2022.09.17 - 01 - 02 - 03 - 04 - 05 - 06 - 07 - 8 - 9 - 10 EOR Material

Enhanced Oil Recovery AKAMIGAS Balongan
Indramayu, Sept –Oct 2019
01.Introduction to Oil Recovery Process and

Enhance Oil Recovery
By: Panca S Widiantoro

Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Reservoir
4. Reservoir Energy
5. Oil Recovery Phases
6. References
Introduction
Oil is the most used energy in the world
BP World statistical Review 2019

Introduction….
BP World statistical Review 2019

Background….
Indonesia’s oil production decreasing
Skkmigas
Need Import Oil!!

Video
Background….
85% => goverment 100

15 %> Company
Background….
Background….
Background..
Background..
02.Reservoir Characteristic, Reservoir Energy

concept and Oil Recovery Stages
(Lesson 2)

Reservoir
Where Oil and Gas Stay in The Earth???
2 3
In the Cave? In underground river?

Reservoir
Sand stone
Oil and gas Stay in places like this !

Reservoir
Limestone/carbonate
Enhanced Oil Recovery AKAMIGAS Balongan Produksi 10 tahun
Indramayu, Sept –Oct 2019 So>0.6
Reservoir
So < 0.6
So =0?
Soi = 0.6
Swi =0.4 Sor = 0.5,0.4,0.3, 0.2
Reservoir Energy
Primary Recovery (concept of Artificial Lift)
Natural flow
How to lift the fluid ?

- Decrease the fluid
Psep Pwh
gradient in the tubing
- Add some extra energy
to push fluid well from
Gradient
bottom hole to the No - Flow Well ?
surface
Solution :
Energy
Use the artificial lift ?
Pwf
Natural Flow With Pump

Definition of Oil Recovery
Methods Improving Recovery Efficiency
Primary
Recovery
Natural Flow
Artificial Lift
Aquifer Drive
Secondary
Recovery
Water Dry HC Gas
Injection Injection
Tertiary
Recovery
Gas
Thermal Miscible/ Chemical Microbial
Immiscible
Source: SPE Short course: Oil Enhancement Process, Penang, 2012

THANK YOU
THANK YOU
Empowering People
Oil Recovery Factor

(Lesson 3)

Oil Recovery Phase
Recovery Factor (RF)
Recovery Factor…
RF are strongly dependent on Reservoir Energy

Recovery Factor
04-05 Water Flooding
Displacement Process & Frontal Advanced
(Lesson ,4&5)

Methods Improving Recovery Efficiency
Primary
Recovery
Natural Flow
Artificial Lift
Aquifer Drive
Secondary
Recovery
Water Dry HC Gas
Injection Injection
Tertiary
Recovery
Gas
Thermal Miscible/ Chemical Microbial
Immiscible
Source: SPE Short course: Oil Enhancement Process, Penang, 2012

Agenda
1. Why Water Injection?
2. Displacement Process
3. Frontal Advance Theory (Buckley-Leverett)
4. Practical Application solving Water Flooding Predictive Model
“Buckley-leverett” calculation using Ms Excel
Why Water Injection
Reasons for using water injection:

 Maintain reservoir pressure from declining
 Availaibility
 Low mobility Easy to get
 Cheap
 Helps in giving pressure by the water density→ less pump
pressure
 It spreads easily in the reservoir (high sweep efficiency)
 Good displacement efficiency
Empowering People
Types of Displacement Processes
Interface Mixing zone
Displacing Displaced Displacing Displaced

Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid
Immiscible Process Miscible Process

(ex: Water flood &
(ex: CO2 Flood)
Low Pressure Gas Flood )
Recovery Factor and Displacement Process
Volumetric Sweep Efficiency
Atot
Aswept Atotal Atotal
Aswept Aswept
otal Atotal Aswept
Aswept Aswept
Areal Areal
sweep sweep
efficiency Ea =
efficiency Ea = Vertical sweep efficiency Ey =
Vertical sweep efficiency E
ep efficiency E =
Aswept/Atotal
Aswepta/Atotal Aswept/Atotal
Vertical sweep eff Aswept/Atotal
wept/Atotal
Volumetric sweep efficiency Ev = Ea Ey
Volumetric sweep efficiency Ev = Ea Ey A /A swept t
Video Volumetric sweep efficiency
Unit pore volume Unit poreE v = Ea Ey
volume
Unit pore volume Unit pore volume
Soi , Boi So , Bo
Soi , Boi So , Bo
Soi/Boi STB So/Bo STB
Soi/Boi STB So/Bo STB
Unit pore volume
Before displacement
Unit pore volume
After displacement
Before displacement After displacement
Types of Flood Patterns
Normal Pattern Inverted Pattern
• More injectors than producers • More producers than injectors

• Suitable for low injectivity and • Suitable for high injectivity
high lifting capacity and
low lifting capacity
Peripheral Uniform Pattern Irregular Pattern

Regular four-spot
Geometric shape = equilateral triangle
Producer-to-Injector Ratio:
Normal = 2
Inverted = 1/2
Skewed four-spot
Geometric shape = triangle
Normal = 2
Inverted = 1/2
Five-spot
Geometric shape = Square
Normal = 1
Inverted = 1
Seven-spot
Geometric shape = Hexagon
Normal = 1/2
Inverted = 2
Nine-spot
Geometric shape = Square
Normal = 1/3
Inverted = 3
Direct line drive

Geometric shape = Rectangle a
Producer-to-Injector Ratio = 1
but depends on number of lines d
Characterized by distances a and d
Staggered line drive

Geometric shape = Rectangle
Producer-to-Injector Ratio = 1 a
but depends on number of lines d
Characterized by distances a and d

PVT…Refresh
PVT Variation with pressure
Rsi
Pressure P Pi
b
Recovery Factor and Displacement Process
Recovery Factor and Displacement Process…
04-05 Water Flooding
Frontal Advanced for water flood design (exercise, practice using Ms Excel)
(Lesson ,6,7)

Frontal Advance Theory
Displacement qo + qw
front
Area A
Water Oil
x dx
First introduced by Buckley and Leverett

Water fractional flow fw =qw / (qo + qw)
Front velocity vf = x/t = [(qo + qw) / A](fw/Sw)
Integration yields: tD = Vinj/ AL = 1/(fw/Sw)
Frontal Advance Theory…
2-Phase Oil-Water Rel Perm Curves
krw and krow are functions of Sw
1
kro0
kr
Oil
Swc Sorw
krw0
Water
0
0 Sw 1
Mobility Ratio
Displacing fluid Displaced fluid
Water Oil
Mobility w = kw/w Mobility o = ko/o
M = w / o
Fractional Flow Curves
Water fractional flow fw = qw / (qo + qw)
qw = krw k A (dP/dx) / w
qo = kro k A (dP/dx) / o
hence; fw = (krw/ w)/[(krw/ w) + (kro/ o)]

= (krwo/krow)/[(krwo/krow) + 1]
= M / (M + 1)
M = mobility ratio = rw / ro
fw = M/(M+1)
1 1
kro0
Swc Sorw fw
kr
Oil
krw0
Water
0 0
0 1 0 Swc 1-Sorw 1
Sw Sw
Using kro/krw Ratio
100
k ro bS w
ae 10
k rw Log(kro/krw)
1
Straight line portion
0.1
1
fw  bS w
0.01
1  a e ( w / o ) 0 Sw 1
bS w
df w  a b e (  w / o )
 bS w 2
dS w [1  a e (  w /  o )]
Fractional Flow
Water Saturation Distribution
Saturation Distribution
Injector Producer
1
1 - Sorw After
Before
Breakthrough Breakthrough
Sw
At
Breakthrough
Swi
0
0 Distance L
Indramayu, Sept 2019
Buckley-Leverett Practical
If you guys
understood
everything,
Let us have a
smoking break!!!
aram
ar am Gudang G
aram Gudang G
Gudang G
THANK YOU
FTC - SWT
11/03/2022
Enhance Oil Recovery

Definitions, Methods, Mechanism ,Screening Criteria and Challenges
(Lecture 10)
11-14 (group discussion case study EOR)
Definition of EOR 71
What is EOR?
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes include all methods that use
external sources of energy and/or materials to recover oil that cannot
be produced economically by conventional means.
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) refers to any reservoir process to

change the existing rock/oil/brine interactions in the reservoir, such
as;
• Chemical EOR
• Thermal EOR
• Miscible EOR
• Immiscible EOR
• Microbial EOR, and
• Others
EOR Methods 72
Source : Farouq Ali, The promises and Problems in Enhanced Oil Recovery methods, 1996
Type of EOR 73
EOR Methods and Injected fluids
EOR Category Method Injected Substance

Solvent Miscible CO2, Nitrogen, Natural gas, Flue gas
Immiscible CO2, Nitrogen
Water-alternating-gas WAG solvent gas and water

Chemical Polymer flooding polymer
Miscellar / polymer flooding polymer, surfactant
ASP flooding alkaline. Surfactant, polymer

Thermal Cyclic steam 'huff n puff' wet steam
Steamflood wet steam
In-situ combustion air
Hot water drive water

Others Foam foam preceding displacing fluids
Microbial bacteria and nutrients
Vibro-seismic none
Type of EOR
Introduction to EOR
Mechanism of EOR 75
Water flooding *  maintain reservoir pressure and physically displaces oil with
water moving through the reservoir from injector to producer.
Thermal  reduce Sor by steam distillation and reduces oil viscosity.
Chemical  reduces Sor by lowering wateroil interfacial tension, and increases

volumetric sweep efficiency by reducing the water-oil mobility ratio.
Miscible Gas  reduces Sor by developing miscibility with the oil through a
vaporizing or condensing gas drive process.
*for comparison
Solvent / Gas - EOR 76
• Immiscible Displacement
 Injection of the fluid that is immiscible with the oil.
 Aim: sweep efficiency, gravity drainage,
 Hydrocarbon, CO2, nitrogen, and air.
• Miscible Displacement
 Fluid injected is miscible with the oil.
 Aim: Change oil properties, sweep efficiency, gravity drainage.
 Hydrocarbon solvent, CO2, flue gas, alcohol, etc.
Limitations
• Depth
• Oil Viscosity
• Permeability
11/03/2022
Introduction to EOR
Indramayu, Sept 2019 Depth Limitation for Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods
This table illustrates the influence of reservoir depth on the technical feasibility
of various enhanced oil recovery methods .
Depth(ft)
EOR Method 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Hydrocarbon-Miscible Very Good Deep enough for required pressure
Nitrogen,Flue Gas Very Good Deep enough for required pressure
CO2 flooding Very Good Deep enough for required pressure
Sufactant/polymer Limited by temprature
Polymer Limited by temprature
Alkaline Prefered Zone High cost
Fire Flood Deep enough for required pressure
SteamDrive Normal range (possible)
Depth limitations for EOR methods.

11/03/2022
Introduction to EOR
Preferred
Indramayu, Sept 2019 Oil Viscosity Ranges for Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods
This table illustrates the influence of oil viscosity on the technical feasibility of various enhanced oil
recovery methods.
Oil Viscosity –Centipoise at Reservoir Conditions
Oil viscosity incidence for different EOR methods.
11/03/2022
Introduction to EOR
Indramayu, Sept 2019 Permeability Guides for Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods
This table illustrates the influence of rock permeability on the technical feasibility of
various enhanced oil recovery methods.
Permeability (millidarcy)
EOR Method 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Hydrocarbon-Miscible Not Critical If Uniform
Nitrogen,Flue Gas Not Critical If Uniform
CO2 flooding High Enough For Good Injection Rates
Sufactant/polymer Preferred Zone
Polymer Possible Preferred Zone
Alkaline High cost Preferred Zone
Fire Flood Preferred Zone
Reservoir Permeability for different EOR methods.
11/03/2022
Introduction to EOR
Kind of processes to be applied

Candidate IOR Processes Under Various Reservoir Conditions
Oil Viscosity (cp)
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0
2000 Immiscible Steam Injection

Gas Injection
Polymer
4000 Injection
Reservoir Depth (ft)
Pattern Water Injection

6000
Miscible Chemical Flooding
CO2 or HC
Gas Injection
8000
10000
Miscible Nitrogen Injection
11/03/2022 EOR Spring 2006

12000
Introduction to EOR
Summary of Screening for

Enhanced Oil Recover Methods
11/03/2022
Introduction to EOR
11/03/2022 EOR Spring 2006 83

Introduction to EOR
Screening of EOR 84
Source: A. Al Adasani, B. Bai / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 79 (2011) 10–24
World EOR Projects 85
World EOR project subcategories
World EOR project categories
Source: A. Al Adasani, B. Bai / Journal of Petroleum

Science and Engineering 79 (2011) 10–24
EOR in the World 86
Source: A. Al Adasani, B. Bai /

Journal of Petroleum Science and
Engineering 79 (2011) 10–24
EOR Challenges 87
• Reservoir Heterogeneity
 Large well spacing.
 Is the petrophysics study favorable?
 Is it simulated correctly? Is the simulator capable?
• Subsurface chemistry
 Do we really know what is going on down there (reactions)?
 Is chemical injections causing more harm than good (formation damage,
scale, corrosion, sand production, plugging,etc)?
 How many heat loss (thermal methods) ?
• Injectivity scenario
 What is the optimum injection rate ?
 What is the optimum pressure referring formation integrity?
 Do we need a geomechanic study?
• Produced fluid management & environment

 How to deal with produced fluid containing chemicals (dump overboard,
dispose, recycle)?
 Where is the water source? Is it applicable?
 How big is the waste water treatment needed?
EOR Challenges 88
• Logistics & Surface facilities

 How to transport, store, mix and inject huge quantity of chemicals ?
 How about in Offshore?
 How big is steam generator?
Offshore EOR facility in Bohai, China Polymer Plant in Marmul, Oman

Source: Nasser Al Azri, Polymer flooding in a large field in South Oman, SPE-ATW, Penang, 2012
EOR Challenges 89
• COST
 Chemicals consumed
 Surface facility (mixing plant, water treatment plant, steam
generator, CO2 carbon capture facility, etc)
 Logistics & operation
U.S. Production cost - 2008
Source: U.S Energy Information Administration, 2008

EOR is a Technology
THANK YOU
FTC - SWT
11/03/2022
Chemical - EOR 92
• Polymer Injection
 Improving water-oil mobility ratio. (↓)
 Increasing Sweep Efficiency – Macroscopic
 Most widely used polymer in EOR:
- Polyacyrlamide (HPAM) :artificial, flexible Chemical
- Polysaccharide (Biopolymer) :fermentation, rigid, effective for
reservoir with relatively high viscosity oil.
• Surfactant Injection
 Reduce interfacial tension
 Reduce capillary pressure
 Increase microscopic displacement
efficiency
• Alkaline Injection
 Increase pH until 11 – 12 Chemical
 Could reduce interfacial tension to 0.01 dyne/cm
 NaOH in water: 0.05 – 0.2% (500 – 2000 ppm)
Chemical - EOR 93
Sweep efficiency
Sweep effeciency
teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

perminyakan - trisakti
Areal & vertical sweep efficiency
Vertical sweep efficiency
References
1. To be given weekly or bi-weekly. These include lecture
power point files, parts or chapters of a textbook,
selected papers.
2. Ezzat E Gomaa., “ EOR Concept and Mechanism” EMP
Malacca Straits In-house Training
3. Green, Don W., Willhite, G.Paul,”Enhanced Oil
Recovery”, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson,
TX, 1998.
4. Latil M., Bardon C., Burger J., Sourieau P.,”Enhanced Oil
Recovery”, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas
1980.
5. Siregar, MT, Dr.Septoratno,” Diktat Kuliah Pengenalan
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)”, Teknik Perminyakan ITB,
Bandung, 1995.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery AKAMIGAS Balongan

Indramayu, Sept –Oct 2019

01.Introduction to Oil Recovery Process and

By: Panca S Widiantoro

Oil is the most used energy in the world

BP World statistical Review 2019

BP World statistical Review 2019

Indonesia’s oil production decreasing

Need Import Oil!!

85% => goverment 100

02.Reservoir Characteristic, Reservoir Energy

By: Panca S Widiantoro

In the Cave? In underground river?

Oil and gas Stay in places like this !

How to lift the fluid ?

Natural Flow With Pump

Source: SPE Short course: Oil Enhancement Process, Penang, 2012

Oil Recovery Factor

By: Panca S Widiantoro

RF are strongly dependent on Reservoir Energy

By: Panca S Widiantoro

Source: SPE Short course: Oil Enhancement Process, Penang, 2012

Reasons for using water injection:

Interface Mixing zone

Displacing Displaced Displacing Displaced

Immiscible Process Miscible Process

Aswept Atotal Atotal

Normal Pattern Inverted Pattern

• More injectors than producers • More producers than injectors

Peripheral Uniform Pattern Irregular Pattern

Direct line drive

Staggered line drive

Characterized by distances a and d

PVT Variation with pressure

By: Panca S Widiantoro

First introduced by Buckley and Leverett

Water fractional flow fw = qw / (qo + qw)

hence; fw = (krw/ w)/[(krw/ w) + (kro/ o)]

Enhance Oil Recovery

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) refers to any reservoir process to

EOR Methods and Injected fluids

EOR Category Method Injected Substance

Thermal  reduce Sor by steam distillation and reduces oil viscosity.

Chemical  reduces Sor by lowering wateroil interfacial tension, and increases

Hydrocarbon-Miscible Very Good Deep enough for required pressure

Nitrogen,Flue Gas Very Good Deep enough for required pressure

CO2 flooding Very Good Deep enough for required pressure

Sufactant/polymer Limited by temprature

Polymer Limited by temprature

Alkaline Prefered Zone High cost

Fire Flood Deep enough for required pressure

SteamDrive Normal range (possible)

Depth limitations for EOR methods.

Oil viscosity incidence for different EOR methods.

Hydrocarbon-Miscible Not Critical If Uniform

Nitrogen,Flue Gas Not Critical If Uniform

CO2 flooding High Enough For Good Injection Rates

Sufactant/polymer Preferred Zone

Polymer Possible Preferred Zone

Alkaline High cost Preferred Zone

Fire Flood Preferred Zone

Reservoir Permeability for different EOR methods.