A

Micro-project on

Centre of gravity
Submitted to
MSBTE
In partial fulfillment of Requirement of Diploma In
Mechanical Engineering
Under I Scheme
Submitted by

Mr. Ayush Sanjay Rawool Roll no-35

Mr. Darshan Dilip Rawool Roll no-36
Mr. Mahadev Subhash Rawool Roll no-37
Mr. Shashank Sharad Rawool Roll no-38
Mr. Jeet Pradip Redkar Roll no-39
Mr. Rahul Santosh Sail Roll no-40
Under the guidance of
MR.R.B.GIRYALKAR
FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022

YASHWANTRAO BHONSALE POLYTECHNIC,

SAWANTWADI.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHINICAL EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Mr. Ayush Sanjay Rawool. Roll no.35
Mr. Darshan Dilip Rawool. Roll no.36
Mr. Mahadev Subhash Rawool. Roll no.37
Mr. Shashank Sharad Rawool. Roll no.38
Mr. Jeet Pradip Redkar. Roll no.39
Mr. Rahul Santosh Sail. Roll no.40

Of 2nd semester of diploma in Mechanical Engineering Of institute

Yashwantrao Bhonsale Polytechnic (1742) has completed the Micro Project
satisfactorily in Course Applied Mechanics (22203) for the academic year
2020-21 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Course Teacher HOD Principal

Seal of
institution

INDEX
 Sr. no Topic Page .no

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Centre of gravity defined

3.0 How do you measure the gravity

4.0 Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body

5.0 Centre of gravity (centroid)

6.0 Reference , conclusion

Proposed Methodology-
1. Information search on introduction On centre of gravity.
2. Information search on How centre of gravity
Data Research on centre of gravity.
3. Planning of Micro project report.
4. Doing strategic plan for starting of micro project report.
5. Distribution of work among all the group members.
6. Research on centre of gravity.

7. Editing of document and doing all the Necessary corrections.

SR. Details of activity Planned Planned Finish Name of
NO start date date responsible
Team
members
Research on Google and Rahul Sail.
Quora

Planning of the report Ayush Rawool,

Shashank
Rawool.
Distribution of work Jeet Redkar.
among group members

Distribution of work Darshan

among group members Rawool.

Completion of report and Mahadev

Presenting the report Rawool.
Editing / Corrections/ Jeet Redkar ,
Improvements Rahul Sail.
 Micro Project Proposal

Aim –
To study the centre of gravity in applied mechanics

Benefits-
To understand what is centre of gravity and its uses

Course outcomes Addresses

1. Cite examples of modern technology in industry

Programme outcomes
1. Basic Knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science
and engineering to solve engineering problems.

2. Discipline Knowledge: An ability to apply discipline – specific knowledge to

solve core and/or applied engineering problems.

3. Individual and team effort: Function effectively as an individual and as

member or leader in diverse/multidisciplinary teams.

4. Communication : An ability to communicate effectively

5. Life- long learning : Recognize the need for have preparation and ability to
engage in independent and lifelong learning in the context of technological changes
Resources Required
 Sr. Name of resource Specification Qty Remark
no /material

1 Microsoft Word document Latest version 1

2 Internet connection _ _

Name of team members with Roll no

Mr. Ayush Sanjay Rawool. Roll no.35

Mr. Darshan Dilip Rawool. Roll no.36
Mr. Mahadev Subhash Rawool. Roll no.37
Mr. Shashank Sharad Rawool. Roll no.38
Mr. Jeet Pradip Redkar. Roll no.39
Mr. Rahul Santosh Sail. Roll no.40
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Centre of gravity

The centre of gravity is a geometric property of any object. The centre of gravity is the
average location of the weight of an object. We can completely describe the motion of any
object through space in terms of the translation of the centre of gravity of the object from
one place to another, and the rotation of the object about its centre of gravity if it is free to
rotate. If the object is confined to rotate about some other point, like a hinge, we can still
describe its motion. In flight, both airplanes and rockets rotate about their centres of gravity.
A kite, on the other hand, rotates about the bridle point. But the trim of a kite still depends on
the location of the centre of gravity relative to the bridle point, because for every object the
weight always acts through the centre of gravity.

For a general shaped object, there is a simple mechanical way to determine the centre of
gravity:

1. If we just balance the object using a string or an edge, the point at which the object is
balanced is the centre of gravity. (Just like balancing a pencil on your finger!)
2. Another, more complicated way, is a two step method shown on the slide. In Step 1,
you hang the object from any point and you drop a weighted string from the same
point. Draw a line on the object along the string. For Step 2, repeat the procedure
from another point on the object You now have two lines drawn on the object which
intersect. The centre of gravity is the point where the lines intersect. This procedure
works well for irregularly shaped objects that are hard to balance.

If the mass of the object is not uniformly distributed, we must use calculus to determine
centre of gravity. We will use the symbol S dw to denote the integration of a continuous
function with respect to weight. Then the centre of gravity can be determined from:

cg * W = S x dw

where x is the distance from a reference line, dw is an increment of weight, and W is the total
weight of the object. To evaluate the right side, we have to determine how the weight varies
geometrically. From the weight equation, we know that:
w=m*g

where m is the mass of the object, and g is the gravitational constant. In turn, the mass m of
any object is equal to the density, rho, of the object times the volume, V:

m = rho * V

We can combine the last two equations:

w = g * rho * V

Then

DW = g * rho * dV

DW = g * rho(x,y,z) * dx dy dz

If we have a functional form for the mass distribution, we can solve the equation for the
centre of gravity:

Cg * W = g * SSS x * rho(x,y,z) dx dy dz

Where SSS indicates a triple integral over dx. Dy. and dz. If we don't know the functional

form of the mass distribution, we can numerically integrate the equation using a spreadsheet.
Divide the distance into a number of small volume segments and determining the average
value of the weight/volume (density time’s gravity) over that small segment. Taking the sum
of the average value of the weight/volume times the distance times the volume segment
divided by the weight will produce the centre of gravity.
2.0 Centre of Gravity Defined
Have you ever heard someone say that one of the advantages of being short and
stocky is that you're less likely to get knocked over? They might have even
mentioned that it's because the short and stocky person has a lower centre of
gravity. The centre of gravity (CG) of an object is the point at which weight is evenly
dispersed and all sides are in balance. A human's centre of gravity can change as he
takes on different positions, but in many other objects, it's a fixed location.

Keeping Up with that Centre

The centre of gravity is an important concept in determining the stability of a

structure. It's the reason why a good homeowner will keep the top branches of his
trees trimmed. It's also the reason why a pick-up truck might not be the best vehicle
choice for a first time driver. Stability is maximized in objects with a lower centre of
gravity and a wide base. The taller and more top-heavy an object, the more likely it is
to tip over when it is tilted by a force. This figure demonstrates a bus driving on two
different grades; the second one is steep enough to cause the centre of gravity to fall
outside of the base of the vehicle, which will cause it to topple over.

Centre of Gravity Equation

The centre of gravity location has several unique properties:

 An object in space rotates about its centre of gravity.

 A force applied to the centre of gravity causes pure translation.

Therefore the location of centre of gravity is an essential parameter to determine the

flight characteristics of an object. Controlling the flight of an object necessitates good
knowledge of its centre of gravity location.

For example, aligning the direction of thrust of a rocket motor so that it pushes
exactly through the centre of gravity of the rocket is essential to achieving a straight
flight.

In the automotive industry, the centre of gravity height is an essential parameter. The
lower the centre of gravity is, the more stability the car or truck has. This explains
why SUVs have more rollover issues than cars, because they are higher off the road
so their centre of gravity is higher. Race cars always have a very low centre of
gravity. Some racing organizations limit the allowable location of the centre of gravity
height of race cars to keep a fair competition.

How do you find the Centre of Gravity?

Finding the centre of gravity of an object is a complex task. Centre of gravity is

generally calculated first, using CAD models for example. But even modern tools
have their limitations. The position of components such as cables cannot be
accurately determined by software. The way cables are actually routed inside the
object can shift its centre of gravity by a significant amount. Manufacturing
tolerances also create uncertainties in the location of every component of the
payload. All these small errors add up to a large centre of gravity uncertainty.
This accumulation of errors explains why the centre of gravity of an actual object
must often be measured.

3.0 How do you Measure the Centre of Gravity?

Several concepts have been used to measure the centre of gravity of a real object.

The simplest concept is to use a load cell system. This is the technique used in
the WCG Series and SE90168 Series of centre of gravity measurement instruments.
The object is placed on a fixed platform connected to three load cells. The weighted
average of each load cell reading gives the location of the centre of gravity of the
object.

A different concept is used where high accuracy is required. The object is placed on
top of a table that is pivoted about a defined axis. The moment due to centre of
gravity offset of the object from the centre axis is measured using a force transducer.
The location of centre of gravity is derived from the moment measurement by
applying the following formula:

M = W x d: Where M is the moment applied, W is the weight of the object, d is the

distance from the pivot point to the centre of gravity of the object

This moment measurement method is used in the KSR and SE8913 series of centre
of gravity measurement instruments.

Accuracy of Centre of Gravity Measurement

Depending on what you are trying to do, your requirement for accuracy will vary. For
example, if you want to stack books on a table, you only need to know the centre of
gravity within a few inches. But if you want your model airplane to fly straight, you
need to know its centre of gravity within a fraction of an inch. Below is a list of
examples with typical accuracy requirements:

 Human: 2 inches (5 cm)

 Golf ball: 0.05 inch (1.25 mm)
 Rocket: 0.01 inch (0.25 mm)
 Spacecraft: 0.04 inch (1

4.0 Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body

The centre of gravity (c.g.) of an erect person with arms at the side is at

approximately 56% of the person's height measured from the soles of the feet . The
centre of gravity shifts as the person moves and bends. The act of balancing
requires maintenance of the centre of gravity above the feet. A person falls when his
centre of gravity is displaced beyond the position of the feet.

When carrying an uneven load, the body tends to compensate by bending and
extending the limbs so as to shift the centre of gravity back over the feet. For
example, when a person carries a weight in one arm, the other arm swings away
from the body and the torso bends away from the load This tendency of the body to
compensate for uneven weight distribution often causes problems for people who
have lost an arm, as the continuous compensatory bending of the torso can result in
a permanent distortion of the spine. It is often recommended that amputees wear an
artificial arm, even if they cannot use it, to restore balanced weight distribution
What is the Centre of Gravity?
The Centre of gravity is a theoretical point in the body where the body’s total weight
is thought to be concentrated. It is important to know the centre of gravity because it
predicts the behaviour of a moving body when acted on by gravity. It is also useful in
designing static structures such as buildings and bridges.
In a uniform gravitational field, the centre of gravity is identical to the centre of mass.
Yet, the two points do not always coincide. For the Moon, the centre of mass is very
close to its geometric centre. However, its centre of gravity is slightly towards the
Earth due to the stronger gravitational force on the Moon’s near side.
In a symmetrically shaped object formed of homogenous material, the centre of
gravity may match the body’s geometric centre. However, an asymmetrical object
composed of various materials with different masses is likely to have its centre of
gravity located at some distance away from its geometric centre. In hollow bodies or
irregularly shaped bodies, the centre of gravity lies at a point external to the physical
material.

Calculating the Centre of Gravity

In the next few sections, we will learn how to determine the centre of gravity of
objects. In general, determining the centre of gravity may be complicated because
the mass and weight may not be uniformly distributed throughout the object.

Determining the Centre of Gravity for Symmetrical Bodies

1. When we balance an object with the help of a string or an edge, the point at
which the object balances is the centre of gravity.
2. Another simple physical procedure employed to determine the centre of gravity
is as follows:

Suspending the plate given in the figure by attaching a cord to point A and then by
attaching the cord at point C, the centre of gravity of the plate can be located.
Difference between Centre of Mass and Centre of Gravity
It is common to assume the centre of mass and the centre of gravity to be the same,
but this is not the case.
The centre of mass is a point at which mass distribution is equal in all directions, and
it doesn’t depend upon the gravitational field. The centre of gravity is a point in an
object where the distribution of weight is equal in all directions, and it does depend
on the gravitational field.
However, an object’s centre of mass and centre of gravity lies at the same point in a
uniform

gravitational field.
A centre of gravity of a uniform circular ring does not lie in its centre but at its
geometric centre. Although it lies outside the mass, the centre of gravity of a circular
ring balances itself when placed on another object, as shown in the figure. The
gravitational force acts through the supporting object.

5.0 Centre of Gravity (centroid) - The point through which the whole mass of the body
acts, irrespective of the position of the body, is known as centre of gravity (briefly written as
c.g.) The plane geometrical figures (like rectangle, triangle, circle etc.) have only areas but
no mass. The centre of area of such figures is known as centroid or centre of gravity of the
area of the body. It may be noted that everybody has one, and only one, Centre of Gravity.
The centre of gravity of some simple figures is given below.

1. The centre of gravity of a uniform rod is at its middle point.

2. The centre of gravity (G) of a rectangle (or parallelogram) lies at a point where its
diagonals intersect.

3. The centre of gravity (G) of a triangle lies at a point where the three medians of the
triangle intersect.

Note : A median is a line joining the vertex and the middle point of the opposite side.

4. The centre of gravity of a semi-circle lies at a distance of 4r/3π from its base measured
along the vertical radius
5. The centre of gravity of a hemisphere lies at a distance of 3r/8 from its base, measured
along the vertical radius
6. The centre of gravity of a trapezium with parallel sides a and b, lies at a distance
of measured from side b
7. The centre of gravity of a right circular solid cone lies at a distance of h/4 from its base,
measured along the vertical axis