Formal verification of automation of
rcet water tank
Noman Shoaib Quraishi1, M. Muzammil Attari2, Mahnoor Khalid2
Rachna College of Engineering & Technology, Gujranwala
Abstract:
Automata theory (also known as Theory Of
Computation) is a theoretical branch of
Computer Science and Mathematics, which
mainly deals with the logic of computation with
respect to simple machines, referred to as
automata. Automata enables scientists to
understand how machines compute the
functions and solve problems. The main
motivation behind developing Automata
Theory was to develop methods to describe
and analyze the dynamic behavior of discrete
systems.
Automata play a major role in theory of
computation, compiler construction, artificial
intelligence, parsing and formal verification.
Automata are used as finite representations of
formal languages that may be infinite. It is used
in designing and automation of machines. A
traditional controlling and measuring system
both in home industry and factory have many
constraints especially in the field of quality and
efficiency. Here’s a design of a water tank using
automata theory tools. Deterministic finite state
automata is used for manifestation of different
functions of water tank.
Introduction:
Theory of automata is a theoretical branch of
computer science and mathematical. It is the
study of abstract machines and the computation
problems that can be solved using these
machines. The abstract machine is called the
automata.
Through these automatons, mathematicians and
computer scientists can understand how
machines function, solve problem, learn and
what it means for a function to be defined
as computable. Along with this, we can also
understand how discrete systems behave given
a certain set of inputs.
Automatons can be divided into four main
families:
1. Finite-State Machine
2. Push-down Automata
3. Linear-bounded Automata
4. Turing Machine
A Finite-State machine is the simplest automata,
while a Turing machine is the most complex. A
Turing machine is also a Finite-State machine,
but the inverse may not be true.
Notation
An automaton has three basic components:
1. A finite set of inputs I {x_1, x_2, ....
x_n}x1,x2,....xn
2. A finite set of outputs Z y_1, y_2, ...
y_ny1,y2,...yn
3. A finite set of states Q whose definition
depends on the type of automaton
being used.
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Automata play a major role in theory of
computation, compiler construction, artificial
intelligence, parsing and formal verification. This
project is basically providing an automate
process of water tank. It includes auto filling of
water and tells water level at different instances.
Moreover it controls the supply of water to
different places such as water supply is
forbidden for playground if water level is below
the half. After that there is a filtration process of
water for water cooler. Supply of water to
mosque and campus is mandatory. It shows an
alert message if water level is too low to prevent
the extra use of water in case of absence of
electricity.
Finite State Machines:
Finite state machine (FSM) is a term used by
programmers, mathematicians, engineers and
other professionals to describe a mathematical
model for any system that has a limited number
of conditional states of being. A practical
example of a finite state machine is a set of
buttons on a video game controller that are
connected to a specific set of actions within the
game. When a user inputs hitting certain
buttons, the system knows to implement the
actions that correspond.
The makeup of a finite state machine consists of
the following:
 A set of potential input events.
 A set of probable output events that
correspond to the potential input events.
 A set of expected states the system can
exhibit.
A finite state machine may be implemented
through software or hardware to simplify a
complex problem. Within an FSM, all states in
consideration exist in a finite list and the
abstract machine can only take on one of those
states at a time. This approach allows each input
and output scenario to be studied and tested.
An FSM may be something very abstract, like a
model for a business represented by an
illustration , or it may be something concrete,
like a vending machine or computer. The list of
possible combinations of these elements is
limited within a finite state machine.
Alternatively, a state machine can be fuzzy.
A fuzzy state machine allows the possibility of
points of data that are not within discrete, pre-
designated.
Like a vending machine or computer. The list of
possible combinations of these elements is
limited within a finite state machine.
Alternatively, a state machine can be fuzzy.
A fuzzy state machine allows the possibility of
points of data that are not within discrete, pre-
designated categories.
Related work in past:
Sanam Pudasaini et al. (2014) presented system
of a programmed water level controller with
SMS notice. Their task was done to help client in
burden shedding based nation like Nepal. SMS
notice was added to program controller
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framework with the goal that water can be
overseen by client amid burden shedding. Two
frameworks work synergistically; programmed
level controller framework and SMS framework.
The system was produced in Arduino project
creating environment and transferred to the
Microcontroller. Water level in the framework is
controlled naturally. The controller works on a
battery power. At whatever point the
framework experiences void level and the status
of burden shedding, the SMS warning is sent to
the client. S. B. Jagadal and S. V. Halse (2013)
proposed a control framework which can be
utilized to screen numerous tanks by controlling
the operation of engines which pumps water
from sump to the overhead tanks utilizing a
solitary 8051 MCU interfaced with LCD show in a
virtual situation. Here they presented a multi-
tank 10 International Journal on Information
Sciences and Computing Vol.9 No.2 July 2015
control framework with four tanks to be
observed. A low level computing construct
project was created to control these four
engines in both modes programmed and also
manual. They have utilized rationale control
outline to choose the specific tank to fill the
water to yearning level. There is likewise an
abnormal state alert which is utilized to keep the
flood of the water. There is a programmed fill
alternative which fills every one of the tanks one
by one in a consecutive way naturally. This
control framework additionally permits client to
fill the longing tank utilizing select and run catch
of the separate engine in an arbitrary
succession. At the point when the framework is
dynamic and running, it can show the water
level through visual diagram LED when
associated with sensor point. A LCD showcase of
size 40X2 is interfaced to 8051 MCS to show the
status of the tank other than giving important
guideline to work this framework. They send the
project to LCD from 8051MCS.This LCD is 40
characters wide with two lines. This control
framework schematic is in view of essential
computerized idea to arrange the circuit outline.
Muktha Shankari K et al. (2013) discussed about
configuration and usage of water level control
framework which is remote, programmed,
financially savvy and solid. It utilizes two Radio
Frequency handsets alongside a controller each
introduced at the tank and sump. Radio
Frequency handsets are utilized for remote
correspondence. It is totally mechanized with
the assistance of a small scale controller. The
framework needn't bother with any
consideration of the client unless the sump is
unfilled. Establishment expense is decreased
following the framework is remote. It is solid in
light of the fact that it has no issues emerging
after establishment, for example, breakage of
wire. Jiang Wei (2010) presented a fuzzy control
hypothesis which is utilized to build up a liquid
level, and the liquid info stream rate to focus the
measure of control, which to push the valve's
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opening size and pace so as to control the water 1- Water supply to hostels.
supply valve opening change level, so that the
fluid position of compartment keeps up a 2- Supply to all departments.

consistent, and the MATLAB programming is

utilized to confirm the impact of fuzzy control 3- Mosque water supply

framework. His outcomes demonstrate that in

4- Water coolers
this fuzzy control framework the advantages of
monetary operation of water supply can be
5- Watering of trees and grassy plots.
guaranteed by guaranteeing a consistent level of
fluid.
All of above discussed use different amount
of water and hence supply to these points is
About Water tank Automation:
maintained according to importance and
severe need of water. Following are
Basically, main purpose of designing this project
priorities for supply of water.
is to control over use of electricity in industries
and a lot of water loss. This project is for all type
1- Highest priority is to supply water to
of water tanks but here we will apply this to
mosque so that all the religious activities
RCET Water Tank and will control extra water
may continue.
and electricity consumption. Now first we start
introducing this project.
2- Priority of water supply to Campus is
also very important and very high as all
In typical tanks, we may have to check water
teaching and non-teaching staff have to
level again and again in case of motor running to
use water.
avoid loss of electricity which is a headache.
Moreover scheduling of water is also a problem
3- Next priority is to supply water to all
as sometimes we may have confine some users
boys and girls hostels (especially girls
to a particular level of water. This project
hostel) so that all students would be
handles and overcomes all of these problems.
able to take water for their use.

This project is primarily applied to RCET tank so

4- Water coolers are also important but
here are the water usages.
are kept in low priority as they are not
needed in all seasons. Main use of water

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 Five tuples:
cooler is to provide cold water in
summer season. In winter, they are Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+, 6D}

useless. So they are put in low priority Σi= {a,b}

level. δi =

Qi\ Σi a b
5- The last and final water supply is -1 2 6D
watering plants and trees. 2 3 6D
3 4 6D
4 5+ 6D
Priority based supply:
5+ 5+ 5+
6D 6D 6D
Supply of water depends upon water
level in tank. Water supply to first two qo ={ -1 )
priorities is always open. If water level is
F = {5+)
high but not in position to be supplied
to hostel, its supply is restricted. Water
cooler supply is based on water cooler
and level of water in coolers. Low level
in water cooler will allow water supply
to them. In winters, water cooler will be 2- For Water level above lower sensor:
used to provide filtered water. Next, if
RE = aaab(ab)*
It indicates that water is above the
water level is below half of the tank,
lower sensor and motor is pumping out
supply is not allowed to playgrounds water.
and plots as they requires a lot of water
Five tuples:
which may cause water shortage in case
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+, 6 , 7D}
of load shading.
Σi= {a,b}

Input Alphabetic: δi =

1- For Water level below lower Qi\ Σi a b

sensor: -1 2 7D
2 3 7D
RE = aaaa (a+b)*
3 4 7D
If water level is below this lower sensor, it 4 7D 5+
will send command to electric motor to 5+ 6 7D
start pumping water. 6 7D 5+

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 7D 7D 7D After attaining required water level this
qo ={ -1 } command will power off the motor.
F = {5+}
Five tuples:
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+ }

Σi= {a,b}

δi =

Qi\ Σi a b
3- For power on command:
-1 2 1
RE = a*aaba
2 3 2
Next command to the motor to operate
3 2 4
as water level is very low.
4 2 5+
Five tuples: 5+ 2 1

Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+, 6 , 7D}

qo ={ -1 }
Σi= {a,b}
F = {5+}
δi =

Qi\ Σi a b
-1 2 6D
2 3 6D
3 3 4 5- For Water level above upper sensor:
4 5+ 6D RE = abaa(a+b)*
5+ 6D 6D This situation tells that water level has
6D 6D 6D attained required level of water and
( Table 3) now power supply should be cut off
qo ={ -1 }
Five tuples:
F = {5+}
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+, 6D}

Σi= {a,b}

δi =

Qi\ Σi a b
-1 2 6D
4- For Power off command: 2 6D 3
RE = (a+b)*aabb 3 4 6D

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 4 5+ 6D
5+ 5+ 5+
6D 6D 6D

qo ={ -1 }

F = {5+}

7- For Water level above middle sensor:

RE = (a+b)* abba

Evaluation of this regular expression tells about

water level which is a bit more than half of the
6- For Water level below upper sensor: water tank at that time and also give info about
RE = ababa*b* power off position.
It indicates that water usage has been
Five tuples:
started and powe is turned off.
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+}
Five tuples:
Σi= {a,b}
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+, 6+, 7D}
δi =
Σi= {a,b}
Qi\ Σi a b
δi = -1 2 1

Qi\ Σi a b 2 1 3
-1 2 7D 3 2 4
2 7D 3 4 5+ 1
3 4 7D 5+ 2 1
4 7D 5+
5+ 5+ 6+ qo ={ -1 }
6 7D 6+
F = {5+}
7D 7D 7D
qo ={ -1 }

F = {5+, 6+}

8- For Water level below middle sensor:

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 RE = abbb(a+b)* Qi\ Σi a b
-1 1 2
Water level is going on decreasing and at this 2 3 6D
point it is merely equal to alert point.
3 4 6D
Five tuples: 4 5+ 6D
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+, 6D} 5+ 5+ 6D
6D 6D 6D
Σi= {a,b}

δi = qo ={ -1 }
Qi\ Σi a b F = {5+}
-1 2 6D
2 6D 3
3 6D 4
4 6D 5+
5+ 5+ 5+

qo ={ -1 }

F = {5+} 10- For Other uses supply:

RE = (a+b)*baab(a+b)*

Five tuples:
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+}

Σi= {a,b}

δi =

Qi\ Σi a b
-1 1 2
9- For Playground water supply:
2 3 1
RE = a*baaaa*
3 4 2
This RE comes into execution state when water 4 1 5+
level is above middle sensor. This should start 5+ 5+ 5+
watering playgrounds. ( Table 10)
Five tuples: qo ={ -1 }
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+, 6D} F = {5+}
Σi= {a,b}

δi =

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 12- Water filter

RE= (a+b)* abba (a+b)*

This RE is related to water filtration which is also
performed by water cooler but it works all the
time to provide purified water.
11- For Alert of water low: Five Tuples:
RE = b*babab*
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+}
If water level goes on decreasing and reach the
Σi= {a,b}
level at which water level is below middle
sensor, it alerts to power on electricity or to δi =
avoid extra consuption of water.
Qi\ Σi a b
Five tuples: -1 2 1
2 1 3
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+, 6D}
3 2 4
Σi= {a,b} 4 5+ 1
δi = 5+ 2 1
( Table 12)
Qi\ Σi a b
-1 6D 2 qo ={ -1 }
2 3 2
F = {5+}
3 6D 4
4 5+ 6D
5+ 6D 5+
6D 6D 6D

qo ={ -1 }

F = {5+}

13- For Water Cooler

RE= (a+b)* baaa (a+b)*

It provides water to water cooler to make water

drinkable in summer. In winter it is not included
in project process as it is not needed at all.

Five tuples:

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Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+} F = {5+}

Σi= {a,b}

δi =

Qi\ Σi a b
-1 1 2
2 3 1
3 4 2
4 5+ 2 15- Input (Water)
5+ 5+ 5+ RE= (a+b)* bbbb (a+b)*
(Table 13)
Water is output of pumping but it works
qo ={ -1 } as input in level sensors to provide
information about water level in water
F = {5+}
tank.

Five tuples:
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+}

Σi= {a,b}

δi =
14- Input (Electricity)
Qi\ Σi a b
RE= (a+b)* aaaa (a+b)*
-1 1 2
Electricity is the basic input of whole system to 2 1 3
power on motor when pumping out of water is 3 1 4
required. 4 1 5+
Five tuples: 5+ 5+ 5+
(Table 15)
Qi= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5+}
qo ={ -1 }
Σi= {a,b}
F = {5+}
δi =

Qi\ Σi a b
-1 2 1
2 3 1
3 4 1
4 5+ 1
5+ 5+ 5+
(Table 14)

qo ={ -1 }

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Conclusion:

This work brings in technology into the house

and industry by mechanizing of requirements,
which make the work of water storage system
much easier and convenient over handling. The
overall system has a great impact in the
prevention of water wastage more effective
than the manual work. The most important
merits of the system are:

(i) The conservation of water resource.

(ii) Manual effort reduction.
(iii) Time to time alters over the status
water storage.

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

References

[1] J. R. JOHN F. NASH, Game theory,

Princeton: Nobel Seminar, 1994.

[2] p. p. S.Gowri, Automated water overflow

control, Chennai: International journel on
information and technology, 2015.

[3] B. I. Farhan, "Water Level Sensor," Journal

of Al-Qadisiyah for Computer Science and
Mathematics 10(3), 2018.

[4] S. N. Durga, "Autonomous Water tank

Filling System using IoT," INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF COMPUTER SCIENCES AND
ENGINEERING, 2018.

[5] L. L. Nyan Phyo Aung, "Automatic Water

Storage and Distribution," International
Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and
Development, 2019.

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