgvGi gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇb 4. ‰KwU wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Zvcgvòvi mGã 5. wbGPi nvBGWÈvGRb nÅvjvBWmgƒGni gGaÅ
KqwU? mvgÅvâ cwieZÆGbi ˆjLwPòwU wbÁ²i…c ˆKvbwU ZxeË ‰wmW?
K 6 L 10 K HCl L HBr
log K p

M 12 N 16 M HF N HI
2. iGÚi pH 7.4 nGj OH– ‰i Nbgvòv KZ 6. ‰KwU ˆgŒGji w«¼Zxq kwÚÕ¦Gi ˆgvU
mol/L? 1 BGjKUÇb msLÅv cuvP| ‰i nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒGMi
K 1.5  10–7 L 2.11  10–7
M 2.5  10–7 N 3.1  10–7
T ˆÞGò gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb
i. wewKÌqvwU Zvc Drcv`x
3. Þvixq evdvi `ËeGYi D`vniY ˆKvbwU? i. s AiweUvGj ii. sp3 msKi AiweUvGj
ii. wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix
K NaOH I CH3COOH iii. ‰wU ‰KwU wjMÅv´£
iii. Zvcgvòv I mvgÅvâ eÅÕ¦vbycvwZK
L NH4OH I HCl wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M HCl I NaOH K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii L ii I iii
N NH4OH I CH3COOH M i I iii N i, ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 61
7. cj-eywã eÅvGj´Ö exGgi (wRGiv nGZ 15. ˆgŒGji ˆh ˆKvGbv DckwÚÕ¦Gi BGjKUÇb wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
meÆWvGb) 100, gvSLvGb wRGiv ‰es aviY ÞgZv wbYÆGqi mƒò ˆKvbwU? K i L ii
ivBWvGii IRb 5 mg nGj ivBWvi a˂eGKi K 2n2 L (2l + 1) M ii I iii N i I iii
gvb KZ MÉvg? M 2(2l + 1) 25. mvmGcbkb Kx?
K 0.005 N 2(l + 1) K mgmî½ wgkÉY
L 0.0005 16. Rvj UvKv mbvÚKiGY wbGÁ²i ˆKvb iwkÄwU L AmgZî½ wgkÉY
M 0.00005 eÅen†Z nq? M Zij-Zij wgkÉY
N 0.000005 K UV-ray L IR-ray
N Zij-Zij `ËeY
8. KvGPi h¯¨cvwZGK B^vbj w`Gq ˆaŒZ KiGZ M X-ray N -ray
26. wfGbMvi wK?
nq KviY ‰i «¼viv 17. ˆmwg-gvBGKÌv ‰bvjvBwmGm bgybvi cwigvY
K 10 – 20% AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW
K AYyRxe `Ëexf„Z nq ^vGK
L 6 – 10% AÅvjGKvnj
L `vM gyGQ hvq K 1g L 0.01g
M 0.001g N 0.0001g M 6 – 10% AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW
M gqjv cwiÓ•vi nq
18. 250 mL 0.1 M Na2CO3 `ËeY cÉÕ§Z KiGZ N 4 – 6% AÅvwmGUvb
N KvP Õ¼œQ nq
KZ cwigvY Na2CO3 `iKvi? 27. wbGPi ˆKvbwU cÉvK‡wZK ‰w´Ÿ-AwÝGW´Ÿ?
9. wbGPi ˆKvbwU jÅveGiUwiGZ h¯¨cvwZ K BHA L BHT
K 160g L 106g
cwiÓ•viKiGY eÅen†Z nq? M 26.5g N 2.65g M Propyl gallateN Selenium
K HCl + K2Cr2O7 28. PH4+ AvqGb ˆgvU e®¬b msLÅv KqwU?
19. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆgŒGji w«¼Zxq AvqwbKiY kwÚi
L H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7
gvb ˆewk? K `yBwU L wZbwU
M H2CO3 + K2Cr2O7
N HNO3 + K2Cr2O7 K Mg L K M PviwU N cuvPwU
wbGPi Z^ÅwU cGo 10 I 11bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: M Ca N Al 29. LvG`Åi ˆKvb Dcv`vbwU gƒjZ cPGbi RbÅ
dvBRvn& UvBGUÇkGbi RbÅ AÝvwjK ‰wmGWi  `vqx?
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv n l m s K wfUvwgb L jeY
cÉgvY `ËeY wcGcU w`Gq DVvGbvi mgq wKQy `ËeY
ˆgŒj M wjwcW N cvwb
gyGL cÉGek KiGj ˆm wMGj ˆdGj| 1
10. dvBRvn& `ËeYwU gyL w`Gq bv ˆUGb weK͸ Kx x 4 0 0 + 30. wbGPi ˆKvb Dcv`vb «¼viv msiÞY c«¬wZGK
2
eÅenvi KiGZ cviZ? 1
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K WÈcvi
y 3 2 +2 +
2 K jeY L wfGbMvi
L ˆgRvwis wmwj´£vi DóxcK nGZ 20 I 21bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: M digvwjb N ˆZj
M eyÅGiU 20. Y ˆgŒjwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv wbGPi DóxcKwU ˆ`L ‰es 31 I 32bs cÉGk²i
N wcGcU wdjvi i. iwOb ˆhŒM m†wÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi Dîi `vI:
11. `ËeY wMGj ˆdjvi ci dvBRvni KiYxq ii. PzÁ¼KZ½ cÉ`kÆb KiGZ cvGi chÆvq
1 15 16 17
nGe iii. RwUj ˆhŒM m†wÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi  MÉ‚c
i. chÆvµ¦ cwigvY cvwb cvb Kiv wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 1 A
2 B C D
ii. ˆjey ev Kgjvi im cvb Kiv K i I ii L ii I iii
3 E
iii. MgCO3 ev PzbhyÚ cvwb cvb Kiv M i I iii N i, ii I iii
31. ˆKvbwU UÇvBgvi ˆhŒM MVb KiGZ cvGi?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 21. X ˆgŒjwU nGjv K AB L AC
K i I ii L ii I iii K Na L K M AD N AE
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M Rb N Cs 32. ˆKvb ˆhŒMwUi Õ¹zUbvsK meÆvwaK?
12. p AiweUvGji RbÅ 22. hw` BGjKUÇb Amxg ˆ^GK Z‡Zxq ˆkGj K AD
i. l = 1 Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq ZGe wbGPi ˆKvb wmwiRwU L AC
ii. m = +1, 0, –1 Drc®² nq? M AE
iii. AiweUvj msLÅv 2 K cÅvGøb L evgvi N AB
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M dz´£ N eËÅvGKU
33. CH4 ‰i `nb Zvc –890 kJmol–1|
K iI ii L ii I iii 23. ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË ÞvGii ˆÞGò wewKÌqvq 88 g CO2 Drcv`b nGj KZ
I iii N i, ii I iii wKGjvRyj Zvc Drc®² nGe?
M i i. cÉkgb Zvc aË‚eK
K –1780
13. wbGPi ˆKvb AvqbwU AwaK wÕ©wZkxj? ii. H+ I OH– wewKÌqvq we`Ågvb L –1870
K Fe2+ iii. ‰b^vjwci gvb FYvñK M –1890
L Ni2+
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? N –1980
M Cu+
N Cu2+ K i I ii L ii I iii 34. ˆKvGbv `ËeGYi nvBGWÈvGRb AvqGbi Nbgvòv
14. ˆevi cigvYyGZ ‰KwU ˆevi BGjKUÇb PZz^Æ M i I iii N i, ii I iii 3.98  10–2 molL–1 nGj pH ‰i gvb KZ?
24. ‰w´Ÿ-AwÝGW´Ÿ ‰i KvR nGjv K 1.0 L 1.4
kwÚÕ¦Gi ‰KwU cƒYÆ AveZÆb KiGZ KqwU cƒYÆ M 1.8 N 2.4
Ziã m†wÓ¡ KiGe? i. RviY wewKÌqvGK g¯©i Kiv
35. PCl5 ˆhŒGMi Cl ‰i msKiY wKi…c?
K 2 L 3 ii. AYyRxeGK a»sm Kiv
K sp3 L sp3d
M 4 N 5 iii. cvwbGK ˆkvlY Kiv M sp3d2 N sp3d3

1 N 2 M 3 L 4 M 5 N 6 L 7 M 8 K 9 L 10 N 11 M 12 K 13 M 14 M 15 M 16 K 17 L 18 N
Dîi

19 L 20 N 21 L 22 K 23 N 24 K 25 L 26 M 27 N 28 M 29 M 30 K 31 M 32 L 33 K 34 L 35 L
62 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

51. PëMÉvg ˆevWÆ 2016

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. chÆvq mviwYi PZz^Æ chÆvqfzÚ ˆgŒj 'A' ‰i ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii 4. X2Y4 HoooooI 2XY2; H = +ve
BGjKUÇb webÅvm (n – 1)d6ns2| 27C Zvcgvòvq ‰es 1 evqyPvGc X2Y4 ‰i 20% weGqvwRZ nq|
K. ivBWvi aË‚eK Kx? 1 K. cybtPKÌvqb Kx? 1
L. wkLv cixÞvq HCl ‰wmW eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 L. HClO4 ‰es HBrO4 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvb ‰wmGWi ZxeËZv ˆewk?
M. A ˆgŒGji d-DcÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇbàGjvi RbÅ PviwU ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
gvGbi ˆmU wbYÆq KGiv| 3 M. wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. [A(CN)6]4– AvqbwU iwOb nGe Kx? DóxcGKi AvGjvGK weGkÏlY N. X2Y4 ‰i weGqvRb nËvm KiGZ Kx Kx c`GÞc MÉnY Kiv ˆhGZ
KGiv| 4 cvGi? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
2. MÉ‚c 5. `ywU ˆhŒM A I B ‰i Rjxq `ËeY K4[Fe(CN)6] ‰i mvG^
14 15 16 17
chÆvq h^vKÌGg Mvp bxj I ev`vgx eGYÆi AatGÞc Drc®² KGi| A ˆhŒMwU
2q A B C X wkLv cixÞvq ˆKvGbv eYÆ m†wÓ¡ bv KiGjI B ˆhŒM bxjvf meyR eYÆ
3q D Y m†wÓ¡ KGi| 1
K. Zwor FYvñKZv Kx? 1 K. ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd Kx? 1
L. we÷«¬ cvwbi pH ‰i gvb 7 nq ˆKb? 2 L. Kc ‰i gvb Amxg nGZ cvGi bv ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi C ‰es D ‰i nvBWÈvBGWi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v wf®²-DîGii M. B ˆhŒMwUGZ ˆKvb Avqb DcwÕ©Z? wewKÌqvmn ˆjL| 3
cGÞ hywÚ `vI| 3 N. wkLv cixÞvq A I B ‰i gGaÅ wf®²Zvi KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
N. A, B ‰es C ˆgŒj wZbwUi mvG^ c†^KfvGe DóxcGKi Y ˆK 6.
hyÚ KiGj ˆh ˆhŒM wZbwU ŠZwi nq ˆmàGjv ‰KB msKiGYi cÉwKÌqvKiY `xNÆw`b hver
Lvevi DcGhvMx
gvaÅGg MwVZ nGjI AvK‡wZ wf®² wf®²-weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 (A)
Avbvim
3. `yB KveÆbwewkÓ¡ `yBwU nvBGWÈvKveÆb P ‰es Q h^vKÌGg sp3 Avbvim
‰es sp2 msKiGYi gvaÅGg MwVZ| Q, CO2(g), H2O(l), ˆhŒM
im msMÉn cÉwKÌqvKiY AÁÏxq Lv`Å
wZbwUi cÉavb msMVb Zvc h^vKÌGg –84, –393 ‰es –220 kJ mol–. AvbviGmi im
(B) msiÞK
P nvBGWÈvKveÆGbi cÉgvY `nb Zvc –1370 kJ.mol–| (X)
K. evdvi `ËeY Kx? 1 K. wewKÌqvi nvi Kx? 1
L. CaCl2 ‰es AlCl3 jeY«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU cvwbGZ AwaK L. bvBGUÇvGRGbi cÉ^g AvqbxKiY wefe AwÝGRGbi cÉ^g
`ËeYxq ‰es ˆKb? 2 AvqbxKiY wefe AGcÞv ˆewk ˆKb? 2
M. 'P' nvBGWÈvKveÆGbi cÉgvY msMVb Zvc wbYÆq KGiv| 3 M. cÉwKÌqvKiY (A) ‰i gƒjbxwZ eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi P ‰es Q ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU DrK‡Ó¡ R¾vjvwb? N. X-‰i Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35
[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. ˆKvbwU Lv`Å msiÞK bq? 4. 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g). 5. A-‰i `ËveÅZv KZ?
NO(g)
K wPwb L digvwjb K 13
wewKÌqvwUGZ L 15
M wfGbMvi N jeY i. mgmî½ cÉfveb NGUGQ M 45
2. wbGÁ²i cvigvYweK msLÅvhyÚ ˆgŒGji ˆKvbwU ii. NO AwaGkvlGYi gvaÅGg wewKÌqvGK N 47
p-eÐKhyÚ? cÉfvweZ KGi 6. `ËveGKi cwigvY AcwiewZÆZ ˆiGL `ËeGK
K 3 L 11 iii. NO MÅvmwU wewKÌqvi nvi cwieZÆb KGi AatwÞµ¦ KiGZ
M 33 N 43 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
i. Pvc evovGZ nGe
K i I ii L i I iii
3. ˆKvbwUi cÉ^g AvqwbKiY kwÚ ˆewk? ii. HCl ˆgkvGZ nGe
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K KveÆb iii. Zvcgvòv KgvGZ nGe
DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki ‰es 5 I 6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
L bvBGUÇvGRb
25C Zvcgvòvq 45 g avZe ˆKÑvivBW (A) 300 g
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M dmdivm `ËveGK `Ëexf„Z KGi mÁ·†Ú `ËeY ŠZwi Kiv nGj K i L i I ii
N AwÝGRb wewKÌqv cvòwU Vvív Abyf„Z nq| M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 63
7. 100 mL 0.1 M HCl ‰i gGaÅ 100 mL 0.3 17. jÅveGiUwiGZ ˆKvb KvRwU Kiv hvGe bv? 26. ÄB3 ˆhŒMwUGZ B cigvYyi ˆhvRbx ‰K nGj
M NH4OH ˆhvM KiGj Drc®² `ËeGYi i. Lv`Å MÉnY A cigvYyi msKiY ‰es e®¬b ˆKvY
ˆÞGò ˆKvb Z^ÅwU mwVK bq? ii. k¼vm-cÉk¼vm ˆbqv mÁ·wKÆZ ˆKvb Z^ÅwU mwVK? [‰LvGb A
K `ËeYwUi pH > 7 nGe iii. cvb Kiv w«¼Zxq chÆvGqi ˆgŒj]
L `ËeYwU jvj wjUgvmGK bxj KiGe wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K sp2 – 120 L sp2 – 107
M `ËeYwU AÁÏagÆx nGe K i I ii L ii I iii M sp3 – 107 N sp3 – 109.5
N `ËeYwUGZ mvgvbÅ ‰wmW ev Þvi ˆhvM M i I iii N i, ii I iii
27. wbGÁ²i ˆKvbwU DfagÆx AÝvBW?
K Na2O L SO2
KiGj Zvi pH cwieZÆb nGe bv 18. cigvYyi ˆKvb `ywU KwYKv ciÕ·i mgvb? M Al2O3 N CO2
8. [Cu(NH3)4]Cl2 ˆhŒMwUGZ ˆKvb ˆKvb K ˆcÉvUb I wbDUÇb 28. wkLv cixÞvq ˆmvbvjx njy` wkLv cÉ`kÆb
aiGbi e®¬b we`Ågvb? L BGjKUÇb I cwRUÇb KGi ˆKvb ˆgŒjwU?
i. mgGhvRx ii. AvqwbK M wbDUÇb I BGjKUÇb K Na L K
iii. mw®²Gek N BGjKUÇb I ˆcÉvUb M Ca N Cu
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 19. 25C Zvcgvòvq we÷«¬ cvwbi pH KZ?
29. wPn×wU ˆKvb aiGbi c`vG^Æi?
K i I ii L i I iii K kƒbÅ L >7
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M 7 N <7
K `vnÅ c`v^Æ L RviK c`v^Æ
9. dsp2 msKiGY KZwU bZzb AweÆUvj ŠZwi 20. aA + dD HoooooI mM wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò M weGÕ¹viK c`v^Æ
nGZ cvGi? wewKÌqvi nvi N ÞqKvix c`v^Æ
K 2 L 3 i. – .
1 [A] 30. cj eywã eÅvGjG´Öi (evGg 0 ˆ^GK WvGb
M 4 N 5 a t
100) Wvb cvÍÏvq wbGÁ²vÚ IRbmgƒn ˆbqv
10. wbGPi ˆKvb LvG`Å Lv`ÅZ¯§i cwigvY 1 D
ii. – .
d t nj: 5 gm + 2 gm + 20 gm ‰es 10 mg
meGPGq ˆewk? fGii ivBWvi `vMvswKZ exGgi 20 bs `vGM
1 M
K euvk ˆKvoj L ˆcuGc iii. – .
m t Õ©vcb Kiv nGj eÕ§wUi IRb KZ?
M ZigyR N Kijv wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K 7.024 MÉvg L 7.3 MÉvg
DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki ‰es 11 I 12 bs cÉGk²i K i L i I ii M 27.20 MÉvg N 37 MÉvg
Dîi `vI: M i I iii N i, ii I iii 31. p AweÆUvGji AvK‡wZ ˆKvbwU?
1 K e†îvKvi L eZzÆjvKvi
AB2(g) + B2(g) HoooooI AB3(g), H = –ve
2 21. DœP kwÚi AiweUvj ˆKvbwU?
K 4f L 5s M WvGÁ¼j AvKvi N Wvej WvGÁ¼j
11. wewKÌqvwUGZ Kp ‰i ‰KK ˆKvbwU?
1 1 M 5p N 6s 32. ˆccvi ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvdxGZ Rf ‰i ˆKvb gvbwU
K atm2 L atm–2 DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki ‰es 22 I 23 bs cÉGk²i MÉnYGhvMÅ bq?
M atm2 N atm–2 K 0.5 L 0.7
Dîi `vI:
12. AB3 ‰i Drcv`b e†w«¬GZ KiYxq ˆgŒj BGjKUÇb webÅvm M 0.9 N 1.1
i. Zvcgvòv KgvGZ nGe A ns1 DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki ‰es 33 I 34 bs cÉGk²i
ii. Pvc KgvGZ nGe B ns2.np5 Dîi `vI:
iii. B2 ‰i mieivn evovGZ nGe C (n – 1)d10ns1 ‰KRb wkÞv^Æx 0.1M Na2CO3 ‰i 100
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 22. C- ‰i ˆÞGò n ‰i bƒÅbZg gvb mÁ¿e mL `ËeY cÉÕ§Z KiGZ cÉGqvRbxq cwigvY `Ëe
K i L i I ii K 2 L 3 ˆgGc wbGq ‰GZ cvwb ˆhvM KGi `ËeY ŠZwi
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M 4 N 5 KGi| wK¯§ AbÅRb ‰KB c«¬wZGZ 0.1M
13. gvbyGli iGÚi pH ‰i Õ¼vfvweK gvb KZ? 23. A, B I C meàGjvB PZz^Æ chÆvGqi ˆgŒj H2SO4 ŠZwi KiGZ ‰KB c«¬wZ AbymiY KGi
K 5.5 L 6.4 nGj `yNÆUbvi wkKvi nq|
M 7.0 N 7.4 i. A AGcÞv C ‰i ˆcvjvwiwU ˆewk 33. cÉ^g wkÞv^Æx wK cwigvY Na2CO3
1 1 ii. A AGcÞv C ‰i Zwor FYvñKZv ˆewk AvqZwbK dÑvGÕ• wbGqwQj?
(
1 2 )
14. v‾ = RH n 2 – n 2 mgxKiYwU jvBGgb
iii. AB AGcÞv CB ‰i mgGhvRx ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆewk K 1.06 g L 10.6 mg
wmwiGRi ˆÞGò n1 = ? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M 10.6 g N 106 g
K 1 L 2 K i 34. cÉ^g wkÞv^Æx wbivcG` KvR mÁ·v`b
L i I ii
M 3 N 4 M ii I iii KiGjI 2q wkÞv^Æxi `yNÆUbvi KviY
N i, ii I iii
15. 24. wfGbMvi ˆKvbwU? i. Na2CO3 cvwbi mvG^ hyÚ nIqvUv Zvcnvix
10 mL ii. H2SO4 ‰i cvwb ˆhvRGb AZÅwaK Zvc
K HCOOH ‰i 6 – 10% Rjxq `ËeY
L H – CHO ‰i 40% Rjxq `ËeY Drc®² nq
h¯¨wUi bvg wK? iii. cvòwUi ZvcmnZv LyeB Kg
M CH3COOH ‰i 40% Rjxq `ËeY
K eyÅGiU L wcGcU wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
N CH3COOH ‰i 6 – 10% Rjxq `ËeY
M gvcGPvO N dzurbj K i L i I ii
25. 0.005 M w«¼Þvixq ZxeË AGÁÏi pH KZ?
16. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm K 2 M i I iii N i, ii I iii
mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg? L 2.30 35. ˆKvb cÉvYxi `yGai kwÚ (kCal) ˆewk?
K Cr L Mn M 11.70 K Mi‚ L QvMj
M Fe N Co N 12 M ˆfov N gwnl
1 L 2 M 3 L 4 N 5 L 6 M 7 M 8 N 9 M 10 K 11 L 12 M 13 N 14 K 15 L 16 K 17 M 18
Dîi

19 M 20 L 21 K 22 M 23 N 24 N 25 K 26 M 27 M 28 K 29 L 30 K 31 M 32 N 33 K 34 N 35 N
64 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

52. wmGjU ˆevWÆ 2016

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. A (3s1) ˆgŒGji nvBGWÈvÝvBW, HCHO ‰es C6H6 cÉf‡wZ ˆhŒM (HCOOH ‰i pKa ‰i gvb 3.8)
eZÆgvGb eÅvcKfvGe eÅen†Z nGœQ| K. wewKÌqvi MwZ Kx? 1
K. -KYv Kx? 1 L. F meÆvwaK Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L. ˆmwggvBGKÌv c«¬wZ cwiGek ev®¬e@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 M. 'A' `ËeGYi pH wnmve KGiv| 3
M. 'A' ˆhŒGMi msiÞY c«¬wZ eYÆbv KGiv| 3 N. 'A' `ËeGYi mvG^ 'B' `ËeY wgwkÉZ KiGj cÉkgb Zvc wÕ©i ^vKGe
N. DóxcGK ewYÆZ ŠRe ˆhŒM«¼Gqi gGaÅ AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki ˆcÉwÞGZ wK? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆKvbwU AwaKZi ügwKÕ¼i…c? DîGii mcGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4 5.
2. A, B I C wZbwU ˆhŒM hvG`i Õ¹zUbvsK h^vKÌGg 46C, 78C A (kKÆiv)
AvL
I 100C| B (ŠRe ‰wmW)
K. gΟ Kx? 1 K. AweÆUvj Kx? 1
L. 1g MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒjmgƒn mnGR w«¼abvñK Avhb MVb KGi bv@ L. b`xi ˆNvjv cvwb mgyG`Ë wMGq cwiÓ•vi nq ˆKb? 2
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 M. 'A' ˆhŒM ˆ^GK 'B' ˆhŒM cÉÕ§wZ mgxKiYmn eYÆbv KGiv| 3
M. B ˆhŒGMi we÷«¬Zv wKfvGe wbYÆq KiGe? 3 N. gvQ msiÞGY 'A' I 'B' ˆhŒM«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK
N. A, B I C ˆhŒGMi wgkÉY nGZ Dcv`vbmgƒn we÷«¬ AeÕ©vq DcGhvMx? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
c†^KxKiGY ˆKvb c«¬wZ AwaKZi DcGhvMx? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 6.
3. A2+ ‰i eÅvmvaÆ 0.65Å 7e
7e
B2+ ‰i eÅvmvaÆ 0.99 Å
+ +
C3+ ‰i BGjKUÇb msLÅv 10
K. mvmGcbkb Kx? 1 A ˆgŒj B ˆgŒj
L. Zvcgvòv evoGj cvwbi AvqwbK àYdj e†w«¬ cvq ˆKb? 2 K. evdvi `ËeY Kx? 1
M. 'C' ˆgŒGji ˆKÑvivBW WvBgvi MVb KGi@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 L. MÉ‚c-I ‰i nÅvjvBWmgƒn Rjxq `ËeGY wKfvGe ^vGK? eÅvLÅv
N. 'A' I 'B' ˆgŒj«¼Gqi KveÆGbGUi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK wÕ©wZkxj? KGiv| 2
hywÚ `vI| 4 M. 'A' ˆgŒGji meÆGkl kwÚ Õ¦Gii ‰KwU BGjKUÇGbi ˆKŒwYK ˆeM
4. wbYÆq KGiv| 3
N. A I B ˆgŒj«¼Gqi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v ‰KB bv nIqvi KviY weGkÏlY
20 mL 20 mL
0.5 M 0.5 M KGiv| 4
HCOOH NaOH

A `ËeY B `ËeY
mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35
[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. wbGPi ˆKvb AÝvBWwU ZxeË ÞviagÆx? 4. gvbyGli iGÚi pH KZ? 6. 0.005 M H2SO4 `ËeGYi pH KZ?
K MgO L SiO2 K 6.9 L 7.0 K 2 L 3
M Al2O3 N Na2O M 7.4 N 8.0 M 4 N 5
2. BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ meÆvwaK 5. AwÝGRb I mvjdvi ˆgŒj «¼viv MwVZ 7. ˆgGn`xi is ‰i KviY ˆh ivmvqwbK `ËeÅ
K F L Cl nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒM«¼Gqi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©vi wf®²Zvi K jÅvGbvwjb L jvGmvb
M Br N I
KviY M AwjK ‰wmW N DB´Ÿvi MÉxb
3. 25C Zvcgvòvq Fe(OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv
K AvqwbK e®¬b 8. Dw«¿` ˆ^GK ˆÕ¡iGqW RvZxq c`v^Æ wbÓ•vkb
2.1153  10–8 gdm–3 nGj H Zvcgvòvq
`ËveÅZvi àYdj KZ? (Fe = 55.85) L mgGhvRx e®¬b Kivi c«¬wZ nj
–38
K 4.147  10 L 3.416  10 –32
M mw®²Gek e®¬b K evÓ·cvZb L `ËveK wbÓ•vkb
M 3.08  10–28 N 2.162  10–22 N nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b M AvswkK cvZbN Ea»ÆcvZb
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 65
An+ Avqb +K4[Fe(CN)6] (aq)  B (jvjGP 19. A2(g) + B2(g) HoooooI 2AB(g); H = +ve 25. MX2 ˆhŒMwU cvwbi mvG^ wewKÌqvq Drc®²
AatGÞc) i. wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix KGi
DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 9 I 10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: ii. mvgÅaË‚eK Kp I Kc ‰i gvb mgvb K NH3 L C2H2
9. A AvqbwU nj
n+
iii. mvgÅveÕ©vi Dci PvGci cÉfve ˆbB M NO2 N C2H6

K Fe2+ L Cu2+ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 26. `ya ˆ^GK Qvbv cvIqvi KviY
M NH4+ N Fe3+ K Av`ÆË weGkÏlY L dviGgG´Ÿkb
K i I ii L i I iii
10. B-‰i RwUj AvqbwU M ˆKvqvàGjkb N AwÝGWkb
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. mgZjxq eMÆvK‡wZ 20. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU AwaK mgGhvRx? 27. wbGÁ²i ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU Av`ÆË weGkÏwlZ nq bv?
ii. PZzÕ¦jKxq K MgCl2 L CaCl2 K BCl3 L AlCl3
iii. cÅvivPzÁ¼Kxq M AlCl3 N FeCl3 M SiCl4 N CCl4
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 21. hLb Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ Kiv nq, wewKÌqvi nvi 28. ˆKvbwU cÉfveK wel?
K iI ii L ii I iii K Al2O3 L MnO2
e†w«¬ cvq KviY
M As2O3 N Ni
M i I iii N i, ii I iii i. mwKÌhb kwÚ nËvm cvq
11. gvbe iGÚ ˆKvb evdvi `ËeY we`Ågvb? 29. AvBGmvGUvGbi D`vniY
ii. msNlÆ msLÅv e†w«¬ cvq 13 13 40 40
K NH4Cl + NH4OH K 7N, 6C L 18Ar, 20 Ca
iii. AwaK msLÅK AYy wewKÌqvi RbÅ mwKÌqb
L CH3COONa + CH3COOH M
40 40
N
31 32
20Ca, 19K 15P, 16S
M NaHCO3 + H2CO3 kwÚ jvf KGi
30. 250 mL 0.1M Na2CO3 `ËeY ˆZwi KiGZ
N Na2HPO4 + H3PO4 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wK cwigvY Na2CO3 jvMGe?
12. A2(g) + 3B2(g) HoooooI 2AB3(g); wewKÌqvwUi K i I ii L ii I iii
K 2.65 g L 5.3 g
RbÅ Kp I Kc ‰i gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ nj M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M 5.5 g N 10.6 g
K Kp = Kc(RT)2L Kp = Kc(RT)–2 22. nvBWÈvwmWmgƒGni ZxeËZv wKGmi Dci wbfÆi 31. jÅveGiUwiGZ H2S ‰i cwieGZÆ ˆKvbwU
M Kp = Kc(RT)–1NKp = Kc(RT)–4
KGi? eÅenvi Kiv hvGe?
13. wbGPi ˆKvb AvqbwU iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi?
K ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi RviY msLÅv K CH3 COOH L CH3 CSNH2
K Sc3+ L Hg2+
M Zn 2+
N Fe2+
L ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi PvRÆ NbZ½ M CH3 CONH2 N CH3 CH2 NH2
M AÅvbvqGbi AvKvi 32. wfGbMvGi kZKiv KZ fvM cvwb ^vGK?
14. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwUi MjbvsK meGPGq Kg?
K LiCl L NaCl N KÅvUvqGbi AvKvi K 6 – 10% L 30 – 40%
M KCl N CsCl 23. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwUGZ mçvjb AÞg  M 60 – 65% N 90 – 94%
15. ˆKvbwUi ˆcvjvivqb ÞgZv meGPGq ˆewk? (cvB) BGjKUÇb AvGQ? 33. Na2CO3
K Be2+ L Ba2+ K C2H4 L C2H6 i. cÉvBgvix Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ c`v^Æ
M Sr2+ N Mg2+ M C6H6 N C3H8 ii. ‰i Rjxq `ËeY AÁÏxq
16. ˆKvbwU AwaK kwÚkvjx ‰wmW? DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki ‰es 24 I 25bs cÉGk²i iii. ‰i Rjxq `ËeY Þvixq
K HNO3 L H3PO4
Dîi `vI: wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M HClO4 N H2SO4
ˆkÉwY K i I ii L i I iii
17. NH4Cl ˆhŒMwUGZ 
IIA IVA VIA
i. AvqwbK e®¬b we`Ågvb chÆvq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

ii. mgGhvRx e®¬b we`Ågvb

34. ˆKÌvGgvGUvMÉvwdGZ wbGÁ²i Dcv`vbàGjvi
2q X Z
iii. mw®²Gek e®¬b we`Ågvb 4^Æ M
AwaGkvlGYi mwVK KÌg nj
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K –OH > –NH2 > – COOH > – CHO
24. XZ2
L –NH2 > –COOH > – CHO > – OH
K i L ii
i. ˆhŒMwU mgGhvRx M –COOH > –OH > – NH2 > –CHO
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. AYywU PZzÕ¦jKxq N –CHO > – COOH > – OH >– NH2
18. ˆcGUÇvwjqvg weGkvab Kiv nq ˆKvb
iii. ˆhŒMwUGZ
‰KwUgvò cvB e®¬b AvGQ 35. wbGPi ˆKvb AvqbwU mbvÚKiGY cUvwmqvg
cÉwKÌqvq?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? ˆdGivmvqvbvBW `ËeY eÅenvi Kiv nq?
K cvZb L AvswkK cvZb
K i L ii K K+ L Na+
M ˆKjvmb N Ea»ÆcvZb M Ca 2+
N Cu2+
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 N 2 L 3 K 4 M 5 N 6 K 7 L 8 L 9 L 10 M 11 M 12 L 13 N 14 K 15 K 16 M 17 N 18 L
Dîi

19 N 20 M 21 N 22 M 23 K 24 K 25 L 26 M 27 N 28 M 29 N 30 K 31 L 32 N 33 L 34 M 35 N
66 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

53. hGkvi ˆevWÆ 2016

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. wbGPi wPòwU jÞÅ Ki: N. wewKÌqvwUGZ Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ KiGj mvgÅvsGKi gvGbi cwieZÆb
NUGe Kx? hywÚmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
+
K 4. (A) NaOH (B) NH4OH
L
M K. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv Kx? 1
K. ˆmwg-gvBGKÌv AÅvbvjvBwUKÅvj c«¬wZ Kx? 1 L. `ËeGY Fe Avqb Zzwg wKfvGe mbvÚ KiGe?
+3
2
L. mvaviY Zvcgvòvq H2O Zij wK¯§ H2S MÅvm@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 M. UqGjU cwiÓ•viKiGY (A) ‰i f„wgKv wjL| 3
M. l I m ‰i gvb wnmve KGi M kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb msLÅv wbYÆq KGiv| 3 N. ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ DóxcGKi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU DchyÚ-wewKÌqvmn
N. L kwÕ¦Õ¦Gi 2d I 3f AiweUvj mÁ¿e wKbv ˆZvgvi gZvgZ eÅvLÅv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
KGiv| 4 5. wbGPi ˆhŒMàwj jÞÅ Ki:
2. 20 mL 6 mL 150 mL 0.85 (A) CCl4 (B) BeCl2 (C) NH3
0.1M 0.025 M M K. mvmGcbkb Kx? 1
H2SO4 NaOH CH3COOH
L. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj Kx? D`vniYmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
Ka = 1.85 
M. B bs ˆhŒGMi msKivqb cÉYvjx AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
10–5
A B C N. A I C bs ˆhŒGMi AvKviMZ cv^ÆGKÅi KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
K. Lv`Å wbivcîv Kx? 1 6. ˆebwRb,
CuSO4 + NaCl NaCl
L. Lv`Å ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY ‰MRmwUs ˆKb Kiv nq? 2 UjyBb, wg^vbj
wgkÉY wgkÉY
M. (B + C) `ËeGYi pH ˆei KGiv| 3 wgkÉY
A B C
N. (A + B) wgkÉGYi cÉK‡wZ wK nGe, weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
3. PCl5(g) HoooooI PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) K. pH Kx? 1
25C Zvcgvòvq ‰es 1 evqyPvGc 80% PCl5 weGqvwRZ nGq PCl3
L. ˆnGmi mƒòwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
‰es Cl2 Drc®² KGi| M. B ‰i `ËeY ˆ^GK `ËewU c†^K Kivi ˆÞGò HCl ‰i f„wgKv
K. wfGbMvi Kx? 1 wjL| 3
L. ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË ÞvGii cÉkgb Zvc aË‚eK@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 N. AvswkK cvZb c«¬wZ DóxcGKi A I C ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvb
M. DcGii wewKÌqvi Kp ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3 wgkÉYGK c†^K Kivi RbÅ cÉGhvRÅ, weGkÏlY KGiv| 4

mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35

[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. wbGPi ˆKvbwU mycvi AÝvBW? Zvc wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
3. Ca3N2 + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + A;
K KO2 K i L i I ii
L Pb3O4 ‰LvGb A ˆhŒMwU nGœQ
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M MnO2 K NO2 L HNO3
M N2 N NH3 5. DóxcGKi wewKÌ q vi ˆÞGò Kc I Kp ‰i
N Na2O2
2. BGjKUÇGbi n = 3 ˆ^GK n = 2 avGc avcv¯¦i DóxcK nGZ 4 ‰es 5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: mÁ·GKÆ i mgxKiY ˆKvbwU?
X2(g) + 3Y2(g); HoooooI 2XY3(g); H = –ve K Kp = Kc L Kp = Kc(RT)–2
nGj nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy ˆ^GK wbMÆZ eYÆvjx M Kc = Kp(RT) N Kc = Kp(RT)2
–2

wmwiRwU nGe 4. mvgÅveÕ©vq wewKÌqvwUGZ X2 MÅvm cÉGek

6. cj-eywã eÅvGjG´Öi ˆÞGò 10 mg IRGbi
K jvBgÅvb wmwiR KivGj
ivBWvi eÅenvi Kiv nGj, ivBWvi aË‚eGKi
L evgvi wmwiR i. mvgÅveÕ©vi AeÕ©vb mÁÃyL w`Gq mGi hvGe
gvb ˆKvbwU nGe?
M cÅvGøb wmwiR ii. mvgÅvsGKi gvb e†w«¬ cvGe
K 0.0001 L 0.001
N eËÅvGKU wmwiR iii. DrcvG`i cwigvY nËvm cvGe M 0.002 N 0.02
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 67
7. wkLv cixÞvq ˆgŒGji Avqb mbvÚKiGY 16. A ˆgŒGji wÕ©wZkxj RviY gvb 27. K ‰i meÆGkl BGjKUÇGbi ˆÞGò mÁ¿veÅ
Lvwj ˆPvGL bxjvf meyR wkLv ˆ`Lv ˆMj| K +1 L +3 ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvi ˆmU ˆKvbwU?
mwVK KÅvUvqb ˆKvbwU? M +4 N +5 1
K n = 4, l = 2, m = 1, s = +
K K+ L Pb2+ 17. A ˆgŒGji ˆÞGò 2
M Ba2+ N Cu2+ i. RwUj ˆhŒM MVb mÁ¿e nq 1
L n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2
8. iGÚi pH ˆié nj ii. MjbvsK DœP nq
1
K 1.0 – 2.0 iii. msKi avZz ŠZwi KGi M n = 4, l = 1, m = 0, s = –
2
L 4.8 – 7.5
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 1
M 6.4 – 6.9 N n = 4, l = 1, m = 0, s = +
N 7.35 – 7.45 K i I ii L ii I iii 2

9. ‰KwU A‹Re jeGYi Rjxq `ËeGY cUvwmqvg M i I iii N i, ii I iii

28. ‰B mZKÆZv wPn× «¼viv wK eySvGbv
ˆdGivmvqvbvBW `ËeY ˆhvM KivGZ mv`v 18. 0.05 M H2SO4 `ËeGYi pH KZ?
K 1 L 2 nq?
eGYÆi AatGÞc coGjv| abvñK AvqbwU M 4 N 5
nGe KÞqKviK L ŠRe `ƒlK
19. wewKÌqvi nvGii ‰KK ˆKvbwU?
K Fe 2+
L Fe 3+ MŠe`yÅwZK Szwu KN ˆZRwÕ˜q
K mol Ls–1 L mol L–1s
M Cu2+ N Zn2+ M mol L–1s–1 N mol–1 L–1s–1 29. Rvj UvKv mbvÚKiGY eÅen†Z nq
10. wbGPi ˆKvbwU ˆmGK´£vix Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ c`v^Æ? 20. `ya nGœQ K IR iwkÄ L X-iwkÄ
K KMnO4 L K2Cr2O7
K ˆRj L Bgvjkb M -iwkÄ N UV-iwkÄ
M C2H2O4 N Na2C2O4
M mvmGcbkb N mj 30. HSO4– AvqGbi Abye®¬x ÞviK ˆKvbwU?
11. ˆiLv eYÆvjxi gvaÅGg K H2SO4 L SO42–
K gƒjK kbvÚ Kiv hvq
21. UÅvjK Kx?
M H3O+ N H2O
K ˆmvwWqvg wmwjGKU
L Rvj UvKv kbvÚ Kiv hvq 31. AÁÏxq evdvi `ËeGYi pH wbYÆGqi ˆÞGò
L gÅvMGbwmqvg wmwjGKU
M ˆgŒj kbvÚ Kiv hvq mgwKiYwU nj
M cUvwmqvg wmwjGKU
N ˆivM wbYÆq Kiv hvq
N AÅvjywgwbqvg wmwjGKU [jeY]
wbGPi DóxcKwU co ‰es 12 I 13 bs cÉGk²i K pH = pKa + log
[AÁÏ]
Dîi `vI: 22. C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g); H = –393.5 kJ
DcGivÚ wewKÌqvwU [AÁÏ]
‰KRb wkÞv^Æx jÅveGiUwiGZ KvR Kivi mgq L pH = pKa + log
i. KveÆGbi `nb wewKÌqv [jeY]
Mvp H2SO4 Zvi nvGZ cGo ˆMj| jÅve wkÞK
Zvi nvGZ 5% gvòvi 'X' `ËeY w`Gq KGqKevi ii. CO2 ‰i msMVb wewKÌqv [jeY]
M pH = pKa – log
ayGq w`Gjb ‰es cieZÆxGZ WvÚvGii KvGQ iii. ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqv [AÁÏ]
cvVvGjb| wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? [AÁÏ]
K i I ii L ii I iii N pH = pKa – log
12. DóxcGKi 'X'; `ËeYwU wQj [jeY]
K NaOH L NaHCO3 M i I iii N i, ii I iii 32. BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi mwVK KÌg ˆKvbwU?
M (NH4)2CO3 N Na2CO3 23. chÆvq mviwYGZ p eÐK ˆgŒGji msLÅv KqwU? K I > Br > Cl > F
13. ‰wmGWi cwieGZÆ hw` Þvi `ËeY Zvi nvGZ K 14 L 24 L Cl > F > Br > I
M 30 N 36 M
coZ, ZGe jÅve wkÞK ˆKvbwU eÅenvi F > Cl > Br > I
KiGZb? 24. SiCl4, BF3 ‰es NH3 ˆhŒMàGjvGZ e®¬b N Br > I > Cl > F
K H3BO3 L AgCl ˆKvGYi mwVK KÌg ˆKvbwU? 33. ‰KwU wewKwiZ iwkÄi Ziã‹`NÆÅ 530 nm|
K SiCl4 > BF3 > NH3 iwkÄwUi Ziã msLÅv KZ?
M H3PO4 N wfGbMvi `ËeY
L NH3 > BF3 > SiCl4 K 1.887  107m–1
14. C2H2 ˆhŒGMi KveÆb cigvYyi msKiY ˆKvb M BF3 > NH3 > SiCl4
aiGbi? L 1.887  106m–1
N BF3 > SiCl4 > NH3
K dsp2 L sp3 M 1.887  104m–1
25. PCl5 AYyi MVb wKi…c? N 1.887  10–4m–1
M sp2 N sp
K wòGKvYvKvi w«¼-wcivwgWxq 34. M ˆhŒM Drcv`Gbi wewKÌqv wbÁ²i…c:
15. ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdi ˆÞGò L AÓ¡ZjKxq
i. wÕ©i gvaÅgwU KwVb ev Zij c`v^Æ nGZ X + Y  M + N (eRÆÅ)
M mgZjKxq wòGKvYvKvi 78g 98g 84g 92g
cvGi N PZzÕ¦jKxq DcGivÚ wewKÌqvwUi ‰Ug BGKvbwg nGœQ
ii. mPj gvaÅgwU Zij ev MÅvmxq c`v^Æ nGZ
26. ˆivM wbYÆGq MRI cixÞvi ˆÞGò K 47.72% L 52.27%
cvGi M 85.71% N 100%
i. MRI cixÞvi gƒjbxwZ NMR ‰i
iii. Kjvg ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwd wefvRb ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdi 35. ˆcvjvivqb wbfÆi KGi
gƒjbxwZi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ
‰KwU Ask i. KÅvUvqGbi AvKvGii Dci
ii. MRI cixÞvq IR Ziã eÅenvi Kiv nq
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? ii. AÅvbvqGbi AvKvGii Dci
iii. MRI cixÞvq ˆiwWI Ziã eÅenvi Kiv
K i I ii L ii I iii
nq iii. KÅvUvqGbi AvavGbi Dci
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wbGPi DóxcKwU nGZ 16 I 17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii L ii I iii
A ˆgŒGji ewntÕ© kwÚÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb webÅvm (n
M i I iii N iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
– 1) d5ns1

1 K 2 L 3 N 4 K 5 L 6 M 7 N 8 N 9 N 10 K 11 M 12 L 13 K 14 N 15 K 16 L 17 N 18 K
Dîi

19 M 20 L 21 L 22 N 23 N 24 N 25 K 26 M 27 L 28 M 29 N 30 L 31 K 32 L 33 L 34 K 35 N
68 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

54. ewikvj ˆevWÆ 2016

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. «¼v`k ˆkÉwYi wkÞv^Æx Aijb imvqb jÅvGe AÁÏ-ÞviK M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ ZijwUi AbywÕ©Z ‰KwU ˆgŒGji ˆhvRbx wÕ©i
UvBGUÇkb Kivi mgq cvGò msiwÞZ jNy H2SO4 `ËeYwU ˆkl nGq nGjI chÆvqmviwYi ‰KB MÉ‚cfzÚ cieZÆx ˆgŒGji ˆhvRbx
hvq| wK¯§ ˆm Zvi wkÞKGK welqwU bv RvwbGqB ˆUweGj iwÞZ Mvp cwieZÆbkxj@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
H2SO4 ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq cwigvY ‰KwU weKvGi ˆXGj wbGq ZvGZ N. “mKj cÉKvi RjRcÉvYxi ˆeuGP ^vKvi gƒGjB iGqGQ DóxcGKi
cvwb ˆhvM KGi jNy Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGi| wK¯§ ‰GZ ZrÞYvr ‰wmW e®¬b«¼q”@ welqwUi ˆhŒwÚK eÅvLÅv `vI| 4
`ËeYwU evÓ· KGi Zvi kixGii wewf®² AsGk ˆjGM hvq| 4. (i) A2(g) + 3B2(g) HoooooI 2AB3(g) + Zvc
K. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv Kx? 1 (ii) X2(g) + Y2(g) HoooooI 2XY(g) – Zvc
L. ˆdÑvwib meGPGq Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj ˆKb? 2 K. jv-kvGUjxqGii bxwZ Kx? 1
M. cÉv^wgK wPwKrmv wnmvGe AijGYi wK wK eÅeÕ©v ˆbqv DwPr eGj Zzwg L. HNO3 I H3PO4- ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU kwÚkvjx ‰wmW ‰es ˆKb?2
gGb KGiv| 3 M. DóxcGKi (i)bs wewKÌqvi RbÅ weGqvRb gvòv mvGcGÞ Kp- ‰i
N. “jÅveGiUwii eÅenviwewa msKÌv¯¦ AæZv I AmZKÆZvB AijGbi ivwkgvjv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
1
‰ AeÕ©vi RbÅ `vqx”@ DwÚwUi ˆhŒwÚK gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4 N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqv«¼Gqi RbÅ T ebvg log Kp- ‰i ˆjLwPò
2. DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI: AsKb KGi ‰i ZvrchÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
5. iÚiGm ‰wmW I jeGYi Nbgvòvi AbycvZ 0.05 ‰es iGÚi
25C Zvcgvòvq 25C Zvcgvòvq
20 mL 40 mL pH 7.4| ‰K weGkl ivmvqwbK wmGÕ¡Ggi KviGY UKRvZxq dj
0.02 M 0.04 M ˆhgb ˆjey ‰es ÞviagÆx wewf®² AÁÏbvkK Jla ˆmeGbi cGiI DÚ
AgNO3 `ËeY NaCl `ËeY
pH gvGbi ˆZgb ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb NGU bv| 1
1bs cvò 2bs cvò
K. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj Kx? 1
25C Zvcgvòvq AgNO3 ‰i `ËveÅZv =2.2  10–3gL–1 ‰es AgCl L. `ËeGY NH4+ AvqbGK wKfvGe mbvÚ Kiv hvq? 2
‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj = 1.8  10–10, Ag-‰i cvtfi = 107.87| M. iÚiGm we`Ågvb ‰wmWwUi Ka-‰i gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3
K. meyR imvqb Kx? 1 N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK iGÚi pH gvb wÕ©i ^vKvi welqwU weGkÏlY
L. 2d-AiweUvj mÁ¿e bq ˆKb? 2 KGiv| 4
M. 1bs cvGò iwÞZ AgNO3-‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj wbYÆq KGiv| 3 6. ‰KRb Zi‚Y DG`ÅvÚv Avg, AvGcj, Avbvim, ˆcqviv cÉf‡wZ
N. 1bs cvGòi `ËeGYi gGaÅ 2bs cvGòi `ËeY mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc ˆgkvGj djGK ˆKŒUvRvZ KiGZ wMGq ivmvqwbK wcÉRviGfwUf ˆmvwWqvg
AgCl-‰i AatGÞc coGe Kx? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 mvjdvBGUi cwieGZÆ cÉvK‡wZK wcÉRviGfwUf wnGmGe wPwb `ËeY
3. wbÁ² Zvcgvòvq Zij c`v^Æ RgvU ˆeuGa KwVb nGj Zvi NbZ½ eÅenvi KGib|
evovi K^v ^vKGjI ‰K weGkl e®¬Gbi DcwÕ©wZi KviGY Zv NGU K. mwKÌqb kwÚ Kx? 1
bv| dGj, kxZcÉavb ˆ`Gki me RjvkGq RjR cÉvYx euvPGZ cvGi| L. FeCl2 AGcÞv FeCl3-‰i MjbvsK Kg ˆKb? 2
‰QvovI ZvG`i ˆeuGP ^vKvi ˆcQGb Aci ‰K cÉKvi ivmvqwbK M. Zi‚Y DG`ÅvÚv ˆh c«¬wZ AejÁ¼b KGiGQb, ZvGZ wewf®² avGci
e®¬b `vqx| Zvcgvòv mywbw`ÆÓ¡ gvGb ^vKv Ri‚ix@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
K. AiweUvGji msKiY Kx? 1 N. DóxcGK ewYÆZ 1g wcÉRviGfwUfwUi cwieGZÆ 2q wcÉRviGfwUfwU
L. NaOH ‰es HF-‰i cÉkgb ZvGci gvb aË‚eK gvGbi ˆPGq ˆewk eÅenvGii wm«¬v¯¦ Zzwg wK ‰KgZ? ˆZvgvi DîGii mcGÞ hywÚ
ˆKb? 2 `vI| 4
mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35
[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU KGiv| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. wbGÁ²vÚ ˆKvb h¯¨ eÅenvi KGi AwaKZi 4. sp3 msKivwqZ ˆhŒM bq ˆKvbwU? 7. gvbyGli iGÚi pH gvb
mƒßfvGe ռ͸ AvqZb cwigvc Kiv mÁ¿e? K BF3 L NH3 K 4.8 L 5.5
M H2O N CH4 M 7.4 N 10.6
K ˆgRvwis wmwj´£vi
L AvqZbwgwZK dÑvÝ
5. -eÐK ˆgŒj nGjv 8. DfagÆx AÝvBW nGjv
K La L Ce K BeO L Na2O
M eyÅGiU M Ac N Th M CO2 N MgO
N KwbKÅvj dÑvÝ 6. wbGÁ²vÚ wewKÌqvàGjvi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi H ‰i 9. C – H, Cl – Cl, C – Cl I H – Cl ‰i
2. Ziã msLÅv v̄ ˆKvb iwkÄi ˆÞGò ˆewk nq? gvb meGPGq Kg?
K U.V L I.R K HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq)
e®¬bkwÚ h^vKÌGg 413, 242, 328 ‰es 433
M Red-ray N X-ray + H2O(l) kJmol–1 nGj CH4 + 2Cl2  CH2Cl2 +
3. cj eyGã eÅvGj´Ö-‰ (evGg 0 ˆ^GK WvGb 1 2HCl ‰i wewKÌqv Zvc H = ?
L H2SO4(aq) + KOH(aq) 
100) 10 mg fGii ivBWvi eÅenvi KiGj 2 K – 212 kJ L + 212 kJ
1 M + 122 kJ N – 122 kJ
ivBWvi aË‚eK nGjv K SO (aq) + H2O(l)
K 1  10–4 g
2 2 4 10. ˆKvb cÉvYxi `yGa ˆekx gvòvi kCal ‰KGK
M CH 3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
L 2  10 g –4
CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) kwÚ cvIqv hvq
M 0.1 g N H – COOH(aq) + NH4OH(aq)  K Mi‚ L gwnl
N 0.02 g H – COONH4(aq) + H2O(l) M QvMj N ˆfov
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 69
11. CH3COOH ‰i Ka = 1.8  10–5 nGj 0.1 19. (NaCl + NH4Cl) ‰i wgkÉY ˆ^GK Dcv`vb 26. K‡wòg Lv`Å wcÉRviGfwUfm ˆKvbwU?
M CH3COOH `ËeGYi pH KZ? c†^KxKiY c«¬wZ nGjv K NaCl
K 1 L 5.78 L C12H22O11
K cvZb L ˆKjvmb
M 3.37 N 2.87 M H – CHO ‰i 40% `ËeY
M AvswkK ˆKjvmb
12. AÅvGgvwbqv AYyi ˆÞGò N C6H5COOH
N EaȮcvZb
i. l.p – b.p weKlÆY msLÅv 3wU 27. ˆmwggvBGKÌv-AÅvbvwjwUKÅvj c«¬wZGZ
20.
ii. e®¬b ˆKvY 104.5 eÅen†Z c`vG^Æi cwigvY nGjv
log K Xvj = – 60 K 0.5 g – 1.0 gm
iii. AvK‡wZ wòGKvYvKvi wcivwgWxq
L 0.05 g – 0.1 g
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M 0.005 g – 0.01 g
K i L ii I iii 1
N 10 gm – 50 gm
T
M i I iii N i, ii I iii DóxcGKi ˆjL ˆ^GK wbYÆxZ mwKÌqb kwÚ 28. A2(g) + 3B2(g) HoooooI 2AB3(g) H = –Ve
13. (Na2SO3 + Na3AsO3) + O2  Na2SO4 nGjv DÚ wewKÌqvq AB3 Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvGe
+ Na3AsO4 DÚ wewKÌqvi ˆÞGò Na2SO3 K 1148.82J L 11.4882kJ hw`
‰KwU M 16.620kJ N 216.604J i. Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ Kiv nq
K Õ¼-cÉfveK L cÉfveK mnvqK DóxcK nGZ 21 I 22 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: ii. Pvc nËvm Kiv nq
M FYvñK cÉfveK ˆgŒj ewntÕ© BGjKUÇb iii. cvò ˆ^GK AB3 ˆK AcmiY Kivi
N AvweÓ¡ cÉfveK webÅvm eÅeÕ©v Kiv nq
14. ˆKvevΟ KvGPi gaÅ w`Gq KÌxgmb jvj L ns1 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ˆ`Lvq M (n + 1)s2 K i L ii
Q nd10(n + 1)s1
K Na+ L K+
R ns2np5 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M Ca2+ N Cu2+ 29. jÅveGiUwiGZ ˆKjvwmZ jeY Av`ÆËZv gyÚ
ˆhLvGb n = 3
15. Lv`Å `ËeÅ ˆKŒUvRvZKiGYi eÐvwçs chÆvGq KiGZ eÅen†Z nq
21. DóxcGKi ˆKvb ˆgŒj K4[Fe(CN)6] «¼viv
i. dzU¯¦ cvwb ev evGÓ·i mvnvGhÅ Lv`Å K KÅvjwiwgUvi L eybGmb evbÆvi
mbvÚKiY mÁ¿e?
`ËeÅGK 5 – 10 wgwbU mgq D Kiv nq K L L M M ˆWwmGKUi N wdDgüW
ii. jeGYi `ËeGYi Lv`Å `ËeÅGK 5–10 wgwbU M Q N R 30. A2B3 ‰i `ËveÅZv S nGj `ËveÅZv àYdj
WzweGq ivLv nq 22. DóxcK gGZ nGe
iii. Lv`Å `ËGeÅi gGaÅ we`Ågvb ‰bRvBg i. MR2 AGcÞv QR2 ‰i MjbvsK ˆewk K 108 S5 L 27 S3
mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc a»smcÉvµ¦ nq ii. Q ‰KwU AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj M 16 S4 N 8 S3
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? iii. LR AGcÞv QR cvwbGZ Kg `ËeYxq 31. KuvVvj ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY wbGÁ²vÚ ˆKvb ‰wmW
K i L i I iii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? cÉGqvRb
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i L i I ii K AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW
DóxcK ˆ^GK 16 I 17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: M ii I iii N i, ii I iii L jÅvKwUK ‰wmW
MÉ‚c M ‰mKiweK ‰wmW
 15 16 17 18 23. DÚ cÉZxK «¼viv eySvGbv nq N mvBwUÇK ‰wmW
chÆvq
32. wbGÁ²i ˆKvb ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇb webÅvGm üG´£i
2q A M Q R c`v^ÆwU
bxwZ cÉGhvRÅ bq?
3q D E G T K ÞqKvix L `vnÅ K N L P
16. EG4 ˆhŒGM gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb msLÅv M RviK N welvÚ M S N Cl
K 4 L 3 24. H-cigvYyi BGjKUÇb N  K ˆkGj 33. HSO4– ‰i Abye®¬x AÁÏ nGjv
M 2 N 1 avcv¯¦Gi m†Ó¡ wewKwiZ iwkÄwU K H2SO4 L SO42–
17. DóxcK gGZ i. jvBgÅvb wmwiRfzÚ M HSO3– N H2SO3
i. BGjKUÇb AvmwÚi KÌg Q < G ii. eÅenvi KGi Rvj UvKv mbvÚ Kiv hvGe 34. H-e®¬b MwVZ nq bv wbGÁ²vÚ ˆKvb ˆhŒGM?
ii. AvqbxKiY wefe e†w«¬i KÌg M < A < Q < R iii. «¼viv MRI cixÞv Kiv hvGe
K CH4 L NH3
iii. DG3 ‰i e®¬bGKvY AGcÞv AG3 ‰i M HF N H2O
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
e®¬b ˆKvY ˆewk 35. CaC2O4 ‰i `ËveÅZv wbGÁ²vÚ ˆKvb `ËeGY
K i L i I ii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? ˆewk nGe
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K i L i I ii K 0.1 M HCl
25. gΟ wfGbMvi cÉÕ§wZGZ (NH4)2SO4 I L 0.1 M NaOH
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii (NH4)3PO4 eÅen†Z nq, hv M 0.02 M H2SO4
18. ˆKvbwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY wbqGgi K eÅvKGUwiqv e†w«¬GZ mnvqK N 0.05 M H2CO3
eÅwZKÌGg NGU L wPwbi RviY NUvq
K Zn L Ag
M AÅvjGKvnGji `Ë‚Z RviY NUvq
M Ce N Al
N AÅvjwWnvBW cÉÕ§wZ cÉwZGiva KGi
1 M 2 N 3 L 4 K 5 L 6 N 7 M 8 K 9 K 10 L 11 N 12 M 13 N 14 L 15 L 16 N 17 N 18 M
Dîi

19 N 20 K 21 M 22 M 23 L 24 L 25 K 26 N 27 L 28 * 29 M 30 K 31 N 32 N 33 K 34 K 35 K
* we.`Ë.: 28| mwVK Dîi gyav (iii)|
70 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

55. XvKv ˆevWÆ 2015

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. orbit Nos
4 4.
nucleus 3 Electrons not
2 allowed between O2(g)
C(s) CO2(s)
1 orbits H =
Electron 1
O2(g)
permitted in 2 H2 = – 282.96 kJ
eireular orbit H1 = – 110.54 kJ 1
O2(g)
CO(g) 2
K. dzW ˆjKvi Kx? 1
L. wkLv cixÞvq Mvp HCl eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 K. `ËeY Zvc KvGK eGj? 1
M. cÉGZÅK cigvYyi ˆK±`Ê abvñK PvRÆhyÚ wbDwKÑqvm «¼viv MwVZ L. “ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË ÞvGii wewKÌ
q vq cÉ k gb ZvGci gvb
cÉgvY Ki| 3 aË~e”eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
N. DóxcGKi cigvYy gGWjwUi MÉnYGhvMÅZvi Õ¼cGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4 M. DóxcGK cÉ`î WvUv ˆ^GK CO2 Drcv`Gb H-‰i gvb wnmve
2. Ki| 3
Z‡Zxq N. “ˆnGmi mƒò kwÚi AwebvwkZvev` mƒGòi wf®²i…c”
chÆvGqi Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar DóxcGKi AvGjvGK gƒjÅvqb Ki| 4
ˆgŒj 5. A2(g) I B2(g) `y’wU MÅvm wgkÉY 500C Zvcgvòvq I 50atm
AvqbxKiY 495.8 737.7 577.6 786.5 1011. 999.6 1251. 1520. PvGc wewKÌqv KGi mvgÅveÕ©vq 25% AB3(g) Drc®² KGi ‰es 92kJ
kwÚ (kJ/mol) 8 1 5
Zvc Drc®² nq|
K. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj KvGK eGj? 1
K. fi wKÌqv mƒòwU eYÆbv Ki| 1
L. ˆdÑvwiGbi Zwor FYvñKZv ˆKÑvwiGbi ˆPGq ˆewkeÅvLÅv Ki|2
L. Lv`Å msiÞY ˆKm nvGWÆwbs KvGK eGj? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
M. DóxcGKi ˆgŒjàwji AÝvBGW AÁÏ-Þvi agÆ AvGjvPbv Ki| 3
N. “chÆvGqi evg ˆ^GK WvGb AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvGbi M. DóxcGKi wewKÌ
q vwUi Kp-‰i gvb wbYÆq Ki| 3
N. jv-kÅvGUwjqvi bxwZ cÉGqvM KGi KxfvGe mGeÆvœP cwigvY
cwieZÆb”DóxcGKi AvGjvGK eÅvLÅv Ki| 4
Drcv` Drc®² Kiv hvq DóxcGKi AvGjvGK AvGjvPbv Ki| 4
3. A ˆgŒjwUi ˆhvRÅZv Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇGbi ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvàGjv
6. KGqK kZvõx aGi ‰KwU AÁÏxq Zij AvgvG`i ˆ`Gk
wbÁ²i…c:
1 M†wnYxG`i wbKU RbwcÉq Lv`Å msiÞK wnmvGe eÅen†Z nGq AvmGQ|
n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2 msiÞKwU AÅvjGKvnGji ‰bRvBg cÉfvweZ RviGY ŠZwi nq|
K. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬Gbi msæv `vI| 1 K. wRGUÝ ˆ™Ïvfm Kx? 1
L. NH4Cl ˆhŒGMi e®¬b cÉK‡wZ eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 L. cÉwZcÉfv KxfvGe m†wÓ¡ nq? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
M. DóxcGK A = H nGj BGjKUÇbwUi Õ©vbv¯¦iGbi ˆkvlY eYÆvwji M. msiÞKwU KxfvGe cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq DóxcGKi AvGjvGK
meÆwbÁ² kwÚ wbYÆq Ki| 3 eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
N. DóxcGKi A AvqGbi eYÆhyÚ nIqvi mÁ¿veÅZv hvPvB Ki| 4 N. DóxcGKi msiÞKwUi Lv`Å msiÞGYi ˆKŒkj weGkÏlY Ki| 4
2+

mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35

[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU Ki| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
DóxcKwU jÞ Ki ‰es 1 I 2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: 3. s  eÐK ˆgŒGji msLÅv KZ? 6. AvqZwbK dÑvÝ eÅen†Z nq
BbfvGUÆR RvBGgm K 14 L 27
K cÉgvY `ËeY ŠZwiGZ
C12H22O11+H2O  A + B  M 30 N 40
30C
4. A + B HoooooI 3D wewKÌqvwUGZ Kp ‰es Kc L gƒj `ËeY ŠZwiGZ
RviY
L + M L  E + H2O M àYMZ weGkÏlGY
‰i mÁ·GKÆi mgxKiY ˆKvbwU?
1. 'L' ˆKvb aiGbi ˆhŒM? K Kp = Kc (RT)–1 N `ËeY msiÞGY
K ™ÏyGKvR L AÅvjGKvnj L Kc = Kp (RT) 7.
M AÅvjwWnvBW N ‰wmW M Kp = Kc (RT)
N Kc = Kp (RT)2
2. 'E' ‰i `ËeY eÅen†Z nq h¯¨wUi bvg Kx?
5. mej ‰wmW ‰es mej ÞvGii cÉkgb ZvGci
i. msiÞK ii. ™Ïvm wKÑbvi
gvb (kJ mol L–1) KZ? K eyÅGiU
iii. UqGjU wKÑbvi K –55.22
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L wcGcU
L –55.37
Ki L i I ii M –57.37 M gvcb wmwj´£vi
M i I iii N i, ii I iii N –68.60 N KwbKÅvj dÑvÕ•
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 71
8. ˆKvb gZevG` cigvYyGK ˆmŒi RMGZi mvG^ 17. wbGPi ˆKvb pH gvGbi `ËeYwUGZ H+ ‰i 26. jÅveGiUwii wbivcîv mvgwMÉ ˆKvbwU?
Zzjbv Kiv nGqGQ? Nbgvòv ˆewk? K wdDg üW
K Ziã ejwe`Åv cigvYy gGWj K 9.5 L 7.4 L jvBd RÅvGKU
L ˆevi cigvYy gGWj M 5.5 N 2.3 M ˆiBb ˆKvUÆ
M ˆevi-mgviwdΣ cigvYy gGWj wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ Ki ‰es 18 I 19 bs N AwÝGRb MÅvm wmwj´£vi
N iv`viGdvGWÆi cigvYy cÉGk²i Dîi `vI| 27. ˆKvb cÉvYxi `yGa kwÚ (KÅvjwi) ˆewk ^vGK?
AB3(g) HoooooI AB(g) + B2 (g); H = + x,
9. 39Y ˆgŒjwUi chÆvq mviwYGZ AeÕ©vb K Mvfx
wewKÌqvwU 2 wjUvi ‰KwU cvGò msNwUZ Kiv nq|
K chÆvq-5 MÉ‚c-1L chÆvq-5 MÉ‚c-2 L gwnl
mvgÅveÕ©vq AB3 ‰i weGqvRGbi cwigvY 40%.
M chÆvq-5 MÉ‚c-3N chÆvq-5 MÉ‚c-13 M QvMj
18. wewKÌqvwUGZ Kc ‰i gvb KZ? N ˆfov
10. chÆvq mviwYGZ ‰KB chÆvGq evg nGZ Wvb K 0.08 molL–1
w`GKi ˆgŒjàGjvi ˆÞGò ˆKvb Z^ÅwU mwVK? L 0.08mol–1L 28. `ya ˆ^GK Qvbv cvIqvi KviY
K AvqwbKiY kwÚ e†w«¬ cvq M 0.133 molL–1 K Av`ËÆ weGkÏlY L dviGgG´Ÿkb
L BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ nËvm cvq N 0.133 mol–1L M ˆKvqvàGjkb N AwÝGWkb
M Zwor FYvñKZv AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK 19. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ wewKÌqvwUGZ AB ‰i wbGPi DóxcKwU co ‰es 29 I 30 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
N cigvYyi AvKvi evoGZ ^vGK Drcv`b e†w«¬GZ M†nxZ c`GÞc `vI:
DóxcKwU jÞ Ki ‰es 11 I 12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi i. Zvcgvòv evovGZ nGe ˆgŒj BGjKUÇb Zwor
`vI: ii. Pvc evovGZ nGe webÅvm FYvñKZv
H2S H2S iii. AB ˆK wewKÌqv cvò ˆ^GK mwiGq w`GZ L ns2
nGe M (n+1)s2
AÁÏxq Rjxq
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? X ns2np4 2.5
X2+ `ËeY Y2+ `ËeY K i I ii L i I iii Y ns2np5 3.2
30 29
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 29. XY2 ˆhŒMwUi cÉK‡wZ
1bs cvò 2bs cvò H+
20. A(H2O)  B (H3O+) DóxcK gGZ K we÷«¬ mgGhvRx
11. 2bs cvGòi AvqZb mbvÚKiGY eÅen†Z L ˆcvjvi mgGhvRx
i. A I B ‰i AvK‡wZ ‰KB
nq M AGcvjvi mgGhvRx
ii. DfGqi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYy msKiY ‰KB
K ˆbmjvi `ËeY L K4[Fe(CN)6] N AvqwbK
iii. A ‰i pH = 7
M Ca(COO)2 N K2H2Sb2O7 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 30. LY2 AGcÞv MY2 ‰i
12. DóxcK gGZ K i I ii L i I iii i. Mjbvâ ˆewk
i. 2bs cvGò AatGÞc coGe M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. cvwbGZ `ËveÅZv ˆewk
ii. Dfq cvGò H2S ‰i `ËveÅZv mgvb 21. Zij `ya msiÞGY ˆKvb c«¬wZ AejÁ¼b Kiv iii. mgGhvRx agÆ ˆewk
iii. Þvixq (NaOH) gvaÅGg Dfq cvGòB nq? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
AatGÞc coGe K wngvqb K i I ii L ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L ˆKŒUvRvZKiY M i I iii N i, ii I iii
Ki L i I ii M cvÕ§ivBwRs 31. BGjKUÇb ZÅvM KGi abvñK AvqGb cwiYZ
M i I iii N i, ii I iii N wfGbMvi eÅenvi nGZ ˆh kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq Zv nGœQ
13. wkLv cixÞvq ˆKvb ˆgŒjwU ˆmvbvjx njy` 22. K BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ
wkLv cÉ`kÆb KGi? L Zwor FYvñKZv
K Kcvi L KÅvjwmqvg M AvqwbK cGUbwmqvj
M cUvwmqvg N ˆmvwWqvg N AvqbxKiY kwÚ
14. ˆKvb BGjKUÇb webÅvmwU mwVK? 32. ZvGcvrcv`x wewKÌqv nGjv
K Zn2+ : [Ar]3d10 wPn×wewkÓ¡ ˆKvb aiGbi? i. A + B + Zvc  Drcv`
L Ni2+ : [Ar]3d64s2
K weGÕ¹viK L `vnÅ Zij ii. L + M  Drcv` + Zvc
M Fe2+ : [Ar]3d44s2
N Cu2+ : [Ar]3d84s1 M wec`äbK N RviY iii. X + Y  Drcv`; H = –ve
15. AÅvGgvwbqv AYyi ˆÞGò Z^Åmgƒn jÞÅ 23. cvwbi e®¬b ˆKvY wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
Ki K 104.5 L 107 K i I ii L i I iii
M 109.5 N 180 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. bvBGUÇvGRGbi msKiY sp3
24. ˆKvbwU mvgÅveÕ©vi ŠewkÓ¡Å bq? 33. ˆccvi ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdGZ R ‰i ˆKvb gvbwU
ii. PZzÕ¦jKxq
K mvGgÅi Õ©vwqZ½ hywÚ msMZ?
iii. gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb
L Dfq w`K ˆ^GK myMgÅZv K 0.5 L 1.0
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M wewKÌqvi nvi M 1.5 N 2.5
K i I ii L ii I iii
N wewKÌqvi AmÁ·ƒYÆZv 34. gvbyGli iGÚi pH KZ?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K 9.4 L 8.3
16. ˆmwg gvBGKÌv c«¬wZGZ eÅen†Z bgybvi 25. Avg ˆKŒUvRvZKiGY ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU eÅen†Z
M 7.4 N 6.4
nq?
MÉnYGhvMÅ cwigvY 35. meyR AvGjvi Ziã Š`NÆÅ
K B^vbj L mvBwUÇK ‰wmW
K 60 mg L 160 mg K 535 nm L 590 nm
M 200 mg N 250 mg M digvwjb N ‰mKiweK ‰wmW
M 635 nm N 690 nm

1 L 2 N 3 K 4 M 5 M 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 M 10 K 11 L 12 M 13 N 14 K 15 M 16 K 17 N 18 M
Dîi

19 L 20 M 21 M 22 N 23 K 24 M 25 L 26 K 27 L 28 M 29 L 30 K 31 N 32 M 33 K 34 M 35 K
[we.`Ë. QKwUGZ wbGR wbGR cixÞv `vI| Dîi wgwjGq wbGZ eBGqi Dîigvjv Ask ˆ`GLv|]
72 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

56. ivRkvnx ˆevWÆ 2015

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. 4. 27C Zvcgvòvq 1atm. PvGc N2O4 ‰i 25% weGqvwRZ nq|
K. jv-kvGZwjqvi bxwZ Kx? 1
70 ml 0.1M 30 ml 0.1M L. HF I NaOH ‰i cÉkgb Zvc  57.34kJ AGcÞv ˆewk ˆKb?2
HA `ËeY NaOH `ËeY
M. DóxcGK msNwUZ wewKÌqvwUi Kp-‰i ivwkgvjv cÉwZcv`b Ki| 3
N. Zvcgvòv wÕ©i ˆiGL Pvc AGaÆK Kiv nGj N2O4 ‰i weGqvRb
wPò :2bs `ËeY wPò :2bs `ËeY
K. ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvdx Kx? 1 gvòvi Kx cwieZÆb NUGe Zv MvwYwZKfvGe weGkÏlY Ki| 4
L. ˆgvjvwiwU Zvcgvòvi Dci wbfÆikxj ˆKb? 2 5.
M. 1bs `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb KZ? (Ka = 1. 8  10–5) 3
N. 1bs `ËeGYi gGaÅ 2bs `ËeY mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc wgwkÉZ Kiv nj| DÚ
wgkÉGYi pH MYbvi mgxKiY hywÚmn DcÕ©vcb Ki| 4 UGgGUv ˆLRyGii im
2.
E2
E1
1bs wPò 2bs wPò

K. AvBGmvGUvc Kx? 1
gGWj-1 gGWj-2
K. cwji eRÆb bxwZ Kx? 1 L. wcÉRviGfwUfm Lv`ÅeÕ§GK msiÞY KGi KxfvGe? 2
L. K ‰i 19Zg BGjKUÇbwU 3d AweÆUvGj bv wMGq 4s AweÆUvGj hvq M. 1bs wPGòi ˆ`kxq dGji ˆKŒUvRvZKiY eYÆbv Ki| 3
ˆKb? 2 N. 2bs wPGòi Dcv`vb ˆ^GK wfGbMvi cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq wKbv? hywÚ
M. 2 bs gGWGji BGjKUÇb Õ©vbv¯¦Gii mgq BGjKUÇGbi kwÚ `vI| 4
2.32  10–18J nGj, wewKwiZ iwkÄi Ziã Š`NÆÅ KZ? 3 6. ˆgŒj ewntÕ© Õ¦Gi BGjKUÇb webÅvm
N. gGWj-1 I gGWj-2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK MÉnYGhvMÅ? hywÚ B ns2 np4
`vI| 4 C (n + 1)s2 (n + 1)p4
3. A, B, R I X ‰i cvigvYweK msLÅv h^vKÌGg 11,6, 17 I 47| ˆhLvGb n = 2
A, B I X ‰i mvG^ R AvqwbK I mgGhvRx ˆhŒM MVb KGi| K. `ËveÅZv Kx? 1
K. ˆnGmi mƒò Kx? 1 L. HF `yeÆj ‰wmW wK¯§ HCl ZxeË ˆKb? 2
L. AeÕ©v¯¦i ˆgŒj iOxb ˆhŒM MVb KGi ˆKb? 2 M. B «¼viv MwVZ nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒMwUi e®¬b cËK‡wZ eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
M. B I R «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒMwUi msKiY eYÆbv Ki| 3 N. B I C «¼viv MwVZ nvBWÈvBW ˆhŒM«¼Gqi ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v wf®²
N. AR ˆhŒMwU cvwbGZ `ËeYxq wK¯§ XR cvwbGZ A`ËeYxq
weGkÏlY Ki| 4
weGkÏlY Ki| 4
mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35
[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU Ki| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. ˆKvb wewKÌqvi nvi meGPGq Kg? 4 I 5 bs cÉGk²i RbÅ 5. avc 1 ‰KvwaK AvqGbi ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ,
K CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl avc-1 : mv`v eGYÆ i wK¯§ avc 2 «¼viv ‰KwU gvò avZe Avqb
L Na+ + Cl–  NaCl Þvi
AatGÞc cGo, hv wbwøZ nIqv hvq, AvqbwU
M Mg + O2  MgO K Zn2+ L Mg2+
N CuSO4.5H2O  CuSO4 + 5H2O jeGYi AwZwiÚ weKviGK M Al3+ N Ca2–
2. nvBGcv ˆKÑvivBW Avqb ˆKvbwU? gƒj `ËeY `Ëexf„Z 6. gvBGKÌv weGkÏlYx c«¬wZGZ eÅen†Z nq bv
K ClO– L ClO2– avc-2 : AatGÞc cyYivq K TLC L Dropping tube
M ClO3– N ClO4– wdGi AvGm H2S ˆhvGM M NMR N Capilary tube
3. Cl(g) + e–  Cl–; H = – 362kJ mol–1 4. avc 1 ‰i AatGÞc wKi…c nGZ cvGi? 7. gvbyGli iGÚi pH 7.45 ‰i ˆewk nGj,
H ˆK ejv hvq  ˆivMwUi bvg
K nvBWÈÝvBW
K mwKÌqb kwÚ K B´ŸviGfGbvwmm
L ˆKÑvivBW L AÅvwmGWvwmm
L msMVb Zvc
M KveÆGbU M AÅvjKvGjvwmm
M wewKÌqv Zvc
N BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ N mvjdvBW N AÅvwmGbvGKvwmm
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 73
8. p- eÐGKi RbÅ cÉGhvRÅ 18. AvqwbK ˆhŒGMi RbÅ cÉGhvRÅ wbGPi DóxcKwU cGov ‰es 28 I 29 bs cÉGk²i
i. WvBgvGii msLÅv AwaK i. wÕ©i Zwor ej Dîi `vI|
ii. wbwÓ˜q MÅvm A¯¦f„ÆÚ bq ii. CCl4 ‰ `ËeYxq Fe  Fe2+  Fe3+
iii. s eÐK ˆgŒGji ˆPGq weKviK wnGmGe Kg iii. `ËeY Zvc = nvBGWÈkb Zvc jÅvwUm
28. DcGivÚ Avqb«¼q Avjv`vfvGe mbvÚKiGY
kwÚkvjx Zvc cUvwmqvg ˆdwimvqvbvBW `ËeY ˆhvM Kiv
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? nGjv `ywU eGYÆi AatGÞc cvIqv ˆMGjv, eYÆ
K i I ii L ii I iii K i, ii I iii L i I ii `ywU nGjv h^vKÌGg
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i I iii K bxj -jvj
9. ˆgGn`xi is ‰i KviY ˆh ivmvqwbK `ËeÅ 19. MÉvdvBGU ˆKvb aiGbi msKiY NGU? L ev`vgx-bxj
K jÅvGbvwjb K sp3 L sp2 M jvj-bxj
L jGmvb M sp N sp3d N bxj -ev`vgx
M AwjK ‰wmW 20. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b cvIqv hvGe 29. DcGivÚ cwieZÆGb evg ˆ^GK WvGb nËvm
K NH3 cvq
N DB´Ÿvi MÉxb
L CH4
10. ivmvqwbK c`v^ÆGK ÷KGbv ivLGZ eÅen†Z i. cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ
M H2S
nq N Hl ii. AvqwbKiY kwÚ
K ˆWwmGKUi 21. 250 mL 0.1M Na2CO3 `ËeY ŠZwi KiGZ iii. mgGhvRx agÆ
L KÅvjwiwgUvi wK cwigvY Na2CO3 jvMGe? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M eybGmb evYÆvi K 2.65g L 5.3g Ki L ii I iii
N wdDg üW M 5.5g N 10.6g M i I iii N i, ii I iii
11. ˆKvbwUi ˆÞGò ˆevGii Zî½ cÉGhvRÅ bq? 22. jÅveGiUwi wbivc` wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq bv 30. wbGPi ˆKvbwUi eÅvmvaÆ meGPGq Kg?
KH L H + ˆKvbwU? K F– L Ne
M He+ N Li2+ K wdDg üW M Na+ N Mg2+

12. ˆccUvBGRkb c«¬wZGZ ŠZwi Kiv hvq L Aw™² wbeÆvcK

31. wbGÁ²i ˆKvb ˆKvqv´Ÿvg ˆmUwU cigvYyi
K Bgvjmb M ˆmw´ŸÈwdDR
‰KwU BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ mÁ¿e bq?
1
L KjqWvj N ‰BW eÝ K n = 2, l = 2, m = 0, s = +
2
M mvmGcbkb 23. B^vbwqK ‰wmGWi WvBgvGi KqwU 1
L n = 3,l = 1, m = 2, s = –
N ˆKvqvàGjkb nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b we`Ågvb? 2
13. AgCl-‰i `ËveÅZv 0.0015 gL-1 `ËveÅZv K1 L 2 1
M n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = –
M3 N 4 2
àYdj KZ? 1
K 1.05  10–5 24. mvgÅveÕ©vq ˆKvGbv wewKÌqv N n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2
L 2.00  10–5 i. wmGÕ¡g AcwieZÆGb KLGbv ˆkl nq bv
32. Cl2 eÅen†Z nq
M 2.00  10–10 ii. meÆ`v MwZkxj
K Avàb wbeÆvcK
N 1.10  10–10 iii. Drcv` Drc®² nq bv
L Uz^GcÕ¡
14. mwKÌqb kwÚ e†w«¬GZ  wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M RxevYy cÉmvi ˆiva
i. msNlÆ msLÅv e†w«¬ K i I ii L ii I iii
N RxevYy a»sm Kiv
ii. wewKÌqv nvi nËvm cvq M i I iii N i, ii I iii
33. ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU mÁ¿e bq?
iii. mvgÅveÕ©v ˆ`wiGZ cÉvµ¦ nq 25. cÉfveK ˆKvb wewKÌqvq K AlN
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? i. wewKÌqK AYyi MwZkwÚ e†w«¬ KGi L NCl5
K i I ii L i I iii ii. mwKÌqb kwÚ nËvm KGi M Ca3N2 N PCl5
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. wewKÌqK AYyGZ AwaGkvwlZ nq 34. N2 + 3H2 HoooooI 2NH3 ‰B wewKÌqvq Kc
15. cÉ^g p- eÐK ˆgŒj ˆKvbwU? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? ‰i ‰KK nGe
KB K i I ii L ii I iii
2 2
K wjUvi ˆgvj
LC
M i I iii N i, ii I iii L wjUvi ˆgvj
1
MS N N
16. La (57) ‰i meÆGkl BGjKUÇb webÅvm 26. wbivc` Lv`Å msiÞK wnGmGe cwiwPZ 1
M wjUvi ˆgvj
K 4f2 K ˆmvwWqvg ˆebGRvGqU 2
N wjUvi ˆgvj
2

L 4f16s2 L ˆmvwWqvg bvBUÇvBU 35. üG´£i bxwZ AbymvGi BGjKUÇb webÅvm bq

M 5d16s2 M KÅvjwmqvg ˆcÉvcvbGqU ˆKvbwU?
N 6s26p1 N KÅvjwmqvg KveÆvBU K P (15)
17. 0.005M H2SO4 `ËeGYi pH KZ? 27. KÞ Zvcgvòvq ˆKvbwU Zij? L Pd (46)
K 1.5 L 2.0 K F2 L Cl2 M Mo(42)
M 2.3 N 3.0 M Br2 N I2 N Cr(24)

1 K 2 K 3 N 4 K 5 K 6 L 7 M 8 M 9 L 10 K 11 L 12 L 13 N 14 M 15 K 16 M 17 L 18 N
Dîi

19 L 20 K 21 K 22 M 23 L 24 K 25 N 26 K 27 M 28 N 29 K 30 N 31 K 32 N 33 L 34 K 35 L
[we.`Ë. QKwUGZ wbGR wbGR cixÞv `vI| Dîi wgwjGq wbGZ eBGqi Dîigvjv Ask ˆ`GLv|]
74 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

57. w`bvRcyi ˆevWÆ 2015

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. M. cÉ`î DóxcGKi N ˆkj ˆ^GK L ˆkGj ‰KwU BGjKUÇb
ˆgŒj meÆGkl Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇb avcv¯¦Gii mgq Zv ˆ^GK wbMÆZ ˆdvUGbi Ziã Š`NÆÅ wbYÆq
webÅvm Ki| [RH = 2.18  10–18J] 3
A 2
ns np 3 N. DóxcGKi cigvYy GZ ‰KwU BGjKUÇ b ^vKv mGî½ I eYÆ v wj ˆiLvi
B ns2 np4 msLÅv ‰KvwaK nq eÅvLÅv Ki| 4
n = 2 | A I B DfqB H2 ‰i mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi nvBWÈvBW MVb 4. cvGòi `ËeY `y’wU jÞÅ Ki| ˆhLvGb HA ‰KwU ŠRe ‰wmW
KGi| DÚ DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wbGÁ²i cÉkಠGjvi Dîi `vI: ‰es MOH ‰KwU ZxeË Þvi|
K. cÉfveK mnvqK Kx? 1
L. Zvcgvòv evovGj wewKÌqvi MwZGeM evGo ˆKb? 2
M. AH3 ˆhŒGM we`Ågvb e®¬b MVb cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv Ki| 3 600 mL 400 mL

N. A I B ‰i nvBWÈvBGWi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYyi msKiY cÉwKÌqv ‰KB

nIqv mGî½I ZvG`i AvK‡wZ wf®² weGkÏlY Ki| 4 0.1M HA `ËeY 0.1M MOH
2. 100 A ....... B ......C (1g cvò) `ËeY (2q cvò)
90
wefe kwÚ (kJ/mol)

80 K. R Kx? 1
70
60
L. Zn avZz GK AeÕ©v¯¦ i ˆgŒj ejv nq bv ˆKb? 2
50 M. HA ‰wmGWi weGqvRb aË‚eK Ka = 1.8  10–5 nGj cÉ^g cvGòi
40
30 `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvb wbYÆq Ki| 3
20 N. Dfq cvGòi `Ë eYGK ‰KGò wgwkÉ Z KGi, cÉ v µ¦ `Ë e GY mvgvbÅ
10 A + BC
5 AB + C ‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj pH ‰i wKi…c cwieZÆb NGU weGkÏlY
wewKÌqvi AMÉMwZ Ki| 4
DÚ ˆjLwPGòi AvGjvGK wbGÁ²i cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI: BbfvGUÆ
5. C12H22O11  A + B R
K. ˆcvjvivqb Kx? 1 RvBGgR gvBGKvWvgÆv
L. cvwb ‰KwU DfagÆx c`v^Æ  ˆKb? 2 A  C  AÅvwmGUveÅvÙi
M. DóxcGKi ˆjLwPò nGZ mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvi mwKÌqb kwÚ I K. Lv`Å wbivcîv Kx? 1
wewKÌqv Zvc wbYÆq Ki| 3 L. Cu (29) mvaviY BGjKUÇb webÅvm eÅwZKÌg ˆKb? 2
N. DóxcGKi mswkÏÓ¡ wewKÌqvwUGZ abvñK I FYvñK cÉfveK M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqv cƒYÆ KGi 'D' ˆhŒMwU wPwn×Z Ki| 3
msGhvM KiGj wewKÌqvi nvi KxfvGe cÉfvweZ nq? mwKÌqb kwÚ N. cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK wnmvGe 'D' ˆhŒGMi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Ki|
AvGjvGK eÅvLÅv Ki| 4 4
3. 6. jÅveGiUixGZ eüj eÅen†Z KGqKwU ivmvqwbK nGjv NH3
`ËeY, H2SO4, avZe Na| DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wbGPi cÉkಠwji Dîi
K `vI:
L
M K. AweÆUvj msKiY Kx? 1
N L. Kc ‰i gvb KLbI kƒbÅ nGZ cvGi bv ˆKb? 2
M. jÅveGiUixGZ DGÍÏwLZ ivmvqwbK `ËeÅàGjv KxfvGe msiÞY
DÚ DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wbGÁ²i cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI: Kiv nq? 3
K. ˆKvqvàGjkb Kx? 1 N. DóxcGKi ivmvqwbK `ËeÅàGjvi AwaK eÅenvi cwiGek I
L. Na+ I Ne ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi AvqbxKiY kwÚ ˆewk ‰es ˆKb?2 gvbe mfÅZvi RbÅ ügwKÕ¼ic weGkÏlY Ki| 4

mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35

[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU Ki| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. ˆKvb jÅveGiUwi weKviKwU ÞqKviK? 3. mnKvix ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv l ‰i gvb 2 nGj 5. Avqb/cigvYyi AvKvi mÁ·wKÆZ ˆKvb KÌgwU
K Na2CO3 L NaCl mGeÆvœP BGjKUÇb aviY ÞgZv KZ nGe? mwVK?
M H2SO4 N Na2S2O3 K2 L 6
K Al > Mg > Na
M 10 N 14
2. eyÅGiGU ‰KwU Þz`ËZg fvGMi AvqZb KZ? L Na > Ne > F
4. ˆKvb AÝvBWwU AÁÏagÆx?
K 1.00cm3 L 0.50cm3 K SiO2 L Al2O3 M Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+
M 0.10cm3 N 0.01cm3 M H2O N Na2O N Na+> Mg2+> Al3+
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 75
6. gvbyGli iGÚi pH KZ? 17. ˆKvbwUi AvqbxKiY kwÚ ˆewk? 26. wkLv cixÞvq K+ AvqGbi eYÆ wKi…c?
K 3.2 L 5.7 K KveÆb L bvBGUÇvGRb K ˆeàbx L bxj
M 7.0 N 7.4 M AwÝGRb N dmdivm M jvj N ˆmvbvjx njy`
7. NCl3 AYyi AvK‡wZ wKi…c? 18. `yB ev ZGZvwaK wgkÉYxq ZijGK c†^K Kiv 27. NH4+ AvqGbi msKivqb ˆKvbwU?
K wòfzRvKvi L wcivwgWxq K sp L sp2
nq
M PZzÕ¦jKxq N ˆKŒwYK M sp3 N sp2d
i. AvswkK cvZb «¼viv
8. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii wKÑwbs Dcv`vb ˆKvbwU? ii. mvaviY cvZb «¼viv 28. ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvdx «¼viv
K KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv i. bgybvi Dcv`vb c†^K Kiv hvq
iii. `ËveK wbÓ•vkb «¼viv
L wWUviGR´Ÿ ii. bgybvi Dcv`vb mbvÚ Kiv hvq
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M AÅvGgvwbqv `ËeY Ki L ii iii. bgybvi we÷«¬Zv cixÞv Kiv hvq
N GmvwWqvg nvBGcvGKÑvivBU M iii N i I ii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
9. ˆKvbwU cÉvK‡wZK Lv`Å msiÞK? wbGPi DóxcKwU cGov ‰es cieZÆx `yBwU cÉGk²i K i I ii L ii I iii
K digvwjb Dîi `vI| M i I iii N i, ii I iii
L mvjdvi WvBAÝvBW 'X' ˆgŒjwUi BGjKUÇb webÅvm wbÁ²i…c:  29. BHA-‰i cƒYÆi…c wK?
M GmvwWqvg bvBGUÇU X  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 K Butalated hydroxy anisol
N GmvwWqvg ˆKÑvivBW 19. 'X' ‰i wÕ©wZkxj AvqbwU? L Butalated hydroxy acetate
10. ˆKvb cwieZÆbwU ZvGcvrcv`x? i. X2+ ii. X3+ M Butahydrated hydroxy anisol
iii. X4+ N Butahydrated hydroxy amine
K H2O(l)  H2O(g)
L H2O(g)  H2O(l) wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 30. Z‡Zxq kwÚ Õ¦Gi DckwÚ Õ¦Gii msLÅv KZ?
Ki L ii K3 L 6
M H2O(s)  H2O(l)
M8 N 9
N H2O(s)  H2O(g) M iii N i I ii
11. 1% NaOH `ËeGYi pH KZ? 20. chÆvq mviwYGZ 'X' ˆgŒGji AeÕ©vb ˆKv^vq? 31. cÉgvY `ËeY cÉÕ§wZGZ ˆKvb ™Ïvm mvgwMÉ cÉGqvRb?
K AvqZwbK dÑvÝ
K 0.6 L 1.0 K Z‡Zxq chÆvq VIII MÉ‚c
M 13.0 N 13.4 L weKvi
L PZz^Æ chÆvq VIII MÉ‚c
12. eiGd ˆh e®¬b AvGQ Zv nj M wcGcU
M cçg chÆvq VII MÉ‚c
i. nvBGWÈvGRb N eyÅGiU
N lÓ¤ chÆvq VII MÉ‚c
ii. mw®²Gek 21. wbGPi ˆKvbwU A`vnÅ c`v^Æ? 32. fÅvwbwks KÌxg ‰i cËavb DcKiY ˆKvbwU?
iii. mgGhvRx K miweUj
K ˆebwRb L bvBGUÇvGRb
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L cviwdDg
M B^vi N nvBGWÈvGRb
L i I ii M wÕ¡qvwiK ‰wmW
Ki 22. eyÅGiU cwiÓ•vi KiGZ ˆKvb cwiÓ•viKwU
M i I iii N ii I iii N KwÕ¡K cUvk
eÅen†Z nq?
13. Z‡Zxq chÆvGqi cÉ^g PviwU ˆgŒGji ˆKvb K ˆKÌvwgK ‰wmW L mvevb wbGPi DóxcKwU co ‰es 33 I 34 bs cÉGk²i
agÆwU KÌgvMZ e†w«¬ cvq? M wWUviGR´Ÿ
Dîi `vI:
K cvigvYweK eÅvmvaÆ N ˆmvwWqvg evBKvGeÆvGbU
L AvqbxKiY kwÚ DóxcKwU jÞ Ki ‰es cieZÆx `yBwU cÉGk²i kwÚ
A + BC E1
M ˆgŒGji Mjbvâ Dîi `vI:
N avZe agÆ E2
chÆvq AB + C
wbGPi MÅvmxq DfgyLx wewKÌqvwU jÞ Ki ‰es ˆkÉwY
VA VIIA
cieZÆx `yBwU cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: wewKÌqvi AÞ
2 X A
A2(g) + B2 (g) HoooooI 2AB(g); H = + ve 33. wewKÌqvwUGZ mwKÌqb kwÚ ˆKvbwU?
3 Y B
14. wewKÌqvwUGZ Pvc evovGj wK nGe? 23. 'X' I ˆgŒj
'Y' c†^KfvGe 'B'
ˆgŒGji mvG^ K  E1
K DrcvG`i Nbgvòv evoGe L E2
wewKÌqv KGi ˆhŒM MVb KiGZ cvGi
L Kp ‰i gvb evoGe i. XB3. YB5 ii. XB5, YB3 M E1 + E2
M wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv evoGe iii. XB3, YB3 N E1 – E2
N PvGci ˆKvGbv cÉfve ˆbB wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 34. DóxcGKi KwZcq Z^Å wbÁ²i…c
15. wewKÌqvwUGZ Zvcgvòv evovGj wK nGe? K i I ii L ii I iii i. ‰b^vjwci cwieZÆb nj E2
i. Kp ‰i gvb evoGe M i I iii N i, ii I iii ii. wewKÌqvwU ZvGcvrcv`x
ii. mvgÅveÕ©vi cwieZÆb nGe bv 24. ˆKvb ˆgŒjwUi Zwor FYvñKZv meGPGq Kg? iii. wewKÌqGKi kwÚ > DrcvG`i kwÚ
iii. mvgÅveÕ©v Wvb w`GK mGi hvGe KX L Y wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M A N B
K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii 25. `†kÅgvb AvGjvi Ziã‹`NÆÅ KZ?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K 200  380 nm
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 35. mvmGcbkGbi D`vniY ˆKvbwU?
L 380  700 nm
16. ˆKvbwU AvDdevD bxwZ AbymiY KGi? K K`ÆgvÚ gvwU L wPwbi `ËeY
M 700  900 nm
K 5s > 4p > 4f L 3s > 3d > 3p M `ya N iÚ
N 900 1300 nm
M 5s > 4p > 4d N 3s > 3p > 4s
1 M 2 M 3 M 4 K 5 N 6 N 7 L 8 M 9 N 10 L 11 N 12 M 13 M 14 N 15 L 16 N 17 L 18 N
Dîi

19 L 20 L 21 L 22 K 23 M 24 L 25 L 26 K 27 M 28 N 29 K 30 K 31 K 32 M 33 K 34 N 35 K
[we.`Ë. QKwUGZ wbGR wbGR cixÞv `vI| Dîi wgwjGq wbGZ eBGqi Dîigvjv Ask ˆ`GLv|]
76 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

58. KzwgÍÏv ˆevWÆ 2015

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. 2 A2O5 HooooooI 4AO2 + O2; H = + Ve K. cwji eRÆb bxwZwU wjL| 1
K. cÉfveK wel Kx? 1
L. 2d AiweUvj AmÁ¿e eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
L. mvjGdU AvqGbi mbvÚKiGY BaCl2 ‰i cwieGZÆ Ba(NO3)2
eÅenvi Dîg ˆKb? M. kxZjxKiGYi ci MA ˆhŒGMi KZ MÉvg KwVb ˆKjvwmZ c`v^Æ
2
M. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUi Kp ‰i ivwkgvjv cÉwZcv`b Ki| 3 cvIqv hvGe? 3
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvwUGZ mGeÆvœP cwigvY Drcv`b cvIqvi N. M2A ‰i mshywÚGZ AwaK cwigvY KwVb ˆKjvmvKvi MA
ˆKŒkj AvGjvPbv Ki| 4 cÉvwµ¦i mÁ¿veÅZv weGkÏlY Ki|4
2. 1A, 7B, 8C DóxcGKi ˆgŒjàGjvi gGaÅ A I B «¼viv MwVZ 5.
ˆhŒGMi Rjxq `ËeY I Zvi ˆdÑvivBW jeGYi `ËeY wgwkÉZ Kiv nj|
MÉ‚c  1 17
K. ivBWvi a˂eK Kx? 1
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M. B I C ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi AvqbxKiY kwÚi gvb ˆewk? eÅvLÅv 1 A
Ki| 3 2 C
N. pH wbq¯¨GYi ˆÞGò wgwkÉZ `ËeGYi ÞgZv weGkÏlY Ki| 4 3 B D
3. chÆvq cigvYy ˆgŒGji cÉK‡wZ ˆhŒGMi MVb
X–Y Y
K. evdvi `ËeY Kx? 1
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X–Y
Z
><
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3
2q Y AavZz I MÅvmxq
3q Z AavZz I KwVb N. B ˆgŒGji nvBGWÈvÝvBGWi mvG^ AC ‰es AD ˆhŒGMi wewKÌqvq
Y I Z ‰KB MÉ‚Gci ˆgŒj ‰es e®¬bàGjv ˆhvRbx wbG`Æk KGi| cÉkgb Zvc Awf®² wKbv weGkÏlY Ki| 4
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A
M. Y ‰es Z ˆgŒj«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi ˆnÝvGdÑvivBW MVb
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mÁ¿e evLÅv Ki| 3 E
N. DóxcGKi ˆhŒMwUi Õ¹zUbvGâi cÉK‡wZ weGkÏlY Ki| 4 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
4. 25C ‰es 75C Zvcgvòvq MA `ËveÅZv h^vKÌGg 25 ‰es cvigvYweK msLÅv
50| wPò-2 ‰i `ËeGY M2A ‰i Aci ‰KwU `ËeY mshyÚ Kiv nj|
75 ˆm Zvcgvòv 25 ˆm Zvcgvòv K. fiwKÌqvi mƒòwU wjL| 1
20 g `ËeY L. Lv`Å msiÞGY wcÉRvGfÆwUf wnGmGe wPwbi f„wgKv eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
20 g MA ‰i kxZjxKiY M. D ˆgŒj iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KiGjI E KGi bv eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
mÁ·†Ú `ËeY
N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK B, C, D I E ‰i AeÕ©vGbi wf®²Zvi
KwVb ˆKjvmvKvi MA
wPò-1 wPò-2
KviY weGkÏlY Ki| 4
mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35
[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU Ki| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. 's' eÐK ˆgŒj ˆKvbwU? 3. wbGPi ˆKvb AvqwbK ˆhŒMwUGZ meGPGq 5. wewKÌqvi ˆeM nËvGmi RbÅ ˆKvb Z^ÅwU mwVK?
K Al L K ˆewk ˆcvjvivqb NGU? K wewKÌqGKi Nbgvòv e†w«¬
K LiCl L BeCl2
M Mn N As L Zvcgvòv e†w«¬
M NaCl N MgCl2
2. N2(g) + 3H2(g) = 2NH3(g) wewKÌqvwUGZ 4. K4(FeCN)6] weKviK «¼viv wbGPi ˆKvb M mwKÌqb kwÚ e†w«¬
Kp I Kc ‰i gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ ˆKvbwU? AvqbàGjv mbvÚ Kiv hvq? N wewKÌqGKi c†Ó¤Zj e†w«¬
K Kp = Kc (RT)2 i. Cu2+ ii. Zn2+
iii. Fe2+ 6. UÅvjKg cvDWvi cÉÕ§wZi gƒj Dcv`vb nGjv
L Kp = Kc (RT) wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K 3MgO.4SiO2.H2O
M Kp = Kc (RT)–2 K i I ii L i I iii L Na2B4O7.10H2O
N Kc = Kp (RT) M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M C3H8O3 N CaCO3.MgCO3
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 77
7. 2AB2 + B2 HooooI2AB3; H = 192.46kJ 17. XeF6 ˆhŒGM gyÚGRvo BGjKUÇGbi msLÅv 27. wbGPi ˆKvb mƒGòi mvnvGhÅ ‰KwU DcÕ¦Gii
wewKÌqvwUGZ mGeÆvœP Drcv`Gbi kZÆ ˆKvbwU? KqwU? ˆgvU BGjKUÇb msLÅv MYbv Kiv hvq?
K DœPZvcgvòv I DœPPvc K 1wU L 2wU K 2n2 L (2l +1)
L wbÁ²Zvcgvòv I DœPPvc M 3wU N 4wU M 2(2l +1) N (n + 1)
M DœPZvcgvòv I wbÁ²Pvc 18. d eÐGKi cÉ^g ˆgŒj ˆKvbwU? 28. ‰KwU `ËeGY nvBGWÈvGRb AvqGbi ˆgvjvi
N wbÁ²Zvcgvòv I wbÁ²Pvc KV L Cr Nbgvòv 1  10–9 nGj, nvBGWÈvwÝj AvqGbi
8. KjGqW `ËeGY ˆKvqvàGjkb nq, hLb M Mn N Sc ˆgvjvi Nbgvòvi nGe
i. Zwor weGkÏlÅ c`vG^Æi cwigvY ˆewk 19. A¯¦tAvYweK nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b mÁ¿e K 1  10–3
i. AG^Æv bvBGUÇv ˆdbj L 1  10–4
ii. KjGqW KYvi Avavb Zwor weGkÏlÅ
ii. AG^Æv nvBGWÈvwÝ ˆebRvjwWnvBW M 1  10–5
KYvi Avavb «¼viv cÉkwgZ nq N 1  10–6
iii. KjGqW KYv I weÕ¦vi gvaÅg ciÕ·i iii. mÅvwjmvBwjK ‰wmW
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 29. A2(g) + B2(g) HoooooI 2AB(g); H = + ve
nGZ `ƒGi mGi hvq i. wewKÌqvwU Zvcnvix
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
ii. mvgÅaË‚eK Kp I Kc ‰i gvb mgvb
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. mvgÅeÕ©vi Dci PvGci cÉfve ˆbB
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 20. 0.05 M H2SO4 `ËeGYi pH KZ?
K1 L 1.88 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
9. wbGPi ˆKvbwU gGqøvivBRvii…Gc wjcwÕ¡K M 2.3 N 3.5 K i I ii L i I iii
I AvdUvi ˆkf ˆjvkGb eÅen†Z nq? 21. ˆKvb ˆgŒGji cÉ^g AvqbxKiY wefe M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K w™Ïmvij 30. ˆKvb ˆgŒGji BGjKUÇGbi webÅvGm mvaviY
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L wW-bÅvPvWÆ AÅvjGKvnj K Na L K wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg NGU?
M ˆcÉvcvBwjb AÅvjGKvnj M Rb N Li K Cu L N
N Bw^wjb ™ÏvBKj 22. ˆKvbwU KGÁ·vwRU KwYKv? M Sc N S
10. Na ‰i meÆewntÕ© BGjKUÇGbi RbÅ ˆKvb K ˆgmb L wbDwUÇGbv 31. cvwbMÉvnx c`v^Æ ˆKvbwU?
ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅvàGjv mwVK? M -KYv N wbDUÇb K NaCl L CaCl2
M MgCl2 N ZnCl2
K n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
1 23. f DckwÚÕ¦Gi KqwU AiweUvj ^vGK?
2 K1 L 3 32.
1 M5 N 7
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2 13 14
1
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2 2 W
1 3 X Y
cÉ^g AvqbxKiY wefe

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M P2O5 N SO3
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12. wbGPi ˆKvb `ËeGYi ˆÞGò pH ‰i gvb 10 20 30 40
K i I ii L i I iii
meÆvwaK?  cvigvYweK msLÅv
K A>B>C>D L D>C>B>A M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K 0.0IM HCl L 0.01M HNO3
M 0.01M H2SO4 N 0.01M M A>B>D>A N D>C>A>B 33. wbGPi ˆKvb `yBwU ˆgŒj ‰KB eÐGKi
H2CO3 H2 MÅvmGK Zvc ˆ`qvi dGj wPòvbyhvqx A¯¦f„ÆÚ?
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ii. Ga, S
ˆewk? ‰B ZG^Åi AvGjvGK 25 ‰es 26 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: iii. Se, F
KN L Cl
6 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
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MO N F
5 K i I ii L i I iii
14. wbGPi ˆKvb AvqbwU iwOb ˆhŒM MVb KGi? 4
K Sc3+ L Hg2+ 3 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M Zn2+ N Ni2+ 2 34. Fe ‰i BGjKUÇb webÅvGm n = 3,l = 2 ‰i
1
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K AvqwbK e®¬b nq Zv nGœQ M5 N 10
L mgGhvRx e®¬b K jvBGgb L evgvi 35. imvqbvMvGi wbGPi ivmvqwbK `ËGeÅi mvG^
M mw®²Gek e®¬b M cÅvGøb N eËvGKU mZKÆZvi mwnZ cvwb ˆhvM Kiv DwPZ
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K Al I S L NI P M AeGjvwnZ Açj K i I ii L i I iii
M S I Si N P I Cl N ˆiwWI IGqfm Açj M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
]

1 L 2 M 3 L 4 N 5 M 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 K 10 K 11 L 12 N 13 L 14 N 15 M 16 N 17 K 18 N
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19 N 20 K 21 N 22 M 23 N 24 L 25 L 26 L 27 M 28 M 29 N 30 K 31 L 32 N 33 N 34 M 35 K
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59. PëMÉvg ˆevWÆ 2015

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
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HA + NaOH  NaA + H2O (1)

150 mL 250 mL BOH + HCl = BCl + H2O (ll)
K. eÐvwçs Kx? 1
A B C
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M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ KvR mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ wPGòi ˆKvb ˆKvb ™Ïvm
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mvgMÉx eÅen†Z nj? eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
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N. “UvBGUÇkb ‰i RbÅ DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ ™Ïvm mvgMÉxmgƒn hG^Ó¡
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L. eRÆÅ weGkvab AGcÞv nËvmKiY Dîg eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 Ki| 3
M. DóxcGKi d-DcÕ¦Gii mKj BGjKUÇGbi wÕ·b ˆKvqv´Ÿvg N. AB ˆK Zij cwiYZ Kiv nGj wewKÌ q vwUi mvgÅveÕ©vi Dci
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N. cË`î BGjKUÇb webÅvmwU ‰KwU KÅvUvqGbi BGjKUÇb webÅvm 6. Avg msiÞGYi RbÅ ‰KRb dj eÅemvqx wbÁ² i … c cÉ w KÌ q v
mZÅZv wbi…cY Ki| 4 AbymiY Kij:
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K 10–14 L 10–7 L 57.34kJmol–1 M cvwb N gvQ
M 107 N 1014 M –57.34kJ mol–1
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K kxZK
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wewKÌqvwUi Kp–‰i ‰KK ˆKvbwU? L ˆMvjZjx dÑvÝ
K 0.01 mc3
L 0.1cm3 K atm L atm 2 M KwbKÅvj dÑvÕ•
M 0.5cm 3
N 1.0cm 3 M atm –1
N atm –2
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iwkÄ eÅen†Z nq? Ki I ii L i I iii ‰wmW?
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M NH4OH I HCl
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M 3.5 N 4.0 K ˆgvg
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M avZzi mvG^ AvqwbK ˆhŒM MVb KGi
ˆKvb ˆgŒj? M iéK c`v^Æ
N cwieZÆbkxj ˆhvRÅZv cÉ`kÆb KGi|
K Ca L Na N ˆfmwjb
M Mg N Cu
19. DóxcK AbymvGi
12. ˆKvb iwkÄ gvbe kixi ˆ^GK wbMÆZ nq? i. B-‰i Zwor FYvñKZv A AGcÞv ˆewk
30. – = RH (n1 –n1 )
1
2
2
2 mgxKiGY cÅvGøb

K Near IR ii. D-‰i BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ B AGcÞv Kg wmwiGRi RbÅ n2-‰i bƒÅbZg gvb KZ?
L Middle IR iii. CA2 ˆhŒMwU AÁÏ agÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi K2 L 3
M Far IR wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M4 N 5
N Radio wave 31. UvBGUÇkGbi RbÅ ZiGji wbLyuZ AvqZb
Ki I ii L i I iii
13. ˆevi cigvYy gZev` eYÆvwj eÅvLÅv KiGZ cwigvGci RbÅ wbGPi ˆKvb ˆRvov eÅen†Z nq?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
cvGi K eyÅGiU I KwbKÅvj dÑvÝ
20. HSO4 ‰i Abye®¬x ‰wmW ˆKvbwU?
–

i. ‰KwU gvò ˆcÉvUbwewkÓ¡ AvqGbi K H2SO4 L H2SO3 L wcGcU I KwbKÅvj dÑvÝ

ii. ‰K BGjKUÇbwewkÓ¡ AvqGbi M SO4– N HSO3– M eyÅGiU I wcGcU
iii. ‰K BGjKUÇbwewkÓ¡ cigvYy 21. wbGPi ˆKvbwUi Mjbvâ Kg? N eyÅGiU I gvcb ˆPvO
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K NaCl L AlCl3 32. ˆKÌvwgK ‰wmGWi mvnvGhÅ KvPcvò cwiÓ•vi
KiI ii L i I iii M KCl N CaCl2 Kivi mgq ˆKvb aiGbi wewKÌqv NGU?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
22. wbGPi ˆKvbwU mw®²Gek e®¬b MVb KGi bv?
K weRviY cÉwZÕ©vcb
L
K H2O L NH3
14. ‰KwU jeGYi 30C Zvcgvòvq `ËveÅZv 25 M RviY cÉkgb
N
M BCl3 N CCl4
nGj 50 ml mÁ·†Ú `ËeGY `ËGei cwigvY 33. 1 mol C2H5OH-‰i cƒYÆ `nGb KZ ˆgvj
23. ˆebwRGb KqwU  e®¬b we`Ågvb?
KZ? CO2 Drc®² nq?
K 12wU L 9wU
K 10g L 25g K 1 mol L 2 mol
M 30g N 50g M 6wU N 3wU
M 3 mol N 4 mol
15. 0.05 mol dm–3 H2SO4 `ËeGYi pH KZ? 24. Lv`Å `ËeÅ cuPGb AbÅZg mnvqK ˆKvbwU? 34. mvjdvGii ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU ‰wmW e†wÓ¡i RbÅ `vqx?
K 0.05 L 0.1 K SO2 L N2O K Na2S L H2S
M 0.5 N 1.0 M NO2 N O2 M CS2 N SO2
16. [Ar] 3d104s0-BGjKUÇb webÅvmwU nGjv 25. ˆKvbwU AÝvBWwU AÁÏagÆx? 35. ˆKvbàwj AcavZz?
K MgO K Si, Ge, As
i. Cu +
Avqb
L Al2O3 L Na, K, Ca
ii. Zn Avqb
++
M CO2 M Mg, Al, Sb
iii. Fe++ Avqb N Na2O N B, Fe, Ni

1 K 2 L 3 M 4 K 5 N 6 M 7 L 8 L 9 K 10 M 11 K 12 M 13 M 14 K 15 N 16 K 17 M 18 M
Dîi

19 L 20 K 21 L 22 N 23 N 24 N 25 M 26 N 27 L 28 N 29 K 30 M 31 M 32 M 33 L 34 N 35 K
[we.`Ë. QKwUGZ wbGR wbGR cixÞv `vI| Dîi wgwjGq wbGZ eBGqi Dîigvjv Ask ˆ`GLv|]
80 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

60. wmGjU ˆevWÆ 2015

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1.DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki: K. cËvBgvix Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ c`v^Æ Kx? 1
BGjKUÇb
L. bvBGUÇvGRGbi AvqbxKiY wefe AwÝGRb AGcÞv ˆewk ˆKb? 2
1 2 3 wbDwKÑqvm M. DóxcK wPò-1 ‰i h¯¨ ˆaŒZKiY ˆKŒkj wjL| 3
N. wPò-1 I wPò-2 ‰i ˆKvb hG¯¨i mvnvGhÅ AwaK mƒßfvGe
gGWj-A gGWj-B cwigvc Kiv mÁ¿e KviYmn weGkÏlY Ki| 4
K. meyR imvqb Kx? BbfvGUÆR A + B
L. cvwbi pH ‰i gvb 7 ˆKb? 2 5. C H O + H O 
12 22 11 2
30C
M. DóxcGK avcv¯¦Gi m†Ó¡ eYÆvjxi Ziã‹`NÆÅ wbYÆq Ki| 3
RvBGgR
N. A I B gGWGji ˆKvbwU AwaKZi DcGhvMx  KviY weGkÏlY Ki| 4 A + B  C+D
30C
2.
cËZxKx ˆgŒj meÆewntÕ© Õ¦Gii BGjKUÇ b webÅvm AÅvwmGUveÅvÙi
C + O2  E + H2O
A (n –1)s1
B ns2 np2 K. AvswkK cvZb Kx? 1
C ns2np3
D ns2np4 L. Rf ‰i gvb 1 ‰i ˆPGq Kg ˆKb? 2
[n = 2] M. DóxcGKi E ‰i Drcv`b cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv Ki| 3
K. `ËveK wbÓ•vkb Kx? 1
L. 25 ˆm. Zvcgvòvq M(OH)3 ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 2.510 –39 N. E ˆhŒMwU Lv`Å msiÞGY f„
w gKv ivGL eGj gGb Ki wKbv
ejGZ Kx eyS? 2 KviYmn weGkÏlY Ki| 4
M. mvaviY Zvcgvòvq A2D, BD2 ‰i ˆfŒZ AeÕ©v wf®² ˆKb?
eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 6.
N. DóxcK gGZ B I C ‰i nvBWÈvBW«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi e®¬b ivmvqwbK ˆhŒ^ cÉZxKx ˆhŒGMi cÉgvY MVb Zvc
ˆKvGYi gvb ˆewk KviYmn weGkÏlY Ki| 4 wewKÌq /msGKZ kJmol–1
3. [30M(NH3)4]2+
C(s) + O2(g)  A  393.30
K. mvgŠa˂eK Kx? 1
L. cÉfveK KxfvGe wewKÌqvi MwZ e†w«¬ KGi? 2 1 B  220.20
M. M ‰i mbvÚKiY cixÞvwU mgxKiYmn wjL| 3 H2(g) + O2 (g)
2
N. DóxcKwU RwUj `ËeGYi eGYÆi cÉK‡wZ weGkÏlY Ki| 4 
4. DóxcKwU 50
C  84.52
jÞÅ Ki: 10
mL 45
n=2
0
40
1 CnH2n +2
2 35
3 30
n=1
4 25
D  74.89
5
6
20 K. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGii gƒj Dcv`vb Kx? 1
7
15
L. ˆKÌvwgqvGgi BGjKUÇb webÅvm mvaviY wbqGgi eÅwZKÌg ˆKb? 2
8 10
9 5 M. A I B ‰i mg®¼Gq MwVZ ˆhŒM iGÚi pH wbq¯¨Y eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
10 0
N. DóxcGKi C ‰es D ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU DrK‡Ó¡ R¾vjvwb
wPò-1 wPò-2
MvwYwZKfvGe eÅvLÅv Ki| 4
mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35
[`ËÓ¡eÅ: ŠbeÆÅwÚK AfxÞvi DîicGò cÉGk²i KÌwgK bÁ¼Gii wecixGZ cÉ`î eYÆmÁ¼wjZ e†îmgƒn nGZ mwVK/ mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ DîGii e†îwU () ej cGq´Ÿ Kjg
«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU Ki| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
1. UqGjU wKÑbvGi ˆh Dcv`vb RxevYybvkK 2. ˆ`Gni iGÚi pH AcwiewZÆZ ivLvi RbÅ ˆh 3. i. n = 3, l = 0, m = –1, s = + 1
2
i. ˆdbj evdvi wmGÕ¡g KvR KGi 1
ii. KÅvjwmqvg nvBGcvGKÑvivBW i. nvBGWÈvGRb Avqb ii. n = 3, l = 1, m = – 1, s = –
2
iii. Lv`Å jeY ii. nvBGWÈvwÝj Avqb 1
iii. n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = –
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? iii. evBKveÆGbU Avqb 2
K i I ii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉk²cò 81
4. iGÚi wnGgvG™ÏvweGb AwÝGRb cwigvc Kiv wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? DóxcKwU jÞ Ki ‰es 28 I 29 bs cÉGk²i
hvq K i I ii L i I iii Dîi `vI:
K FIR L NIR M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 4W,7X,8Y,9Z nGjv PviwU ˆgŒj|
M MRI N UV-ray 14. ˆKvb AiweUvGji BGjKUÇGbi NbZ½ meÆvwaK? 28. ˆKvbwU ˆÞGò üG´£i wbqg cÉGhvRÅ nq bv?
5. ˆKjvmb cÉwKÌqvq eÅen†Z `ËveKàGjvi gGaÅ K 2p L 1s K 4W L 7X
ˆKvbwUi ˆcvjvwiwU meGPGq ˆewk? M 2s N 3s M 8Y N 9Z
K ˆebwRb L cvwb 15. cixÞvMvGi cwiZÅÚ LiAlH4
ˆK webÓ¡ 29. DóxcGKi ˆgŒjàGjvi gGaÅ
M B^vbj N ˆKÑvGivdig KiGZ ˆKvbwUi Rjxq `ËeY eÅenvi Kiv i. 4W- ˆZ weGRvo BGjKUÇb ^vKGe
6. ˆKvqv´Ÿvg msLÅv evoGj hvq? ii. 7X ˆgŒj P-AiweUvGji meàwj
K cigvYyi AvKvi KGg K Na2CO3 L NaHSO4 BGjKUÇGbi wÕ·b ‰KgyLx nGe
M Na2SO4 N NaHCO3
L cigvYyi eÅvmvaÆ KGg iii. 8Y I 9Z ˆgŒj«¼Gqi weGRvo BGjKUÇGbi
16. ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU wbGR wbGRB wewKÌqv KiGZ cvGi? msLÅv wf®²
M cigvYyi kwÚ evGo K CHCl3 L LiAlH4
N BGjKUÇGbi cÉwZ wbDwKÑqvGmi AvKlÆY KGg wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M (Mvp) HNO3 N NH4NO3
7. `y’wU AÁÏxq `ËeGYi pH h^vKÌGg 3.0 ‰es K i I ii L ii I iii
17. Avjdv iwkÄi AvGcwÞK PvRÆ KZ?
6.0 cÉ^g `ËeYwU w«¼ZxqwU AGcÞv KZàY K +2 L +1 M i I iii N i, ii I iii
AÁÏxq? M –2 N –1 30. wfGbMvi cÉÕ§wZGZ eÅvKGUwiqv e†w«¬ mnvqK
K 50 L 100 18. PH4+ AvqGb KZwU BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb? wnGmGe eÅen†Z 
M 1000 N 10,000 K 20 L 19 i. (NH4)2SO4 ii. (NH4)2CO3
8. gvLbGK cvwbgyÚ Kiv nq M 18 N 15 iii. (NH4)3PO4
K cvwb ˆkvlY KGi 19. meGPGq Þz`Ë Ziã Š`NÆÅ ˆKvbwU? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
L gvLbGK Pvc w`Gq `wjZ KGi K gnvRvMwZK iwkÄ K i I ii L i I iii
M gvLGb P2O5 ˆhvM KGi L iéb iwkÄ M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
N gvLGb CaO ˆhvM KGi M Mvgv iwkÄ N AwfGeàwb iwkÄ 31. ˆKvb wewKÌqvq AvqZGbi msGKvPb NGU?
9. ˆKvΣ wKÌGg jyweËGKwUs ‰GR´Ÿ wnGmGe 20. wbGPi ˆKvbwU cÅvivgvMGbwUK? i. N2(g) + 3H2(g) HoooooI 2NH3(g)
K Zn L Cu ii. N2O4(g) HoooooI 2NO2(g)
eÅen†Z nq iii. 2SO2(g) + O2 (g) HoooooI 2SO3(g)
M Ca N Mg
K Zij cÅvivwdb L w™Ïmvwib wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M ˆcÉvcvBj cÅvivwdb
21. wbGPi ˆKvbwU DfagÆx?
K NH3 L HCO3– K i I ii L ii I iii
N ˆgvg M H3O+ N CO32– M i I iii N i, ii I iii
10. gvwUi pH gvb KgvGbvi RbÅ, ˆKvbwU 22. ˆeex cvDWvGi ˆKvbwU AÅvw´ŸGmc&wUK 32. ˆh AYyGZ sp3 msKiY NGU
eÅen†Z Kiv nq? wnGmGe KvR KGi? i. H2O ii. BH4–
K CaCO3.MgCO3 iii. C2H4
K wRsK AÝvBW
L (NH4)2CO3 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M (NH4)2HPO4 L ˆUjK
K i I ii L i I iii
N CaO M gÅvMGbwmqvg KveÆGbU
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
11. AvqwbK e®¬b MVGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq kZÆ N ˆevwiK ‰wmW
23. ˆKvbwU welvÚ wiGqGR´Ÿ? 33. ˆKvb ivmvqwbK `ËeÅ cvwbGZ wgkvGj `Ëexf„Z
i. avZzi wbÁ² AvqbxKiY kwÚ
AwÝGRGbi cwigvY gvivñKfvGe nËvm cvq?
ii. ˆhŒGMi DœP jÅvwUm kwÚ K UjyBb L 1-weDUvbj
O
iii. AavZzi DœP BGjKUÇb AvmwÚ M ˆebwRb N ˆnGÝb ||
i. CH3 – C – CH3
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 24. Na+ AvqGbi ˆÞGò eÐ~ ™Ïvm w`Gq wbixÞvq ii. K2Cr2O7 iii. KMnO4
K i I ii L i I iii ˆKvb eGYÆi wkLv ˆ`Lv hvq? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K nvjKv ˆeàwb L ˆMvjvcx jvj K i I ii L i I iii
12. ˆKvb ˆhŒMwUi e®¬b ˆKvY meGPGq ˆQvU? M eYÆnxb N nvjKv bxj M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K H2O L NCl3 25. ˆKvbwU Mn avZzi AwÕ©wZkxj RviY gvb? 34. ˆKÌvgvGUvMÉvwdi eÅenvi
M H2S N PH3 K +2 L +7
i. ŠRe ˆhŒGMi c†^KxKiY I weGkvab
13. mvgÅvsK (Kp)-‰i Dci Zvcgvòvi cÉfve M +4 N +3
ii. cwiGek `ƒlY cÉwKÌqvq `ƒlY eÕ§ mbvÚKiY
ˆjLwPò 26. ˆhŒGMi ˆK±`Êxq cigvYywU d3sp3 msKwiZ
iii. gwiGPi àuov nGZ Zvi jvj is wbÓ•vkb
nGj AvK‡wZ wKi…c nq?
 LogKp

i. K wòGKvbxq w«¼-wcivwgW
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
1 L cçf„Rxq w«¼-wcivwgWxq
 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
T M AÓ¡ZjKxq
 LogKp

ii.
N mgZyjxq eMÆvKvi 35. AG^Æv-bvBGUÇvGdbGj we`Ågvb
27. AwÝ AGÁÏi ZxeËZvi ˆÞGò ˆKvb wbG`ÆkbvwU i. mw®²Gek e®¬b
1

T mwVK? ii. nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b
iii. mgGhvRx e®¬b
 LogKp

iii. K HClO3 > HNO2 > HClO

L HNO3> H3PO3> H2SO3 wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?

1 M H3PO3 > HNO2 > HClO K i I ii L i I iii
T N HNO2 > H2SO3> HClO M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 N 2 M 3 M 4 L 5 L 6 N 7 M 8 L 9 K 10 M 11 N 12 M 13 K 14 L 15 M 16 N 17 K 18 M
Dîi

19 K 20 L 21 L 22 N 23 M 24 M 25 N 26 L 27 K 28 K 29 L 30 L 31 M 32 K 33 N 34 K 35 N
[we.`Ë. QKwUGZ wbGR wbGR cixÞv `vI| Dîi wgwjGq wbGZ eBGqi Dîigvjv Ask ˆ`GLv|]
82 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

61. hGkvi ˆevWÆ 2015

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. 35C Zvcgvòvq AgCl ‰i `ËveÅZv àYdj 2.458 10–10 N. DóxcGKi (i) I (ii) bs AeÕ©vi gGaÅ ˆKvb ˆÞGò DrcvG`i
wbÁ²i…Gc ^vGK cwigvY meÆvwaK nGe? gƒjÅvqb Ki| 4
AgCl(s) HooooooI Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) 4.

AgCl NaCl

A- `ËeY B- `ËeY K. evqy kƒbÅKiY Kx? 1

K. eyÅGiU Kx? 1 L. Zvcgvòvi evovGj wewKÌqvi MwZ evGo ˆKb? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
L. NaOH I HCl ‰i cÉkgb Zvc ‰i gvb aËe ‚ K eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 M. B wPwn×Z wPGòi Dcv`vbmgƒGni `ƒlY gvòv KwgGq KxfvGe
M. AgCl ‰i `ËveÅZv MYbv Ki| 3 cwiGeGk cwiZÅvM Kiv hvq? eYÆbv Ki| 3
N. A `ËeGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY B `ËeY ˆhvM Kiv nGj 'A' ‰i N. DóxcGKi A I B ˆkÉwYi `ƒlGKi gGaÅ ˆKvb ˆkÉwYi ˆhŒMmgƒn
`veÅZvi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe Kx? KviY weGkÏlY Ki| 4 gvwU `ƒlGY AwaKZi f„wgKv ivGL? weGkÏlY Ki| 4
2.
5.
MÉ‚c  IA IVA VA VIA
 chÆÆvq
1 A   
15 mL 8 mL
2  X Y Z 0.01 M 0.01 M
K. AiweU Kx? 1 CH3COOH NaOH
1bs `ËeY 2bs `ËeY
L. ˆdÑvwib meÆvwaK Zwor FYvñK ˆgŒj eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
M. YA3 ˆhŒGMi AvK‡wZ eYÆbv Ki| 3 K. fiwKÌ q v mƒ ò wU Kx? 1
N. XA4 ‰es YA3 c†^KfvGe A2Z ‰i mvG^ hyÚ KiGj ˆKvbwU L. mwKÌqb kwÚ wewKÌqvi nviGK cÉfvweZ KGi eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
mgmî½ wgkÉY ŠZwi KiGe? weGkÏlY Ki| 4 M. 2 bs `ËeGYi pH wbYÆq Ki| 3
3. ‰KwU wewKÌqv wbÁ²iGc weGqvwRZ nq: N. 1 bs I 2bs `ËeGYi wgkÉGY mvgvbÅ cwigvY Þvi ˆhvM KiGj
A2B4(g) HooooooI 2AB2; A = + Ve `ËeGYi pH ‰i gvGbi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb nGe wK? weGkÏlY Ki| 4
DÚ wewKÌqv wbÁ²i…c `yB AeÕ©vq weGqvwRZ nq
6. wfGbMvi
NH3`ËeY NaOH3`ËeY
(i) 25C Zvcgvòvq I 2.0 atm PvGc;
A B C
(ii) 80C Zvcgvòvq I 6.0 atm PvGc| K. wcÉRviGfwUfm& Kx? 1
K. wMÉb ˆKwgwÕ¡È Kx? 1
L. ˆKvqvàGjkb ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
L. cvwbGZ ‰wmW ˆhvM KiGj pH ‰i gvb nËvm cvqeÅvLÅv
M. Lv`Å msiÞGY A ‰i ˆKŒkj eYÆbv Ki| 3
Ki‚b| 2
N. ™Ïvm wKÑbvi ŠZwiGZ A I C ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaKZi
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–

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M 24 N 26
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iii. Rf
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kwÚÕ¦Gi ‰KB msLÅK BGjKUÇb we`Ågvb? N AvGqvwWb
K C2H6 L C6H6
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K `nb Zvc L wewKÌqv iii. dmdivm M5 N 6
M msMVb Zvc N `ËeY Zvc wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 32. cj-eywã eÅvGjG´Öi RbÅ bq ˆKvbwU?
14. wbGPi AwÝ-‰wmWmgƒGni gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi K i I ii L i I iii K Tare L Pointer
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M Rider N Agate Plate
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M HNO3 N H2SO3 UvBGUÇkGb eÅen†Z wbG`ÆkK nj mwVK?
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K wjUgvm
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M Ar N Sc
N Õ¡vPÆ 34. ˆKvbwU iwOb ˆhŒM?
16. MuvRb cÉwKÌqvq ˆKvb cwieZÆb mÁ·®² nq?
DóxcKwU jÞ Ki ‰es 23 I 24 bs cÉGk²i K Cu2Cl2 L COCl2
K ™ÏyGKvR ˆ^GK B^vbj M SeCl3 N MgCl2
Dîi `vI:
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25C Zvcgvòvq 1.0 atm PvGc 80% PCl5
M B^vbj ˆ^GK AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW K Na2CO3 L HCl
weGqvwRZ nGq PCl3 ‰es Cl2 Drc®² nq|
N B^vbÅvj ˆ^GK AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW M NaOH N KMnO4

1 N 2 M 3 M 4 M 5 K 6 N 7 M 8 M 9 K 10 M 11 N 12 N 13 K 14 M 15 N 16 K 17 M 18 L
Dîi

19 K 20 N 21 L 22 L 23 M 24 N 25 N 26 L 27 N 28 M 29 L 30 M 31 N 32 K 33 L 34 K 35 K
[we.`Ë. QKwUGZ wbGR wbGR cixÞv `vI| Dîi wgwjGq wbGZ eBGqi Dîigvjv Ask ˆ`GLv|]
84 cvGéix ‰BP‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   imvqb cÉ^g cò

62. ewikvj ˆevWÆ 2015

imvqb cÉ^g cò welq ˆKvW 1 7 6
mgq  2 N¥Ÿv 10 wgwbU m†Rbkxj cƒYÆgvb  40
[`ËÓ¡eÅ : Wvb cvGki msLÅv cÉGk²i cƒYÆgvb ævcK| cÉ`î DóxcKàGjv gGbvGhvM w`Gq co ‰es cÉ`î QqwU m†Rbkxj cÉk² ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvGbv PviwU cÉGk²i
Dîi `vI|]
1. «¼v`k ˆkÉwYi ‰KRb Qvò AvqZwbK weGkÏlGYi ‰KwU cixÞv N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ ˆgŒj B, D I E «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM BH4,
mÁ·®² Kivi RbÅ cixÞvMvGi cÉGek Kij ‰es Zvi ˆUweGj eyÅGiU, DH3, ‰es H2E; wZbwUB ‰KB aiGbi msKivqb «¼viv MwVZ
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`yNUÆ bvi wkKvi nj| 4. X2(g) + Y2(g) HooooooooI 2XY(g)
K. wewKÌqvi nvi ejGZ Kx eyS? 1 wewKÌqvwU 21L AvqZGbi ‰KwU cvGò, 1atm PvGc mÁ·®² Kiv
L. fÅvwbwks wKÌg ‰i Dcv`vbàGjvi bvg kZKiv mshywÚmn wjL| 2 nGjv|
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ h¯¨cvwZ nGZ wZbwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ h¯¨ hvPvB Ki, K. MÉxY ˆKwgwÕ¡È Kx? 1
hv w`Gq AvqZwbK weGkÏlY Kiv hvq ‰es ZvG`i eÅenvi L. mgmZ½ cÉfveGbi ˆKŒkj eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
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2. – N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ wewKÌqvwU 1.5 àY PvGc mÁ·®² KiGj mvgÅ
aË‚eK Kp ‰i gvGbi wK cwieZÆb nGe eÅvLÅv Ki ‰es
K LMN DóxcGK wKQy cwigvY Y2 ˆhvM KiGj mvgÅvÕ©vi wK cwieZÆb
NUGe? 4
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eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 K. evdvi `ËeY Kx? 1
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cigvYy ˆ^GK wbMÆZ AvGjvi Ziã‹`NÆÅ ˆei Ki ‰es ‰wU nGe KviY DGÍÏLmn eÅvLÅv Ki| 4
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A ns2np1 AvqbxKiY
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B ns2np2 kwÚ kJmol
D ns2np3 K. fi wKÌqv mƒòwU wjL| 1
E ns2np4 L. ™Ïvm wKÑbvGi KwÕ¡K ˆmvWv eÅenvi bv KGi AÅvGgvwbqv
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M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ ˆgŒj A I X «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM AX3 ‰i eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
mvG^ D I nvBGWÈvGRb «¼viv MwVZ ˆhŒM DH3-‰i gGaÅ ˆKvb N. DóxcGKi DGÍÏwLZ cvigvYweK msLÅv wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒjmgƒGni
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mgq  35 wgwbU eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² cƒYÆgvb  35
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«¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ fivU Ki| cÉwZwU cÉGk²i gvb 1|]
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K 1 mL L 0.1mL eÅen†Z nq? K CaCl2 L CaBr2
M 0.01mL N 0.001 mL M CaF2 N CaI2
2. ˆKvb AiweUvGji kwÚ meÆvwaK? K L 25. ZxeË ‰wmW I ZxeË ÞviGKi cÉkgb ZvGci
K 3p L 3d gvb KZ?
M 4s N 3f K –57.34kJ/mol L –55.26kJ/mol
M N M –66.8kJ/mol N –12.6kJ/mol
3. ˆKvGbv wewKwiZ ZiGãi Š`NÆÅ 820 nm
nGj, kwÚ KZ? 14. wiWevMÆ aË‚eK RH ‰i gvb KZ? 26. Lv`Å msiÞGY eÅen†Z AÅvw´ŸAwÝGW´Ÿ ˆKvbwU?
–19 –18 –1
K 109678 cm L 10967.8 cm –1 K EDTA L C6H12O6
K 2.424  10 JL 2.424  10 J
M 109678 m–1 N 109678 nm–1 M CH3COOH N BHT
M 24.24  10–19JN 24.24  10–18J
15. AvqbxKiY kwÚi mwVK KÌg ˆKvbwU? 27. [Cr (H2O)4 Cl2] Br ‰ Cr ‰i RviY gvb
4. mGeÆvîg cwiÓ•viK wnmvGe jÅveGiUixGZ
K E1 < E 3 < E 2 L E 1 > E 2 > E 3 KZ?
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K wWUviGR´Ÿ L ˆmvWv M –2 N +6
16. ˆKvb ˆgŒjàGjv `xc wkLvq eYÆnxb?
M ˆKÌvwgK ‰wmW N mvevb i. Mg ii. Ca 28. NH3 AYyi RÅvwgwZK AvK‡wZ weK‡Z
5. ˆKÌvGgvGUvMÉvdxGZ Rf gvb eÅenvi KGi iii. Zn PZzÕ¦jKxq nIqvi KviY wK?
ˆKvbwU mÁ·®² Kiv nq? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K e®¬b ˆRvo  e®¬b ˆRvo BGjKUÇb
K wgkÉGYi Dcv`vb c†^KxKiY K i I ii L ii I iii weKlÆY
L wgkÉGYi Dcv`vb weGkvab M i I iii N i, ii I iii L e®¬b ˆRvo  gyÚ ˆRvo BGjKUÇGbi
M wgkËGYi Dcv`vb mbvÚKiY 17. ˆKvGbv `ËeGY OH– AvqGb Nbgvòv 3.5  AvKlÆY
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18. `yeÆj Ziã KGi wKGmi
Far-IR eÅenvi
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iii. cÅvivPzÁ¼Kxq nq 29. A I B `ywU ˆgŒGji Zwor FYvñKZv
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M wUDgvi mbvÚKiY
K i I ii L ii I iii MwVZ ˆhŒGMi cÉK‡wZ wKiƒc?
N KvGbi mgmÅv `ƒixKiY
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K mgGhvRx L AvqwbK
19. AB HoooooI A+ + B– ‰i AvqwbK àYdj
M mw®²Gek N ˆcvjvi
7. wfGbMvi ^vGK ˆKvbwU?
K 6 –10% CH3COOH K [A+] [B–] L A+ B–
30. FeCl3 ‰i Rjxq `ËeGYi pH KZ nGe?
K >7 L <7
L 6 –10% C2H5OH M Ksp = S 2
N Ksp = S M =7 N 0
M 6– 10% CH3COCH3 20. 25C Zvcgvòvq MX2 ‰i Ksp = 7.4  10–
N 6–10% CH3CHO 31. UqGjU wKÑbvGii cÉavb Dcv`vb ˆKvbwU?
11
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K sp3 L sp2 L 2.6  10–2mol/L wbGPi DóxcKwU co ‰es 32 I 33 bs cÉGk²i
M dsp2 N d2sp3 M 2.6 10–4mol/L Dîi `vI|
9. Zvcgvòvi mvG^ wewKÌqvi nvGii mÁ·KÆ N 2.6  10–5mol/L HA + H2O HoooooI A– + H3O+
wKi…c? 21. ˆKvb Avqb iwãb nq? 32. wewKÌqvwUGZ Abye®¬x AÁÏ ÞviK hyMj
K eÅÕ¦vbycvwZK L Awae†îxq i. ewnÕ¦Gii BGjKUÇb avcv¯¦i NUGj ˆKvbwU?
M mgvbycvwZK N cive†îxq ii. ewnÕ¦Gi AcƒYÆ 'd' AiweUvj ^vKGj K HA, H2O L HA,A–
10. A + 3B HoooI 2C wewKÌqvi Kc ‰i ‰KK iii. BGjKUÇb webÅvm [Ar] ns2 (n–1) d nGj
–
M A , H3O +
N H2O, A–
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K mol/L L mol2/L2 K i I ii L ii I iii AGÁÏi weGqvRb gvòv 70% nGj, Kc ‰i
M L/mol N L2/mol2 M i I iii N i, ii I iii gvb KZ?
11. gvbe iGÚ ˆKvb evdvi `ËeY we`Ågvb? 22. ˆKvGbv DckwÚÕ¦Gii mGeÆvœP BGjKUÇb aviY K 1.00 L 1.30
K NaHCO3 + H2CO3 M 1.53 N 1.63
ÞgZv nj 34. ˆPvGL ‰wmW wQUGK coGj jÅveGiUixGZ
L CH3COONa + CH3COOH
K (2l +1) L (l + 1)
M Na2HPO4 + H3PO4 M 2 (2l + 1) N 2 (l + 2) ˆKvb ˆhŒM eÅenvi KGi cÉv^wgK wPwKrmv
N NH4Cl + NH4OH
23. AÅvGgvwbqvg Avqb mbvÚKiY ˆKvb weKviK Kiv nq?
12. UÅvjK-‰i ivmvqwbK msGKZ ˆKvbwU? eÅen†Z nq? K 4% NaHCO3 L 4% NaOH
K 3 Al2O3 4 SiO2.H2O M 4% Ca(OH)2 N 4% Mg(OH)2
K ˆbmjvi L wmjfvi bvBGUÇU
L 3MgO.4 SiO2.H2O 35. wbGPi ˆKvb ˆhŒMwU Av`ËÆ weGkÏwlZ nq?
M 3.Al2O32SiO2.2H2O M cUvwmqvg cvBGiv AÅvw´ŸGgvGbU K C6H6 L NaCl
N MgO.2 SiO2.2H2O N ˆewiqvg ˆKÑvivBU M SiCl4 N CCl4
1 L 2 N 3 K 4 M 5 M 6 K 7 K 8 L 9 M 10 N 11 K 12 L 13 N 14 K 15 N 16 M 17 N 18 K
Dîi

19 K 20 M 21 K 22 M 23 K 24 M 25 K 26 N 27 L 28 M 29 N 30 L 31 K 32 L 33 N 34 K 35 M
[we.`Ë. QKwUGZ wbGR wbGR cixÞv `vI| Dîi wgwjGq wbGZ eBGqi Dîigvjv Ask ˆ`GLv|]