Jorn Oberg Utzon
 Born April 9, 1918 and died November 29, 2008 at
Copenhagen, Denmark
 He took particular interest in Frank Lloyd Wright and visited
his home in Arizona
 He also meet with Alvar Alto in Helsinki and travelled all over
Europe, Morocco, Mexico, China, India and Japan.
 His travels around Asia, Europe and the Americas
contributed to his understanding of factors which
contributed to a successful architectural design
 Additive Architecture
Sydney Opera House
Sydney Australia
 Built in 1957 to 1973
 Commissioned by the City of Sydney
 Design by Jorn Utzon (Pritzker Award 2003)
 Inspired by Organic or Expressionist style
 Sydney wanted a cultural center dedicated to music to add
prestige to the city
 In 1955 an international competition was held for the design
of the new cultural center. The 38 year old Danish architect,
Jorn Utzon won the competition however the international
press criticized his design.
 It had 2 auditoriums place side by side on a stone base.
Attached to this are roof “shells”
 The project faced so many issues and problems along the
way which required research and studies
 Conflict grew between Utzon and the City Administrators
erupted especially when the cost went beyond the stated
budget
 In 1966, Utzon resigned from the project
 During the formal opening ceremony in 1973, Jorn Utzon
was not invited nor his name mentioned
 In 1999, Jon Utzon was appointed as design consultant to
the Opera House in an attempt to reconcile differences.
 In 2007, plans were made for the reconstruction of the
Opera Theater. However Utzon died on 2008.
 The pre-cast concrete roof was covered glazed ceramic tiles
 Covered in a subtle chevron pattern with 1,056,006 glossy
white-and-matte-cream-coloured Swedish-made tiles from
Hōganās AB
Trans World Flight Center
New York City, USA
 Built from 1956 to 1962
 Designed by Eero Saarinen (died a year before the
completion of the project)
 Commissioned by Trans World Airlines (TWA)
 Also known as TWA Flight Center
 It was built as a stand alone terminal for the TWA in John F.
Kennedy International Airport
 Thin shell roof (concrete)
 Today it is part of JFK International Airport Terminal 5
“To me the drawn language is a very revealing language one can see in a few
lines whether a man is really an architect.”
 The form of the TWA Terminal represents a huge bird in
mid-air with its wings spread ready for landing. This was
made so that it captures the “spirit of flight”.
 Inspired by Fantastic Architecture
 Fantastic Architecture is an architectural style featuring
attention grabbing buildings. Such buildings can be
considered as works of art, and are normally built purely for
the amusement of its owner.
Louis Isadore Khan
 Born Feb. 20, 1901 in Kuressaare, Estonia and died in March
17, 1974 in New York, USA
 Original name is Itze-Leib (or, Leister-Itze) Schmullowsky (or,
Schmalowski) before his parents migrated to the US in 1906
 His name was changed to Louis Isadore Khan in 1915
 Finished architecture at teh Univ. Of Pennsylvania in 1924
 His travels in 1951 throughout the ancient world influenced
his architecture. Timelessness, monumentality.
 To build modern buildings that has a feel and presence of
ancient ruins.
 Modernism with the weight and dignity of ancient
monuments.
 He died of a heart attack in a men’s restroom in
Pennsylvania Station in New York City. At the time, he was
deep in debt and juggling a complicated personal life. His
body was not identified for three days.
These energetic pastel drawing depict ruined temples across the classical
world, from Corinth to Rome, and Luxor to Giza. They dot the exhibition,
alongside postcards home in which Khan writes of long hours watching the
changing light play across the stones. It was these trips, undertaken in the
19150s, that led him to believe that the essence of architecture was only
truly revealed in its ruined state, devoid of function, a building could then
speak solely of how it was made. This realization came to define his most
important work, completed over the next 20 years.
Kahn would describe his building sites as “ruins in reverse”. In Dhaka, this
served him particularly well; legend has it that, during the Bangladesh
liberation war of 1971, bombers spared the construction sit of his National
Assembly, taking the mysterious cellular complex to be the ruins of an
ancient historic site. But as the exhibition stresses, such layered shells were
no aesthetic folly or indulgent for the archaic. The Dhaka building’s
perforated walls are a vital tool, protecting the interior spaces from direct
sunlight and allowing passive ventilation. As Von Moes says: “ We wanted to
show that, behind this facade of neoclassicism and historic revival, he really
embedded his buildings in an understanding of the environment.”
“Architecture is the reaching out for the truth.”
“Consider the momentous event in architecture when the wall parted and
the column became.”
“Design is not making beauty, beauty emerges from selection, affinities,
integration, love.”
“A great building must begin with the unmeasurable, must go through
measurable means when it is being designed and in the end must be
unmeasurable.”
“Architecture is the thoughtful making of space.”
“The Sun does not realise how wonderful it is until after a room is made.”
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
California, USA
 Built from 1959 to 1965
 Commissioned by Dr. Jonas Salk
 Designed by Louis Kahn
 Use of reinforced concrete
 Medical laboratory complex housing scientists and other facilities
 Consists of two symmetric buildings with a stream of water
flowing in the middle of a courtyard that separates the two
 The buildings themselves have been designed to promote
collaboration, and thus there are no walls separating laboratories
on any floor. There is one floor in the basement, and two above it
on both sides
 The lighting fixtures have been designed to easily slide along rails
on the roof, in tune with the collaborative and open philosophy of
the Salk Institute’s science
  Diagonal walls allow each of the thirty-six scientists using the
studies to have a view of the Pacific, and every study is fitted with
a combination of operable sliding and fixed glass panels in teak
wood frames.
 The Salk Institute’s open environment teeming with empty space
is symbolic of an open environment for creation
 The symmetry stands for scientific precision and submerging
crevasses allow warm, natural light to enter the buildings like the
intellectual light that leads to discovery.
 The contrast between balance and dynamic space manifests a
pluralistic imitation for scientific study in structures developed to
accommodate their respective functions as parts of a research
facility.
 Although modern in appearance, it is essentially an isolated
compound for individual and collaborative study not unlike
monasteries as sanctuaries for religious discovery and they
directly influenced Kahn in his design. Ultimately, the Salk
Institute’s meaning transcends function and physical places as a
reflection of Western Civilization’s pursuit of monastic
“intellectual retreat” in our day and age.
Bangladesh Parliament Building (National Assembly Building)
Dhaka City
Philips Exeter Library
New Hampshire, USA
Kimbell Art Museum
Fort Worth, Texas
Oscar Niemyer
 Full name is Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Soares Fillho
 Born December 15, 1907 and died December 5, 2012 at Rio de
Janeiro Brazil
 He studied in the National School of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro in
1929, graduating in 1934. E began working with the influential
Brazilian architect and urban planner Lucio Costa also in 1932
 In 1936, Niemeyer joined a team of Le Corbusier, Lucio Costa,
Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Carlos Leon, Jorge Moreira and Ernani
Vasconcellos to design the Headquarters of the Ministry of
Education and Health, located in the center of Rio de Janeiro.
 Aged just 29 years, Niemeyer was assigned as a draftsman for Le
Corusier
 1988 Pritzker Prize Awardee
 Oscar Niemeyer was never a scholar, never interested in theories,
jargon, cliches. His freeform, flowing lines were always accurate.
Though he had strongly held political views, unlike some other
Modernists they were not especially apparent in his work. His goal
was simple and innocent: give beauty to the world.
 Niemeyer was most famous for his use of abstract forms and
curves
 From the memoirs of Oscar Niemeyer: I am not attracted to
straight angles or to the straight line, hard and inflexible, created
by man. I am attracted to free-flowing, sensual curves. The curves
that I find in the mountainsof my country, in the sinuousness of its
rivers, in the waves of the ocean, and on the body of the beloved
woman. Curves make up the entire Universe, the curved Universe
of Einstein
 ‘If you worry about the function, the result will suck’ or even
better ‘my work is not about ‘form follows function,’ but ‘form
follows beauty’ or, even better, ‘form follows feminine’.
 Personal motto: “Fodido năo tem ver”
National Congress
Brasilia, Brazil
 Built from 1957 to 1964
 Designed by Oscar Niemeyer (Pritzker Award 1988)
 Brasilia, capital of Brazil
 The government complex is composed of several buildings
planned and designes by Oscar Niemeyer and his mentor Lucio
Costa.
 The domed Senate building on the left, the Parliament office
tower at the center, and the Bowl-shaped Chamber of the
Deputies on the right.
Palacio de Planalto – The Presidential Palace
Palacio da Alvorada (Palace of the Dawn) – Official residence of the Brazillian
President. First building inaugurated in Brasilia in 1958
Cathedral of Brasilia
French Communist Party Headquarters
Paris
Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum
Rio de Janeiro
Bank of China Tower
Hong Kong
 Started in 1985 and finished in 1990
 Designed by Ieoh Ming Pei or simply I.M. Pei (1983 Pritzker
Prize Awardee)
 It was the tallest building in Asia and Hong Kong from 1989
to 1992
 Height of 367.40m (72 floors + 4 basement floors)
 The structural expressionism adopted in the design of the
building resembles growing bamboo shoots, symbolizing
livelihood and prosperity. The whole structure is supported
by the five steel columns at the corners of the building, with
the triangular frameworks transfering the weight of the
structure onto these five columns. It is covered with glass
curtain walls
 Feng Shui experts criticized the building for having too many
sharp edges and the negative “x” symbols.
The Louvre Pyramid
HIGH TECH
 Also known as Late Modernism or Structural
Expressionism, is an architectural style that emerged in
the 1970s, incorporating elements of high-tech
industry and technology onto building design.
 High tech buildings are called machine-like. Steel,
aluminum, and glass combine with brightly colored
braces, girders and beams. Many of the building parts
are prefabricated in a factory and assembled later. The
support beams, duct work, and other functional
elements are places on the exterior of the building,
where they become the focus of attention. The interior
spaces are open and adaptable for many uses.
 High tech architecture appeared as a revamped
modernism, an extension of those previous ideas
helped by even more advances in technological
advancements. This category serves as a bridge
between modernism and post-modernism, however
there remain gray areas as to where one category end
and the other begins. In the 1980s, high-tech
architecture became more difficult to distinguish from
post-modern architecture. Many of its themes and
ideas were absorbed into the language of the post-
modern architectural schools.
 Like Brutalism, Structural Expressionist buildings reveal
their structure on the outside as well as the inside, but
with visual emphasis placed on the internal steel
and/or concrete skeletal structure as opposed to
exterior concrete walls.
Renzo Piano
“In architecture you should live for 150 years, because you have to learn in
the first 75 years.”
“As an architect, you cannot be so arrogant as to say you are 100% sure
about what you do.”
“At the end of the day, architecture is the art of making good solid shelter for
human beings...”
Richard Rogers
“Form follows profit is the aesthetic principle of our times.”
The Athenieans had an oath to become a citizen. They had to swear that “I
shall leave the city not less but more beautiful than I found it.”
“Architecture is about public space held by buildings.”
Centre Georges Pompidou
Paris, France
 Built in 1971-1977
 Designed by Renzo Piano (Pritzker Award 1998) and Richard
Rogers (Pritzker Award 2007)
 Inspired by High-Tech Architecture (Structural
Expressionism)
 The mechanical and structural parts of the building are
exposed
Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre
The Shard
The Lloyds Building
Norman Foster
“As an architect you design for the present, with an awareness of the past,
for a future which is essentially unknown.”
“Everything we design is a response to the specific climate and culture of a
particular place.”
“The pencil and computer are, if left to their own devices, equally dumb and
only as good as the person driving them.”
HSBC Headquarters
Hong Kong, China
 Built from 1983 to 1985
 Designed by Norman Foster (pritzker Award 1999)
 It is the headquarters of the Hong Kong Shanghai Bank
Corporation
 The building faces Victoria Harbor, the ideal orientation
based on Feng Shui
 It is 178.8m tall
 47 storeys and 4 basement levels
 Cost around 780 million US Dollars
 The building’s modular design enables it to be dismantled
and moved. Building parts ere prefabricated and installed
on-site.
 The main characteristic of HSBC Hong Kong headquarters is
its absence of internal supporting structure
 Another notable feature is that natural sunlight is the major
source of lighting inside the building. There is a bank of giant
mirrors at the top of the atrium which can reflect natural
sunlight into the atrium and hence down into the plaza
 Sun shades are provided on the external facades to block
direct sunlight going into the building and to reduce heat
gain
 Instead of fresh water, sea water is used as coolant for the
air-conditioning system
 All flooring is made from lightweight movable panels, under
which lies a comprehensive network of power,
telecommunication, air-conditioning systems
The Gherkin
(Swiss Re Building)
New dome of Reichstag
Richard Buckminster Fuller
“There is nothing in a caterpillar that tells you it’s going to be a butterfly.”
“We are called to be architects of the future, not its victims.”
Montreal Biosphere
Montreal, Canada
 Built in 1967
 Designed by Richard Buckminster Fuller
 Also known as the United States Pavillion
 Built for the 1967 World Exposition in Montreal, Canada
 76 metres (250 ft) in diameter and 62 mtres (200 ft) height
 An example of a geodesic dome
 His obsession with this particular type of structure emerged
from his interests in material efficiency, structural integrity,
and modularity, the key ingredients of what he hoped would
become a sustainable, easily replicable design intervention.
Deploying hese domes everywhere from restaurants to
military facilities, the versatile structure became singularly
associated with Fuller, as was humorously illustrated by
January 1964 cover of TimeMagazine.
 A geodesic dome is a spherical or partial-spherical shell
structure or lattice shell based on a network of great circles
(geodesics) on the surface of a sphere. The geodesics
intersect to form triangular elements that have local
triangular rigidity and also distribute the stress across the
structure
  Originally the structure was covered with acrylic cell/sheets

Yoyogi National Gymnasium

Tokyo, Japan

 Built from 1961 to 1964

 Designed by Kenzo Tange (Pritzker Award 1997)
 Also known as the Olympic Arena
 Inspired by High Tech style of Structural Expressionist
 Use of concrete and steel cables
 It housed the swimming and diving event for the 1964
Summer Olympics
 The arena holds 13,291 people (9,079) stand seats, 4,124
arena seats and 88 “royal box” seats) and is niw primarily
used for ice hockey, futsal and basketball
 Famous for its suspension roof design

St. Mary’s Cathedral

Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum

POST – MODERNISM
Robert Charles Venturi, Jr. Glass House
 Born June 25, 1925 New Canaan, Connecticut, USA
 American architect, founding principal of the firm Venturi,
Scott Brown and Associates. Together with his wife and Michael Graves
partner, Denise Scott Brown.
 Awarded the Pritzker Prize in 1991. “If I have a style, I am not aware of it.”
 He is also known for coining the maxim “Less is a bore” a
postmodern antidote to Mies Van der Rohe’s modernist “I don’t believe in morality in architeture”
dictum “Less is more”.
 Published the “Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture” “I see architecture not as Gropius did, as a moral venture, as truth, but as
in 1966 that expresses in the most compelling and original invention, in the same way that poetry or music or painting is invention.”
terms the post-modern rebellion against the purism of
modernism. Three hundred and fifty architectural Portland Building
photographs serve as historical comparisons and illuminate Oregon, USA
the author’s ideas on creating and experiencng architecture
 In 1977 he published “Learning from Las Vegas” in which he  Built in 1982
studies the landscape of Las Vegas strip.  Commissioned by the City of Portland
 Designed by Michael Graves
Vanna Venturi House  Also known as the Portland Municipal Services Building
Pennsylvania, USA  15 storey building
 70.41 m height
 Built from 1959 to 1964  Use of variety of surface materials and colors, small
 Commissioned by Vanna Venturi windows, and inclusion of prominent decorative elements
 Designed by Robert Chrles Venturi Jr. Or simply Robert
Ventury Denver Public Library
 Vanna Venturi was the mother of Robert Venturi
 The house was sold in 1973 and remains a private residence Walt Disney World Dolphin
 2 storey building with a basement
 The facade has some reference to the classical broken Team Disney Burbank
pediment and arch
Resorts World Singapore
Philip Cortelyo Johnson
St. Coletta of Greater Washington, USA
 Born July 8, 1906 at Cleaveland, Ohio
 Died on January 25, 2005 at New Canaan, Connecticut, USA Piazza d’Italia
 Practiced without an architect’s license. Went to school at New Orleans, USA
the age of 34
 Graduate in the Harvard Graduate School of Design  Built in 1978
 Founder of the Department of Architecture and Design at  Designed by Charles Moore and Perez Architects
the Museum of Modern Art (MoMa) in New York City  It is an urban public plaza dedicated to the Italian migrants
 He coined the term “International Style” of the city of New Orleans
 The first architect awarded the Pritzker Prize in 1979  It rapidly deteriorated when the surrounding areas failed to
 In life, he was filled with controversy when he openly develop
supported the Nazi Party  It was restored in 2004
 He collaborated with Mies Van de Rohe on the Seagram
Building
 He was also well known for his Glass House of Johnson
House in New Canaan, Connecticut.
 “All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the
design of space that contains, cuddles, exalts, or stimulates
the person in that space”
 “Architecture is the art of how to waste space.”

Sony Building
New York, USA

 Built from 1981 to 1984

 Designed by Philip Johnson
 Formerly known as the AT&T Building (Soon to be sold to
another company)
 37 floors and a height of 197 m
 The ornamental additions challeged architectural
modernism’s demand for stark functionalism and purely
efficient design.
 It became immediately controversial for its ornamental top
(sometimes mocked as “Chippendale”, after the open
pediments characteristic of the famous English designer’s
bookcases and other cabinetry).

 Spectacular arched entranceway, measuring about seven DECONSTRUCTIVISM

stories in height Late 20th Century
  Started in the late 20th century (around the 1980s)
 A development of Post Modern architecture
 It started with the 1982 Parc de La Villete design competition
which was won by Ben Tschumi who sought at the
deconstructionist’s philosopher Jacques Derrida in preparation of
his design proposal.
 It was first introduced to the public in 1988 exhibition held at the
Museum of Modern Art (Moma) in New York City organized by
Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley
 The exhibition featured the works of Frank Gehry, Daniel
Libeskind, rem Koolhas, Peter Eisenman, Zaha Hadid, Coop
Himmelb(l)au and Bernard Tschumi.
 According ti Tschumi, Deconstructivism is not a style but a move
against the practice of Postmodernism.
 It is characterized by fragmentation, an interest in manipulating a
structure’s surface or skin, non-rectilinear shapes which appear to
distort and dislocate elements of architecture, such as structure
and envelope
 The finished visual appearance of buildings that exhibit
deconstructivist “styles” is characterized by unpredictability and
controlled chaos.
 This architectural dynamism has historical references to the early-
20th-century Italian Futurist as well as Russian Constructivist
architecture of the same period, both of which sought to create a
politically and socially charged move toward newer forms of
modernity
 Deconstructivism, however, was primarily shaped by the
philosophical ideas of the French philosopher Jacques Derrida
(1930-2004), whose ideas on the subject were first expressed in
the 1960s and published on his On Grammatology. Derrida was a
linguist; he cultivated through the use of language the more
general idea that nothing has on esingle, intrinsic meaning, but
words, ideas, and images must always be understood in relation
to their surrounding context.
Parc de La Villette
Paris, France
 Built in 1982-1983
 Designed by Bernard Tschumi
 Parc de la Villette competition was organized to redevelop
the abandon land (35 acres) from the meat market and
slaughterhouses that dated back to 1860.
 Although each folly is unique and formally different, there is
no designated program just a space that can harbor activity.
It’s only until recently that some of the follies have been
converted into restaurants, offices, and information centers
for the park.
 The park is inspired by the post-modernist architectural
ideas of deconstructionism. The park was intended to create
space for activity and interaction, rather than be the place
for conventional relaxation and self-indulgence. The vast
expanse of the park encourages freedom, exploration, and
discovery. (A park for culture rather than nature. A place of
culture where natural and artificial are forced together into
a state of constant reconfiguration and discovery)
 The Parc de la Villette has a collection of ten themed
gardens. Each garden is created with a different
representation of architectural deconstructionism. They
vary, for example while some of the gardens are minimalist
in design, others are constructed for children.
 There are thirty five large red follies (follies – state of mental
imbalance) in the park that are architectural representations
of deconstruction. They are distinctly organized to act as
points of reference that help visitors gain a sense of
direction and navigate throughout the space.
 The follies create one grid of rationality. This grid is laid on
top of a second grid made of lines and surfaces. On its own
these two grids are regulated and rational however, when
you layer the two, as Tschumi had, the plan becomes
irrational and sporadic. It is where these two grid intersect
that architecture happens, according to Tschumi. The
intersection of the grids throws the park visitors into a world
not defined by conventional architecture.
Peter Eisenman
“The architecture we remember is that which never consoles or comforts
us.”
I truly believe that the great heroes that create the history of architecture are
people who take risks and write to tell about it.”
Wexner Center for the Arts
Ohio State University, Ohio
 Opened in 1989
 Designed by Peter Eisenman and Richard Trott
 Commissioned by the Ohio State University
 Named after the father of Leslie H. Wener who was a
University alumnus and benefactor
 First major public building designed by Eisenmann using
Deconstructivist philosophy
 The medieval tower was inspired by its previous armory
building in the same site.
 White metal grid structure is similar to an unfinished
scaffolding. It serves as the main circulation corridor of the
complex. It also gives a sense of enclosure despite it being
open.
 The building reflects the inconsistent or mismatched street
grid layout of the school campus.
Frank Ghery
“Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for
timelessness.”
“I don’t know why people hire architects and then tell them what to
do.”
Guggenheim Museum
Bilbao, Spain
 Built from 1991 to 1997
 Designed by Frank O. Ghery (Pritzker Award 1989)
 Located along the Nervion River
 Structural material is made of steel frames and
reinforced concrete
 Exterior material is made of limestone, whitewashed
masonry, and thin titanium plates
 Titanium is flexible, light, does not corrode, stronger
than steel and takes on different colors according to
the angle of the sun. Titanium is used for submarines.
 The facade is a series of concave and convex surfaces.
The walls were double curved to give more support.
 Because of the contours, 3D CAD was extensively used.
3D CAD at this time was only used for cars and planes
 Use of rubber modified bitumen for waterproofing for
each titanium panel
 Steel skeleton was coated with fire retardant (mineral
wool)
Nationale-Nederlanden Building
Prague, Czech Rep.
 Built from 1992 to 1997
 Designed by Frank O. Ghery and Viado Milunic
 Fondly known as the Dancing House or Ginger and Fred
(famed dancers)
 It is located within a district surrounded with Baroque and
Art Nouveau buildings causing some controversy amoong
residents of Prague.
Frank Ghery House
  Designed by Remmet Lucas “Rem” Koolhas (Pritzker Award
Beekman Tower 2000 and Joshua Prince-Ramus)
 Commissioned by the Seattle Public Library
Lou Ruvo Center  A glass and steel building
 The architects conceived the new Central Library building as
Neuer Zollhof a celebration of books, deciding after some research that
despite the arrival of the 21st century and the “digital age”,
people still respond to books printed on paper. The
Richard Fisher Center architects also worked to make the library inviting to the
public, rather than stuffy, which they discovered was the
“Let me tell you one thing, in this world we are living in, 98% of everything popular perception of libraries as a whole. Although the
that is built and designed today is pure shit. There’s no sense of design, no library is an unusual shape from the outside, the architects’
respect for humanity or for anything else. They are damn buildings and that’s philosophy was to let the building’s required functions
it.” dictate what it should look like, rather than imposing a
structure and making the functions conform to that.
Zaha Hadid

“There are 360 degrees, so why stick to one?” China Central Television (CCTV)

“Architecture is really about well-being. I think that people want to feel good Casa da Musica
in a space... On the one hand it’s about shelter, but it’s also about pleasure.” Portugal

“I don’t think you can teacj architecture. You can only inspire people.” Daniel Libeskind

“I don’t have any frustrations. If you want an easy life, don’t be an architect. “Architecture is not based on concrete and steel and the elements of the soil.
Ask anybody in my office. You have to work all the time. If you want a nine- It’s based on wonder.”
five job and to go home and relax, just don’t do it.”
“To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody history but to articulate
it.”
Vitra Fire Station
Weil am Rhein, Germany Imperial War Museum North
Trafford, England
 Built from 1991 to 1993
 Designed by Zaha Hadid and Patrik Schumacher  Opened on July 5, 2002
 It was the first major commission by Zaha Hadid (Pritzker  Designed by Daniel Libeskind
Award 2004)  It is a museum that explores the impact of modern conflicts
 Commissioned by Vitra (furniture company) on people and society
 Located within the Vitra Complex
 Use of exposed, reinforced in-situ concrete Bundeswehr Military History Museum
 It basically launched the international career of Zaha Hadid
 The building is like in motion, ready to spring into action
 Spatial fragmentation and movement
 The sliding planes of the concrete structure seem to emerge
from the landscape and extend into the artificial campus.

Bridge Pavilion

Lois and Richard Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Arts

Ohio

Maggies Center
UK

Heydar Aliyev Center

Baku, Azerbaijan

Rem Koolhas

“People can inhabit anything. And they can be miserable in anything and
ecstatic in anything. More and more I think that architecture has nothing to
do with it. Of course, that’s both liberating and alarming...”

Seattle Cenral Library

Washington, USA

 Built in 2004
Terms:

 Perimeter – It is the continuous line forming the boundary of

a closed geometric figure
 Concentric – Having a common center or center point
 Recursive Scale – The same figure repeated in a more or
smaller scale.
 Radial – spreading out from a central point. Arranged like
rays or radii; radiating from a common center
 Linear – Arranged in or extending along a straight or nearly
straight line.
 Axis – a straight line to which elements in a composition are
referred for measurement or symmetry
 Symmetry – Balance/Equal parts/Mirror image along the axis
 Assymetry – Lack of equality or equivalence between parts
or aspects of something; lack of symmetry.
 Geometric – Pertaining to shapes and forms in geometry like
squares, circles, rectangles and triangles.
 Organic – pertaining to shapes and forms having irregular
contours which appear to resemble those of living plants or
animals (nature)
 Facade – the front of the building or any of its sides facing a
public way or space
 Building Envelope – a combination of the walls, floor and
roof of the building
 Hierarchy – a system of elements ranked, classified and
organized one above another, according to significance or
importance.
 Homogeneous – Uniform in structure throughout or
composed of parts that are all of the same nature or kind.
 Monotony – the state or quality of lacking variety.
 Juxtaposition – The state or position of being placed close
together or side-by-side, so as to permit comparison or
contrast
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT ARCHITECTURE  Stupa – is a mound like structure containing Buddhist relics.
It was originally a burial mound. Also known as the supreme
 Birth place of Buddhism founded by Siddhartha Gautama. Buddha sacred monument of Buddhism.
means the “Awakened One”  It is also the symbol of Buddha himself. Symbol of the final
 Buddha was a young Indian Prince who saw so much suffering and release from the cycle of birth and rebirth (wheel of life) to
wanted to end it. He left all his worldly possession in search for parinirvana or the final death
the truth. This is known to Buddhists as the “Great Renunciation”
 In 528 BCE, Buddha sat under the tree and experienced 1. Torana – Gateway
enlightenment 2. Gopura/Gopuram – Gate Tower
 The main goal of Buddhists is to achieve Nirvana. Free from 3. Anda – Dome or “Egg”
suffering and individual existence, also known as a state of 4. Harmika – Pavilion or Railing
enlightenment. 5. Chattra – Royal Parasol
6. Yati – Mast
Early Indian/Indus Valley Civilization 7. Vedika – Fence or Balustrade
8. Ayaka – Columed platform
 Around 2,500 to 1,500 BCE 9. Vimana – Temple precint
 A bronze age civilization located west of the Indian Sub- 10. Pradakshinapatha – Circumferential path
Continent (South Asia)
 South Asia consists of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India,  It has a hemispherical dome (Anda) topped by a triple
Nepal, Tibet, Bangladesh, Burma, Sri Lanka and Maldives parasol called Chatra or Chatri (symbol of honor or high
 Also known as the Harappan Civilization rank). It is placed on a square platform railing called Harmika
or Harmiruka
Mohenjo-Daro Settlement  Dome represents earth that supports heaven and heaven
covers earth
 Established in 2,600 BCE  The parasol represents a hierarchy to heaven
 One of the largest and earliest settlements in the Indus  The axial mast that holds the parasol is called a Yashti
Valley  The dome or mound rests on a platform (medhi) that is
 Currently located in Sindh Province in Pakistan aligned to all four cardinal points. It is enclosed by a fence
 It existed at the same time during the Ancient Egyptian, railing (Vedika) meant for ritual circumambulation.
Mesopotamian and Minoan period.  The path around the dome is called a Pradakshina
 Abandoned around 1500 BCE  The cardinal points of the mound has gateways called
 Discovered in 1922 by Rakhaldas Bandyopadyay Torana
 City/Settlement streets were laid out in grid form  Two stairways (Sopana) leading to the platform (Medhi)
 Widest street run north-south, straight through town  Stone balusters constructed in wood technique
 Secondary streets run east-west sometimes staggered
direction Karle Caves
 Secondary streets are half size of the main street. Alleys also Maharashtra
existed
 Advanced sanitary/plumbing system for waste water and  Built around the 2nd BCE to 2nd CE and 5th CE to the 10th CE
wells for water supply  Also spelled as Kharle, Karla and others
 Houses had several rooms facing/opening to a central  Best examples of Chaitya Hall
courtyard and are sometimes 2 or 3 stories high  Composed of 16 Caves. 8 of which are Chaitya-Grihas and
 Use of sun dried and burnt bricks of uniform sizes 7cm x the rest are Viharas and Mandapas
14cm x 28cm  Chaitya – is al hall where the stupa was deified (prayer hall)
 Some houses were rebuilt/renovated  In modern texts on Indian architecture, the term Chaitya-
 Houses had bathrooms and evidence of vertical plumbing Griha is often used to denote assembly or prayer hall that
 The Great Public Bath is 12x7m and 2.4m deep houses a stupa.
 Probably for religious purpose
 At the background is the Stupa Chaitya Hall Karle (Karla)
Maharashta
The Grainary
 Built around 50 to 70 CE
Harappa Settlement  Among the “Karla Caves” found in Maharashta
 One of the finest example of Ancient Indian rock hewn/cut
 Around 5,300 BCE (earliest) but more recently established temples
around 2,600 BCE  Designated as Cave No. 8
 Excavated by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1872 to 1873  Use of horse shoe shaped windows (clearstory) to light
 Has similarities with Mohenjo-Daro interiors
 Location of a Citadel  Facade has a pillar adorned with lions at its capital (Ashokan
 Most of the area still unexcavated Pillar – Stambha). The other pillar was removed. It is 15m
high high
The Great Stupa of Sanchi  End of the hall is the stupa
Madhaya Pradesh, India  Around the colonnade is a passageway that serves like an
ambulatory
 Built around the 3rd century BCE and later enlarged  It has carvings of Buddha’s life and work
 Commisioned by Ashoka the Great (Buddhist Indian Emperor  Some images of Buddha were later added
of the Maurya Dynasty)  Aproximately 38m deep, 14m wide and 14m high
 It is the most elaborate and well known among 50 other
monuments on Sanchi hilltop Antarala – Vestibule
 Designated as Stupa No.1 Garbha-Griha – Holy of holies
 36m diameter and 16.46m high Yoni and Linga – Cult Statues
  Rib ceilings are made of wooden timbers, modelled after
earlier wooden and bamboo temples
 Also called as Chaitya Arch or Chandrashala
 Produces good acoustic sound for prayer chants
Ellora Caves
Maharashta
 Built between 5th to 10 CE
 Finest example of Indian Rock Cut/hewn Architecture
 Composed of 34 caves from Buddhist, Hindu and Jain
temples and monasteries
 Caves 1 to 12 belongs to Buddhist, Cave 13 to 29 belongs to
Brahman (hindu) and Caves 30-34 are Jain
 Locally known as Verul Leni
Carpenters Cave
Ellora
 Built around 700 CE
 Designated as Cave No.10
 Also known as Vishvakarma (Vishwakarma) or Sutar Jhopadi
 It is the chitya-griha among the Buddhist caves in Ellora
 Ceiling is stone ribbed imitating wood construction hence
carpenters cave
 Large bodhi tree is carved behind the stupa
 It has 28 octagonal columns
 Multi storied facade
 It has a colossal seated Buddha in a teaching posture
(Vyakhyana Mudra) at 3.30m high
Ajanta Caves
Maharashtra
 Built between 1st BCE to the 5th CE
 Another example of Indian Rock Cut/Hewn architecture
 Composed of 31 caves along the river
 Caves 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29 are Chaitya-Grihas and the rest
are monasteries
 Caves belong to Buddhist
 UNESCO World Heritage Site
Cave 1 Ajanta
 Built around the late 5th CE
 Has an elaborate facade and impressive murals in the
interior
 Within the antechamber shrine is a huge seated Buddha in a
teaching position, with the Wheel of Dharma beneath his
throne, his hands are in the Dharmachakra pravartana
mudra, the gesture that initiates the motion of the wheel.
Buddha in the sanctum, preaching the first sermon at
Sarnath. The real focal point of cave 1, however, is the
gigantic sculpted Buddha seated in the shrine room – the
finest figure in Ajanta. The magnificent Buddha statue in the
cave seems to wear different facial expressions. On the wall
to the right side of the Buddha is an image of the dark
princess being offered lotuses by another damsel.
Stambha (Lat)
 Free standing pillars rising up to great heights topped with a
stone lion
 Made of bricks, circular or square pillar
 Carried inscriptions regarding Buddhism or royal edicts of
Ashoka
 Usually erected near a stupa
 Later continued by Jainism
 It is also believed to be a cosmic column which functions as a
bond between heaven (Svarga) and earth (Prithvi)
 Probable Persian influence
Lion Capital
Sarnath Uttar Pradesh
 Erected in 25o BCE by Asoka the Great
 Located in Deer Park where Buddha first taught the Dharma
(Natural Law)
 Also known as the Lion Capital of Asoka
 It was adopted as the National Emblem of India
 Originally crowned with the Wheel of Dharma (Dharma
Chakra) but was lost
 The Ashoka Pillar in Sarnath was damaged during the Turkish
invasion
 The capital contains 4 lions standing back to back, mounted
on an abacus, with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief
of an elephant, galloping horse, a bull and lion. It is
separated by a spooked chariot wheel (Ashoka Chakra) over
an inverted bell shaped lotus.
 It is made of polished sandstone
 Sculpture is 2.31m high
 Lotus symbolizes purity of body, mind and speech. It often
used in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism
 Marks the spot where Buddha first taught the Dharma
Lion Column (Asokan Pillar) in Chaitya Hall, Karli
Lion Column (Asokan Pillar) in Lauriya Nandangarh
Viharas
 Sanskrit for House or Dwelling
 Monastery or secluded place/dwelling for monks
 Walled quadrangle court, flanked by a row of small cells and
pillared veranda in front
 It could also be a hall for congregation with a running
veranda on 3 sides
 Cells are fitted with rock-cut platforms for beds and pillows
 Later became centers of learning
 Originally temporary shelters for wandering Buddhist Monks
3 Types of Viharas
1. Wooden Construction/Thatched Bamboo Huts
2. Stone or Brick
3. Rock Cut/Hewn
Nalanda
Bihar, India
 Founded in 427 CE or earlier
 Nalanda means “Insatiable in Giving”
 Also known as Nalanda University
 It was the center of Buddhist learning until 1197 CE, Muslim
Turks sacked the monastery and saw the decline of
Buddhism in India
 Buddha himself visited the place
 Buddhist from different parts of the world went to Nalanda
 Hieun Tsang, Chinese traveller recorded his travels to
Nalanda
 They had a granary and drainage system
 Some building were built during the reign of Asoka the Great
around 273 BCE
 The Stupa of Sariputta built by Emperor is the most ornate
temple in Nalanda
 Sariputta was among the first disciples of Buddha
 Viharas in Nalanda
 There were 8 monastic buildings and 300 apartments
catering 10,000 students
HINDU ARCHITECTURE
 Vastu Shasta gives the directive principles regarding construction
 Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion dating far back to 5,500 of buildings so as not to displease the Vashtu Purusha. These
BCE (Harappan Period) principles are explained with the help of the diagram called the
 Third largest religion with over a billion followers (80% in India Vastu Purusha Mandala.
and Nepal)
 No single founder, no single scripture and no commonly agreed Vastu Purusha Mandala
set of teaching
 Closely associated conceptually and historically with Jainism,  The diagram shows known as Vastu Purusha Mandala, is a
Buddhism, and Sikhism metaphysical square plan that illustrates how the Vastu Purusha
 Hinduism is often referred to as a “Way of Life” rather than a was pinned down by Brahma and 44 gods – faced down, with his
single religion head to the North-East and his feet towards South-West.
 Hindu term was derived from the river or river of complex of the  The diagram is divided into 9 x 9 = 81 parts. The positions of the
northeast, the Sindhu. Arabs refer to the area as Hindustan (Land 45 gods (32 in the external enclosures and 13 in the internal
of the Hindus) enclosures) who are holding down the Vastu Purusha are shown.
 Belief in Karma. One’s action have unavoidable and automatic These symbolic gods rule various aspects of life and have a certain
effect on one’s fortunes in life and condition of rebirth in the next. inherent qualities.
(cause and effect)  The function of the rooms placed in each area of the house was
 Yoga is the traditional physical and mental discipline originating according to the nature of the deity ruling that particular area.
from India  According to Vastu Shastra, if the house is designed as per the
 Four purpose of life: Vastu Purusha Mandala, a perfectly balanced environment which
 Dharma – fulfill one’s purpose ensures enhanced health, wealth and happiness is created,
 Artha – prosperity because the ancient Vaastu pundits figured out that when the
 Kama – desire or enjoyment different rooms were placed according to the Vastu Mandala,
 Moksha – enlightenment good disposition to the Sun, proper ventilation and lighting and
 Hindu Trinity (Trimurti for male) privacy would be ensured.
 Brahman – creator
 Vishnu – preserver/maintainer Positioning of Different Rooms in a House According to Vastu Purusha
 Shiva – destroyer/transformer Mandala
 Hindi Trinity (Tridevi for female)
 Saraswati – cultural fulfillment  Humans perform different activities depending on the time of the
 Lakshmi – wealth/fertility day. The ancient Vastu pundits divided the 24 hours into eight
 Parvati – power/love/spiritual fulfillment parts, representing the eight cardinal directions. They designed
 Follow a caste system and oriented various rooms of a house towards the eight cardinal
 Placement of Bindi (women) or Tilaka (both sexes) on the directions, such that at any given time of the day depending on
forehead used for religious or spiritual aspect, honor a person, the activity, the inmates were able to get the useful rays of the
event or victory Sun, according to the position of the sun through the day. This has
been explained here:
Vastu Shastra (Vastu Veda)  North-East – the period between 3 am and 6 am, just
before sunrise is called Brahma Muhurta. At this time,
 Literally means science/doctrine of construction. It is a traditional the Sun is in the North-Eastern part of the house.
Hindi system of design based on directional alignments. It is These hours are ideal for Yoga, meditation, or study as
primarily applied in Hindu Architecture, especially for Hindu it is very quiet and peaceful. Therefore, the North-East
Temples, although it covers other applications, including poetry, corner is the best position for the Puia Room or
dance, sculpture, etc. Meditation Room
 Shilpa Shastra – deals with sculptures, murals, icons and other
similar fields Typical Hindu Temple Plan
 Five elements:
1. Bhumi (Earth)  Garbagriha – shrine-cell, or sanctum sanctorum, or cella
2. Jala (Water)  Antrala – pillared hall immediately in front of the Garbagriha.
3. Vayu (Air) Vestibule to the Garbagriha
4. Agni (Fire)  Mandapa – open or closed pillared hall
5. Akasha (Space)  Maha Mandapa – pillared hall immediately in front of the Ardha-
 A person can imrove their condition by properly designing their Mandapa or Antrala, or the proximal half of a Mandapa with two
buildings by understanding the effectiveness of these five natural seriate pillars, closed or open, in cave-temples
forces.  Ardha Mandapa – porch or a smaller room which leads to a
Mandapa and then to Maha Mandapa
Vastu Purusha

 According to Hindu mythology, in the beginning, Brahma, the 3 Major Temple Styles
creator of the Universe, experimented with the creation of a new Developed in the 11th century
creature. He created a large cosmic man, who grew rapidly as he
began to devour everything in his path to satisfy his hunger. When 1. Nagara – located in the north of India. The tower is bee-hive
he became so big that his shadow fell on the Earth creating a shaped
permanent eclipse, the gods Shiva and Vishnu begged Brahma to 2. Dravida – located in the south of India. The tower consists of
do something before everything was destroyed by this Creature. progressively smaller storeys or pavilions
 Brahma realized his mistake and called the Astha Dikapalakas, the 3. Vesara – located in central India. Contains both elements in
gods of the eight cardinal directions. Together, they overpowered Nagara and Dravida. It is sometimes referred to as Decan
the monster down. Then the Monster cried, “You created me like Architecture/Style
this. So why am I being punished?” Brahma offered him a
compromise and made the Monster immortal with the boon that
he would be worshipped by any mortal that builds a structure on Nagara (Nagar)
earth. He was named Vastu Purusha.
  Appeared in the Northern India from the Himalaya to Vinhiya  World’s first complete granite temple
 These have the most important form of ceiling in Vimana, conical  It was used for royal ceremonies
or convex shape with dominant features
 Originated during the Gupta Period (320 to 650 CE) Kailash Temple
 Have a curvilinear towers Ellora Caves

Lakshamana Temple  Built in 773 CE

Khajuraho  Commissioned by Krishna I in the Rashtrakutas Dynasty
 Dedicated to Shiva
 Built around 930 to 950 CE  Temple symbolizes Mt. Kailash
 Commissioned by King Yasovarman of the Chandella Kingdom  One of the world’s largest monolithic structure. Carved from one
 Dedicated to Vishnu solid piece of rock
 Part of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments recognized by  Also known as Kailashnarh, Kailasa (Cave 16) or Kailasanatha
UNESCO Temple
 Entire complex is raised on a platform  Noted for its vertical excavation. Carvers started from the top and
 Most deocarated, covered almost completely with images of over excavated down
600 deities  Originally with white plasters to resemble the snow cap of Mt.
 Main temple shrine faces east and is flanked by 4 standing Kailash
subsidiary shrines  Exhibits typical Dravidian architectural feature
 No mortar. Sand stones put together using mortise and tenon  Multi-story temple, 50m deep, 33m wide and 30m high
method  Sculptures of lions, elephants and the nandi (sacred bull)

Lingaraj Temple Mahabodhi Temple

Bhubaneswar, Orissa Bodh Gaya, Bihar

 Built around the 11th century  Originally built in the 3rd BCE, present structure built around the
 Commissioned by Jajati Keshari 5th to 6th CE during the late Gupta Period
 Dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu (Harihara)  It was renovated and restored through the centuries
 Lingaraj means “King of Lingas”, symbol of Shiva  Commissioned by Emperor Asoka
 Biggest temple in Bhubaneswar located within a compound wall  Literally means “Great Awakening Temple”
measuring 158m x 141m  It is the place where Buddha attained enlightenment under the
 Tower reaches 55m high Bodhi Tree (Sri Mahabodhi)
 Wall is 2.6m thick  The main tower (sikhara) stands at 55m high and flanked by 4
smaller towers of similar design
Dravida  It is one of the earliest Buddhist temples built in entirely in brick,
still standing in India
 Appeared in Southern India  UNESCO World Heritage Site
 Tower crowned by a Sikhara
 Monumental gateways or doorway complex with decorative
feature which is called Goparum Chennakesava Temple
 Developed around 7th CE Somanathapura
 Has a pyramidal shaped tower consisting of progressively smaller
storey of small pavilions  Built in 1268 CE
 Horizontal visual trust  Commissioned by Soma under the King Narasimha III of the
Hoysala Empire
Sikhara – means the mountain peak, rising tower above the sanctum of  Deisgned and sculpted by Ruvari Malithamma
a Hindu Temple  One of the finest examples of Hoysala Architecture
Kalash (Kalasham) – means a pitcher or pot, sacred brass receptacle at  Use of Soapstone
the peak. It symbolizes abundance and the source of life  Temple is known for its symmetry
 Shrines have 16 pointed stellate design
 Temple is raised on a platform (Jagati) and has 3 shrines (trikuta)
Goparum – is a monumental tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of
any temple, especially in Southern India. It is topped with the sikhara’s
amalaka. They function as gateways through the walls that surround
the temple complex
Amalaka – bulbous or melon-like ornament terminating at the end of
the sikhara. Finial of the sikhara

Brihadeeswarar Temple
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

 Built around the 1010 CE

 Commissioned by Raja Raja Chola I (Arulmozhivarma)
 Also known as Peruvudalyar Koyil or Rajarajeswaram. It is
however commonly known by locals as the “Big Temple”
 Dedicated to Shiva
 Part of the “Great Living Chola Temples” recognized by the
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 Represents Dravida style in its purest form
 The tower stands at 66m high
 Nandi statue (sacred bull) facing main shrine. It stands guard in all MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
Shiva temples
  Mughal or Mogul Empire began in 1526 to 1858
 Descendants of the Timurids (Timur of Guri Emir) in Uzbekistan
 Indian-Islamic Imperial power that ruled most of the Indian
Subcontinent
 Mughal is derived from the original homelands of the Timurid in
Moghulistan or the “Land of the Mongols” (Gengis Khan)
 Blending of Indian, Persian (Iranian) and central Asian customs
Humayun’s Tomb (Mausoleum)
Delhi
 Built around 1565 to 1572 CE
 Commissioned by Hamida Banu Begum, consort of Humayun
 Humayun is the 2nd Emperor of the Mughal Empire
 Deisgned by Mirak Mirza Ghiyath (Persian Architecture) and
completed by Sayyid Muhammad
 Earliest example of Persian influence in Indian Architecture and
the Tomb-Garden style
 Modeled after Guri Emir Mausoleum and became the precursor to
the Taj Mahal
 The area has 100 graves earning it the name as the Dormitory of
the Mughals
 Use of red sandstones and white marbles
 The tomb sits at the center of a plinth/base about 7m high
 From the ground to dome, the height of the structure is 42.6m
 Tomb clad in red sandstone with white marble ornamentation
 Large Iwan, a high arch, punctuates the center of each façade
 Use of the Hindu Chattris (domed pavilions), surrounding the
central dome
 Dome is double layered, outer layer and supports the white
marble exterior facing while the inner layer defines the interior
 Use of the Persian style garden layout called Charbagh
 The central fountain symbolizes the origin and sustainer of life,
the water courses represent the four rivers of the Garden of Eden
Charbagh – is a quadrilateral garden divided by walkways or flowing
water into 4 smaller parts
Agra Fort Complex
Agra
 Built around 1565 to 1573 CE
 Also known as Lal Qila, Fort Rouge and Red Fort of Agra
 Commissioned by Akbar
 Agra became the capital of the Mughal Empire until 1648
 It is a palace complex
 Walls of the fort are red sandstone cladding and inlaid with white
marble
Jihangiri Mahal – Zenana or Women’s Dormitory
Diwan-i-am – Hall of Public Audience
Diwan-i-khas – Hall of Private Audience
Musamman Burj
 Built around 1631 to 1640
 Commissioned by Shah Jahan
 For his wife Mumtaz Mahal
 Octagonal tower next to Shah Jahan’s private hall, Diwan-i-khas
 Looks out to River Yamuna
 Overlooking the River Yamuna and Taj Mahal
 Carved fountain in the interior
 Use of Pierra Dura/Pietre Dure
 Walls perforated similar to the Music Room of Ali Qapu
Pierra Dura/Pietre Dure – inlaid polished stone to create images
(mosaic)
Qutab Minar
Delhi
 Built around 1193 to 1286 CE
 Commissioned by Qutb-ud-din-Aibak (India’s First Muslim Ruler)
 Inspired by the minaret of Jam
 Shaft is flutted
 Use of red sandstone
 It has a base diameter of 14.32m and 2.75 top diameter
 Height of 72.5m with 379 steps
 World’s largest brick minaret
Taj Mahal
Agra
 Built in 1632 to 1653 CE
 Commissioned by Shah Jahan
 Designed by Ustad Ahmad Lahauri (part of a board of architects)
 Mausoleum tomb for Mumtaz Mahal, the 3rd wife of Shah Jahan
 It has become a symbol of eternal love
 Use of marble and semi-precious stones
 Structure on a square plinth/base with an Iwan/Ivan on each side
of the façade
 Chattris at the corners of the main dome (Onion Dome)
 Integration of Persian and Hindu Architecture
 Top of the dome has an inverted lotus
 Brass finial but originally gold
 It has a moon crescent
 Placement of the crescent looks like a trident, a symbol of Shiva
Jama Masjid
Old Delhi
 Built in 1650 to 1656 CE
 Also known as Masjid-I Jahan-Numa
 Commissioned by Shah Jahan as his principal mosque
 Located in an elevated area
 It is the largest mosque in India at 25,000 capacity
 Mosque structure has a length of 80m and a width of 27m
 The mosque faces the west. Its three sides are covered with open
arched colonnades, each having a lofty tower-like gateway in the
centre
 Contains the relics of Muhammad (his footprint, sandal, red beard
and antique Qur’an)
 Use of red sandstone and marble
 It has 3 gateways, 4 towers and 2 minarets (40m high)
 Broad flight of stairs in the north and south gateways. East
gateway is the main entrance