BIO502: Assignment 1

Q. Below is the list of species whose tissue culture has been established on
commercial/research scales. List the source explants used for its tissue culture. For the
explant source, you will search into the literature. You might end up with more than
one sources of explant. Please include the source of information (ex. Any article
reference or web link from where the information is being taken). Submission is due by
5:00 p.m. on 27/1/22.
Grades: 25 points - Jhanvi H. Patel
AU1920022
iMsc (2019-20)
jhanvi.p@ahduni.edu.in

1. Banana:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1. Shoot tip https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99923-4
2. Rhizomes of sword suckers DOI: 10.1079/IVP2006766
3.  Buds from the main DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.4.229
pseudo stem
 Suckers
 Peepers
 Male inflorescence apices
 Immature male flowers
4. Meristematic stem tips (excised DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.726.733
from young suckers)
5. Shoot tips, containing several https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-
sheathing leaf bases enclosing the 4238(83)90028-6
axillary buds
6. Sword Suckers DOI:10.15740/HAS/IJAS/13.1/71-76
7. 6-week-old shoots DOI: 10.14456/tjst.2017.4

2. Rice:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1. Dehisced mature rice seeds DOI:10.3390/agronomy8050077
DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.20032
DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2001.387.390
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2015.04.004
https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-7-49

2.  Coleoptile Yaqoob, Dr & Jan, Bushra & Kaul, Dr.

 Roots Tanushri & Nawchoop, Irshad. (2016).
 Seed derived scutellum Tissue culture of Rice: Problems, Progress
 Immature and mature and Prospects. 3.
embryos
 Leaves
 Stem nodes
 Inflorescence
 Anthers
3.  Seed http://www.jstor.org/stable/23782913
 Plumule meristem from
 germinating seed
 Shoot apex from plantlets
 Anther and haploid
immature inflorescence

3. Wheat:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Immature embryos DOI:
 Mature embryos http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v45i3.8191
 Endosperm supported http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-
mature embryos 70332016v16n4a46
DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0463-6
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7337-8_10
2.  Mature and immature DOI: 10.5376/mpb.2016.07.0013
embryos
 Coleoptile and
Inflorescences
 Seeds
 Shoot apical meristems
 Anthers
3. Leaf tissue DOI: 10.4236/abb.2012.31008 
4. Seeds https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/367851
5.  Shoot tips DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/
 Glumella and lemma 2015/31.4.199.209
 Inflorescence stem sections
 Isolated anthers
 Nodes
 Coleoptiles
 Shoot apical meristems
 Leaf base
 Mature and immature
embryos

4. Corn:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1. Healthy and mature viable https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.03.001
seeds/grains
2. Immature anthers DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2000.1985.1988
3.  Young ears http://www.jstor.org/stable/2482581
 Young corn plants
 Young shoots
4. Haploid coleoptile sections DOI: 10.4238/2015.December.8.17

5. Soybean:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Immature embryos https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122571
 Shoot tips
 Cotyledonary nodal
segments
 Seedlings of soybeans such
as whole cotyledon,
 cotyledonary node,
hypocotyl
 Root
 Mature cotyledons and
embryos
 Half seeds
2.  Leaf nodes  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01228
 Epicotyls DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010177
 Hypocotyl
 Immature embryo axillary
buds
 Cotyledonary nodes
 Seeds
 Embryonic axis
 Embryonic tail
3. Seeds DOI: 17957/IJAB/14.0006
4. Half split hypocotyls, hypocotyls,  https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7379693
and cotyledonary nodes,
5. A single fruit attached to a short https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048209
piece of stem

6. Pineapple:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1. Crowns and suckers DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.1349
DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2015.35.40
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6352-
7_45

2. Crown tip meristem https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.923.23

3.  Sucker meristem https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2005.07.002
 Shoots with leaves
4. Leaf bases and core (stem) DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.726.733
sections
5. Shoot tips, containing several https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2003494
sheathing leaf bases enclosing
the axillary buds

7. Oil palm
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1. Zygotic embryos DOI: 10.5897/AJB2016.15670
2.  Immature leaves https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00722
 Somatic Embryos
 Mature and immature
zygotic embryos
 Immature and mature
inflorescence
 Roots
 Mature female flowers
3. Immature or young leaf DOI: 10.4308/hjb.18.2.61
segments DOI: 10.7324/JABB.2015.3402
4.  Mature zygotic embryos https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215353
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1025-4
  Immature zygotic https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037662
embryos
 Immature male
inflorescence
 Immature female
inflorescence
 Mature leaves
 Immature leaves
 Young plantlets
 Shoots
5. Shoot apex and leaf sheath DOI: 10.1007/s11627-010-9279-6
DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm153
6. Apex/ Meristem roots https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-
90882019000100006

8. Eggplant:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Immature seed embryo DOI: 10.5897/AJBX2013.13521
 Hypocotyl DOI: 10.21275/ART20194016
 Cotyledon https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2014.10.001
 Leaf https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2215-y
 Root DOI: 10.3923/jps.2015.90.98
 Anther
 Protoplasts
 Microspore
2. Leaf and cotyledons https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/702071
DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2018.29.2.9

9. Sweet potato:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Leaf disc DOI: 10.9734/AJAAR/2019/v11i430064
 Petiole fragment
 Nodal segment
 Internodal fragment
 Root portions
2. Nodal shoots https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010019
3. Sweet potato slices https://doi.org/10.2307/4449617
4. Lateral buds and shoot apices DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9756-8_15
5. Axillary buds DOI: 10.18805/ag.D-128
6. Meristem or nodal cuttings (young DOI: 10.3923/ijpbg.2014.121.138
and healthy shoot tips)

10. Tomato:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1. Cotyledon and leaf https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050412
2. Hypocotyl and leaf disc Chaudhry, Zubeda & Abbas, Sidra &
Yasmin, Azra & Rashid, Hamid & Ahmad,
Habib & Anjum, Muhammad Akbar. (2010).
Tissue culture studies in tomato
(Lycopersicon Esculentum) var.
 Moneymaker. Pakistan Journal of Botany.
42.
3. Cotyledonary leaf and DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.03.008
cotyledonary node
4. Hypocotyl and cotyledons https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068367413030178
DOI: 10.1080/00380768.1999.10415827
5. Fruits and shoot tips DOI: 10.3923/jps.2015.15.24
6. Dried mature seeds Plana, Dagmara; Álvarez, Marta; Lara,
Regla M.; Florido, Marilyn; Álvarez, F.;
Moya, C. A NEW In Vitro
REGENERATION PROTOCOL IN
TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
7. Stem https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-
4238(76)90044-3

11. Rubber tree:

Sr. Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
No
1.  Petioles https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-
 Stems 47571998000300018
 Leaves
 Axillary Buds
2. Shoot tips DOI:
Young seedlings http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/IJASRE.2018.32743
Nodal cuttings DOI:10.4038/cjsbs.v36i2.486
DOI:10.31695/ijasre.2018.32743
3.  Immature seed DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01804
integument
 Inflorescence with
distinct male and female
flowers
 Protoplast
4. Shoot tips and axillary buds DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000375

12. Cassava:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Leaves DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.2115
 Stem petiole
 Axillary Buds
2. Nodal explants https://doi.org/10.1186/s12896-020-00645-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00040007
3.  Young leaves https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00590
 Mature leaves
 Primary root tips
4.  Axillary buds https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.05.007
 Immature leaf lobes
 Embryogenic callus (FEC)
 Callus
 Somatic embryos (SE)
 Cotyledons
 Protoplasts
 13. Dates:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Offshoots as the axillary Farooq, Sardar & R.S, Khan & Farook,
buds T.T.. (2012). Tissue culture studies in date
 Leaf primordia palm.
 Shoot tip meristems DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-1318-5_8
 Sections of young leaf
 Inflorescence
 Apical bud meristems
 Lateral buds
 Shoot tip
 Leaf
 Roots
2.  Shoot tips https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-
 Immature inflorescence 70542017414000217
 Embryos
 Immature fruits
 Roots
 Leaf petioles
 Lateral buds
 Pieces of stem
 Rachilla tissue
3. Female inflorescence https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2012.08.010
4. Shoot tips https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7156-
5_4
5.  Root segments DOI: : 10.1007/s13205-017-0676-y
 Proximal leaf segments
 Distal leaf segments
 Adventitious buds
 Bud segments

14. Pomegranate:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Leaf segments DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.1437
 Cotyledons
 Anthers
 Seedlings
 Petals
 Immature zygotic
embryos
 Nodal explant
2.  Axillary buds https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2018.06.002
 Cotyledon
 Hypocotyl
 Leaf
 Internode
 Leaf segments
 Seedlings
 Petals
3.  Leaf segment Singh, Sanjay & Singh, Anita & Singh, N. &
 Root Ramajayam, Devarajan. (2010). Pomegranate
 Internode Tissue Culture and Biotechnology. Fruit,
 Sepals Vegetable and Cereal Science and
 Anther Biotechnology, Global Science Books. 4. 35-44.
 Different part of young
seedlings
4.  Shoot tips DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2019.1680334
 Axillary buds https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2019.1680334
 Cotyledon DOI: 10.1007/s12298-013-0193-3
 Nodal explants
5.  Meristem DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-
 Shoot tips 7051.5124
 Nodal buds
 Internodal segments
 Leaves
 Hypocotyl

15. Strawberry:
Sr. Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
No
1.  Meristem DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.890.19
 Runner tips
2.  Meristem https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-019-0421-0
 Nodal explants
 Leaf
 Sepal
 Petiole
3. Runner segments and runner DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v38i3.16973
tips
4. Leaf DOI: 10.1079/IVP2005714
5. Nodal segments DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.710.353
6.  Meristem DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0125-8
 Leaves
7.  Apical shoot 2, J. N. S. E. (2017, October 27). Tissue culture
meristem techniques for clonal propagation, viral sanitation
 Leaves and germplasm improvement in strawberry
 Petioles (fragaria X ananassa duch.). Journal of New
 Flower buds Sciences. Retrieved January 24, 2022, from
 Stipules https://www.jnsciences.org/agri-biotech/69-
 Roots volume-47/384-tissue-culture-techniques-for-
clonal-propagation,-viral-sanitation-and-
 Runners
germplasm-improvement-in-strawberry-fragaria-x-
ananassa-duch.html

16. Castor:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Various tissues from DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI.43.1.215
mature seed
 Endosperm
  Embryo root
 Hypocotyl
 Cotyledon
 Meristems of embryonic
tips
2.  Cotyledons https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7050105
 Segments of epicotyl
 Hypocotyl
 Fragments of the stem
 Peduncles
 Fragments of the leaves
 Meristems
 Protoplasts
 Immature embryos
 Cotyledon leaves
 Cotyledon petioles
3.  Zygotic embryo DOI: 10.3923/ijar.2018.19.25
 Leaves DOI: 10.1007/s11627-006-9009-2
 Nodal explant
 Vegetative tissues
 Embryonic axis
 Shoot apex
 Hypocotyl
4. Meristem DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.05.004
5.  Hypocotyls Zalavadiya, V.K., Mehta, D.R., Javia, R.M.,
 Epicotyls Padhiyar, S.M. and Madariya, R.B. (2014).
 Embryonic roots Somatic organogenesis and plant
 Immature leaves regeneration in castor (Ricinus communis
 Cotyledons L.). Asian J. Bio. Sci., 9 (1) : 43-52.

17. Jatropha:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Cotyledon petiole DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1199971
 Hypocotyl
 Leaves
 Cotyledon disc
2. Cotyledon https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.191
3. Cotyledonary leaf segments https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.01.001
4. Nodal explants Datta, M. M., Mukherjee, P., Ghosh, B., &
Jha, T. B. (2007). In vitro clonal propagation
of biodiesel plant (Jatropha curcas L.).
Current Science, 93(10), 1438–1442.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24099357

5. Mature zygotic embryo DOI: 10.3923/ajpp.2018.23.35

6.  Leaves https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00320-0
 Green compact nodules
 Shoot buds
 Shoot tips
 18. Sugarcane:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1. Buds DOI: 10.1007/s10535-005-0035-4
2. Meristem https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100126
3. Shoot tips DOI: : 10.4172/2329-8863.1000128
DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2002.67.72
4. Stalk pieces https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2089381
5. Shoot tips and folded leaves DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2007.588.592
6.  Shoot tips DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.05.555670
 Apical meristem
 Leaf roll disc
 Shoot apex

19. Chickpeas:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Shoot tips DOI: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000148
 Cotyledonary nodes
 Nodes
2.  Meristem tips https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02632124
 Cotyledonary nodes Elke B. Brandt, & Hess, D. (1994). In vitro
Regeneration and Propagation of Chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L.) from Meristem Tips
and Cotyledonary Nodes. In Vitro Cellular
& Developmental Biology. Plant, 30P(1),
75–80. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4293022
3. Seeds DOI: 10.1007/BF01142325
4. Single cotyledon with half DOI: 10.1007/s12298-008-0031-1
embryonal axis
5.  Shoot tips Polisetty R, Patil P, Deveshwar JJ,
 Cotyledonary nodes Khetarpal S, Chandra R. Rooting and
establishment of in vitro grown shoot tip
explants of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology.
1996 Aug;34(8):806-809. PMID: 8979490.
DOI:10.4172/2155-952X.1000148

6. Leaves Abu-Qaoud, Hassan & Al-TANBOUZ,

ROZAN. (2016). In vitro regeneration of
chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Cell
Biotechnology and Molecular Biology. 17.
21-30.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-006-0002-8
7. Axillary meristem https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2002387

20. Tobacco:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1. Seedlings https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/
Leaf disc BJAR/article/view/5873/4608

21. Peanuts:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Hypocotyl https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v37n0a2021-
 Epicotyl 56949
 Shoot tip
 Cotyledon node from
germinated seeds
 Embryonated cotyledon
 De-embryonated
cotyledon
2. Seed https://doi.org/10.2135/
cropsci1990.0011183X003000010042x
3. Shoot tips DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-074-8_6
4.  Apical meristem Al-Joboury, Khansaa. (2012). In Vitro
 Nodal bud Propagation of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea
 Shoot buds L.). Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and
 Axillary buds Applied Science. 25.
 Somatic embryos
5.  Zygotic embryos DOI:10.21162/PAKJAS/19.8262
 Plumular apices
 Embryonic Axis

22. Onions:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1. Meristem or basal plate https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJB/
article/view/47392/34291

2.  Shoot tips Khar, Anil & RD, Bhutani & Yadav, Neelam
 Root tips & NK, Chowdhury. (2005). Effect of explant
 Leaves and genotype on callus culture and
regeneration in onion ( Allium cepa L.)..
Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi
(Turkey).. 18. 397-404.
3. Onion bulb DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2001.374.377
4. Meristematic stem tips (excised DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.726.733
from young suckers)
5. Mature zygotic embryo http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-
053620150000400006

6.  Meristem DOI: 10.1155/2013/781282

 Shoot tips

23. Indian gooseberry:

Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Nodal segments https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02615-5
 Shoots
 Hypocotyls
 Epicotyls
 Embryo
 Root–shoot node
 Leaf
 Root
2. Nodal explant Goyal, Divya & Seema, Bhadauria. (2008).
In vitro shoot proliferation in Emblica
 officinalis var. Balwant from nodal explants.
Ind J Biotech. 7.
3. Seedling DOI: 10.1300/J301v04n04_03
4. Stem segments with buds https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9951949

24. Oranges:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1.  Ovary DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.833
 Anther
 Nuceolus
 Embryonic basal node
2.  Epicotyls DOI: 10.3390/plants9080938
 Shoot segments
 Protoplasts
 Embryogenic cells
3.  Shoot tips https://doi.org/10.24843/
 Nodal explant IJBB.2020.v08.i01.p03
4. Internode DOI: 10.1007/BF00036140
5.  Leaf DOI: 10.4236/as.2019.107074 
 Seed
 Internode

25. Barley:
Sr. No Explants Reference (DOI or Web link)
1. Immature embryo DOI: 10.1007/BF00264267
DOI: 10.2225/vol9-issue3-fulltext-7
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100082
2.  Immature embryos DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.02.008
 Microspores DOI:10.1080/13102818.2005.10817224
 Protoplasts
 Shoot meristem
 Ovules
 Young leaves and leaf
tissues
 Anthers
 Immature inflorescences
 Nodal explants
 Leaf base
 Apical meristems
 Seedling mesocotyl
 Coleoptile
3.  Meristem tip https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-
 leaf sheath 328X(79)80249-4
 Mesocotyl
 Root