Index

A cis-Acting promoter, 197

ABE fermentation, 13, 19, 571–582 Activators, 180, 181, 515–517
Ablative fast pyrolysis, 67 Adaptation, 58, 103, 150, 207, 291, 300, 400, 401, 592, 596
AcceleraseW, 193, 194 Adaptive bioreactors, 537
Accelerate granulation, 559 Adsorbent, 324, 325, 363, 381
ACEII, 180–181 Adsorption, 72, 95, 110, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247,
Acetaldehyde, 13, 293, 295, 299, 300, 509 305, 321, 327, 361, 363, 365
Acetate, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 131, 137, 141, 159, 210–211, 213, Aeration, 185, 186, 187
217, 232, 233, 265, 297, 341, 344–346, 384, 385, 401, AFEX (ammonia fiber expansion), 54, 55, 141, 150, 162,
500, 501, 513, 514, 515, 516, 525, 526, 527, 528, 530, 163, 168, 169, 232
551, 553, 554, 557, 572, 574 Agitation, 59, 90, 92, 93, 240, 322, 330, 366, 369, 513, 538,
Acetic acid, 22, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 95, 137, 153, 549, 550, 551, 552, 558
156, 164, 166, 213, 236, 241, 257, 261, 291, 292, 296, Agricultural crop residues, 113
297, 299, 300, 303, 304, 345, 517, 527 Agricultural wastes, 363, 473, 577
Acetogens, 82, 85, 501 Agroindustrial residues, 192, 251–279
Acetone, 13, 18, 19, 85, 157, 184, 233, 319, 513, 571, 572, Agroresidues, 192, 203, 204
574, 575 Aircraft, 593, 594, 597
precipitation, 184 Alcohol
Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, see ABE dehydrogenase, 293, 295
fermentation furfuryl, 20, 152, 157, 293, 296, 299, 300
Acetyl-CoA, 82–83, 86, 88, 293, 295, 502, 528 HMfurfuryl, 296
Acetylxylan esterase (EC 3.1.1.72), 205, 210–211, 213–214, oleyl, 263, 265, 580
216, 219, 220, 236 supercritical, 342–344, 367, 408
ACF (anaerobic contact filter), 543–546 Alcoholysis, 317, 319, 330, 379
Acid-catalyzed Aldehyde dehydrogenase, 293, 295, 575
BD production, 379, 380 Aldol, 13
esterification, 381, 383 Algae, 74, 397–461, 468, 500, 501, 513, 537, 592, 597,
-transesterification, 381, 383 604–605
process, 391, 408 biofuels, 415, 416, 425, 432
with hexane washing, 391 Algal
with water washing, 391 biodiesel production, 410, 411, 432
steam pretreatment, 111 biomass, 399–411, 418, 419, 421, 422, 423, 427, 435, 449,
transesterification, 379 577
Acidic cellulase, 188 culture, 410
Acidogenesis, 83, 88, 503, 504, 515, 572, 575 Aliphatic fractions, 11
Acidogenic bacteria (AB), 501, 504, 505, 509, 511, 514, 515 Alkali
Acidogenic phase, 572, 573, 574 catalyst, 315, 377, 378, 383
Acid oil, 323, 324, 325, 379, 380, 382 -catalyzed
Acid pretreatment, 109, 111–112, 115, 150, 153, 155–156, BD production, 377–378
160, 168, 170, 183, 256–257, 272, 273, 274, 548 saponification-transesterification, 381
Acid-rich effluents, 513, 514, 515 transesterification, 381, 383
Acidulated wash, 387 pretreatment, 156–157, 183, 257
Acrylamide, 16, 19, 244 Alkaline
Acrylic acid, 16, 19–20, 300 catalyst, 169, 316, 331, 350, 377, 379, 383, 408
Acrylonitrile, 7, 16 -catalyzed process, 391

609
610 INDEX

Alkaline (Continued) ASTM, 356, 357, 389, 392, 409, 594

with water washing, 391 ASTM D6751, 357, 387, 389, 392
hydrolysis, 55, 109, 110, 114, 257 Attached-growth, 510, 541, 543–544
pretreatment, 109, 156, 157, 257, 258 Attributional LCA, 29, 31
Alkalinity, 471, 504, 514 Auger (screw) reactor, 69
Alkyds, 13 Automotive, 592
Alkylations, 12 Autotrophic production, 417–418
Alkyl esters, 316, 319, 322, 340, 376 Autotrophy, heterotrophy, and mixtrotrophy, 401
Allocation Autoxidation, 377, 602
by mass, 26 Aviation, 591, 592–594
methods, 27, 28, 31, 33, 39, 41, 43–44, 45, 46, 47, 48
Allothermal, 63 B
Alternative biomass use, 30 Bacillus sp., 182, 198, 209, 210, 215, 235, 245, 322, 365, 515,
Alternative fuel, 126, 199, 278, 299 527
Alternative land use, 30 Back mixing, 92
Amano enzyme, 194 Back propagation neural network, 219
Amino acids, 15, 16, 206, 207, 211, 245, 291, 297, 300, 514, Bacteria, 90, 109, 110, 142, 180, 181, 182, 185, 186, 196, 205,
516, 572 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 217, 218, 219, 239, 252, 255,
Ammonia and carbon dioxide pretreatment, 258–259 257, 260, 263, 264, 271, 288, 290, 293, 299, 300, 379,
Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), see AFEX (ammonia 402, 403, 439, 450, 451, 452, 459, 475, 476, 500, 501,
fiber expansion) 502, 503, 504, 505, 507, 509, 510, 511, 512, 514, 516,
Ammonia recycle percolation (ARP), 163 517, 518, 526, 527, 537, 538, 540, 541, 542, 543, 545,
Amorphogenesis, 238 546, 547, 549, 552, 556, 559, 561, 571, 572, 574, 576,
Anaerobes, 502, 504–505, 507, 527, 573 577
Anaerobic digestion, 74, 125, 129, 131, 253, 420, 429, 534 activities, 543
A. niger, 182, 184, 186, 189, 192, 194 Bagasse, 54, 79, 81, 89, 103, 105, 106, 107, 113, 114,
Animal fats, 375–376, 380, 391, 399, 601 118, 130, 146, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 165,
Animal feed biotechnology, 219 184, 218, 251, 253, 254, 259, 266, 273, 304, 597,
Annular triple jacket reactor, 551 598
Anoxygenic photosynthesis, 501 Base-catalyzed, 204, 359, 383, 384, 389, 407
Antipilling, 188 Baseline system, 30
Antisense RNA inactivation, 575 Batanes/butadiene, 7
Antisense technology, 192 Batch
Applications cultivation, 301, 302, 451
of cellulases, 178, 188–189, 191–192 mode, 329, 510, 511, 574, 577, 580
of hemicellulases, 219–220 operation, 131, 243, 510, 560, 572, 577
Applied potentials, 518 processes, 184, 301
Aquatic species program, 400, 416, 424 Bench scale, 330
a-Arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), 205, 209, 236 Beta-glucosidase (BGL), 109–110, 115, 178, 179, 180, 181,
Arabinoxylans, 204, 209–210, 212 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 209, 218, 234,
Arkenol process, 231 235, 239, 243, 244, 246, 247, 259, 262
Aromatic benzene, 231 Binders, 10
Aromatic chemicals, 9, 11 Bioaugmentation, 515
Aromatics, 6, 10, 11, 14–15, 16, 73 Bio-based products, 79, 82, 95
ARP, see Ammonia recycle percolation (ARP) Biobutanol, 32, 75, 569–607
Artificial/engineered cellulases, 199 Biocatalyst particle sizes to, 327
Artificial or natural (sun) light sources, 455 Biocatalysts, 12, 21, 22, 80, 87, 315, 316, 320, 321, 322, 325,
Ashing process, 388 326, 327, 330, 379, 408, 503–505, 509, 510, 514, 515,
Aspartic acid, 15 518
Aspartic anhydride, 16 Biocharacterization, 189
Aspergillus, 115, 181, 182, 187, 189, 195, 196, 208, 212, 216, Biochemical, 5, 12, 16, 32–33, 55, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 118,
235, 322 126, 130, 146, 190, 208, 209, 213, 407, 408, 500, 504,
Asphalts, 6 514, 516, 527–528, 596, 598, 600
Asporogenous nonsolventogenic, 576 pathways, 146, 527–528
 INDEX 611
Bioconversion, 56, 80, 87, 88, 113, 188, 190–192, 196, 198, feedstocks, 4, 7, 8, 12, 20, 53, 80, 89, 94, 95, 145, 252, 481,
199, 200, 203, 218, 220, 229, 291, 296, 299, 545, 549, 482, 484, 486, 597
555 -fired cogeneration, 267, 269, 277, 278
rate, 296, 549 -liquid separation, 537, 538, 540, 541, 545
Biodegradable municipal waste (BMW), 117 measurement, 186
Biodiesel processing, 8–9, 21, 69, 193, 435
production, 15, 43, 53, 315–333, 339–351, 353–370, program, 125, 126, 145
375–392, 400, 401, 403, 405, 406, 407, 410, 411, 416, productivity, 400, 403, 443, 447, 448, 449, 451, 453, 458
432, 439–461, 507, 590 resources, 3, 4, 13, 16, 59, 469
from the waste, 331 retention, 510, 537, 538, 540, 542, 543, 544, 546, 548, 558,
Bioelectricity, 253, 266–267, 277, 278, 512, 513 559, 562
production, 253, 266–267, 277, 513 -substrate interaction, 240, 545
Bioenergy, 33, 56, 59, 79, 103, 104, 112, 113, 140, 170, 229, washout, 537, 538, 539, 545
266, 468, 499, 505, 512, 518 Biomass-integrated gasification combined cycle
Bioethanol, 3, 13, 15, 19, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, (BIGCC), 267–268, 275, 276, 277
43, 44, 46, 47, 56, 99–306, 403, 481, 571, 580, 582, 587, Bio-oil
589, 590 to biohydrogen, 483, 484
production, 28, 31, 33, 38, 46, 47, 99–306 from biomass, 485
Biofilm, 93, 418, 452, 453, 459, 507, 510, 511, 542, 543, 544, production cost for biohydrogen plant, 491, 493
546, 559, 580 Biophotolysis, 474, 475, 500, 525, 537, 549, 552
Biofuel, 3, 4, 5, 8, 16, 19, 25–48, 51–75, 79–96, 101, 103, Bioplastics, 514–515
104, 105, 107, 115, 117, 118, 123, 127, 129, 136, 140, Bioprocess, 56, 106, 142, 183–187, 198, 199, 440, 441, 505
149, 189–190, 191, 192, 196, 218, 220, 269, 278, 355, Bioreactor, 80, 86, 90, 185, 186, 187, 197, 218, 265, 306, 325,
368, 375, 397–461, 474, 476, 573, 582, 587, 589, 590, 326, 327, 330, 400, 402, 403, 409, 410, 432, 453, 513,
591, 592, 593, 594, 598, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 514, 515, 518, 530, 533, 537–562
606 configuration, 90
production, 16, 25, 32, 33, 52, 74, 83, 89, 94, 102, 136, Biorefineries, 4, 5, 8–9, 10, 11, 13–16, 21, 32, 33, 72, 73,
190, 192, 402, 403, 405, 410, 429, 439, 440, 457 85–86, 102, 105, 146, 159, 170, 178, 193, 305, 401, 409
Biogas, 116, 117, 129, 267, 269, 411, 514, 517, 518, 534, 546, Biostoning, 188
558 Biphasic, 572, 574, 577
Biohydrogen, 465–562 Birchwood xylan (BWX), 212
from bio-oil, 484, 486, 491, 493 Botryococcus braunii, 409
cost from bio-oil, 492 Brazilian bioethanol program, 118
produced from biomass through bio-oil reforming is 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid, 505
expensive as compared to the natural gas-based Brown grease, 375, 376
hydrogen, 493 BTX (aromatic benzene, toluene, and xylene), 7, 11, 12,
production, 468, 474–475, 476, 481–493, 499–519, 14, 15
525–534, 537–562 Bubble column, 84, 90, 92, 218, 549
from bio-oil, 481–493 Bubble washing, 385, 386, 387
cost, 491, 492, 493 Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) combustion, 58
plant, 484, 491, 492, 493 Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) pyrolysis, 68
Biokerosene, 439 Buffering capacity, 186, 514, 516, 518
Biological Bulk chemicals, 6, 7, 13–21
detoxification, 303 Butadiene, 7, 13, 15, 19, 20
pretreatments, 55, 150, 166–167, 168 Butane, 13, 19
process, 55, 160, 163, 246, 265, 500–501, 503, 518, 533, Butanol, 13, 32, 55, 75, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 95, 265, 317, 320,
549, 552 325, 328, 332, 365, 379, 423, 513, 528, 530, 569–607
Biomass Butyrate, 82, 87, 88, 95, 500, 514, 515, 526, 527, 528, 530,
concentration, 231, 440, 441, 444, 446, 448, 449, 450, 572, 574, 575, 576
451, 453, 455, 456, 461, 539, 540, 541, 542, 545, 548, Butyrate kinase, 574, 575
549 Butyrate phosphate (BuP), 574, 576
conversion, 4, 8, 9, 21, 55, 60, 70, 72, 116, 155, 191, 194, Butyric acid, 86, 87, 88, 527, 573
195, 197, 198, 199, 278, 490, 605 Butyryl CoA, 88, 528, 576
-ethanol, 191 Butyryl phosphate, 574
612 INDEX

Byproducts, 12, 52, 61, 79, 89, 95, 106, 107, 109, 124, 241, heterogeneous acid, 364–365, 380
260, 270, 287, 291, 301, 359, 509, 511, 597, 603, 604, -alkali, 383
605, 606 -alkaline, 383
heterogeneous alkali, 377, 378
C heterogeneous alkaline, 377
C5 (xylan), 6, 18, 20, 56, 128, 131, 181, 193, 231 heterogeneous superacid, 383
C6 (glucan), 6, 13, 18, 20, 53, 56, 106, 128, 131, 136, 137, homogeneous acid, 359–360, 364, 380
138, 181, 193, 231, 471, 515, 526 homogeneous alkali, 378
C. acetobutylicum, 182, 571, 572, 573, 575, 576, 578, homogeneous alkaline, 349
579 homogeneous base, 347, 359, 360, 361, 362, 367, 368,
Camelina, 597, 602, 603 369
Candida antarctica (Novozym 435), 318, 328, 329, microbial, 80, 85, 88, 94, 95
330 new heterogeneous, 21
Capital, 11, 64, 73, 129, 130, 165, 167, 267, 271, 274, 275, superacid, 379, 383
332, 353, 391, 409, 417, 419, 474, 475, 487–488, 489, Catalytic
490, 491, 492, 493, 534, 592, 600, 604 domain (CD), 179, 206, 213, 214, 235
Caprolactam, 15, 16 hydrogenation, 12, 20, 601
Carbohydrate-based, 178, 199, 200, 470 Catechol, 297
Carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), 213, 214 Categories, 10, 32, 52, 80, 104, 431, 481, 537, 559, 589
Carbohydrates, 4, 11, 12, 14, 18, 20, 52, 108, 109, 125, 155, C. beijerinckii, 571, 572, 573, 574, 577, 578, 579
159, 162, 241, 252, 260, 289, 291, 295, 423, 427, 468, cbh1 promoter, 181, 195, 197
469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 514, 528, 577, 590, 604 CBH (cellobiohydrolase), 109, 178, 179, 180, 181, 188, 190,
Carbonfeeding, 582 195, 197, 198, 218, 234
Carbon footprint, 433, 493, 588 C. carboxydivorans, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 93
Carbon intensity, 31 Cell
Carbon limitation, 449, 459, 460, 461 concentration, 90, 302, 444, 580
Carbon monoxide (CO), 9, 11, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, densities, 90, 196, 302, 303, 402, 403, 419, 560, 572, 577,
68, 69, 71, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 580–582
91, 92, 93, 94, 268, 276, 339, 376, 428, 483, 485, fragility, 455
534, 597 membrane, 153, 288, 297, 298, 511, 529, 530, 576
Carbon-neutral, 499 recycle reactor, 577
Carbon sources, 101, 184, 217, 218, 219, 278, 287, 290, 297, recycling, 302
401, 403, 404, 440, 449, 501, 503, 514, 528, 577, 580, Cellobiohydrolase (CBH), see CBH (cellobiohydrolase)
582 Cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) promoter, 180, 195
Carboxylic acids, 13, 18, 19, 153, 160, 258, 291, 292, Cellobiose, 86, 107, 109, 141, 178, 179, 180, 187, 190, 193,
296–297, 300, 306, 403 196, 197, 198, 199, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 242, 243,
Carrier-induced granular sludge bed reactor, 545 246, 247, 259, 469
Case studies Cells trajectories, 454
biomass-integrated gasification combined cycle Cellulase
(BIGCC) fueled with rice hulls cocktails, 195
simulation procedure, 275 market, 192–194
simulation results, 275–277 production, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183–187, 192, 193, 195,
ethanol production from rice hulls 196, 197, 198, 199, 218
process description, 270–271 systems, 179–181, 187, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 259
simulation procedure, 271 Cellulolytic
simulation results, 271–272 ability, 576
Cassava, 105, 113, 114, 405, 506, 606 enzymes, 56, 158, 180, 181, 190, 192, 197, 203–220
bagasse, 113, 114 machinery, 576, 577
Catabolite repression, 181, 186, 187, 198, 289, 290 Cellulose
Catalysts -binding domain, 179, 213, 214, 235
enzymatic, 150, 316, 359, 365–366 -binding module, 179, 196, 213, 214, 238
heterogeneous, 13, 21, 327, 340, 341, 350, 360–364, 377, Cellulosic ethanol, 74, 103–105, 116, 137, 140, 143, 146,
379, 391, 408 170, 192, 416
 INDEX 613
Cellulosomes, 180, 196, 576 CO2, 3, 8, 9, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 47, 52, 55, 61, 62,
Central composite design, 219, 362 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 71, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 94, 109,
Centrifugation, 106, 233, 243, 244, 327, 385, 427 117, 141, 149, 150, 164, 168, 169, 185, 186, 192, 252,
Cetane number, 101, 388, 596 264, 265, 268, 294, 339, 346, 350, 351, 361, 376, 384,
Challenge, 75, 94–95, 117–118, 198–199, 423–424, 435, 390, 401, 417, 424, 425, 426, 428, 431, 432, 433, 440,
475–476, 533–534, 557–562 441, 444, 449, 459, 468, 485, 493, 501, 502, 503, 509,
Channeling, 545, 546 514, 517, 518, 525, 526, 529, 533, 546, 549, 553, 554,
Chaperones, 576 555, 572, 581, 590, 592, 593, 604, 605
Characterization aspects of BD, 388 explosion, 55, 141, 150, 164, 168, 169
Characterization of BD, 388 CoA transferase, 575
Characterization and environmental aspect, 392 CODH enzyme, 82, 83
Cheaper bioprocess technology, 199 Coenzyme-M reductase, 505
Cheaper raw material, 192, 196, 198 Cofactors, 197, 293
Cheaper substrate, 199, 278, 574 Cold filter plugging point (CFPP), 388, 409
Cheese whey, 470, 577 Cold flow improver additives, 388
Chemical Cold flow properties, 345, 348, 367, 376
detoxification, 304 Cold fuel properties, 391
engineering, 9, 16 Cold weather properties, 388
fossil bulk, 13–16 Combinations, 21, 22, 26, 28, 47, 70, 71, 79, 93, 115, 116,
industries, 4, 7, 8, 12, 20, 21, 52, 86, 405 154, 161, 164, 168, 183, 190, 191, 192, 195, 218, 219,
N-containing, 14, 15–16 232, 245, 257–259, 264, 266, 275, 292, 301, 305, 320,
syngas-derived, 10, 11 325, 383, 387, 418, 427, 441, 448, 452, 458, 474
treatment, 106, 256–257, 474 Combined heat and power (CHP), 43, 59, 422
Chimeric cellulosomes, 196 Combustion
Chimeric scaffolding, 196 entrained flow, 59
Chlamydomonas, 400, 401, 402, 441, 444, 447, 604 fixed-bed, 57
Chlorella fluidized-bed, 57, 58
protothecoides, 400 points, 388
vulgaris, 406, 604 Commercial value of glycerol, 331
Chrysosporium lucknowense, 191, 205 Commodities, 4, 6, 7, 19, 25, 66, 321, 327, 330, 333, 588, 607
cipA, 180, 576 Compatibility, 151, 408, 592, 596
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) Competition, 25, 52, 74, 96, 123, 140, 144, 145, 149, 253,
combustion, 58 399, 401, 405, 474, 528, 530, 562, 582, 590, 599
pyrolysis, 68–69 with food, 25, 74, 96, 145, 149, 253
Citrus wastes, 191, 306 Composite hollow fiber membrane (CHFM), 90, 92, 93,
Classification, 62, 116, 117, 178, 211, 234 95, 96
Clean energy alternative, 467 Composition, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 53–54, 84, 107, 113, 114, 129,
Cleaning agents, 12 130, 131, 180, 184, 185, 191, 203, 218, 236, 239, 241,
Climate change, 25, 32, 51, 103, 114, 252, 339, 353, 255, 266, 268, 276, 298, 300, 327, 342, 346, 350, 358,
415 376, 407, 421, 431, 440, 441, 470, 472, 473, 474, 507,
Closed geometries, 459 510, 511, 529, 576, 601, 603
Closed photobioreactor (PBR), 409, 417 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 561
Closed-structure, 552 Concentrating-solar biomass gasification (CSBG), 64
Clostridia, 95, 180, 507, 527, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, Condenser, 69, 106, 581
580, 582 Conradson carbon numbers, 388
Clostridium acetobutylicum, 87, 515 Consequential LCA, 30
Clostridium fimi, 198 Contact membrane, 580
Clostridium ljungdahlii, 80 Contamination, 114, 185, 186, 218, 239, 299, 300, 326, 362,
Clostridium ragsdalei, 85 417, 418, 419, 423, 435, 449, 459, 530, 577
Clostridium thermoaceticum, 88 Continuous and batch-stirred tank reactors, 330
Clostridium thermocellum, 180, 527, 576 Continuous culture, 470, 577, 580
Cloud point (CP), 194, 217, 345, 357, 388, 389 Continuous fermentation, 198, 263, 290, 300, 301, 303
C/N ratio, 516 Continuous-flow, 321, 327, 331, 332
614 INDEX
Continuous mode, 184, 301, 378, 448, 450, 510, 577
Continuous operation, 184, 301, 378, 448, 450, 510, 577
Continuous process, 13, 187, 230, 263, 301, 538, 577
Continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), 84, 90, 93, 330,
530, 537, 538, 539–542, 546, 548, 549, 557, 558, 562
Controllability, 552
Conventional, 9, 11, 36, 55, 60, 64, 66, 67, 73, 85, 86, 93, 95,
103, 112, 160, 232, 243, 266, 267, 275, 342, 343, 344,
345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 351, 354, 383, 400, 401, 406,
410, 467, 468, 476, 500, 515, 537, 538, 540, 542, 551,
554, 577, 580, 582, 587, 589, 599, 601, 602
Conversion
anaerobic, 501
biomass, 4, 8, 9, 21, 55, 60, 70, 72, 116, 155, 191, 194, 195,
197, 198, 199, 278, 490, 605
efficiency, 88, 130, 144, 150, 248, 353–354, 369, 471, 475,
500, 511, 515, 518, 549, 551, 561
elemental, 8
Cooking oil, 322, 326, 329, 330, 331, 341, 346, 375, 376, 377,
378, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 388–390, 391, 392
Coprocessing, 596
Coproducts, 22, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 47, 53, 73, 88, 89,
104, 105, 112, 124, 128, 129, 141, 145, 164, 401, 411,
424, 427, 429, 431, 432, 433, 435, 526, 603
credits, 431
Corn
ethanol, 103, 105, 116, 415, 416, 423, 431, 433
starch, 101, 102, 105
stover, 6, 54, 79, 104, 107, 114, 115, 118, 125, 128, 129,
141, 155, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 253, 254,
258, 415, 482
Cosolvent, 164, 328, 329, 330, 383, 384, 385, 389, 408
Cost
of alcohol, 331
of biohydrogen production from bio-oil, 486–487
of downstream stages, 331
effective, 55, 75, 84, 94, 108, 150, 161, 164, 168, 169, 171,
184, 189, 191, 193, 196–199, 229, 267, 278, 279, 332,
342, 439, 476, 534, 541, 548, 555, 560, 581, 582, 604
management system, 140–144
of pretreatment stages, 331
of production of biohydrogen from reforming of bio-
oil, 490, 493
of production of bio-oil, 488–490, 491, 492
r-Coumaric acid esterases (EC 3.1.12), 72, 90–93, 95,
326–331, 510–511, 537, 538, 541, 546, 548, 557, 558,
560
Covalent attachment, 321
C. pasteurianum, 573
Crabtree effect, 289
Cracking, 18, 68–69, 73, 86, 377, 597
Cradle to grave, 28
CREI, 180
Crossflow gasifiers, 62
Cross-linked enzyme aggregates, 321
Crude oil, 3, 6, 8, 67, 251, 324, 483, 587, 588, 596, 600
Crystalline cellulose, 155, 159, 178, 179, 181, 190, 191, 213,
235, 240, 242, 247, 259
Crystallinity, 54, 55, 108, 109, 110, 114, 150, 151, 154, 157,
159, 167, 169, 198, 233, 242, 255, 259
Culture
conditions, 215, 419, 431, 440, 449, 450, 457, 459, 460
mixing, 423, 453
pH drops, 471
volume, 442, 446, 447, 450, 452, 457, 458, 461
Cyanobacteria, 402, 439, 450, 451, 452, 475, 500, 501, 537
D
Dairy waste, 506, 507
Dark fermentation, 474, 499, 501–503, 512, 513, 517, 518,
525, 528, 533, 537, 538, 548, 549, 552, 555, 557, 559,
560, 561, 562
Dark zone, 447, 450, 456
Data enveloping analysis (DEA), 511
DDGS, 34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47
Deactivation, 65, 240, 318, 319, 321, 362, 363, 365, 366
Decomposition, 18, 55, 62, 65, 68, 70, 154, 232, 233, 237,
257, 344, 346, 348, 367, 368
Decoupling of solventogenesis, 574, 576
Defibrillation, 155, 188
Degradation, 9, 20, 54, 55, 79, 107, 108, 109, 123, 128, 150,
151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163,
164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 183, 189–190, 196, 197, 210,
217, 230, 235, 236, 237, 241, 246, 255, 256, 257, 258,
259, 289, 291, 296, 297, 298, 300, 304, 339, 348, 402,
410, 445, 470, 503, 505, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514,
527, 555, 560, 580, 582, 593
Dehydration, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 39, 60, 270, 271, 289, 291,
292, 295, 319, 361
Dehydrogenase, 82, 293, 295, 502, 509, 516, 518, 575
De-inking, 189
Delignification, 114, 116, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 166, 167,
183, 258, 305, 474
Density
high cell, 90, 302, 303, 403, 577, 580–582
photon flux, 441
Deoxygenation, 8, 16, 70, 597, 601
Dephosphorylation, 575
Depolymerization, 11, 16, 55, 71, 72, 163, 167, 191, 234,
237, 242
De-repression, 180, 195
Design of experimental (DOE), 511
Detergents, 188, 189, 190, 198
Detoxification, 141, 150, 151, 166, 260, 270, 271, 273, 274,
278, 299, 300, 303–305
strategies, 301, 303–305
 INDEX 615
Dewatering, 408, 419, 420, 429, 432, 604 Economic feasibility, 95, 125, 198, 199, 243, 332, 390, 533
1,2-dichloroethane, 19 of BD, 390
DiCoFluV, 458 Economic reasons, 158, 427
Diels-Alder, 15 Economy of scale, 136, 488, 491, 492
Diesel fuel, 6, 43, 70, 388, 390, 592, 598 Effluent(s), 131, 243, 263, 433, 468, 476, 499–519, 530, 531,
Differential expression, 217, 218 532, 533, 539, 542, 543, 544, 545, 547, 548, 581, 604,
Diffusion, 89, 319, 322, 327, 341, 363, 364, 554, 580 606
Dilute acid, 109, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 125, 141, 156, 160, recirculation, 548
183, 230, 231, 232, 252, 254, 257, 259–260, 270, 273, EG III, 189
274, 290, 292, 301, 303, 305 Electricity, 4, 5, 43, 51, 59, 63, 73, 103, 116, 124, 129, 130,
Dilute acid hydrolysis, 109, 116, 231, 252, 254, 259, 292 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 145, 252–253,
Dimethyl ether (DME), 11 266–267, 270, 271, 275, 276, 277, 278, 305, 332, 340,
Dimethylsulfoxide, 9 353, 421, 422, 434, 467, 483, 488, 490, 491, 492, 512,
Direct and diffuse parts of the radiation, 446 513, 525, 551, 554, 591, 595
Directed evolution, 195, 197, 245 Electrohydrogenesis, 483, 517
Disintegration, 543, 574 Electrolysis, 64, 517, 525, 537, 552–555
Dispersants, 10 Electron donors, 87, 515, 518
Dissolved air floatation, 419 Emissions
Dissolved hydrogen, 526, 528, 529, 558 greenhouse gas (GHG), 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 36, 39, 41, 42,
concentration, 529, 558 43, 44, 46, 47, 59, 74, 101, 103, 116, 117, 145, 229,
Distillation, 6, 9, 31, 39, 59, 62, 95, 106, 114, 125, 126, 129, 376, 399, 401, 431, 433, 468, 476, 493, 587, 588–589,
131, 141, 229, 232, 243, 252, 265, 271, 355, 358, 385, 592, 605, 606
387–388, 580 net, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 103, 116, 589
of BD, 387–388 Empty fruit bunches, 105, 253, 363
Distribution, 31, 33, 59, 67, 70, 73, 85, 103, 144, 145, 149, Emulsifiers, 10
178, 203, 204, 218, 220, 257, 265, 403, 424, 425, 442, Emulsions, 580
443, 444, 446, 448, 454, 455, 509, 551, 590, 597, 601, EN 14214, 356, 357, 387, 389, 392
602, 604, 607 Encapsulation, 303, 365
Downdraft (cocurrent) gasifiers, 62 Endoglucanase (EG), 109, 141, 178, 179, 180, 181, 189, 190,
Downregulates AbrB, 575 195, 197, 198, 214, 218, 234, 242, 245, 247, 259
Drop in pressure, 327 Endoxylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), 205–208, 210, 212, 215, 219
Drying End products, 14, 94, 110, 142, 160, 197, 208, 239, 240, 241,
agents, 387 242, 243, 244, 247, 258, 261, 481, 503, 504, 509, 511,
of BD, 387 513, 515, 516, 517, 527, 529, 576
Dunaliella tertiolecta, 409 Energetic assessment, 429
Dynamic regime, 455 Energy
allocation, 31, 41, 47
E balances, 26, 36, 39, 47, 74, 125, 128, 130, 275, 367, 415,
E5, 29, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 416, 422, 430, 439, 456, 461
E10, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 86, 102 consumption, 22, 25, 31, 32, 36, 44, 51, 108, 111, 112,
E85, 29, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 102, 104, 116 116, 117, 155, 163, 165, 168, 169, 218, 243, 271, 273,
Ecofining, 596, 597 275, 277, 278, 316, 317, 318, 332, 340, 341, 367, 432,
Eco-friendly, 199, 232, 499 454, 456, 461, 543, 558
Ecoinvent, 33, 34, 36, 43, 46 crops, 30, 44, 52, 53, 79, 116, 472, 473, 474, 482, 537
Ecologically engineered system (EES), 513 demand, 3, 63, 114, 128, 150, 160, 166, 169, 243, 278,
Economic allocation, 26, 31, 32, 46, 47 499, 534, 540, 541, 543, 548, 555, 588, 605
Economically viable, 13, 72, 191, 418, 474 efficiency, 26, 36, 65, 112, 128, 129, 165, 252, 277, 355,
Economic analysis/analyses, 108, 244, 271, 331, 332, 369
385–391, 409–410, 474, 475 input, 128, 155, 166, 355, 367, 427, 429, 430, 435, 437,
Economic aspect of BD, 388–391 537, 552, 554, 560, 562
Economic assessment, 391 losses, 553, 555
Economic evaluation, 123–124, 125, 126, 127–130, 140, production, 56, 74, 79, 103, 104, 112, 118, 144–145,
141, 143, 144–145, 165, 331–333 266–269, 434, 440, 453, 455, 456, 458, 461, 474, 482
616 INDEX

Energy (Continued) Ethylene, 7, 13, 20, 21, 55, 63, 71, 80, 88, 157, 241, 325, 346,
using agroindustrial residues, 266–269 543, 545
sources, 3, 51, 55, 59, 89, 149, 181, 278, 339, 340, 353, Eucalyptus, 125, 131, 132, 133, 134, 165
429, 481 Evaporation, 57, 125, 129, 158, 186, 233, 291, 298, 304, 385,
use, 8, 28, 36–38, 42, 45, 46, 47, 116, 130, 144, 267, 420, 426, 456
429–430, 431, 432, 605, 606 Evaporative, 417, 418
Energy return on water invested (EROWI), 434, 435 Evapotranspiration, 426, 432
Energy substitution efficiency, 36–38, 45–46 Exoelectrogenic bacteria, 517, 518
Engineered/artificial cellulases, 195–196 Exoglucanase (CBH), 109, 141, 178, 179, 180, 181, 188,
Engineering of photobioreactors, 459 190, 195, 197, 198, 199, 234, 242, 259
Engine technology, 26 Expanded bed, 327, 510, 548
Enrichment, 214, 300, 504, 505, 518 reactors, 327
Ensyn, 481, 482, 483, 485, 601 Expensive, 11, 19, 20, 55, 56, 67, 71, 72, 80, 103, 141, 150,
Entrained flow gasifiers, 63 231, 239, 321, 323, 332, 333, 341, 345, 349, 375, 407,
Envergent, 601 419, 468, 469, 476, 493, 514, 529, 534, 552, 555, 561,
Environment 562, 590, 595, 596
favorabl, 547, 559 Expression cassettes, 192
micro, 303, 417, 505, 510, 514, 518 External power supply, 552
Environmental aspect of BD, 388–391 Extractant, 580
Environmental impact, 22, 26, 31, 33, 42, 64, 74, 103, 136, Extraction
165, 333, 415, 431, 439, 474, 499 liquid-liquid, 95, 263, 265, 578, 580
Environmental performance, 28 oil, 322, 408, 409, 410, 411
Environmental reasons, 455 solvent, 55, 150, 423, 427, 429
Environmental restoration, 513 wet, 431
Enzyme Extra energy input, 554, 562
-based assay, 213 Extrusion, 55, 155, 168, 474
-based ethanol, 125
versus chemical catalysts for biodiesel production, 331 F
cocktail, 181, 191, 192, 199 Fabric-softening, 189
deactivation, 318 Facultative anaerobes, 206, 260, 502, 504, 527
denaturation, 240, 320 FAME, see Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)
production, 125, 131, 142, 179, 181, 183, 184, 186, 192, Fast pyrolysis
194, 197, 217–219, 278 ablative, 67
reutilization, 321 of biomass, 66, 68, 482, 484, 485, 486
Escherichia coli, 163, 405, 504, 527, 572 rotating cone, 68
ESE, 45, 46 ultra, 69–70
Ester, 19, 109, 204, 210, 211, 212, 236, 315, 317, 329, 331, Fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE), 340, 343, 390
354, 357, 358, 360, 367, 368, 376, 387 Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 322, 324, 325, 330, 331,
Esterification, 13, 19, 315, 316, 323, 324, 325, 326, 347, 349, 340, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 376,
350, 358, 360, 364, 369, 379, 381, 383, 384 380, 387, 388, 389, 390, 407, 408, 587, 589, 590, 592,
Ethane, 7, 13, 19 601, 602
Ethanol Fatty acids, 82, 241, 298, 315, 323, 325, 340, 341, 345,
first-generation, 123, 134 348, 349, 350, 354, 358, 367, 368, 369, 376, 377,
fuel ethanol, 26, 38, 42, 47, 102, 105–106, 149, 191, 384, 388, 390, 399, 406, 407, 408, 471, 500, 501,
192, 251, 253, 254, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 270, 274, 503, 513, 514, 576, 589, 596, 599, 601, 602, 603,
278 604, 605
inhibition, 239, 289 2,5-FDCA, see 2,5-Furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA)
lignocellulosic, 110–117, 118, 123–146, 170, 178, Feasibility and economic analyses, 385–391
191–192, 199, 229, 234, 238, 240, 241, 243, 248, Fed batch
580 cultivation, 301, 302
sugarcane ethanol, 103 cultures, 196, 404, 405
thermochemical ethanol, 126 fermentations, 302, 577
Ethanol programme cost target (EPCT), 126 Feed additive, 7, 189, 220
 INDEX 617
Feed back control, 198 Food-versus-fuel debate, 474
Feed back inhibition, 192, 195, 196, 197, 238, 501, 549 Forespore, 575
Feeds and fertilizer, 411 Forest
Feedstock(s) biomass, 73, 155, 482, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 490, 491
cost, 96, 124, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, management, 112
150, 359, 488 Formic acid, 152, 153, 241, 296, 297
nontransport costs, 133, 136, 137–140 Fossil(s)
transport costs, 134, 136 bulk chemicals, 13–16
Fermentable, 79, 106, 108, 109, 114, 116, 156, 157, 162, 167, -derived, 20, 96
178, 181, 189, 190, 229, 231, 238, 248, 252, 255, 257, fuels, 3, 8, 13, 26, 28, 29, 30, 36, 51, 52, 59, 73, 74, 104,
260, 278, 301, 304, 305, 470, 555, 580, 606 149, 178, 188, 190, 252, 253, 278, 339, 340, 343, 353,
sugars, 79, 106, 108, 109, 156, 157, 162, 167, 178, 181, 189, 368, 409, 415, 435, 467, 468, 476, 481, 482, 486, 499,
190, 229, 231, 238, 248, 252, 255, 257, 304, 580, 606 515, 525, 587–589, 591, 592, 593, 605
Fermentation refinery, 4, 14, 16, 19
broth, 83, 84, 252, 476, 580, 581, 582, 599 Fouling, 57, 65, 418, 541, 549, 561, 580, 581
industry, 403, 411, 506, 507 Four imperatives, 587, 591, 606
mode, 306, 404, 530, 531, 532 FPU activities, 190
Fermentative processes, 468, 501, 503, 517 Free biocatalysts, 320–321, 327
Fermenter, 270, 403, 404, 405, 409, 419 Free enzymes, 320, 366
Ferridoxin (Fd), 501, 516 Free fatty acid (FFA), 315, 316, 317, 323, 324, 325, 326, 331,
Ferulic acid esterases (EC 3.1.1.73), 205, 236 341, 346, 347, 349, 350, 351, 354, 355, 359, 360, 361,
FFA, see Free fatty acid (FFA) 362, 364, 365, 367, 368, 369, 370, 376, 377, 379, 380,
Field residues, 113 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 389, 408, 602, 604
Filamentous fungi, 181, 184, 186, 187, 190, 192, 195, 197, Free sugars, 109, 186, 577
208, 293 Fructose, 20, 105, 260, 264, 290, 294, 469, 540, 556
Filter, 88, 190, 231, 244, 270, 330, 331, 357, 388, 409, 420, Frying oil, 354, 376, 378, 380, 381, 382, 389, 390, 391
431, 432, 513, 592 Fuel-bioethanol, 33, 36, 38, 47
Filtration membrane, 244, 540 Fuel blend, 26, 28, 29, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47,
Firmicutes, 507 192, 388, 590
First-generation Fuel performance, 28, 29, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45,
biofuels, 53, 74, 105, 123, 415, 589 46, 47
ethanol, 123, 134 Fuel properties, 266, 356, 388, 389, 391
Fischer-Tropsch (FT), 11, 32, 61, 80, 597–598, 599 Fumaric, 12, 15, 109, 156
Fixed-bed combustion, 57 Fumaric acid, 15, 156
Fixed-bed gasifiers, 62, 80 Functional food ingredients, 219
Fixed operating costs, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139 Functional genomics, 217
Flash points, 340, 357, 388, 389, 409, 593, 594 Functional unit, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 117, 430, 431, 432
Floating-type, 551 Fungal fermentation, 20
Flocculating yeast, 303 Fungi, 55, 110, 118, 142, 166, 167, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185,
Flocculation, 419, 427 186, 187, 190, 192, 195, 196, 197, 199, 205, 206, 208,
Flue gases, 58, 401, 416, 424, 432 210, 211, 214, 215, 217, 218, 234, 237, 260, 261, 288,
Fluid circulation, 542, 548 293, 303, 379, 402, 596, 597, 599, 601
Fluid film, 546 2,5-Furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 18, 21
Fluidization, 542, 543, 546 Furans, 18, 20, 78, 79, 152, 160, 166, 292, 300
Fluidized-bed combustion, 57, 58 compounds, 20
Fluidized-bed gasifiers, 63, 80 Furfural, 12, 18, 20, 109, 111, 124, 125, 152, 153, 156, 157,
Fluidized-bed reactors, 63, 327, 487, 537, 541–543, 601 158, 160, 163, 166, 241, 252, 255, 256, 257, 258, 270,
Fluid recirculation ratio, 543 271, 272, 273, 291, 292–295, 296, 299, 300, 302, 304,
Food additives, 12 305, 580
Food versus fuel, 354, 415, 416, 424 Furfuryl alcohol, 20, 152, 157, 293, 296, 299, 300
Food industry, 20, 189, 469 Furoic acid, 153, 160, 293, 299
Food processing wastes, 470, 472, 506 Future perspectives, 101–118, 196–199, 410–411, 435, 526,
Food-related wastes, 469–472 533–534
618 INDEX

G Global warming, 3, 30, 33, 46, 51, 101, 339, 353, 499
GAC, 510, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 548 Global warming potentials, 33
a-Galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.22), 205 Glucanases, 178, 189, 198, 206, 207, 214, 219, 235,
Gamma-butyrolactone, 19 246
Gas chromatography (GC), 194, 346, 347, 442 Glucaric acid, 21
Gas-diffusion cathode, 554 Gluconic acid, 12, 18
Gasification, 5, 9, 11, 57, 60, 61–65, 69, 71, 72, 80, 81, 84, 85, Glucose
88, 89, 94, 116, 117, 126, 252, 253, 267–268, 269, 275, repression, 180, 181, 195
277, 421, 422, 423, 433, 439, 467, 481, 483, 484, tolerance, 199
597–598, 600 b-Glucosidase (BG), see Beta-glucosidase (BGL)
Gasifier, 62, 63, 64, 72, 80, 81, 84, 267, 268–269, 597, 598, a-Glucouronidase (EC 3.2.1.139), 205, 213, 236
599 Glutamic, 12
chamber, 267, 268–269 Glutamic acid, 15, 16
Gas-liquid exchange, 545 Glycerin, 5, 507, 590
Gas-liquid mass transfer, 90, 93, 95, 96, 459 Glycerols, 62, 95, 106, 107, 157, 288, 289, 290, 294, 295,
Gas-liquid mass transfer rate, 449 297, 315, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321, 324, 325, 326, 327,
Gas-liquid separator, 542, 543, 544 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 340, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347,
Gasoline, 6, 11, 20, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 349, 354, 355, 356, 357, 359, 360, 361, 365, 366, 367,
44, 45, 46, 47, 61, 70, 73, 86, 102, 106, 116, 117, 126, 368, 377, 379, 384, 385, 386, 388, 407, 408, 554, 557,
143, 145, 191, 192, 422, 433, 571, 589, 590, 591, 592, 578
594, 596, 599 removed, 324
alternative, 571 Glycogen, 289
Gas Glycolaldehyde, 298
release, 558–559 Glycols, 7, 13, 20, 55, 157, 241
stripping, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582 Goal and scope, 28
transfer area, 550 Granular anaerobic sludges, 87
turbine, 267, 268, 269, 275, 276, 277 GRAS, 192
Gel entrapment, 559 Grate firings, 57–58
Gene Green processing, 89, 94, 408
manipulation, 476 Green wastes, 473, 474
regulation, 181, 191, 195, 199 GREET, 424, 430, 432
Genencor, 191, 192, 193, 194 Grid, 253, 266, 267, 277, 488, 595
Generation Growth kinetics, 93, 459
of biofuel, 220, 434 Guaiacols, 9
shear-stress, 454
Genetic(s) H
improvement, 190, 197, 400 H2-producing granule (HPG), 540, 543, 545, 546, 547, 559
manipulation, 198, 572 Halophyte, 604–605
GH3, 208, 209 Harvesting/dewatering, 419, 420, 429
GH 5, 207 Heat, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 29, 43, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63,
GH 7, 207 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 80, 101, 129, 131, 137, 151, 155,
GH 8, 207 160, 185, 253, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 275, 277, 278,
GH10, 207, 208 289, 292, 295, 339, 353, 357, 376, 387, 416, 421, 422,
GH11, 207 425, 427, 440, 452, 453, 459, 467, 481, 483, 485, 486,
GH43, 207, 208, 209, 210, 216 487, 505, 541, 549, 560, 561, 576, 601, 605
GH51, 209, 210 transfer, 57, 66, 67, 68, 69, 80, 155, 160, 185, 186, 453
GH54, 208, 209, 217 Heating value, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 67, 70, 72, 86, 128, 143,
GH62, 209 253, 266, 388, 389, 409, 423, 483
GHG balance, 25, 26, 28, 30, 44, 46, 48, 74, 136 Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), 268, 269, 275
Gibbs free energy, 87, 526 Height to diameter (H/D) ratios, 542
GLHF, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595–607 Hemicellulases, 156, 162, 177, 189, 190, 193, 195, 205, 209,
Global production, 102, 130 213–214, 217, 218, 219–220, 234, 262
 INDEX
Hemicelluloses, 4, 6, 9, 11, 20, 53, 54, 55, 72, 79, 104, 107,
108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 118, 128, 131, 137,
150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,
162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 178, 181, 183,
203–205, 209, 211, 214, 217, 218, 220, 230, 233, 234,
235, 236, 241, 242, 251, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
264, 270, 271, 272, 278, 292, 469, 472, 473, 474, 606
structure, 164, 203
Henry’s law, 89
Heterogeneous alkali, 377, 378
Heterologous cellulases, 196
Heterotrophic, 400, 401, 403–406, 407, 409, 410, 411,
418–419, 503, 537
microalgae, 401, 403–406, 407, 409, 410, 411
Hexokinase, 293, 295
Hexoses, 54, 56, 106, 109, 125, 128, 141, 142, 152, 166, 205,
252, 260, 261, 264, 290, 295, 469, 470, 471, 476, 528,
531, 532, 534, 555, 556, 557, 580, 606
H. grisea, 182, 189
High biological requirement for CO2, 441
High carbon residue, 388
High cell densities, 90, 302, 303, 403, 577, 580–582
High temperature, 9, 13, 18, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 80,
84, 86, 108, 111, 150, 152, 156, 164, 232, 256, 258, 288,
292, 296, 317, 321, 342, 344, 347, 348, 355, 367, 377,
485, 486, 504, 525, 560, 601
H. insolens, 182, 188, 189, 210, 217
HMF, 18, 109, 111, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 160, 163, 241,
255, 257, 258, 270, 271, 272, 273, 291, 292, 295, 296,
299, 300, 302, 304, 305, 580
HMFAL, 300
HMFCA, 300
HMfurfuryl alcohol, 296
HMfuroic acid, 296
Homoacetogenic microorganism, 84
Homogeneous, 7, 8, 54, 57, 64, 67, 185, 230, 232, 247, 265,
316, 319, 340, 341, 342, 344, 347, 349, 350, 351,
359–360, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 377,
378, 379, 380, 386, 441, 544
Honeywell, 596, 597, 598, 601
3-HPA, see 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (HPA)
Humicola, 180, 181, 182, 187, 189, 198, 210, 216, 235
Hybrid catalysis, 326
Hydraulic retention time (HRT), 469, 510, 518, 528, 529,
538, 540, 541, 542, 545, 546, 547, 548, 561, 562
Hydraulic turbulence, 546, 558
Hydrocarbons (HC), 6, 55, 63, 70, 72, 80, 84, 85, 94, 351,
376, 377, 390, 422, 467, 501, 587–607
Hydroesterification, 325–326
Hydrogenase, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 500, 501, 502, 503, 509,
515, 516, 549
enzyme, 83, 84, 88, 509
619
Hydrogenation, 5, 12, 20, 21, 361, 467, 601
/reduction, 19, 21
Hydrogen (H2)
-consuming bacteria, 561
production, 87, 444, 449, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 474,
475, 476, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 537,
538, 540, 543, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 551, 552, 553,
554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562
efficiency, 547, 554
yield, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 476, 493, 525, 526, 527,
528, 529, 530, 533, 538
Hydrogenolysis, 21
Hydrolases, 177, 214, 315
Hydrolysis
acid, 54, 55, 72, 106, 108–109, 116, 124, 141, 146, 150,
230–232, 252, 254, 258, 259, 270, 291, 292, 296, 297,
298
alkaline, 55, 109, 110, 114, 257
dilute acid, 109, 116, 231, 252, 254, 259, 292
enzymatic, 106, 109–110, 114, 115, 117, 125, 129, 131,
146, 150, 151, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162,
164, 165, 167, 178, 183, 192, 198, 213, 231, 232,
234–238, 239, 240, 241–242, 243, 244–247, 256, 258,
259, 271, 278, 299, 325–326, 474, 580
Hydroprocessing, 596–597, 600, 601, 604
Hydropyrolysis, 66, 70
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), 60–61
Hydrothermal gasification of biomass, 65
Hydrothermal liquefaction, 70, 409, 421, 422, 423
Hydrothermal pretreatment, 109, 159, 161, 164, 170
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 153–154, 241, 297, 305
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 152–153, 241
Hydroxymethylfurfural, 152, 153, 241, 255, 291, 295–296,
580
3-Hydroxypropionic acid (HPA), 18, 19
Hythane, 534
I
Illuminated fraction, 446–447, 451, 456
Illuminated zone, 447
Illumination mode, 549
Immobilization, 214, 243, 244, 265, 303, 321, 322, 365, 408,
510, 540, 541, 555, 559, 560, 562
Immobilized cell
biofilm reactor, 580
cultures, 577
systems, 542
Immobilized enzymes, 316, 321, 322, 325, 327
Immobilized lipase, 318, 320, 321, 322, 329, 365, 379, 381,
408
Incident angle, 442, 443, 455
Incident angle y, 446
620 INDEX

Incorporation rate, 29, 44 K

Indirect land use change (ILUC), 30, 48, 433 Kerosene, 6, 439, 594, 601
Inducers, 180, 184, 186, 197, 208, 215, 237 Kinematic viscosity, 388, 389
Industrial Kinetic models, 245–247, 271, 444–445
enzymes, 177, 178, 184, 194 Koji chamber, 184, 185
-scale, 90, 94, 315, 317, 318, 331, 333, 391, 420,
562 L
Inedible, 600, 602 Laboratory scale, 418, 541, 557, 562
Inert sweep gas, 581 Laccases, 150, 237–238, 300, 303, 304
Infrared spectrum, 456 Lactic acid, 13, 18, 19, 153, 265, 291, 301, 511, 527
Inhibition, 62, 88, 94, 110, 142, 152, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, Lactose, 180, 290, 468, 469, 506
208, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 261, 264, Land, 3, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47,
265, 287, 289, 290, 292, 293, 298, 300, 301–303, 304, 53, 64, 74, 103, 110, 112, 114, 118, 145, 178, 354, 399,
305, 315, 319, 324, 327, 350, 441, 442, 452, 455, 500, 400, 401, 406, 415, 417, 418, 424, 425, 426, 431, 433,
501, 505, 511, 513, 529, 530, 545, 549, 558, 577, 580, 440, 447, 458, 587, 589, 592, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606
582 Land-use change, 3, 26, 29, 30, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47
Inhibitors, 88, 95, 111, 128, 131, 141, 150, 151, 152, 161, Langmuir adsorption model, 246
162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 197, 208, 212, 215, Large-scale operation, 60, 239, 419, 562
241–242, 243, 252, 255, 256, 257, 264, 287–306, 324, LA, see Levulinic acid (LA)
357, 405, 561 Laundry, 177, 188–189, 193
Inorganic carbon source, 440, 449 Lazy learning algorithm, 219
In situ, 252, 265, 299–300, 301, 304, 554, 572, 574, 577, 578, Levelized production cost, 125, 126, 127, 130
581, 582, 601 Levulinic acid (LA), 12, 18, 20, 153, 166, 241, 296, 297
In situ detoxification, 299–300, 301 LHFF, 591, 592
Integrated CSTRs, 538, 539, 541, 556, 562 Life-cycle analysis (LCA), 28, 73–74
Integrated upgrading system, 118 Life-cycle assessment (LCA), 116
Internal illumination, 551, 552 Life-cycle impact assessment, 32
Internal rate of return (IRR), 124, 125 Life-cycle inventory (LCI), 32, 33, 431
Internal resistance, 518, 553 Light absorption, 447, 452
Inventory, 26, 32, 430, 431 Light attenuation, 441, 442, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449,
Investment costs, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 450, 454
140, 142, 266, 267 conditions, 441, 445, 450
In vivo, 400, 406, 407, 576 Light availability, 425, 454
Iodine Light collected, 455, 459
numbers, 388 Light conversion efficiencies, 549, 551, 552
value, 388, 389 Light-dark (L/D) cycle effects, 453
Iodopropane, 505 Light energy, 417, 441, 457, 500, 551, 554
Ion-exchange resin, 304, 305, 364, 365, 380, 387 supply, 441
Ionic liquid (IL), 111, 158–159, 166, 168, 183, 230, 232, Light-limitation conditions, 452, 459
233–234 Light-limited regime, 450
IPCC, 26, 30, 33, 39, 43 Light penetration, 418, 442, 446, 549, 551, 552, 559
Irradiance Light supply, 440, 449, 452–453, 457
distribution, 446 Lignin
field, 442, 444, 446, 447, 448 amphiphilic, 244
Irrigation, 602, 604 monomeric, 16
ISO 14040-series, 28, 31 Lignocellulose, 72, 79, 103, 107, 108, 109, 111, 115, 118,
Itaconic acid, 18, 20 149–171, 183, 191, 192, 196, 197, 199, 214, 215, 233,
235, 237, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245–247, 255, 256,
J 258, 259, 260, 287, 288, 291–298, 300, 305, 473, 474,
Jatropha, 326, 340, 346, 354, 360, 597, 602, 603 506, 545, 549, 575, 577, 582
oil, 326, 602 conversion technologies, 199
Jerusalemartichoke tube, 404 Lignocellulosic
Jet A–1, 594, 602 bioethanol, 101–118, 126, 140, 143, 144–145, 146, 590
 INDEX
biomasses, 4, 9, 14, 52, 53–55, 56, 65, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73,
74, 79, 89, 103, 104, 107, 108, 116, 137, 149, 150,
151, 156, 159, 161, 164, 169, 177–200, 203–220,
229–248, 251, 252, 253–255, 259, 262, 265, 278, 299,
474, 481, 482, 561, 572, 576, 606
ethanol, 110–117, 118, 123–146, 170, 178, 191–192, 199,
229, 234, 238, 240, 241, 243, 248, 580
feedstock, 53, 72, 101–118, 123–146, 149–171, 177–200,
203–220, 229–248, 251–279, 287–306, 405, 422
residues, 5, 118, 184, 189, 190, 191, 266
wastes, 140, 189, 196, 220, 259, 545, 561
Lignosulfonate, 112, 291
Limiting parameters, 449
Limiting step, 553
Limonene, 291, 306
Lipase
-catalyzed, 379–381
BD production, 379–381
production, 381
Lipid(s)
accumulation, 401, 402–404, 405, 418, 449
analysis, 401, 406–407
-rich substances, 471
Liquefaction, 38, 39, 60, 66, 70–71, 252, 409, 421, 422,
423
Liquid hot water (LHW), 109, 141, 150, 160, 161–162, 168,
169, 256, 257, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 278
Loading, 111, 112, 114, 115, 132, 150, 162, 163, 167, 183,
243, 258, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 510, 515, 526,
528, 529, 537, 541
Low-cost PBRs, 418, 432, 435
Low FFA waste oils, 377
Low-price raw material, 316, 317, 323, 324, 391
Lubricating oils, 6
Luminostat, 450, 452
Lysine, 15
M Methyl esters, 32, 318, 322, 324, 325, 340, 342, 345, 349,
Maillard reaction, 291, 296
Maleic acid, 19, 20, 156
Maleic anhydride, 12, 16, 20
Malic, 12, 551, 557
Malting, 189
Mannose, 11, 54, 107, 137, 204, 211, 241, 246, 260, 261, 290,
292, 294
b-Mannosidases (EC 3.2.1.25), 205, 211, 212
Market, 4, 7, 12, 16, 19, 20, 21, 25, 31, 74, 85, 105, 112, 118,
127, 136, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 177, 190,
192–194, 278, 332, 339, 340, 344, 345, 346, 358, 359,
361, 365, 368, 369, 391, 399, 406, 440, 468, 506, 582,
591, 600
Mass-scale intensified production, 460
Mass-scale production, 439, 447, 455, 456, 460, 461
621
Mass transfer, 68, 72, 80, 89–90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 181, 186,
243, 319, 330, 360, 362, 363, 365, 366, 368, 369, 425,
440, 449, 452, 459, 543, 546, 558, 559, 561
Mathematical model, 245, 271, 346, 561
maximum energy, 445, 458
Mechanical comminuting, 55
Mechanical comminution, 150, 154–155, 168
Mechanical pretreatment, 155, 255
Mechanism of induction, 197
MEC-MFC coupled system, 554
Membrane
electrode assemblies, 554
fouling, 541, 561, 581
reactors, 327
separation, 244, 298, 561
Mesophilic, 83, 84, 93, 141, 198, 509, 527, 530, 533, 546,
560
Metabolic engineering, 96, 297, 300, 518, 572, 575–577
Metabolic networks, 403, 572
Metabolic response, 288, 449
Metagenomic library, 206
Metal ions, 515, 516
Methane, 3, 11, 33, 56, 63, 64, 65, 66, 80, 87–88, 96, 117,
131, 420, 422, 439, 483, 499, 501, 509, 512, 513, 518,
534, 542, 547, 561, 606
-fermenting, 87–88
Methanogenesis, 88, 504, 505, 509, 515, 518, 533
Methanogen(s), 504, 526, 528, 529, 530, 541, 555, 560, 561
activity, 560
Methanol, 11, 157, 158, 232, 233, 253, 269, 315, 316, 317,
318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329,
331, 332, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 346, 349, 350, 351,
354, 355, 356, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366,
367, 368, 369, 378, 379, 381, 383, 384, 385, 399, 407,
408, 422, 423, 485, 488, 490, 491, 493, 590
Methanolysis, 319, 320, 322, 324, 381
Methodological choices, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 39, 41, 46, 47, 48
354, 358, 367, 376, 390, 407, 408
Michaelis-Menton, 247
Microalgae, 32, 33, 354, 400, 401, 402–406, 407, 408, 409,
410, 416, 418, 422, 424, 426, 431, 432, 433, 439, 440,
441, 444–451, 452, 455, 459, 503, 604, 605
Microarray, 576
Microbial community, 507, 515
Microbial degradation, 183, 259
Microbial electrolysis, 517–518, 537, 552–555
Microbial fermentation, 80, 468, 571
Microbial fuel cell (MFC), 305, 475, 512, 513, 517, 554
Microbial genetics, 197
Microbial physiology, 199
Microbial species, 95, 261, 469, 538, 557
Microbiology, 83–84, 94, 518, 527–528
622 INDEX

Microorganisms, 55, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, N
106, 108, 110, 114, 150, 151, 152, 156, 158, 159, 163, NADH, 294, 297, 299, 300, 516, 528, 573
166, 178, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 190, 196, 197, Nannochloropsis oculata, 406
205, 214, 215, 217, 239, 243, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, Nannochloropsis sp., 403
265, 278, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 296, 297, Naphtha, 6, 7, 597
298, 299–301, 303, 304, 305, 330, 379, 402, 403, 405, Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), 407
439, 440, 444, 445, 446, 447, 450, 452, 455, 456, 459, Net energy ratio, 430
460, 469, 471, 472, 473, 476, 501, 503, 504, 510, 525, Net energy return on energy invested (EROEI), 430, 434,
526, 527, 528, 530, 531, 532, 533, 537, 542, 544, 553, 435
559, 560 Net energy use, 36, 42, 45, 46, 47
Microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization Net EROWI, 434, 435
(MAHC), 61 Net production cost, 130, 132, 136, 140
Microwave pretreatment, 160–161, 407 Neutral/alkaline cellulases, 188
Military, 594, 607 Nile red, 400, 406, 407
Mineral nutrients, 440, 444, 449, 450 Nitrogen, 8, 15, 32, 53, 55, 56, 64, 70, 80, 88, 89, 94, 186,
Mini cellulosome, 576 219, 232, 242, 276, 339, 364, 376, 400, 402, 403, 404,
Minimum ethanol selling price (MESP), 126, 127, 130 405, 420, 422, 424, 431, 432, 441, 449, 470, 501, 513,
Minimum product price, 332 516, 592, 605
Mist washing, 385, 386 Nitrogenase, 8, 15, 32, 53, 55, 56, 64, 70, 80, 88, 89, 94, 186,
Mixed cultures, 90, 91, 197, 262, 264, 469, 471, 503, 504, 219, 232, 242, 276, 339, 364, 376, 400, 402, 403, 404,
528, 530, 531, 532, 533 405, 420, 422, 424, 431, 432, 441, 449, 470, 500, 501,
Mixed sugars, 231, 577, 580 502, 503, 513, 516, 592, 603, 605
Mixing, 58, 69, 90, 92, 95, 155, 191, 243, 368, 369, 377, 408, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), 592
417, 423, 440, 441, 452, 453–455, 458, 459, 460, 461, 4 nitrophenyl 2-O-(4-O-methyl a-D-glucuronopyrnosyl)
485, 538, 542, 545, 546, 548, 549, 550, 551, 555, 558, 562 b-D-xylopyranose, 213
Mixing conditions, 441, 452, 453–455, 459 4-nitrophenyl–2-O-transferuloyl a-L-arabinofuranoside,
Mixotrophic, 401, 404, 410, 418–419 213
Modeling 4-nitrophenyl 5-O-transferuloyl a-L-arabinofuranoside,
mathematical, 246, 457 213
radiative transfer, 443, 445–446 Noncomplexed cellulose, 180, 195
Molar ratio, 86, 316, 317, 318, 323, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, Nonfermentable substrate, 555
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 351, 359, 360, 361, 362, Nonfermentative production, 573, 582
363, 364, 366, 367, 368, 377, 378, 380, 381, 382, 383, Nonrenewable energy use, 28
384, 385 Nonrenewable primary energy, 36, 42, 45, 46
Molasses, 191, 251, 254, 278, 287, 289, 290, 291, 295, 298, Nonselective chemistries, 11
405, 470, 476, 506, 548, 556, 577, 578 Nonsolventogenic, 576, 582
Molecular pumps, 576 Novozymes, 146, 191, 192, 193, 194, 321, 327, 328, 329, 330
Molecular recombination, 195 NREL, 124
Monoliths, 558 Numerical models, 561
Mother-cell, 575 Nutrients, 74, 83, 84, 86, 94, 106, 114, 184, 186, 219, 231,
Multidisciplinary research, 519 288, 290, 297, 358, 359, 369, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405,
Multifaceted approaches, 183, 192, 199 424, 426, 435, 440, 441, 444, 449, 450, 453, 455, 474,
Multifunctional system, 31 514, 515, 516, 582, 604, 605
Multilayered reactor, 550, 551 Nutrition deficiency, 402
Multiple linear regression, 219 Nylons, 7, 11, 15, 21
Multiplicity, 214–217
Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP), 126, 127, 130 O
Municipal, 52, 103, 107, 115–117, 118, 253, 254, 405, 424, O-acetyl–4-O-methylglucuronoxylan, 204
469, 470, 472, 504, 606–607 Obligate anaerobes, 502, 504, 507
Municipal solid wastes, 107, 115–117, 118, 254, 469, 470, Oil
472 extraction, 322, 408, 409, 410, 411
Municipal wastewater sludge, 116 refinery, 6, 16, 20, 67, 600
Mustard, 602 OMEGA, 418
 INDEX
Open-core gasifiers, 62
Open ponds, 400, 409, 417, 418, 419, 423, 425, 426, 427,
428, 429, 432, 435, 440, 452, 457, 459, 460, 474
Open raceway ponds, 417, 419, 428
Open systems, 440, 456, 459–461, 552
Operating cost for biohydrogen plant, 491
Operation
conditions, 69
robustness, 546
Operon, 574, 575
Optical fiber, 458, 550, 551
Optimization, 20, 94, 105, 192, 197, 219, 278, 330, 343, 346,
347, 363, 369, 441, 449, 452, 454, 455, 457, 458, 460,
475, 529, 561–563
Optimum sizes, 490
Organic acids, 12, 82, 86, 88, 106, 109, 156, 167, 181, 241,
485, 500, 501, 503, 505, 506, 512, 513, 529, 530, 533,
574, 580
Organic extractant, 580
Organosolv, 55, 153, 157–158, 163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 232,
254
Overheating, 185, 269, 456, 457, 459
Overliming, 150, 291, 304, 305
Oxidations, 12, 21, 54, 55, 56, 80, 150, 153, 154, 159–160,
168, 169, 237, 241, 258, 297, 299, 300, 345, 348, 377,
467, 500, 502, 514, 574, 602
Oxidative pretreatment, 159, 257, 258
Oxidative reactions, 377
Oxygen, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 21, 53, 56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67,
70, 71, 81, 106, 157, 159, 160, 169, 186, 237, 258, 264,
268, 276, 377, 404, 409, 418, 421, 441, 459, 483, 485,
500, 501, 505, 514, 581, 589, 596, 599, 600, 602
-blown gasification, 64
Oxygenic photosynthesis, 501
Ozonolysis, 55, 150, 153, 158, 168, 169
P Photoheterotrophic, 401, 503, 525, 533
Packed bed, 327, 328, 381, 510, 537, 543–546
reactors, 327, 328, 381, 537, 543–546
Palm, 253, 254, 266, 325, 328, 340, 344, 348, 350, 351,
353–370, 381, 382, 384, 390, 507, 530, 531, 532, 545,
560, 597, 602, 603
oil, 253, 254, 325, 328, 344, 348, 350, 351, 353–370, 381,
382, 390, 507, 530, 531, 532, 545, 560, 597
Palm oil mill effluent (POME), 507, 530, 531, 532, 545
Paper industry, 9, 112, 118, 184, 188, 189, 190, 196
Paper and pulp industry, 218, 219
Partially returning, 539
Partial pressure, 87, 89, 90, 459, 476, 503, 513, 526, 529,
530
Particulate matter (PM), 80, 84, 85, 88, 94, 302, 376
Payback period, 332
Penetrations of collimated and diffuse, 446
623
Pentoses, 54, 56, 109, 125, 128, 141, 142, 152, 163, 166, 235,
252, 261, 264, 270, 403, 528, 580, 606
fermentation, 264
Performance of fuels, 26, 36
Periodic discontinuous batch, 510
Peroxidases, 107, 236–237, 303
Perstraction, 580
Pervaporation, 578, 580, 581
Petrochemicals, 7, 11, 14, 16, 19, 145, 571, 572, 582, 593
Petroleum
refineries, 4, 8, 73, 422, 424, 596, 597
resources, 8, 25, 251, 571
pH, 73, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 93, 95, 106, 111, 152, 153, 157,
160, 162, 167, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 198, 219, 232,
234, 237, 256, 261, 264, 288, 296, 297, 304, 320, 387,
404, 417, 418, 440, 441, 449, 450, 455, 457, 471, 483,
503, 504, 505, 509, 510, 511, 514, 516, 526, 528, 529,
530, 531, 532, 533, 545, 546, 547, 548, 553, 555, 560,
561, 574
Phaeodactylum tricornutum, 406
Pharmaceuticals, 4, 12, 15, 346, 356, 358, 590, 599
Phenolic compounds, 79, 152, 153, 154, 160, 166, 237, 255,
291, 292, 296, 297–298, 303, 304, 305, 306
Phenolics, 297
Phenols, 7, 11, 14, 15, 18, 154, 158, 160, 237, 291, 297, 507
Phenylpropenyl, 9
Phosphatase, 295, 575
Phosphorus, 425, 516, 601
Phosphorylation, 114, 293, 501, 516, 574, 575
Phosphotrans-butyrylase, 574
Photobiological processes, 500–501, 503, 518, 549, 552
Photobioreactor, 402, 403, 409, 410, 417, 435, 439–461,
474, 475, 534, 537, 548–552, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559,
561, 562
Photofermentation, 500, 501, 503, 512, 513, 518, 533, 534,
537, 549, 552, 560
Photosynthetic activity (P), 441, 442
Photosynthetic efficiency, 406, 475, 550
Photosynthetic growth, 440, 441, 442, 444–445, 447, 449
rate, 445, 447
Physical detoxification, 304
Phytonutrients, 358, 359, 369
Pilot-scale, 85, 104, 239, 330, 383, 418, 419, 533
Plant size, 134, 136, 488, 489, 491, 492
Plasma gasification, 63–64
Platform, 5, 12, 16, 28
PNp a-L-arabinofuranoside, 212
PNP b-D xylopyranoside, 210, 213
Polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT), 21
Polyelectrolyte, 10
Polyesters, 7, 13, 16, 21, 86, 346, 514
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 21
624 INDEX

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), 86, 514, 515, 561 model, 428

Polyhydroxypolyamides, 21 plants, 104–105, 277, 315, 331, 332, 359, 484, 485, 486,
Polymerization, 20, 21, 22, 54, 60, 109, 151, 154, 157, 165, 487–488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493
167, 208, 233, 247, 255, 259, 303 process, 12, 20, 22, 31, 33, 34, 35, 105, 108, 132, 150,
Polymers, 10, 11, 20, 52, 53, 54, 107, 178, 179, 203, 211, 237, 151, 157, 161, 167, 170, 184, 195, 198, 270, 273,
244, 251, 473 278, 332, 345, 356, 383, 429, 461, 482–483, 486,
Polyols, 13 499, 504, 508, 509, 511, 513, 526, 528, 529, 531,
Polyurethanes, 20, 322, 327, 329, 346 532, 537, 538, 543, 547, 548, 549, 555, 560, 562,
Poly(b-OH)butyrate (PHB), 514, 515 572, 591, 602
Pongamia, 354, 360, 602, 603 Productivities
Poplar, 6, 53, 79, 111, 125, 126, 131, 132, 133, 134, 141, 157, biomass, 400, 403, 443, 447, 448, 449, 451, 453, 458
158, 165, 254, 262, 474, 482, 589 limits, 427, 461
Porosity, 154, 276, 544, 545, 546, 559 maximal biomass volumetric, 452
Possibilities, 60, 87, 161, 248, 266, 430, 526, 533–534, 538, surface, 439, 447, 448, 453, 455, 458, 460, 461
560, 573, 598 volumetric, 167, 447, 448, 451, 452, 453, 458,
Pour point (PP), 345, 348, 357, 358, 384, 388, 389 460, 461
Poverty, 355, 588 Product value (PV), 126
Power, 3, 4, 9, 10, 43, 52, 55, 59, 64, 67, 90, 95, 116, 128, 130, Promoters of transcription elongation factors 1a and
151, 155, 169, 233, 253, 266, 267, 268, 269, 275, 276, tef1, 196
277, 278, 390, 402, 410, 422, 424, 425, 432, 445, 481, 1,2-propanediol, 19
482, 483, 487, 488, 490, 501, 514, 552, 553, 554, 555, 2-propanol, 13
587, 590, 591, 592, 595, 601, 603, 605 Propene, 7, 13, 19
Practical applications, 145, 384, 530–533, 538, 541, 546, Propene glycol, 13
548, 551, 555, 558, 560, 561, 562, 576 Propylene, 7, 13, 346
Pretreatments, 9, 54–55, 67, 72, 79, 88, 105–106, 108, 109, Prospects, 75, 85, 129, 254, 333, 467–476, 560, 606
111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 125, 128, 131, 141, Protein engineering, 197, 198, 245, 248
149–171, 178, 181–183, 190, 192, 232, 234, 238, 239, Protein-rich, 470, 471, 472
241, 255–259, 264, 266, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 278, Proton transfer rate, 553
287, 290, 291, 292, 299, 305, 319, 331, 355, 368, 375, PSB immobilization, 559
380, 383, 391, 407, 423, 472, 473, 474, 504–505, 509, PSOL1 mega plasmid, 575
511, 541, 548, 577, 582, 605, 606 Pulp industry, 218, 219
Previous land use, 26, 28, 30 Pulping, 112, 154, 170, 189, 220, 232, 263, 291
Primary residues, 472, 473 Pulsed electrical field process, 55
Process Purification, 11, 84, 124, 209, 213, 214, 215, 217, 233,
conditions, 8, 20, 128, 186, 190, 330, 528–530, 590, 596 315, 316, 317, 322, 340, 341, 342, 347, 354, 355,
design, 28, 125, 130, 131, 136, 137, 140, 141, 184, 187, 198 356, 358, 362, 367, 382, 385, 386, 387, 484, 486,
efficiencies, 229, 248, 264, 429, 444, 511, 512–518 576, 599
integration, 262, 263, 512–513, 518, 596 Purpose-grown, 589, 605, 606
yield, 331, 602 Pyrolysis, 5, 9, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65–70, 71, 72, 73, 269,
Processing residues, 112, 113 363, 409, 421, 422, 423, 429, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486,
Product inhibition, 110, 198, 239, 240, 241, 243, 247, 261, 487, 488, 600–601
511, 513, 577, 582 Pyrrolydone, 16
Production Pyruvate dehydrogenase, 293, 295, 516
of bioethanol from agroindustrial residues as
feedstocks, 251–279 R
capacity, 68, 104, 105, 112, 124, 130, 132, 133, 134–136, Raceway, 409, 417, 419, 428, 432, 459, 460
137, 138, 139, 275, 415 Radiative transfer inside the culture, 442
costs, 22, 72, 103, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, Radiative transfer models, 444, 445, 451
130–140, 141, 142, 143, 146, 150, 170, 198, 253, 254, Rag layer, 580
263, 265, 273, 274, 275, 278, 327, 332, 341, 349, 359, Random mutagenesis, 195
360, 365, 368, 369, 375, 391, 416, 435, 475, 488–490, Rapeseed (canola) oil, 321, 332, 342, 345, 347, 349, 350,
491, 492, 493, 514, 600 358, 359, 409
of bio-oil, 488–490 Rapid formation, 545, 559
 INDEX 625
Raw materials, 4–8, 9, 61, 73, 74, 85, 103, 105, 106, Resins, 5, 7, 11, 20, 21, 230, 231, 303, 304, 305, 321, 364,
112–113, 114–115, 116–117, 118, 128, 149, 150, 151, 365, 380, 382, 383, 387
152, 154, 156, 158, 164, 165, 166, 169, 178, 183, 192, Resource availability, 435
196, 198, 219, 254, 266, 267, 270, 271, 272, 274, 278, Response surface methodology, 219
287, 288, 291, 315, 316, 317, 319, 323, 324, 325, 326, Retention time, 93, 156, 304, 510, 526, 528, 538
332, 376, 391, 430, 467, 469, 525, 572, 577–580, 582, Reutilization, 319, 321, 363
600, 601 Rice straw, 113, 114, 118, 155, 159, 161, 164, 192, 215, 217,
RBB (remazol brilliant blue) dyed methyl 218, 247, 254
glucuronoxylan, 212 Rudolf Diesel, 399
Reaction conditions, 17, 18, 61, 65, 232, 315, 316, 317, 333,
358, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 384 S
Reaction medium, 64, 317, 318, 319, 320, 323, 324, 340, Saccharification, 34, 35, 38, 39, 56, 110, 111, 112, 125, 126,
342, 347, 349, 350 128, 131, 141, 142, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 167,
Reactor 191, 199, 217, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 247, 251, 252,
configurations, 72, 90–93, 95, 326–331, 510–511, 537, 258, 259–260, 261–264, 270, 271, 304
538, 541, 546, 548, 557, 560 Saccharomyces, 105, 106, 111, 159, 239, 260, 262, 288, 573,
technologies, 526, 530 582
thickness, 550 Salicornia, 605
Redirecting, 95, 575 Salix, 128, 129
Redox Salt stress, 290
condition, 502, 508–509, 510, 514, 518 Saponification, 109, 354, 359, 360, 377, 380, 381, 407
mediators, 238, 502, 509 Scaffolding protein CipA, 576
Reducing agents, 83, 94, 304 Scale-down, 600
Reducing equivalents, 82, 83 Scale-up, 12, 90, 95, 185, 346, 533, 600
Reduction, 13, 19, 21, 26, 28, 30, 32, 42, 43, 44, 46, 56, 57, Scenario, 39–41, 46, 47, 73, 75, 116, 125, 126, 136, 137, 145,
59, 62, 64, 65, 69, 71, 83, 89, 103, 104, 111, 112, 114, 178, 192–194, 332, 425, 426, 428, 432, 433, 435, 589
115, 116, 117, 136, 140, 145, 151, 155, 159, 160, 163, Scrubbers, 85, 94
165, 167, 191, 192, 193, 196, 198, 229, 239, 242, 244, Sea water, 426, 434, 435
252, 255, 263, 265, 270, 273, 278, 288, 293, 296, 299, Secondary residues, 472, 473
300, 320, 321, 325, 344, 346, 348, 349, 350, 354, 390, Second-generation, 53, 64, 74, 107–110, 134, 140, 146, 193,
391, 404, 406, 407, 410, 419, 433, 481, 500, 501, 505, 266, 415, 419, 474
509, 518, 558, 590, 592 Second-generation biofuels, 53, 64, 74, 107, 140, 415,
to butanediol, 19 419, 474
Reference systems, 28, 29–30, 31, 34, 35, 39, 47, 48 Secretome, 217
Refineries Security, 51, 101, 103, 114, 149, 278, 339, 340, 415, 416, 587,
fossil, 4, 14, 16, 19 588, 589, 592, 606
gas, 7, 12 Selective removal, 581
oil, 6, 16, 20, 67, 600 Self-flocculation, 540, 559
petroleum, 4, 8, 73, 422, 424, 596, 597 Self-immobilization, 510
Reforming, 5, 62, 70, 361, 467, 483, 484, 485, 486, 490, 491, Self-shade effects, 562
492, 493, 525, 599 Self-shading, 549, 551, 552
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF), 116, 117 Semicontinuous-flow processes, 327
Regulatory, 216, 410, 576, 591 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), 56, 125,
Remediation, 401, 505 238, 239, 261, 304
Renewable Separation
energy, 3, 25, 51, 52, 59, 188, 190, 339, 340, 353, 354, 476, biomass-liquid, 537, 538, 540, 541
481, 525, 588, 605 gravity, 388
resource, 103, 107, 189, 196, 515, 525 membrane, 244, 298, 561
Rentech, 597, 598 phase, 67, 332, 359, 385
Replenishment, 605 Separation and purification of FAMEs, 385
Repression, 180, 181, 184, 186, 187, 192, 195, 198, 215, 289, Separator-free configuration, 553
290, 509 Separators, 58, 63, 94, 330, 385, 420, 542, 543, 544, 546, 547,
Residual substrate, 511 553, 554, 555
626 INDEX

Sequencing biofilm reactor, 507 Spectrumof hemicellulolytic enzymes, 218

Sequestrants, 10 SPK, 594, 597, 602
Set aside, 25, 30, 34, 35, 40, 41, 47 Spo0A, 574, 575
Settler, 539, 540, 541 SpoA, 574
Settling, 332, 385, 387 SpoIIE, 575
Severity factor, 165, 234, 292 SPORL, 111, 112, 163, 168
Shear stress, 218, 240, 327, 454, 455, 549 Sporulation, 572, 574–575, 576, 580, 582
Short light paths, 452 Spruce, 111, 128, 129, 141, 160, 163, 254, 302, 304
Sigma factors, 575 SSF bioreactors, 185, 197
Signaling events, 572 Stability
Simultaneous reaction and separation, 264–265 long-term, 547
Simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation operating, 538, 541, 543, 558, 562
(SSCF), 125, 131, 157, 163, 262, 263, 264 /operation time, 328
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), oxidative, 355, 593
56, 110, 128, 160, 163, 238, 261–264, 304 Starch, 4, 5, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 113, 126,
Single-cell protein, 198 149, 161, 178, 191, 192, 219, 251, 252, 254, 299,
Site-directed mutagenesis, 198, 245 380, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 416, 420, 423, 469,
Slow pyrolysis, 66, 70 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 506, 507, 528, 530, 548,
Sludge oil, 375 556, 571, 577, 606
Sludge-substrate contact, 542 Start-up, 548, 559
SmF, 183, 186, 187, 198, 218 State of technology (SOT), 125, 142
Soaking aqueous ammonia (SAA), 163 Steam Pretreatment/Steam Explosion (ST/SE), 256
Soapstock, 375, 376, 378, 380, 391 Stillage, 38, 39, 129, 141, 290, 298, 305, 506
Sodium glutamate, 16 Stir/mix washing, 385, 387
Softening, 112, 188, 189 Stirred tank bioreactor, 325
Solar insolation, 417, 424, 425 Stirred-tank reactors, 84, 90, 218, 327, 330
Solar-powered, 554 Stoichiometry, 159
Solar production, 439, 440, 443, 453, 455, 457 Stonewash, 188, 193
Solid loading, 183, 243 Storage, 8, 30, 58, 86, 110, 125, 130, 149, 167, 168, 348, 355,
Solid-state fermentation (SSF), 141, 183, 184–186, 215 400, 401, 410, 476, 483, 484, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490,
Solid-state fermentor, 185, 186 501, 509, 514, 589, 590
Sol locus, 574, 575 Strain disintegration, 574
Solubility limit, 323 Strategic cost management, 140
Solvent Strategies, 9, 25, 30, 53, 56, 150, 166, 179, 183, 191, 195,
inhibition, 580 197, 214, 217, 242, 244, 245, 287–306, 318, 355, 366,
tolerance, 572, 574, 576, 582 402, 404, 407, 410, 417, 456, 512–518, 554, 558, 572,
toxicity, 265, 572, 575, 576, 577, 580, 582 576
Solvent-free system, 318, 322, 323, 324, 328, 329, 330, 332 Stratification, 547
Solventogenesis, 83, 88, 93, 509, 572, 573, 574–575, Straw, 5, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 54, 58, 65, 74, 79,
576, 582 104, 107, 113, 114, 118, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136,
Solventogenic, 87, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 580, 582 137, 138, 139, 140, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160,
Solventogenic phase, 572, 573, 574, 576 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 184, 192, 204, 215, 217, 218,
Sorbitol, 12, 13, 18, 20, 21, 260, 320 219, 247, 253, 254, 264, 415, 473, 482, 530
The Soxhlet method, 406 Stress
Soybean, 32, 43, 155, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 340, 346, genes, 576
350, 351, 354, 355, 358, 359, 361, 369, 378, 380, 390, tolerance, 298
391, 399, 415, 416, 597, 602, 603 Structural heterogeneity, 203
oil, 32, 43, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 350, 351, 378, 380, Styrene-butadiene systems, 20
391 Subcritical, 109, 341, 347, 378, 384, 409, 423
Sparging, 90, 513 Submerged fermentation, 141, 183, 186–187, 197
Specification, 67, 143, 145, 275, 319, 356, 591, 592, 594, Submerged fermentation technology, 183, 197
595 Subsidy, 588
Specific illuminated surface, 448, 452, 453, 458, 460 Substitution efficiency, 26, 36, 45–46
 INDEX 627
Substrate Syringols, 9
degradation, 503, 505, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514 Systematic comparison, 555, 562
metabolism, 509 System boundaries, 28, 430, 431, 433
swelling, 186 System definition, 27, 28–29, 34, 35, 39, 433
type, 183, 538, 557 System expansion, 26, 27, 31, 32
Succinic acid, 18, 19, 20
Sucrose, 102, 105, 106, 191, 251, 260, 264, 402, 468, 469, T
471, 531, 532, 539, 556, 561 Taguchi, 511
Sugar Target costing (TC), 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 341,
-based substrate, 549, 555, 561 448
inhibition, 289–290 Target cost of lignocellulosic ethanol, 143
Sugarcane Target selling price of lignocellulosic ethanol, 143
bagasse, 79, 81, 89, 103, 107, 113, 114, 118, 146, 155, 162, Technoeconomic analysis, 123–146, 426, 476
165, 251, 254, 266, 273, 304, 597 Technoeconomic evaluations, 123, 124, 125, 127–130, 140,
ethanol, 103 141, 143, 144, 146
residues, 130 Technoeconomic feasibility, 199
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), 90, 91, 92 Technoeconomic model, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491
Sulfite liquor, 264 Technological configurations, 261, 265, 271
Sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of Technology improvement is required to bring down the
lignocellulose (SPORL), 111, 112, 163, 168 cost of biohydrogen production to make it
Sulfonation, 10, 112, 163 competitive with natural gas-based hydrogen,
Sunflower oils, 118, 325, 327, 329, 346, 361, 369, 382 493
Sun’s displacement, 443 Technology improvements, 476, 493
Supercritical Temperature
BD production, 384 control, 106, 185, 342, 510, 550, 551, 552
fluids, 164, 168, 339–351, 367, 408 high, 9, 13, 18, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 80, 84, 86, 108,
methanol, 342, 367, 368, 383, 384, 385 111, 150, 152, 156, 164, 232, 256, 258, 288, 292, 296,
Supercritical alcohol (SCA), 342–344, 367–368, 408 317, 321, 342, 344, 347, 348, 355, 367, 377, 485, 486,
Supercritical dimethyl carbonate (SCDMC), 346–347 504, 525, 560, 601
Super critical gasification of biomass, 64–65 Terephthalic acid, 14, 21
Supercritical methyl acetate (SCMA), 344–346, 384, 385 Terpenes, 14, 15
Support materials, 381, 543, 544, 545 Tert-butanol, 320, 325, 328, 332, 365, 379
Supramolecular materials, 9 Tertiary residues, 472, 473
Surface attachment, 559 Tetrahydrofuran, 19, 408
Surface-lightened systems, 457, 458 Textile, 7, 177, 178, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 329
Surfactants, 20, 21, 240–241, 244, 325 industry, 178, 188
Suspended growth, 510, 555, 559 T. harzianum, 182, 189, 212, 215
Suspended solid (SS), 131, 420, 539, 546 Thermal pretreatment, 109, 159, 161, 164, 170, 255–256,
Sustainability, 25, 26, 32, 46, 51, 74, 86, 95, 112, 118, 142, 257–258, 423
143, 149, 178, 199, 339, 340, 356, 363, 369, 419, 424, Thermal pretreatment in combination with acid
427, 430, 431, 433, 474, 602, 604 pretreatment, 257–258
Sustainable Thermal pretreatment in combination with alkaline
biofuels, 25, 74, 416, 435, 589 oxidative pretreatment, 258
energy, 499, 537 Thermal pretreatment in combination with alkaline
Sweet sorghum, 130, 254, 262, 291, 404, 474, 506, 606 pretreatment, 258
Switchgrass, 6, 131, 132, 133, 134, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, Thermal pretreatment in combination with oxidative
254, 258, 482 pretreatment, 258
Swollenin, 238 Thermochemical, 5, 9, 51–75, 79, 89, 111, 118, 126, 130,
Syngas 146, 268, 269, 421–423, 429, 467, 483, 600
-derived chemicals, 10, 11 Thermophilic, 56, 83, 84, 93, 205, 206, 215, 217, 219, 471,
fermentation, 79–96 509, 510, 525–534, 543, 545, 558, 560, 562
quality, 80, 94 Thermophilic fermentation, 560, 562
Syringaldehyde, 153, 241, 297 Thickness, 186, 407, 550, 552
628 INDEX
Thio hydroxymethylation, 10
Third-generation biofuels, 64, 74, 75, 415
Time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR),
407
T. longibrachium, 191
Tolerance of lipases to alcohol, 323
Tolerant, 150, 166, 196, 306, 368, 384, 602
Toluene, 7, 12, 382
Total capital investment, 332
Toxic compounds, 93, 150, 151, 152–154, 156, 166, 168,
169, 260, 288, 291, 293, 296, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304,
580
Toxicity, 32, 95, 150, 153, 159, 265, 296, 297, 304, 305, 365,
572, 575, 576, 577, 580, 581, 582
Transcriptional regulators, 574, 576
Transcriptional regulator Spo0A, 574
Transducers, 197
Transesterification, 315, 316, 317–322, 323, 324, 327,
330, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 346, 347, 349, 354,
356, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366,
367–369, 377, 379, 381, 383, 389, 399, 401, 405,
407, 408, 410, 602
Transfer enhancement, 440, 454
Transglycosylation, 180, 215, 220
Transportation, 3, 4, 12, 19, 25, 47, 52, 67, 72, 73, 79, 86,
101, 110, 127, 140, 145, 149, 178, 230, 253, 269, 278,
340, 353, 354, 375, 401, 406, 415, 416, 420, 423, 425,
430, 432, 482, 483, 484, 486, 487, 488, 489, 491, 492,
493, 591, 592, 595, 599
T. reesei, 115, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190,
191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 208, 217,
218, 235, 238, 239, 245, 262, 304
T. reesei genome, 195, 199
Trehalose, 288, 289
Triacylglyceride (TAG), 315, 317, 318, 319, 322, 323, 324,
330, 400, 401, 402
Triacylglycerol, 315, 402, 407, 408
Trichoderma, 110, 131, 141, 179, 180, 181, 182, 187, 188,
189, 190, 191, 195, 197, 207, 212, 234, 259, 263, 303
Trichoderma reesei, 110, 131, 141, 179, 207, 212, 234, 259,
263, 303
Trickle-bed reactor, 92–93
Triglyceride, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 349, 350,
351, 354, 360, 361, 363, 364, 367, 377, 423, 596, 597,
600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605
T. viride, 115, 189, 190, 194
Two-flux model, 445–446
Two-stage biohydrogen production, 560
Two stage process, 87, 230, 475, 534
Two-step acidulated wash, 387
Two-step BD production, 381–383
Two-step method, 169
Two-step washing, 387
U
Ultra filtration, 243, 244
Ultrasonic, 95, 161, 368–369, 408, 419
Ultrasonic-assisted transesterification, 368–369
Ultrasound pretreatment, 161
Underfeed stokers, 57
Unsaponifiable, 602, 604
Unsaturated fat, 367, 377, 384, 605
UOP, 68, 596, 598, 601
Updraft (countercurrent) gasifiers, 62
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), 471, 510, 530,
531, 532, 533, 537, 541, 546–548, 556, 557, 558, 562
Upflow-mode reactors, 554
Used cooking oil, 330, 331, 376, 378, 389
Used frying oil, 378, 382, 390, 391
Utilization phase, 26, 39, 44
V
Vacuum evaporation, 304
Vacuum pyrolysis, 66, 70, 601
Value chain, 8, 9, 16, 22, 124, 145–146
Value engineering (VE), 140–142, 144, 146
Vanillic acid, 154, 241, 291, 305
Vanillin, 9, 154, 241, 291, 297, 304
Variable operating costs, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139
Vegetable oils, 32, 74, 267, 269, 315–333, 339–351,
353–370, 375–392, 399, 407, 408, 410, 589, 601
Vehicle emission test, 390
Viability, 106, 164, 243, 265, 278, 287, 293, 301, 303, 359,
419, 427, 511, 513, 518, 582, 589, 604, 606
Vinasse, 38, 106, 506
Vinyl chloride, 7, 19
Viscosity, 219, 232, 233, 243, 319, 343, 345, 365, 366, 367,
368, 376, 384, 388, 409, 485
Vitamin C, 12
Void space, 186, 544
Volatile fatty acid (VFA), 500, 503, 513
Volatiles, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 69, 72, 143, 158, 232, 252, 257,
276, 304, 332, 485, 500, 503, 513, 539, 571, 581
Volumetrically lightened systems, 457–459
Volumetric HPR and hydrogen yield (HY), 538
Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, 89, 91, 92
Vortex reactor, 67
W
Warranties, 592
Washes, 387
Washing, 188, 189, 233, 299, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 365,
367, 379, 383, 385–387, 388, 391
of BD, 385–387
Waste
cooking oil, 322, 326, 329, 341, 346, 360, 375, 376, 377,
378, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 388–391
 INDEX 629
-management, 116, 117 Wood pulping, 189
molasses, 405 Woody biomass, 56, 102, 110, 111, 112, 116, 156, 162, 163
oil, 74, 323, 324, 328, 329, 348, 349, 350, 351, 375–392 1900 World Exposition, 13, 19, 20
palm oil, 381
sludge, 376 X
Wastewater(s) Xenobiotic responsive element (XRE), 576
food processing, 506 Xylan, 6, 55, 109, 111, 131, 137, 156, 159, 163, 193, 204, 206,
high-strength, 548 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220,
molasses-based, 506 235, 236, 255, 256, 257, 292
sludge, 116, 472 Xylanases, 191, 193, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213,
sugar refinery, 507 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 235–236, 241, 259,
Water 261
activity, 185, 186, 218, 288 Xylene (BTX), 7
content, 65, 67, 129, 186, 243, 266, 317, 318–319, 324, Xylitol, 12, 13, 20, 215, 220, 255, 264, 294, 295, 301
350, 351, 355, 377, 379, 381, 383, 384, 389, 483, 604 Xylose, 11, 12, 20, 53, 54, 55, 107, 137, 155, 157, 158, 159,
waste, 424, 426, 434, 435, 548 163, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 230,
treatment, 416, 420, 424 235, 236, 241, 246, 247, 251, 256, 260, 261, 262, 264,
Waxes, 11, 113, 598 270, 272, 290, 292, 294, 295, 469, 530, 577
Well-to-Tank (WtT), 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 36, 41, 42, 45 b-Xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37), 205, 208, 209, 210, 213, 215,
Well-to-Wheel (WtW), 26, 27, 29, 33, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 216, 219, 236, 259
45, 46, 48 Xylytol, 18
Wet biomass, 64, 408, 409, 422, 423
Wet oxidation, 54, 55, 150, 153, 154, 159–160, 168, 169, 258 Y
Wheat Yeasts, 86, 106, 109, 110, 128, 129, 150, 151, 152, 166, 181,
grains, 34, 40, 44 231, 238, 239, 252, 255, 260–261, 262, 263, 264, 265,
straw, 34, 40, 54, 104, 113, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 289, 290, 293, 294, 297, 299, 302, 303, 322, 379, 403,
162, 165, 167, 171, 218, 253, 254, 264, 473, 506, 530, 405, 423, 528, 599
532, 579 Yellow grease, 376, 378
Whole-cell Yellow or brown grease, 375
biocatalysts, 21, 322 Yield(s)
immobilized lipases, 320, 322 ethanol, 84, 86, 95, 109, 112, 118, 126, 128, 132, 133,
Whole-tree biomass, 482, 485, 486, 492 134, 135, 136–137, 138, 139, 153, 156, 161, 163,
Wine industry, 189 165, 167, 239, 243, 258, 263, 273, 289, 293, 297,
Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, 82 298, 299
Wood logging residues, 113 hydrogen, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 476, 493, 525, 526,
Wood processing residues, 113 527, 528, 529, 530, 533, 538