CIVIL COURT

In Civil Court as we saw today, the construction of Elevated Station is going on right now. Where
the Metro from tunnel will appear on the surface and will also be able to enter the tunnel. So, there
we learnt how Pile Foundations are layed, we also learnt about Lintel Beam, Protection sheets used
for water-proofing, how the cable ducts and exhaust ducts are placed or constructed, then there is
undercraft, NATM, Cross-Passage through tunnels for emergency exits how they are constructed
between two tuunels and how they are joined, and constructed.

What is Pile Foundation?

A pile is a structural member made of concrete, wood, or steel. It's a small diameter column that's
driven or cast into the ground to the appropriate depth. They are utilised to build a deep foundation,
which, of course, costs more than shallow foundations.
When the earth immediately beneath the foundation can no longer safely hold the weights and the
load must be transmitted deep into the underlying soil, a pile foundation is employed. When the
soil's carrying capacity is insufficient for the construction, it is necessary. The main purpose of a
pile is to transfer loads to the lower level of the ground using a mix of friction and end-bearing piles
at the pile point or base.

What is Liner in Pile Foundation?

A type of formwork is a lining/casing. Green concrete is given the desired shape. It's usually
composed of steel and shaped like a circle.
There are two types of liners for cast-in-situ piles:
I. Temporary liner: This form of casing is removed once the concrete has been cast (before
start of final setting).
II. Permanent liner: This form of casing is embedded in the concrete and will last the entire life
of the pile.Temporary liner: This form of casing is removed once the concrete has been cast
(before start of final setting).
III. Permanent liner: This form of casing is embedded in the concrete and will last the entire life
of the pile.
In the construction of Civil Court Metro temporary Pile Foundation is used. Steel Liners are used in
contruction of bored in-situ RCC piles especially in transport infrastructure.

What is Lintel Beam?

The term "lintel" refers to a horizontal structural element that spans an aperture. As a result, the
structure is held in place by the resistance of the support.
There are different types of Lintels, they are as follows:
I. Timber Lintel
II. Stone Lintel
III. Brick Lintel
IV. Reinforced Brick Lintel
V. Steel Lintel
VI. Reinforced Cement Concrete Lintel
Reinforced Cement Concrete Lintel are used in construction of the station.
Protection used for Water-Proofing:
The generation of an impermeable barrier throughout the surfaces of foundations, roofs, walls, and
other structural parts is known as waterproofing. The impermeable barrier's purpose is to prevent
water from penetrating. The building's surfaces are treated to make them water resistant and, in
some cases, waterproof.
There different types of Water-Proofing methods, they are as follows:

I. Cementitious Waterproofing.
II. Liquid Waterproofing Membrane.
III. Bituminous Coating Waterproofing.
IV. Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing.
V. Polyurethane Liquid Membrane Waterproofing
In construction of this station we have seen that thay have used Bituminuos Membrane
Waterproofing.
Bitumen Membrane Waterproofing: For reinforced concrete roof waterproofing, a bituminous
waterproofing membrane is employed. This waterproofing membrane arrives on site in the shape of
rolls that have been securely sealed in the factory. Before beginning the installation process, read
the manufacturer's instructions and safety documents for this membrane. When employing this
membrane, the most crucial consideration is fire safety and prevention. Roofs should be cleared of
all flammable debris, and appropriate roofing techniques should be observed. The bituminous
waterproofing membranes are spread out on the job site and firmly adhered to the surface with tar-
based adhesives and blowtorches.

New Austrian Tunelling Method (NATM):

The New Austrian tunnelling method (NATM), also known as the sequential excavation method
(SEM) or the sprayed concrete lining method (SCL), is a modern tunnel design and construction
method that uses sophisticated monitoring to optimise different wall reinforcement techniques
based on the type of rock encountered as tunnelling progresses. The NATM/SEM system is widely
acknowledged for revolutionising the modern tunnelling industry. This method of excavation has
been employed in several modern tunnels.
So, in the Civil Court Tunnel the use of NATM is done as per the geological aspects of that area.
Process and Aspect of work in NATM Method:
I. Surveying and Profiling
II. Drilling a hole of 1.5 to 4m
III. Loading with explosives
IV. Charging for 20-30mins
V. Blasting
 VI. Defuming with the help of ventilation line
VII. Removing dirt
VIII. Scaling/Chipping with the help of a Boomer
IX. Shotcrete first layer
X. Survey
XI. Reinforcement with the help of wire mesh, etc
XII. Shotcrete second layer of 150-200mm
XIII. Systematic Rock Bolitng

Cross Passage(CP):
A cross passage is a short concrete tunnel that acts as a connection between the two main tunnels or
between a tunnel. Passengers can use cross tunnels in the unlikely event of an emergency, or
personnel can use them for operational maintenance. The CP in the tunnels of Pune Metro are
constructed at every 250m.
Process to construct a CP in tunnel:
I. Installation of steel supports within the tunnels.
II. excavation and temporary support of the excavation.
III. waterproofing and reinforcement works within the excavated area.
IV. formwork and concreting (final lining).