The Effects of Water Temperature on the Growth of Phaseolus vulgaris

A Research Presented to Integrated Basic Education Department

San Isidro College. In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research I

Clemencio, Joshua Aiken O.

Deveza, Matthew S.

Guinayon, Franzel Louis L.

Linondo, Shiela Grace

Omaña, Alieyah Neash A.

Macarulay, Jeremy Kim L.

April 2022
 Chapter 1
Introduction

Aside from sunlight, the temperature of the water plays an important function in the
growth of a plant. Miller (2020) stated that the metabolic activity of plants, as well as aquatic
ecosystems, is affected by changes in water temperature. In other words, whether you're
cultivating houseplants or aquatic plants, water plays an important role in both their growth
and development. It's also important to use water at the proper temperature while watering
your plants, according to a website called CANNA. This is because your plants' roots are
extremely sensitive to temperature extremes. Using water that is too hot or too cold might
cause stress and damage to your plant.
This study makes use the Phaseolus vulgaris which is a plant that belongs to the
family of legumes. This plant has been domesticated over thousands of years and can be
grown in many different regions around the world. Although this plant is known for its ability
to adapt to many different regions, it does have some limitations when it comes to water
temperature. Phaseolus vulgaris plant which is consumed by a large number of people all
over the world because Phaseolus vulgaris, according to Preiato (2021), are a nutritional
powerhouse because they're high in fiber and protein, as well as a rich source of a variety of
micronutrients like folate, magnesium, and vitamin B6.
Water temperature can be very important in terms of growing plants since they need
to be defined according to their needs. Temperature has been defined as the average
temperature within a season or integrated over time. Water temperature has been identified as
a significant factor for growth in growing beans. It should be noted that the growth of plants
is affected with the growth of temperature. Plant also needs to be in a favorable environment
for optimal growth. Since water temperature is an important factor for growing plants, one of
the things that we should consider is the effect of water temperature on the growth of plant.
The growth rate of Phaseolus vulgaris is directly related to water temperature.
According to Hatfield & Prueger (2015) Plants that are grown at a higher temperature reach
maturity faster than plants that are grown at lower temperatures. In addition, the length of
time it takes for the plant to grow from a seedling to full maturity is also affected by
temperature. As a result, the environment in which you grow your crops can affect the length
of time it takes for them to mature. In extreme cases where water temperature is too high and
they do not have enough time for growing, they may be damaged and die. In addition, when
the soil is too wet or too low, there could be risk of the roots being damaged by rot. It is
important to maintain the ideal water temperature that is needed for your plants in order to
have a healthy plant.
Considering all of this, the researchers are motivated to conduct this study in order to
see the effects of water temperature on the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris and what water
temperature is the best for the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris. The study's findings are
intended to provide new information, particularly to local farmers and gardeners, in order to
improve vegetation results.
Statement of the Problem

The overall goal of this research is to see the effects of using different
temperature to the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris.

This study aims to answer the following question:

1. Which of the following water temperatures is best for the growth of Phaseolus
vulgaris?

a) 10°C
b) 30°C
c) 75°C

2. Based on the following parameters, what are the impacts of varying water
temperatures on the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris?

a) Plant stature
b) The total number of leaves
c) The stem's width
d) Taste

Significance of the Study

The study's findings may provide more light on how varied temperatures affect
the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris. The knowledge gleaned from this research might provide
thoughts and suggestions to the benefactors. It can also serve as a database of information for
future use.

The study's findings will be extremely beneficial to the following:

To the students, the results may help them and give knowledge about the
different temperatures affects the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris.

To the gardeners, this research will provide a clear picture to the gardener to
plant their Phaseolus vulgaris and hydrate it with the most efficient temperature.

To the farmers, the results may serve as an eye opener for those farmers who
lack the knowledge with regards to the best choice of water temperature that would be more
efficient growth of Phaseolus vulgaris.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will look at the effects of different water temperatures on the growth of Phaseolus
vulgaris for a period of 90 days.
 The temperatures in this study will range from undisturbed tap water to 10
Celsius, 30 Celsius, and 75 Celsius watered 1 cup everyday for ninety days. The temperatures
listed below were chosen for the study because they are just above the freezing point, normal
room temperature, and just below the boiling point of water.

There will be two groups of samples in the experiment. The control group has
unaltered water temperature, while the experimental group has variable degrees of water
temperature. Three sample plants must be watered for each temperature range in order for the
results to be accurate.

Finally, the impact of various water temperatures on the growth of Phaseolus

vulgaris will be examined using the following parameters: plant stature, the total number of
leaves, and stem width, and taste.

Definition of Terms

Growth was utilized to see how the temperature of the water affected it.

Phaseolus vulgaris is the plant used to conduct the research.

Water temperature was used to see on how it affects the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris.
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Phaseolus Vulgaris
Phaseolous vulgaris also known as White beans are a high-protein, gluten-free food
with a lot of complex carbs, potassium, and dietary fibre. White beans, both canned and dry,
are a non-perishable food. Any bean that is white or off-white in hue is referred to as a white
bean. Although different cultivars have slightly distinct flavors and sizes, their nutritional
contents are generally identical. White beans can be sold as seeds or as food. The Phaseolus
vulgaris plant produces navy beans, great northern beans, and cannellini beans. (MasterClass,
2022)
The origin of Phaseolous vulgaris are found across Central and South America, but
also in North America, including many parts of Northern Canada. They're also plentiful in
Europe and the Middle East. Although some of it grows in Africa indigenously. (Hall, 2022).
Phaseolous vulgaris, according to Staughton (2021), may appear ordinary or unimpressive,
but they have a number of health benefits for us, including the potential to improve cognition
and memory, protect the heart, improve digestion, promote healthy circulation, reduce cancer
risk, stimulate growth, and lower diabetes risk.
Phaseolus vulgaris is an annual bean that is common in natural gardens as well as
homes around the world. It has been shown that increasing water temperatures can affect its
growth directly or indirectly because of how their life cycles go through both a dormancy
phase and growth phase combined. The dormancy phase occurs in colder temperatures and
the growth phase occurs in warmer temperatures. The stem starts to grow and become green
once the water temperature hits 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius). However, when
the growth rate slows down, the plant can turn yellow as well as produce less pods if the
water temperature is too low (Rigg et al.).
Lozano et at. (2018) stated that Phaseolus vulgaris is one of the most important grain
legumes worldwide. It is a valuable source of dietary protein, fiber, minerals, vitamins, and
antioxidants, among other bioactive compounds. Common bean is cropped throughout
temperate regions where the growing season has a frost-free range of 60 to 120 days, as well
as in tropical highlands with growing temperatures <30 ◦C. Close to 18.9 million tons of
common bean are produced worldwide, and the Americas account for 46% of global
production.
According to the researchers of Phaseolus vulgaris is particularly sensitive to vagaries
of weather. Consequently, yields of bean cultivars are unreliable in relation to their
productive potential (Rachie and Roberts, 1974; Summer field and Wien, 1980). Phaseolus
vulgaris grow at temperatures below 24 degrees Celsius. If exposed to temperatures above
that mark, the breeding cycle will be delayed until it is slightly cooler outside, which may
cause them to miss a growing season altogether. Also, Phaseolus Vulgaris will die after about
two weeks of being exposed to temperatures higher than 30 degrees Celsius. After this time,
they will start to shrivel and fall apart. It is common for them to survive longer at higher
temperatures if they are submerged in water. In fact, white beans can survive being
submerged in water at 33 degrees Celsius for approximately six months. This is a good thing
because most people grow Phaseolus vulgaris during the rainy season when flooding is
common.
According to William K Smith (2012) Phaseolus vulgaris is originally a crop of the
New World, but it is now grown extensively in all major continental areas. Its production
spans from 52°N to 32°S latitude and from near sea level in the continental US and Europe to
elevations of more than 3000 m in Andean South America. The common bean has two major
gene pools, the Andean and the Mesoamerican, based on their centers of origin in South and
Central America. Transitory or constantly high temperatures cause an array of
morphoanatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes in plants, which affect plant
growth and development and may lead to a drastic reduction in economic yield. The adverse
effects of heat stress can be mitigated by developing crop plants with improved
thermotolerance using various genetic approaches. However, achieving this requires a
thorough understanding of the physiological responses of plants to high temperature, the
mechanisms of heat tolerance, and potential strategies for improving crop thermotolerance.

Water Temperature
Nxawe et al. (2010) stated that during plant growth and development, water
temperature can affect a variety of physiological processes. Temperatures that are below or
above optimal ranges might have a favorable or negative impact on plant metabolic activity.
This could involve the accumulation of phenolic compounds, reactive oxygen species (ROS),
food intake, chlorophyll pigment creation, the photosynthesis process, and finally the plant's
growth and development.
Heat stress causes plants to wilt, shed leaves and blooms, and become brown. Some
gardeners may believe that watering plants with hot water can fix these issues, however this
is not true. Plants do not benefit from overly hot water, despite the fact that some thrive well
at higher exterior temperatures. It is also a popular misunderstanding that hot water can cause
plants to grow quicker or produce more flowers, but this is also wrong. Excessively cold
water can also harm plants by destroying their roots. Watering plants with very hot or cold
water will often shock their system. Room temperature or tepid water, ranging from 62 to 72
degrees Fahrenheit, is ideal for plants. According to CANNA, 68 degrees is ideal. (Smyth,
2020)
Gardeners should be aware that a plant's root system must be kept at a specific
temperature in order for it to get the most out of the water and nutrients it receives. The ideal
temperature for the roots is around 68 degrees Fahrenheit. At this temperature, the water in
the substrate will still have plenty of oxygen. Furthermore, if the root temperature is
incorrect, the plant's pump mechanism in the roots will not function. When the temperature is
low, the root's pump mechanism will be unable to function as efficiently as it should. When
the temperature is high, though, your plant's ability to absorb oxygen from the water will be
compromised. It's vital to keep in mind that high root temperatures, along with a lack of
oxygen delivery to the plant, can lead to mold growth and bacterial proliferation. (Miller,
2020)
 According to VanDerZanden (2008) Light, temperature, water, humidity, and
nutrition are among environmental elements that influence plant growth. It's critical to
understand how these variables influence plant growth and development. Most plant
processes, including photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, germination, and blooming,
are influenced by temperature. Photosynthesis, transpiration, and respiration all increase as
temperature rises (to a point). Temperature, in conjunction with day duration, influences the
transition from vegetative (leafy) to reproductive (flowering) growth. Temperature can either
speed up or slow down this transformation depending on the situation and the specific plant.
The temperature required for germination differs by species. Cool-season crops (such as
spinach, radishes, and lettuce) germinate best at 55° to 65°F, whereas warm-season crops
(such as tomato, petunia, and lobelia) sprout best at 65° to 75°F.
Temperature is an important factor in the growth of a bean plant. Water temperature
can affect the growth of the plant by affecting the bean's tolerance to heat and cold stress. If a
bean plant is exposed to very high temperatures, it can be damaged and die. On the other
hand, if a bean is exposed to very low temperatures, it can also be damaged. Therefore,
temperature has a major effect on plants as well as their growth cycle. The optimal water
temperature for Phaseolus Vulgaris is between 21 °C ~ 27 °C (70 ~ 80 F). The precipitation is
an important factor in the growth of a bean plant. The amount of precipitation will affect the
soil moisture level. If the soil is too dry, it will cause the roots to suffer from drought.
Drought can lead to wilting, which can be a severe damage for plants. However, if there are
too much rain and water, it can also be a problem for plants because it can cause diseases like
rusts and other fungal growths. Therefore, the optimal amount of precipitation is between 300
~ 500 mm (13 ~ 20 inches). (Salcedo, n.d)
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the methodological procedures by which the data
pertinent to the research problems were collected. It presents the description of the research
design, entry protocol, locale of the study and the data gathering procedure. The details are as
described down below.

Research Design

Experimental design will used to provide and gather as much informative and
relative information as possible. The study is experimental in nature, as it aims to determine
the effect of water temperature on Phaseolus Vulgaris growth.

Entry Protocol

The researchers will send a letter of consent to the Integrated Basic Education
Principal, Prima A. Panchacala MA., and Ms. Melanie D. Roca, Grade 11 – STEM – ST.
Albert The Great , Practical Research 1 subject teacher, asking to allow us to conduct this
said study. The parents of the researchers will also be given a letter asking for permission
from them in conducting this study.

Locale of the Study

For 90 days, the study will be done at NHA Phase 4, Block 3, Lot 18, Casisang, Malaybalay
City, Bukidnon, Guinayon's Residence.
Data Gathering Procedure

The experiment will begin with the researcher acquiring all of the essential tools
and equipment. Phaseolus vulgaris seeds, 12 small plant pots, 5 kg topsoil, 3 floating
thermometers, a ruler, and a shovel will be collected by the researchers. The study will take
place in NHA Phase 4, Block 3, Lot 18, Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Guinayon's
Residence for 90 days.

The researchers will next begin their experiment by sowing 3 Phaseolus

vulgaris seeds in each of 12 plant pots. After then, the sample pots will be split into two
groups: experimental and control. The control group will have 3 pot samples which will be
watered 1 cup of untampered tap water daily while the experimental group will have 9 pot
samples. For each range of water temperature, three pot samples will be watered. Three pots
will be watered once a day with a cup of 10°C tap water. Three pot samples will receive one
cup of 30°C tap water daily, and three pot samples will receive one cup of 75°C tap water
daily. Before water is poured into the plant, a thermometer will be used to ensure that the
water temperature is accurate. To finish the experiment, the procedure will last for 90 days.

5 days after the Phaseolus vulgaris seeds are planted, the researcher will begin
collecting data. The data will be based on the following parameters: plant stature, number of
leaves, stem width and taste, all of which will be measured with a standard ruler, and the
findings will be provided in a comparison table.
References: