Porosity Logs

Density - Neutron Log

 Density

Density () = Wt / Vol

 Bulk Density

Density () = Vm(m) + Vf(f)

b = 1- Ø(m) + Ø(f)

Ø = (m- b ) / (m- f)

Density Tool Principle
 Photoelectric effect, Pe

Low energy GRs are absorbed by

the formation in a process called
photoelectric absorption.

The efficiency of this process is

related to the atomic number of the
material the GRs are in.

We can measure this effect and

estimate the lithology from the
PEF.
 Photoelectric effect, Pe

As an exercise look up the value of PEF for :

Quartz
Calcite
Dolomite
Illite
Barite
 Neutron Log

Neutrons are highly affected by

hydrogen. Oil and water are both
rich in H compared to rocks

If we could estimate the amount of

hydrogen in a rock, and knew how
much H was in the water or oil (H
index) we could compute porosity.

Problem is neutrons are also %H

affected by lithology
 Neutron Tool Principle

Neutrons are sensitive to total

hydrogen in the formation.
Since most of the hydrogen is in
the pore space, the neutron tool is
sensitive to porosity.

It is also sensitive to lithology, and

thermal neutron absorbers such as
chlorine.

The calibrated ratio of neutrons

detected by the near and far
detectors is proportional to
porosity.
 Neutron Tool Principle

The raw output of a CNT tool is

the ratio of count rates detected
by the far and near detector.

This is converted to porosity

using one of 3 algorithms, lime,
sand or dolo. The porosity is
called NPHI or TNPH

The standard is to process with

MATR=LIME.
 Compatible scales

Neutron Porosity

The density tool is usually run

with the neutron Density on Limestone scale, neutron
To aid quick look interpretation must be processed in LS matrix
they are run on “compatible
scales”
This means that the scales are set
such that for a given water
bearing lithology the curves
Density on Sandstone scale, neutron
overlay
must be processed in SS matrix
N-D
Porosity
Chart
Application
Chart
Limestone

2.41
Application
Chart
Sandstone

2.36
Gas Effect on Neutron Log
 N-D Cross Plot Approximation

d +  n  +
2 2
x = x = d n
2 2

Sand + Calcite cement + Shale + gas + shallow invasion

How accurate is the porosity?
Remember it is raised to the power of m in the Archie equation
Things that mess up the interpretation
Environmental corrections

Standoff Corrections
Things that mess up the interpretation
Environmental corrections
Hole Size Corrections
Neutron porosity correction chart
 Effective Porosity
Clay volume, bound Water volume

Porosity associated with PhiE

the shale in a formation is
none permeable, so not
considered “effective”. PhiT Dry Sand Bound
Effective porosity PhiE is Water
the porosity associated
with the clean part of the
formation only.
Vcl

e = t − (Vcl WCP )
Dry Shale

WCP = Wet Clay Porosity