Zoology Second Term Exam

Instructions: For your Second Term Exam, will cover topics of Organology and Physiology and
Reproduction.

You will create your own questions and then answer them following the matrix given in the attached
document. With the use of resources given in your classroom, your research on fish physiology and
maybe other resources list questions and answers on the different organ systems. You should pose 10
questions for each system, of which 5 should be objective questions, and 5 analysis questions requiring
short answers. It would be more interesting if you ask the questions which are new learnings for you or
questions you have always wanted to ask.

Good luck and Enjoy.

Fill up the matrix below

Questions Answers
Digestive System
Objective 1. TRUE or FALSE. TRUE
The process of digestion in human digestive
system is also similar to those of fish except
the fact that human digestive system doesn’t
have pyloric ceca.
2. The process of digestion for most fishes go A
like this;
a. Mouth-esophagus-stomach-small intestine-
large intestine-anus or vent.
b. Mouth-esophagus-large intestine-small
intestine-anus
c. Mouth-small intestine-esophagus-large
intestine-anus
d. Mouth-esophagus- small intestine-anus-
large intestine

3. TRUE or FALSE. TRUE

A fish’s digestive system is adapted to their
food habits (e.g., predatory fishes have mouth
usually large enough for engulfing its prey in
whole)
4. Which of the following serves as the junction B
between the stomach and the intestine and is
marked by muscular valve?
a. Esophagus
b. Pyloric ceaca
c. Pancreatic tissue
d. liver
 5. One of the biggest differences between A
digestive systems of sharks and mammals is
that sharks have ___.
a. Shorter intestines
b. Longer intestines
c. Larger mouth
d. Stronger teeth
6. What is the difference/s between human Their great difference is the structure of the
and digestive system’s structural system? their digestive systems especially that fish has a
lot of varieties thus they also deviate in digestive
structural system while human has only one
structure.
7. How does fish’s process of digestion differ The process of digestion in human digestive
from humans? system is also similar to those of fish except the
fact that human digestive system doesn’t have
pyloric ceca.
Analysis 8. If saltwater fish tend to lose water because The reverse happen in freshwater fish. They tend
of osmosis then their kidneys return water to to gain water osmotically. Their kidneys produce
the body, how about freshwater fish? dilute urine for excretion. Some fish have
specially adapted kidneys that vary in functions,
allowing them to move from freshwater to
saltwater.
9. What are some examples of fish that doesn’t Lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, etc.
have stomach?
10. What is the result of feeding high quality It produces less waste thus results in healthier
food with easily accessible to fish? and happier fish and cleaner and clearer water.
Respiratory System
11. What does fish use in order to breath? B
a. Mouth
b. Gills
c. Stomach
d. Lungs
12. TRUE or FALSE. As fishes have adapted to TRUE
live underwater, they have evolved specialized
organs known as gills, which are made of
thousand filaments and are heavily covered in
lamellae.
13. The gills are covered by a flap called D
Objective _______.
a. Lamellae
b. Filaments
c. Filia
d. Operculum
14. Answer YES or NO. YES
Does lungs and gills have the same function?
15. What gives the gill a bright red color? A
a. Blood vessels
b. Lamellae
c. Filaments
d. Gill arches
Analysis 16. How does water contributes in gas The water gives oxygen to the blood in the gill
exchange of fish? filaments and receives carbon dioxide in

17. How do fish breathe?
18. Differentiate oxygen dissolution in air and
in water.
19. Can fish drown in water?
20. What is the difference between human and
fish respiration?
Circulatory System
21. TRUE or FALSE.
Mammals have a single circulatory system
while fish have a double circulatory system.
22. TRUE or FALSE.
A fish has two-chambered heart with only one
atrium and ventricle in the heart.
23. IDENTIFICATION.
The atrium collects blood that has returned
Objective
from the body, while the ventricle pumps it to
the gills for gas exchange and re-oxygenation
24. IDENTIFICATION
The blood then circulates throughout the body
before returning to the atrium.
25. IDENTIFICATION
This _____ blood enters the right atrium then
the right ventricle for oxygenation in the lungs.
26. Why do you think fish has single circulatory
system?
27. What is the result of the blood flow around
systemic circulation?
28. How does fish’s blood pressure differ from
Analysis
human’s?
29. What type of circulatory system do most
fish have?
30. how does closed circulatory system in a
fish work?
Excretory System
Objective 31. TRUE or FALSE.
Excretory system helps get rid of unneeded
exchange.
Respiration takes place with the help of gills.
They get their oxygen from the water.
Oxygen dissolves in water but a lower
concentration than in the atmosphere. The
atmosphere has roughly 21% O2 while in water,
it is much smaller than that.
Fish need oxygen levels in their watery home to
be two parts per million or more to survive.
Without it, they’ll suffocate and may die but not
drown.
Humans breathe through their mouth or nose,
whereas fish breathe through gills.
FALSE
(fish has single circulatory system and while
mammal has double)
TRUE
GILL CIRCULATION
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
DEOXIDIZED
Fish are not as active as other animals, so their
single circulatory system is sufficient for their
needs, while more active animals and mammals
need double circulatory system.
The result is a limit in the amount of oxygen that
can reach some of the organs and tissues of the
body, reducing the overall metabolic capacity of
fish.
Fish circulatory system has a limited blood
pressure with the delicate nature of the tiny
capillaries in the gills while humans have blood
pressure can be high in the systemic circuit while
remaining low and safe in the pulmonary circuit.
Fish have simple-closed circulatory system with a
two-chambered heart.
In fish, blood flows in one continuous loop from
the tissues to the heart to the gills and back to
the tissues.
TRUE
 wastes in the body.
32. TRUE or FALSE. FALSE
Ammonia is less poisonous than urea. (more poisonous)
33. IDENTIFICATION. AMMONIA
If humans excrete urea, what does fish
excrete?
34. IDENTIFICATION OSMOSIS
______ causes saltwater fish to lose water.
35. Which organ assists fish in regulating the C
amount of ammonia in their bodies?
a.Urinary bladder
a. Ureters
b. Kidneys
c. Liver
36. What happens to fish in tanks if ammonia is Fish in tanks are at risk of suffocation unless the
poisonous? water is changed or refreshed regularly.
37. How does saltwater fish differ from The kidneys of saltwater fish concentrate wastes
freshwater fish in terms of water balance? and return as much water as possible to the
body. Freshwater fish, on the other hand, tends
to gain water continuously.
38. Where does excretion takes place in fish? It takes place primarily in the kidney. However,
some excretion also takes place in the digestive
Analysis
system and especially the gills.
39. Do fishes pee? A lot of fish get rid of the pee through a tiny
opening called a pore while in some fish, waste
goes out through the skin or the gills.
40. Do fishes drink? Fish do absorb water through their skin and gills
through osmosis. Saltwater fish need to
purposely drink water in order to get enough
into their systems.
Endocrine System
Objective 41. TRUE or FALSE TRUE
The nervous and endocrine systems keep the
body’s tissues in communication and regulate
many physiological functions
42. TRUE or FALSE TRUE
Endocrine system mediates four types of
effects: kinetic, metabolic, morphogenic and
behavioral.
43. TRUE or FALSE TRUE
Unlike superior vertebrates, fishes have no
parathyroid glands though parathyroid
hormones have been found in some species.
44. It is a type of ductless gland made up of C
different types of tissues and organs that
produces and secretes one or more hormones
and regulates the physiological functions
organs by direct blood flow.
a. Hormones
b. Exocrine
c. Endocrine
d. Enzyme
 45. These are secreted from the endocrine C
glands and transported to certain parts of the
body to exert a specific physiological effect.
a. Enzymes
b. Thymus
c. Hormones
d. Urophysis
46. Differentiate the functions of nervous and The nervous systems is comparatively direct and
endocrine systems in fish. fast-acting due to neural circuitry and the speed
of action potentials, where as the endocrine
system is better suited for long-term regulation
of physiological processes because its tissues
release chemical signals into the blood.
47. Which of the following are true about B
endocrine glands? (i and ii)
i.It is a ductless gland
ii.The secretion is called hormones.
iii.Its secretion flows through the duct.
iv. They are located inside and outside the
body.
a. i and iii
b. i and ii
c. ii and iii
d. iii and iv
48. Why is pituitary gland called master gland? The hormones secreted by these glands directly
through the help of different biochemical
Analysis
reactions and reveals various characteristics, as
well as play a role in controlling the secretion of
other endocrine glands.
49. How is the pituitary gland the most This gland secretes hormones directly on their
significant among the endocrine glands? own and regulates the function of other glands
by helping them secrete hormones.
50. Which of the following are true about D
hormones?
i. They are secreted from the endocrine glands.
ii. They are called organic catalysts.
iii. They are dynamic and arise in one place and
act in another.
iv. They reach their destination either directly
or through the blood.

a. i, ii, iii
b. i, ii, iv
c. ii, iii, iv
d. i, iii, iv
Nervous System
Objective 51. IDENTIFICATION. OLFACTORY BULBS
What is the most anterior part of fish’s brain?
52. IDENTIFICATION SPINAL CORD
It is a thick sheath of nervous material that
runs from the base of the brain, back along the
fish’s body through-and protected by- the
 neural canal of the spinal column.
53. IDENTIFICATION SPINAL NERVES
The nerves that arise from spinal cords.
54. IDENTIFICATION CRANIAL NERVES
The nerves that arise from the brain.
55. How many pairs of cranial nerves are D
present in fish?
a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 9
56. How does the nervous system work in fish? Nervous system works in fish as they control fish
organs and its connection with the outside
environment.
57. Fish have ears inside their heads, how Series of pores connected to canals beneath the
come they don’t hear well? skin cover the head and sides of their body. This
system is called lateral line which detects the
motion of current and vibrations near the fish.
58. Does fish feel pain when hooked? Their brains are not complex enough to
experience pain. It’s said to be unconscious
Analysis
reactions though some studies debunk this
theory. Now, it’s scientifically confirmed that fish
do feel pain.
59. What is the function of spinal cord in a A fish’s spinal cord transmits motor messages to
fish? its peripheral nerves, and sends sensory
messages back to the brain.
60. Elephantnose fish has a brain with 3.1% of No. Intelligence is more than just brain mass, or
its body weight, does this mean it is smarter even brain to body ratio.
than people?
Muscular System
Objective 61. What kind of muscle does fish have? A
a. Skeletal muscle
b. Smooth muscle
c. Cardiac muscle
d. Myotomes
62. Which of the following fishes don’t have C
bones?
a. Swordtail
b. Koi
c. Sharks
d. Salmon
63. What re the two types of skeletal muscle in C
fish?
a. Myotomes and myosepta
b. Cephalic and appendicular
c. Red muscle and white muscle
d. Myotomes and appendicular
64. TRUE or FALSE. TRUE
Red muscle are used for sustained activity such
as cruising at slow speeds on ocean migrations.
65. TRUE or FALSE. TRUE
White muscles are used for bursts of activity,
 such as jumping or sudden bursts of speed for
catching prey.
66. Can fish’s muscle stops growing? In the majority of fish, muscle continues to grow
throughout life and therefore musculature
enlargement is a combination of newly formed
cells and increased size of pre-existing fibres.
67. How does the muscles help fishes in Muscles generate power and interactions
swimming? between fish and the water generate backward-
travelling wave of lateral displacement of the
body and caudal fin.
Analysis 68. Explain what is red muscle. Red muscle is highly vascularized, contract
slowly, is able to sustain contraction and have
aerobic metabolism.
69. Explain what is white muscle. White muscle are less vascularized, contract
rapidly and less sustainable, and have anaerobic
metabolism.
70. How many muscles do you think fish have? Most fish have a mixture of two, or all three
types of muscle- but keep the types in discrete
groupings.
Reproductive System
71. It is the small, fleshy tube behind the anus A
in some fishes where the sperm or eggs are
released.
a. Genital papilla
b. Gonads
c. Seminiferous tubules
d. Gonopodia
72. What is fish mating called? B
a. Breeding
b. Spawning
c. Fertilization
d. Oviparity
Objective
73. INDENTIFICATION. PARTHENOGENESIS
In a few fish species, an unusual form of
reproduction was discovered where the female
egg develops into a new individual without
fusing with a sperm cell, what is it called?
74. TRUE or FALSE TRUE
In parthenogenesis, the offspring are identical
copies of their mothers.
75. TRUE or FALSE FALSE
All fishes are hermaphroditic - producing both (not all fishes are hermaphroditic)
sperm and eggs, usually at different stages of
its life.
Analysis 76. How do fish reproduce sexually? Nearly all fish reproduce by sexual reproduction-
the fusion of sperm from testes and eggs from
ovaries.
77. How do I know if my fish are mating? The female will begin building a nest when she is
prepared to mate. Nest-building process is an
obvious sign of mating.
78. How long is a fish pregnant? Swordtail and guppy for instance will both give
birth ti anywhere from 20-100 live young after
 gestation period of 4-6 weeks and mollies will
produce a brood of 20-60 live young after 6-10
weeks gestation period.
79. Does fish give birth through mouth? Sometimes the female fish will carry the fertilized
eggs in her mouth, or the male and female will
trade off, which is called bi-parental mouth-
brooding.
80. Which of the following are true about fish D
getting pregnant?
i. Female drops eggs in the water which are
immediately fertilized by sperm from the male
ii. Fertilization to occur within female’s body
before she drops them into the water
iii. Female retains the eggs within her body
and young are born alive

a. i and ii
b. ii and iii
c. i and iii
d. All of the above