PUBLICATION 1994/28

RAPA PUBLICATION 1994/28

Forest Products
Non-Wood Forest
in Asia

REGIONAL OFFICE
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR
FOR ASIA
ASIA AND
AND THE
THE PACIFIC
PACIFIC (RAPA)
(RAPA)
FOOD AND
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
OF THE UNITED NATIONS
BANGKOK 1994
 RAPA PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION1994/28
1994/28

Forest Products
Non-Wood Forest
in Asia

EDITORS

Patrick B.
B. Durst
Ward
Ward Ulrich
M. Kashio
Kashio

REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA

OFFICE FOR ASIA AND
AND THE
THE PACIFIC
PACIFIC (RAPA)
(RAPA)
FOOD AND
AND AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION OFOF THE
THE UNITED NTIONS
NTIONS
1994
BANGKOK 1994
 The
The designations and the
designations and the presentation
presentation ofof material in this
material in this
publication do not
publication do not imply
imply the
the expression
expression of any
any opinion
opinion
whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations concerning the legal status
status of any
any country,
country,
territory,
territory, city or area
area or
or of
ofits
its authorities,
authorities, or
or concerning
concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers
frontiers or
or boundaries.
boundaries.

The
The opinions
opinions expressed in this
expressed in this publication are those
publication are those of the
the
authors alone
authors alone and
and do not imply
imply any opinion
opinion whatsoever
whatsoever on the
part of
of FAO.
FAO.

COVER PHOTO CREDIT: Mr. K. J. Joseph

Joseph

PHOTO CREDITS:
CREDITS: Pages 8,
Pages 8, 17,72,80:
17, 72, 80: Mr.
Mr. Mohammad
Mohammad Iqbal Sial
Sial
Page 18:
Page 18: Mr.
Mr. A.L. Rao
Pages 54,
Pages 54, 65,
65, 116,
116, 126:
126: Mr.
Mr. Urbito Ondeo
Oncleo
Pages 95,
Pages 95, 148,
148, 160:
160: Mr.
Mr. Michael Jensen
Page 122:
Page 122: Mr.
Mr. K.
K. J. Joseph
Joseph

EDITED
EDITED BY:
BY: Mr. Patrick B. Durst
Mr. Ward
Ward Ulrich
Ulrich
Mr. M. Kashio
Kashio

TYPE SETTING
AND LAYOUT
OF PUBLICATION: Helene Praneet Guna-Tilaka
Helene

FOR
FOR COPIES
COPIES WRITE TO:
TO: FAO Regional
Regional Office
Office for Asia and the Pacific
Pacific
39 Phra Atit
Atit Road
Bangkok 10200
10200
 FOREWORD

Non-wood forest products (NWFPs)

(NWFPs) have
have been
been vitally
vitally important
important to
to forest-dwellers
forest-dwellers and
and
rural communities
communities for centuries. Local
for centuries. Local people collect,
collect, process andand market
market bamboo,
bamboo,
rattan, beedi (Diospyros melanoxylon)
beedi (Diospyros melanoxylon) leaves,
leaves, resins,
resins, gums,
gums, lac,
lac, oil seeds, essential oils,
medicinal herbs,
medicinal herbs, and
and tanning
tanning materials.
materials. Rural
Rural communities
communities also draw upon forestsforests for
food such as honey, mushrooms, fruits, nuts, tubers,
mushrooms, fruits, tubers, leaves,
leaves, bush
bush meat,
meat, and
and numerous
numerous
other forest foods.
foods.

Although foresters never completely

Although foresters ignored NWFPs,
completely ignored NWFPs, for decades
decades their
their management
management
received only secondary
secondary or tertiary attention relative
relative to
to timber
timber management.
management. Increased
Increased
concern over the degradation and loss
degradation and loss of forests
forests in recent years, however,
however, has
has brought
brought
new
new attention
attention to NWFPs. NWFPs
to NWFPs. NWFPs are increasingly being seen
increasingly being seen as
as offering
offering new
new
alternatives to timber extraction,
extraction, forest conversion, and more destructive forms
forms of forest
exploitation.

Recognizing that successful conservation ofof forests will

will depend on developing alternatives
timber harvesting
or complements to timber harvesting in many
many areas,
areas, conservation-minded
conservation-minded foresters and
scientists are "rediscovering"
scientists products of
"rediscovering" the non-timber products of the
the forest. Renewed emphasis
forest. Renewed emphasis
is being placed on managing
managing forests for aa multitude
multitude of
of products
products toto directly
directly benefit
benefit those
those
people whose
people whose actions
actions might
might otherwise
otherwise destroy
destroy the
the forest. Multi-purpose forest
forest. Multi-purpose forest
management is being complemented with improvements in the processing, marketing, marketing, andand
commercializationofof
commercialization NWFPs. New forest policies
NAATFPs. policies and
and strategies
strategies are
are likewise
likewise being
being
promulgated development of NWFPs.
promulgated to enhance the development NWFPs.

FAO has recently stepped

stepped up its support
support for
for the
the development
development of NWFPs
NWFPs by by improving
improving
data collection,
data collection, compiling case studies
compiling case studies on thethe successful
successful management
management of of NWFPs,
NWFPs,
facilitating information
facilitating information dissemination, organizing workshops
dissemination, organizing workshops and and consultations,
consultations, and
and
formulating new
formulating new projects
projects related
related toto NWFP
NWFP development.
development. This publication is a product
publication is product
of FAO's enhanced attention
FAO's enhanced attention to
to this
this long-neglected
long-neglected area of forestry. It contains
contains reports
reports
describing the status, management, and importance of NWFPs in eleven Asian countries.
These reports should be useful in in supporting
supporting the
the efforts
efforts of
of foresters,
foresters, conservationists,
conservationists, and
and
rural development
development workers
workers in helping
helping local
local communities
communities increase
increase their benefits
benefits from
nearby forests.

2 'j'. 6()-t~~ /
A.~.M.
A) ...M. Obaidullah Khan ~
Assistant
Assistant Director-General and
Regional Representative of FAO
F AO
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS

Pages

BANGLADESH 11

CHINA 99

INDIA 19

INDONESIA 49

MALAYSIA 55

NEPAL 73

PAKISTAN 81

PHILIPPINES 97

SRI LANKA
LANKA 117

THAILAND 127

VIETNAM 151
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Products

BANGLADESH
Shaflque
Shafique A.A. Khan
Deputy
Deputy Conservator of
of Forests
Utilization Division
Forest Utilization Division

INTRODUCTION

In a developing country like Bangladesh, the

the coffin
coffin in parts
parts of
ofBangladesh
Bangladesh and
and
non-wood forest products (NWFPs) play developing countries.
other developing countries.
a vital role
role in
in the
theeconomic
economic andand socio-
socio-
political arenas
political arenas of thethe country.
country. Though
Though
branded
branded asas "minor
"minor forest
forest products"
products" inin Table I, Production, or bamboo
old forestry literature
literature and
and departmental
departmental in Bangladesh
records, they are
records, are certainly
certainly not
not "minor"
"minor" Year Quantay
products
products inin the
the context
context ofof the
the feeble
feeble (1,000 cuing)
Bangladeshi economy. They
Bangladeshi economy. They deserve
deserve to 1975-76 47,268
be given due attention in their own right. 197647 62,$79
1977-78 73,586
MAJORNWFPs
MAJOR NVVFPs 197849 60,135
1979-80 78,115
Bamboo (Melocanna bacc(era, bacci/era, 1980-81 74,028
1981-82 77,865
Bambusa tulda, etc.)etc.) isis often
often called
called the
the
1982.8a 92,335
"poor man's
man's timber"
timber" inin Bangladesh
Bangladesh andand 1983-84 92,061
in other Southeast Asian countries. 198445 76,989
Although officially grouped
Although officially grouped as as a minor
minor 1985-86 75,786
forest product, it plays
plays a crucial
crucial role
role in
in 198647 92,616
the rural
rural economy
economy of ofBangladesh.
Bangladesh. It
Source: Slallsllad
Slall.lIaal Year
V",rBook
Bookof
0(Bangladesh
Bangladeth 1989
1989
earns a handsome revenue for the Forest
at home
Directorate at home and
and abroad, but but also
also Sungrass (Imperata
Sungrass spp.) is the
(lmperata spp.) the most
most
is an
an essential
essential material
material for for construction
construction common roofing and thatching
thatching material
material
of temporary
temporary housing
housing for the the rural
rural for temporary
temporary low-cost
low-cost housing
housing in the
the
people, especially the hill tribe people. villages and forests of
of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh.

The qualities
The qualities ofof bamboo
bamboo can can not
not bebe Sungrass
Sungrass grows
grows naturally,
naturally, especially
especially inin
over-emphasized. Bamboo
over-emphasized. Bamboo is the the fastest
fastest or around
the forests of low-lying areas, or around
growing plant in the world,
growing plant world, and
and grows
grows the denuded
the and barren
denuded and barren hills
hills unfit
unfit for
well
well on aa variety
variety of
of sites. Over 20
sites. Over 20 growing high-quality timber trees. Table
of bamboo grow in Bangladesh's
species of 2 summarizes the production of of sungrass
and village
natural forests and village homesteads.
homesteads. in Bangladesh
Bangladesh during the years
years 1975-76
1975-76
Baml;oo is used for hundreds of
Bamboo to 1986-87.
1986-87.
purposes. It can
can honestly
honestly be saidsaid that
that
bamboo is
bamboo is required-
required from
from the cradle to Stone
Stone is one
one of
ofthe
themost
mostimportant
important
NWFPs, available only in some areas
areas of

1
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Bangladesh

reserved forests.
reserved forests. Canes
Canes are
are used
used for
for
Table 2. Production of domestic purposes by the rural
sungrass in Bangladesh
population, and for sophisticated
Year Quantity furniture
furniture and luxury
luxury souvenirs
souvenirs suitable
suitable
(1!000 bundles) for export. Recently, attempts
export. Recently, attempts have
have
1975-76 1,772 been
been made
made to grow
grow these
these species
species from
from
1976-77 6,831 Malaysia. In some
seed imported from Malaysia. some
1977-78 1,784 areas of Sylhet,
areas Sylhet, Chittagong
Chittagong Hill
Hill Tracts
Tracts
1978-79 1,534 and Chittagong,
and Chittagong, domestic
domestic varieties
varieties of
1979-80 3,795 canes are grown.
grown.
1980-81 6,706
1981-82 2,432
198243 1,390 Pati pata or or Murta
Murta (Clinogynae
1983-84 1,279 dichotoma) grows
dichotoma) grows naturally
naturally in the
the low-
low-
1984-85 1,295 lying areas
lying areas of Sylhet
Sylhet andand also in rural
rural
1985-86 859 areas of Tagail
areas Tagail and
and Dhaka
Dhaka districts.
districts. It
1986-87 1,710 can be grown
can grown artificially
artificially in other
other areas
areas
Source:
Sou""" Stallelkal
SIaUslk:aJ Year
V ...r Book
Bookof0(Bangladesh
Banllad..h 1989.
1989. of the
the country
country using
using suitable
suitable planting
planting
material. Pati-pata is an excellent
Bangladesh, such as Sylhet, Hill Tracts,
Bangladesh, material for floor mats, and is
and
and Dinajpur.
Dinajpur. Stone
Stone is required for
is required extensively used
extensively used by
by rich
rich and poor alike.
alike.
construction of highways,
highways, buildings
buildings and
and Finished products are commonly
other infrastructural needs.
needs. exported.

In Dinajpur alone, there

Dinajpur alone, there is
is said to be a
said to Honey occupies an important position as
deposit of 115
deposit of 115 million
million cubic
cubic feet
feet of a foreign exchange earner. It is
hardstone. The Government of internationallyknown
internationally lcnownand
andisis used
used as
as
Bangladesh
Bangladesh earns substantial revenue
earns substantial revenue food, drink, and
and medicine
medicine in many
many parts
from the sale
sale of
of stone.
stone. of the
the.world.
world. Honey is produced
Honey
naturally in the beehives of the
Sand isisalso
Sand alsoan
anessential
essential material
material for
for all
all Sundarbans forest where it is collected in
in
major construction, found in large large quantities every year (Table 3).
quantities every
quantities in forest areas.
areas.
Honey
Honey is also grown
is also grown in
in the forest
Medicinal plants:
Medicinal plants: The leaves,
leaves, bark,
bark, regions
regions of Chittagong,
-Chittagong, Sylhet,
Sylhet, Cox's
Cox's
and
and fruit of
of many
many plants
plants are
are commonly
commonly Bazar, and
and Mymensingh.
Mymensingh.
used as medicines in Bangladesh.
Among
Among thethe most
most common
common are:are: kurus
kurus Recently, apiculture (artificial bee-
pata (Holarrhene antidysonberica)
antidysonberica),, keeping) has been
keeping) has been introduced
introduced in some
some
horitaka
horitaka (Terminalia
(Tenninalia chebula),
chebula) , amlald
amlaki areas of North
North Bengal
Bengal and
and Mymensingh
Mymensingh
(Phyllauthus emblica) and bohera district with considerable success.
(Tenninalia
(Terminalia belerica). Honey
Honey is probably
probably the
the most
most promising
promising
NWFP in Bangladesh
Bangladesh inin terms of export
(Clflamus viminalis,
Cane (Calamus viminalis, C. guruba) is potential, provided its production can be
a climbing plant, mostly
mostly grown
grown in better organized.
homesteads and the
homesteads and the low-lying areas of
low-lying areas

2
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Bangladesh

Table 3. Honey prOduction in Table 4. rroduction of Gol- atta

Bangladesh in Bangladesh
Year Quantity Year Quantity
(1,000 tons) (1,000 tons)
1975-76 156.02 1975-16 75.29
1976-77 239.78 1976-77 70,59
1877-78 228.47 1977-78 67,49
1978-79 176.33 1978-79 83.72
1979-80 213.36 1979-80 69.87
1980-81 310.93 1980-81 67.97
1981-82 225.26 1981-82 68.61
1982-83 232.65 1982-83 64.05
1983-84 260.35 1983-84 6338.
1984-85 255.80 1984-85 61.44
1985-86 224.52 1985-86 61.96
1986-87 229.11 1986-87 70.77

Shells, Conch
Shells, Conch Shells,
Shells, Oysters,
Oysters, etc.
etc. are Fish resources:
Fish resources: InInrivers
rivers within
within forest
forest
collected in large numbers in the the coastal
coastal areas (Sundarbans, Chittagong Hill
forest belts
forest belts of Cox's
Cox's Bazar,
Bazar, Teknaf,
Teknaf, Tracts, and
Tracts, and Sylhet),
Sylhet), asas well
well asas in the
the
Moheskhali, Barisal, Patuakhali,
Patuakhali, andand coastal belts and off-shore islands
islands under
Sundarbans. This activity provides the jurisdiction of the Forest
income
income to to local
local inhabitants
inhabitants whowho sell
sell Department,aa large
Department, large quantity
quantity of fish
fish
them tourists as
them to tourists as souvenirs.
souvenirs. Some
Some are (both fresh-water and
(both fresh-water and saline
saline fish),
fish), are
are
also exported.
also exported. Although
Although the
the Forest
Forest collected by
collected by local
local fishermen,
fishermen, for which
which
Department
Department has has no effective
effective control
control on
on the Forest Department earns a good deal
processing
processing and export of these
of these products, of revenue.
it is indirectly supporting the growth and
expansion of this cottage industry.
expansion industry. If the Recently, shrimp
Recently, shrimp cultivation has been
cultivation has been
Government promotes itit with
Government promotes with proper
proper initiated in the coastal belts and off-shore
incentives, this industry has considerable islands of Bangladesh. Although
export potential. No statistics are offering
offering attractive export potential, such
available
available for these products. shrimp production causes severe damage
to the
the mangrove
mangrove and and coastal
coastal forest
Gol-patta (Nipa
(Nipa fruticans) is
is one
one of
of the
the plantations, which have been felled
plantations, which have been felled to
to
most
most abundant
abundant NWFPs
NWFPs in in Bangladesh,
Bangladesh, accommodate ponds.
growing naturally throughout the
Sundarbans forest and
Sundarbans forest and in other
other coastal
coastal Wildlife resources: Bangladesh has
Made from
areas. Made from the ,leaves
leaves ofof l'lipa,
tipa, tremendous potential
tretl'lendaus potential for
for breeding
breeding and
gol-patta thatching
gol-patta thatching and
and roofing
roofing is very
very export
export of aa number
number of
of wildlife
wildlife species
species
common in Khulna, Bagerhat, and
common and wildlife products.
Sarkhira districts. It provides
considerable revenue
considerable revenue for the the Forest
Forest About 20 years
About 20 years ago,
ago, large
large number
number of
Department. Production figures are Rhesus
Rhesus monkeys
monkeys were
were exported
exported from
from
shown in
shown in Table 4. Bangladesh in to
Bangladesh in to the United
United States
States for

3
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products BanAdult

medical research. Similarly, lizard

research. Similarly, lizard skins
skins (bawalis) under
(bawalis) under the
the issuance
issuance of
were exported to different countries until Forest
Forest Department
Department permits
permits and
and
recently. However, because
recently. because ofof poaching supervision of
supervision of the
the Sundarbans
Sundarbans
of valuable wildlife
wildlife species,
species, all exports
exports Forest Division staff.
of wildlife are now banned. If
regulations
regulations were
were changed,
changed, however, Collection, extraction
Collection, extraction and
and trans-
good prospects
good prospects exist forfor exports
exports of portation
portation of bamboo
bamboo fromfrom large
large
captive-bred
captive-bred deer,
deer, crocodile, snakes, bamboo brakes (mohals),
lizards, and other
other animals.
animals. especially inin the
especially the Sylhet
Sylhet Forest
Forest
Division and, to aa lesser
Division and, lesser extent,
extent,
Famous for Royal
Famous for Royal Bengal
Bengal tigers,
tigers, the
the in Chittagong Hill Tract,
Chittagong Hill Tract, Cox's
Cox's
Sundarbans forest
Sundarbans forest offers
offers high
high potential
potential Bazar
Bazar and
and Chittagong Forest
for tourism
for tourism and
and organized
organized safaris for Division.
incoming visitors,
incoming provided the wildlife
visitors, provided wildlife
can
can bebe significantly
significantly increased
increased through
through Collection of
Collection of cane
cane and
and pati pata
scientific management. (murta) by local people on
payment
payment of royalties,
royalties, mainly
mainly to
COLLECTION AND
AND PROCESSING
PROCESSING Department.
the Forest Department.
OFNWFPs
OF NVVFPs
A look into the
the nature
nature of
ofdepartmental
departmental
Collection and processing are the and governmental efforts for the
weakest links in
weakest links in the NWFPs
NWFPs sector
sector in collection
collection of NWFPs indicates that:
that:
Bangladesh,
Bangladesh, needing
needing special
special attention
attention
from the
from the concerned
concerned authorities.
authorities. The
The i) There is no specialized or
collection and processing
collection processing arrangements
arrangements professional body for this
are primarily carried out by two purpose.
sectorsthe Government,
sectors-the Government, through
through the
the
Forest Department, and small-scale ii) Governmental action aims
entrepreneurs. the collection
primarily at the collection of
revenue and policing the
The Forest Department has no resource. Planned efforts
specialized division for
specialized division for processing
processing or development
development have
have yet to be
collecting NWFPs.
collecting NWFPs. It is is done
done as
as an
an carried out.
additional responsibility.
iii) Management and
Management and monitoring
monitoring of
Some major departmental initiatives
Some initiatives for NWFP are carried out
out in
in addition
collecting and processing
collecting and processing of NWFPs
NWFPs to routine departmental functions.
include:
iv) NWFP management lacks
• Collectionof
Collection
Sundarbans by
Sundarbans
of honey
honey from
by the
from the
the
the Sundarban
Sundarban
professionalism and
technical standards.
high

Forest Division.
v) The country lacks a detailed
The country detailed
• Collection of gol patta/thatching
Collection patta/thatching
material by local cutters
inventory
inventory of NWFP resources.
resources.

4
NOIl- Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Bangladesh

Some steps are

Some steps are being
being taken
taken by
by the
the cultural dignity of
of the
the nation.
nation.
private sector on a very
very small
small scale
scale and
and
on purely commercial basis. For Micro-Level Economic Benefits
Micro-Level
example, there are a number
example, number of of cane and
bamboo processing units in Sylhet
bamboo processing Sylhet and
and The collection, processing, and
Chittagong which are engaged in marketing of NWFPs provides
manufacturing furniture and souvenirs to to employment to thousands of rural
be offered
offered in the
the local
local market.
market. Though
Though Bangladeshis.
this has the potential to
the potential to become
become aa
booming industry, it remains suppressed
booming NWFP homestead or mini industries use
because
because of thethe lack
lack of
ofprofessionalism
professionalism local labor and raw materials,
materials, which are
and technically
and technically sound project planning. crucial
crucial importance
importance to the otherwise
Similarly, collection and
Similarly, the collection and processing
processing rather stagnant rural economy of
of shells
shells in the
the coastal
coastal belts
belts of Cox's
Cox's Bangladesh.
Bazar and Chittagong
Bazar and Chittagong hashas become
become a
cottage
cottage industry
industry that has attracted manymany Socio-Psychological Benefits
private entrepreneurs.
entrepreneurs. So So far,
far, however,
however,
hardly any scientifically trained With the
With the employment
employment generators
generators and and
professional body has
professional body has emerged
emerged to deal deal security
security of regular
regular earning
earning (through
(through
with the collection, processing and NWFPs), there is is aa recognizable
recognizable growthgrowth
export of NWFPs.
export in the quality ofof socio-psychological
socio-psychologicallife life
of the involved population. Though there
ECONOMIC
ECONOMIC AND
AND SOCIAL
SOCIAL virtually no
is virtually no study
study on on this
this social
BENEFITS FROM NWFPs
BENEFITS aspect, this
aspect, this becomes
becomes evident
evident fromfrom the
behavior patterns of the people. The
behavior patterns of the people. The
Though described
Though described as "minor" forest Chakmas (bamboo
Chakmas collectors of the
(bamboo collectors the
products, NWFPs
products, NWFPs have have made
made major
major Chittagong Hill
Chittagong Hill Tracts regions), honey
regions), honey
contributions to the Bangladesh
contributions Bangladesh agrarian collectors of the Sundarbans, stone mer-
collectors
economy. A critical
critical review
review of the
the chants and
chants and murta
murta workers
workers of of Sylhet
Sylhet
contributions of
contributions of NWFPs
NWFPs would
would reveal
reveal forests are
forests are a few
few of of these
these groups
groups who who
numerous economic and socio- are in close contact with with the foresters. It
foresters.
psychological benefits. has been observed that a distinct distinct change
has
has emerged in their sense of values and
Macro-Economic Benefits views
views of thethe world.
world. TheyThey have
have grown
grown
more conscious of their rights, more
more conscious of their rights, more
Government of
The Government of Bangladesh
Bangladesh collects abiding
abiding of state laws
laws pertaining
pertaining to forest
significant earnings
significant earnings from
from the royalties,
royalties, resources,
resources, andand more
more cooperative
cooperative with with
taxes, and
taxes, and other
other charges
charges on
on NWFPs.
NWFPs. officials of
officials of the Forestry Department,
Department, the
Modest export earnings are derived from police
police and
and local
local civil
civiladministrations.
administrations.
the
the sale of bamboo and
and shells.
shells. This phenomenon needs to be addressed addressed
more thoroughly by social social scientists.
scientists.
Sophisticated finished articles and
souvenirs made
souvenirs made from
from NWFPs
NWFPs are major
exportable items of the
exportable items the country
country which
which
often
often carry
carry with
with them
them thethe aesthetic

5
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Bangkkiesit

PROMOTING NWFPs developed for dealing

developed for dealing with NW
NW
FP collection,
collection, processing
processing and
and
Recent Strategies for Promotion:
Promotion: export.

On the face of the

On the utter
utter degradation
degradation of Good
Good marketing
marketing facilities
facilities have
have
state forests,
forests, renewed emphasis has been not been developed mainly due to
attached
attached to NWFPs.
NWFPs. SomeSome significant
significant lack of awareness at the
awareness at the level
level of
of
steps have
steps been taken
have been taken by thethe Forest
Forest the entrepreneurs
the as well
entrepreneurs as well as
as the
Directorate to conserve,
conserve, regenerate
regenerate and
and buyers.
propagate some of the
propagate some the major
major NWFPs.
NWFPs.
steps include:
These steps include: Incentives and inputs
Incentives and inputs from
from the
the
Government private
Government private and
and entre-
entre-
• Artificial planting of bamboo
bamboo preneurs
preneurs for promoting
promoting NWFP
NWFP
using improved planting development are lacking.
materials
materials (offset,
(offset, branch-cutting
branch-cutting
and
and tissue
tissue culture)
culture) at selected
selected Infrastructure, institutional
sites
sites by
by the
the Forest
Forest Department
Department support and logistics for
and the Bangladesh Forest collection, processing and
Research Institute (BFRI).
Research (BFRI). transport of NWFPs are lacking.

Regeneration of of cane
cane through
through Technical know-low is lacking at
improved high-quality imported
improved high-quality imported every level.
level.
seeds in the state forests,
seeds in forests, and
and in
homestead
homestead agroforestry areas. Looking Ahead:

• Promotion and
Promotion and improvement
improvement of
Sylhet by
pati pata/murta in Sylhet by
NWFP
NWFP development
should
development In
be dealt
should be
in Bangladesh
dealt with
with on
on two
two broad
broad
restricting
restricting indiscriminate cutting
cutting levels.
and by enforcing rules for
regeneration. Policy Issues:

Bottlenecks: • A clear-cut
clear-cut national
national policy
NWFP promotion
NWFP
policy on
promotion and develop-
develop-
In spite of all limitations, cottage ment has to
to be
be established
established now.
now.
industries making products
industries malcing bamboo,
products of bamboo, The policy
policy should
should contribute
contribute to
cane, shells, oysters honey, bees wax,
cane, shells, oysters honey, bees wax, the harmonious functioning of all
lemon grass etc.
lemon grass etc. have
have made
made notable
notable public and private sectors
progress in recent
recent years.
years. concerned.

The status
status of
far from
far
of NWFPs
NWFPs in
from satisfactory.
in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is
satisfactory. However,
However, the
• A broad-range
be made
be
inventory has
broad-range inventory
made regarding
regarding the
has to
the avail-
avail-
following
following are the primary bottlenecks:
bottlenecks: ability of
of NWFPs
NWFPs andand their
used.
potential used.
• Trained
Trained personnel
personnel and
and efficient
efficient
management have not
management have not yet
yet been
been

6
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Bangladesh

• To raise
raise the
the technical
technical standards
standards
of the public and private workers
investors are fully established
and markets have
and the markets have matured.
matured.
(related to collection and
processing of NWFP)
condensed technical or vocational
a • Coordination among the different
public and private agencies
training
training package
package should
should be de-
de- the collection
involved in the
involved collection and
and
vised. There
vised. There areare a number
number of processing of NWFPs
processmg of NWFPs is is badly
badly
and agricultural
forestry and agricultural research needed.
institutions in
institutions in the country which
which
are capable of
programme.
of developing
developing such a • An incentive
An
should
welfare scheme
incentive welfare
should be launched
scheme
launched for the forest
staff working
staff working in in remote
remote areas
areas
• With the
With the inception
inception of
democratic regime in
democratic
of a new
in the
new
thecoun-
coun-
(associated with
(associated with NWFPs), until a
separate professional
separate professional body
body for
try, a strong political handling the matters
handling the matters relating
relating to
commitment
commitment at at the macro
macro level
level NWFPs is introduced.
introduced.
for the promotion and
and harvesting
harvesting
of NWFPs
of NWFPs is
expected.
IS optimistically • A Government
Government sponsored
gramme
gramme should
sponsored pro-
should immexliately
immediately be
taken
taken up for the
the development
development of
• Private entrepreneurs
entrepreneurs should
encouraged by sufficient
should be modern apicultural
modem apicultural techniques
improve honey
techniques to
production in the
honey production
incentives and policy
incentives policy protection
protection especially in the Sundar-
country, especially
up NWFPs
to take up NWFPs development,
development, bans and Chittagong areas,
areas, where
as the Government is over- the potential for producing high-
burdened with
burdened with its
its other
other major
major quality Sundarbans honey is
obligations. Moreover, if if there is greatest.
a liberal policy on on NWFP
NWFP
development,
development, it might attract the
attention of
of foreign
foreign investors.
investors.
• NWFP development
NWFP
linked up
linked up with
with the
should be
development should
the country's
country's
Participatory Forestry
Participatory Forestry projects
projects
• Government
trade
trade and
could also
Government could also link
link the
processing NWFPs
processing of NWFPs
which have achieved notable
success in motivating and
with the flourishing Export mobilizing
mobilizing local inhabitants
inhabitants and
and
Processing Zone now established resources.
in the country.

Functional Issues:

• The potential of NWFPs can not

be fully realized
realized because
because of the
lack of a sound marketing policy.
The government
government should
should initially
initially
organize markets
organize for NWFPs
markets for NWFPs
until such
until such time
time as the
the private
private

7
Non-Wood
NOli· Wood Forest Products Bangbdesh

REFERENCES

Asian Wetlands
Asian Wetlands Bureau
Bureau and
and BCAS.
BCAS. 1991.
1991. Bangladesh
Bangladesh Forestry
Forestry III
III Project:
Project: Environment
Environment
Project Preparation
Component. Project Preparation Report.
Report.

Forest Directorate,
Directorate, 1991.
1991. The
The management
management plan of of Sylhet
Sylhet Forest
Forest Division. Government of
Division. Government
Directorate, Inventory
Bangladesh, Forest Directorate, Inventory Division.
Division.

Forest Directorate. 1991.

1991. The
The management
management plan of Sundarbans
Sundarbans Forest Division.
Division. Government of
Directorate, Inventory
Bangladesh, Forest Directorate, Inventory Division.
Division.

Government
Government of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh. 1982. Proceedings of 2nd National Forestry Conference.
Conference.

Khan, N. A.
Khan, A. 1991.
1991.Education
Education and
andtraining
traininginillforest
forestsector:
sector:Bangladesh.
Bangladesh. (Unpublished
(Unpublished
dissertation)
dissertation)..

Khan, N.A. Democracy

Khan, Democracy and
and bureaucratic
bureaucratic behavior
behavior:: a quest
quest for
for concerns:
concerns: Weekly
Weekly Deshkal.
Deshkal.
1991.
June, 1991.

S.A. 1980.
Khan, S.A. 1980. Worlcing
Working plans for
for the
the forests
forests of
of Chittagong
Chittagong Division for the
the period
period of
of1978-
1978-
to 1987-88,
79 to 1987-88, Government ofBangladesh.
Government of Bangladesh.

Khan, S.A. 1969.

Khan, 1969. The
The forest resources
resources of
ofEast
East Pakistan.
Pakistan. Government
Government of
of Pakistan.
Pakistan.

Khan, S.A. 1984.

Khan, 1984. Problems
Problems of
ofbamboo
bamboo seeds
seeds in
in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh. Seminar
Seminar Paper
Paper ASEAN/IDRC,
ASEAN/IDRC ,
Thailand.

Mango, V.C. 1986.

1986. Community
Community forestry
forestry hand
hand book.
book. FAO/UNDP
FAO/UNDP Field
Field document-1.
document-I.

Mushrooms are prized forest foods with

forest foods with
increasing commercial
commercial value.
value .

8
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products China

CIllNA
CHINA
Shi Kunshan
ofScien-Tech
Institute of Scien-Tech Information
Infonnation
Academy of
Chinese Academy of Forestry

INTRODUCTION

The forest is a plant community previous records. According to the

composed of
composed of trees and other
other vegetation
vegetation estimate, the output value
preliminary estimate, value of
of
which contains
which contains not only a great quantity
quantity NWFPs
NWFPs exceeded
exceeded 4 billion yuan,
of timber
timber reserves,
reserves, but
but also
also abundant
abundant accounting
accounting forfor one-fourth
one-fourth ofof the
the total
total
non-wood plant
non-wood plant and
and animal
animal resources.
resources. output value of forestry
output value forestry in the
the country.
country.
According to incomplete statistics,
According statistics, there Foreign exchange earnings from the sale
are over 1,900
1,900 species
species of
of woody
woody plants
plants of NWFPs
NWFPs reached
reached US$340
US$340 million.
million.
in the forested
in forested areas
areas of
of China.
China. There NWFPs
NWFPs constitute
constitute aa large proportion of
are over 340 species
species of
of aromatic
aromatic plants;
plants; total exports of forest products in China,
more
more than 120
120 species
species ofof edible
edible plants;
plants; and they have become essential means
means of
about 400
about 400 species
species ofof medicinal
medicinal plants;
plants; livelihood for the people.
livelihood
over 100 species ofof economic
economic plants and
80 species
80 species of
of nectariferous
nectariferous plant.
plant. In PRODUCTION AND
AND UTILIZATION
addition, there
addition, there are
are over
over 500 species
species of OF NON-WOOD
OF NON-WOOD FOREST
FOREST
wildlife. PRODUCTS

In China, the
the so-called
so-called "non-wood
"non-wood plant
plant In China, non-wood
non-wood forest products are
resources" in forest
forest areas
areas include leaves, roughly classified
roughly according to their
classified according
bark, fruit, seed
seed and
and flowers,
flowers, as well as uses, as described
uses, described below:
below:
other
other non-woody
non-woody plants.
plants. ByBy rational
rational
exploitation
exploitation and integrated utilization
and integrated utilization of Woody Food and Oil
Woody Food
these resources a great quantity
quantity ofof food,
clothing and daily necessities are Food
Food trees and
and oil
oil trees
trees have
have common
common
provided for the
provided the people
people and
and remarkable
remarkable characteristics: strong resistance to
economic values can be
economic be generated.
generated. natural disaster,
natural disaster, stable
stable yields
yields and
and less
less
manpower input compared with
Over the last 10
10 years,
years, the
the development
development agricultural crops.
agricultural crops. These
These ldnds
kinds of trees
trees
of NWFP resources has has been given high can be used
can used to green the
the mountains
mountains and
priority
priority in China.
China. The
The area
area devoted
devoted to
to landscape,
landscape, to beautify
beautify the
the environment,
environment,
NWFP production now totalstotals 14 million to conserve
to conserve water and soil, and
water and and to
to
hectares and
hectares and will increase
increase at an
an annual
annual produce a variety
produce variety of forest
forest by-products
by-products
planting rate of more
planting rate more than
than 600,000
600,000 such as
such as timber,
timber, forage
forage andand medicinal
medicinal
hectares. In
hectares. In 1990,
1990, the
the output
output of main
main materials. Therefore,
materials. Therefore, broad
broad prospects
prospects
non-wood forest products such as exist in the
the development
development and and integrated
integrated
chestnut, red
chestnut, red jujube,
jujube, walnut, tea oil,
walnut, tea utilization food and oil trees.
utilization of food trees.
almond, hawthorn and ginkgo, topped all

9
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood China

Chestnut (Castanea
Chestnut (Castanea spp)
spp) is
is aa nutritious,
nutritious, in the country.
total in country. China exports about
fragrant
fragrant and tasty
tasty forest-derived
forest-derived food,
food, 4,700 tons of dry
dry jujube,
jujube, earning
earning US$5
US$5
and
and anan important
important export
export product.
product. It million
million in
in foreign exchange each year.
grows in 23 provinces southsouth ofof Liaoning
Liaoning
Province, covering a total area of Gingko (Ginkgo) is aa rare
Gingko (Ginkgo) rare species
spe,cies
300,000 hectares. The The annual
annual production peculiar to China. It It contains rich
iich starch,
of chestnuts averages about 33,000 tons, fat, protein and a variety of vitamins and
accounting
accounting for for one-tenth
one-tenth ofof the world
world can
can bebe used
used asas food
food andandmedicine.
medicine.
total. There are 51 51 counties
counties that produce Progesterone can
Progesterone can be extracted
extracted from
from the
at least 250 tons. TheThe output
output of of Qianxi,
Qianxi, fruits of gingko, used to treat
Xinglong and
Xinglong and Zunhua counties
counties in in Hebei cerebrovascular disease, cerebrum
Province tops
Province tops 500
500 tons
tons per year in each functional failure, coronary heart
county. China
county. China exports 25,000 tons
exports 25,000 tons of disease, and
disease, and angina
angina pectoris.
pectoris. Oral andand
chestnuts
chestnuts annually
annually (most
(most of which
which go to injection liquids
liquids have also been
been extracted
Japan), earning foreign
japan), earning foreign exchange totaling from the
from the leaves
leaves of gingko
gingko inin recent
recent
about
about US$50 million each year. years. Gingko
years. Gingko is distributed
distributed over more
than 20
than 20 provinces
provinces in in China
China with
with an
an
Walnut (Jugfans
Walnut (Juglans L.)L.) is is aatraditional
traditional annual output of 5,000 tons, most of
annual output of 5,000 tons, most
commodity of China which is exported
commodity exported which is
which is exported.
exported. The foreign exchange
in large
large quantities.
quantities. The The total area of
total area earnings top US$7 million each year.
earnings top year.
walnut in
walnut in the country
country is is over 11 million
million
hectares, and annual output averages
hectares, and annual output averages Tea-oil (Camellia
Tea-oil (Camellia oleigera)
oleigera) is aa special
special
about Chinese walnuts are
about 100,000 tons. Chinese product in China, growing in 15
delicious and
delicious and of goodgood quality. The provinces over
provinces over an
an area
area of more than 4
calorific value ofof walnut
walnut nucleolus is six six million hectares.
million hectares. The
The annual
annual output
output of
times that
times that of beef.
beef. ItIt contains
contains protein
protein tea
tea oil is 500 tons, accounting for 8.6
is 500 tons, accounting 8.6
and
and fat which
which are easy
easy absorbed
absorbed by the percent of the
the edible
edible plant
plant oil
oil produced
produced
human
human body.
body. Nucleolus
Nucleolus is is also aa good
good in the country.
country.
solvent which
solvent which cancan be used in extraction
extraction
of rose oil,
oil, violet,
violet, essential
essential oil of fish, fish, In Hunan and Jiangxi provinces,
provinces, which
which
and
and pelargonium.
pelargonium. It is also also valuable
valuable to to are the central production areas of of tea oil
the perfumery industry. The annual
the perfumery industry. The annual in China,
in China, over
over half
half of thethe edible
edible oil
oil
export quantity of of walnuts from China is is consumed
consumed inin the
the rural
rural areas
areas is tea
tea oil.
oil.
about 47,000 tons,
tons, with
with anan annual export The unsaturated fatty acid contained
unsaturated fatty contained in
value of US$30-50 million. Walnuts are tea oil is as
tea oil as high
high asas 98
98 percent
percent andand isis
exported mainly
exported mainly to Europe, Canada Canada andand easily absorbed
easily absorbed by by the
the human
human body.
body.
other countries in Asia.
Asia. Integrated utilizationof
Integrated utilization of tea
tea oil
oil and its
its
residues produces
residues produces good
good effects.
effects. For
Jujube (Zizyphus
(Zizyphus spp)
spp) is also
also a major
major example, China
example, China hashas extracted
extracted saponin
saponin
forest-based food in China with total
forest-based food in China with a total from tea dregs, which can be used to
from tea dregs, which can be used to
area
area of
of about
about 240,000
240,000 hectares.
hectares. The
The manufacture cleansers, detergents,
annual
annual output of fresh
fresh jujube is 400,000 foaming agents and insecticides. It
foaming agents and insecticides. It also
also
tons.
tons. The
The output
output inin five
five provinces- acts as medicine
acts medicine to decrease
decrease cholesterol
Hebei,
Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi
Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and
and and disease.
and prevent heart disease.
Shaanxi makes
Shaanxi- makes upup 90
90 percent
percent of
of the
the

10
 Wood Forest
Non-Wood
NOIl- Forest Products Chilla
China

Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia) is is Tung Oil

Oil Tree
Tree (Aleurites fordit) is
(Aleurites Jordh) is one
one
an important oil tree species in Northeast of the major
major industrial oil tree species
species in
China, North
China, North China
China andand Northwest
Northwest China, occurring
China, occurring inin the 1616 southern
southern
China. It has been introduced and provinces, with a total area of
provinces, of about 1.8
cultivated in
cultivated in 14
14 provinces over a total
provinces over total million hectares planted and an annual
million hectares planted and annual
area of about
area about 50,000
50,000 hectares.
hectares. The
The output of 105,000
105,000 tons
tons (1989).
(1989).
annual output
annual output is about 3,750 tons.
about 3,750 tons.
Yellowhorn is very high in linoleic acid,
Yellowhorn Tung oil has been exported by China for
thus good
thus good for
for health.
health. Yellowhorn
Yellowhorn also also many
many years.
years. The
The annual
annual export
export volume
volume
yields an
yields an important
important material
material used
used in
in the is about
is about 12,000
12,000 tons
tons and
and the
the foreign
foreign
manufacturing of liquid
manufacturing liquid crystals
crystals used
used in exchange earned is about
exchange earned about US$US$ 15 15
color televisions and calculators.
calculators. million.
million. In recent years, Japan has
has been
been
the biggest importer of tung oil,
Woody Fat, Lacquer and Wax
Woody Fat, accounting for about
accounting for about 75
75 percent
percent of the
the
total exported.
This category
category includes
includes traditional
traditional forest
by-products and special products such as Raw
Raw Lacquer
Lacquer is made
made from
from the
the leaf
leaf
tung oil,
tung oil, tallow
tallow tree oil, white
white wax
wax and
and of the
liquid of the lacquer
lacquer tree (Toxico-
raw lacquer as well
well as other woody oils. dendron vernicifluum)
dendron vernicifluum) andand has strong
strong
absorptive and
absorptive and anti-corrosive
anti-corrosive qualities.
qualities.
Tallow
Tallow Tree (Sapium
(Sapium sebiferum)
sebiferum) is an
an In addition
In addition to
to coating
coating materials
materials used
used
important woody oil
important woody oil plant
plant in
in China,
China, widely for
widely for building
building construction
construction it can
can
found in 15
found in 15 provinces.
provinces. It
It covers
covers more
more also be widely used in defence,
than 200,000 hectares with annual output machinery,
machinery, petroleum, and the the chemical
chemical
of about
about 85,000 tons. The oil is industries, mmmg,
mining, brewing, ship
extracted from
extracted from the seed
seed ofof tallow
tallow tree.
tree. building, arts and crafts,
building, arts crafts, and
and printing
printing
Its fat and
and pulp
pulp are
are important
important chemical
chemical and dyeing.
materials which are widely used in soap,
wax
wax candles,
candles, paint,
paint, printing
printing ink, waxwax The lacquer
lacquer tree is distributed
distributed over the
paper, skin-protecting lotions, metal- five provinces
five provinces of Shaanxi,
Shaanxi, Guizhou,
Guizhou,
painting agents
painting agents and
and others.
others. The
The leaf
leaf Hubei, Yunnan Hunan, covering an
Yunnan and Hunan,
contains much tannin which can be used
contains area
area of
of about
about 500,000
500,000 hectares.
hectares. The
The
in the manufacture of of black
black pigment
pigment and
and annual output of raw lacquer 2,750
annual output of raw lacquer is 2,750
pesticides. TheThe leaf
leaf and
and root
root can
can be
be used
used tons.
tons. Raw lacquer is a traditional export
as medicinal materials and for of China.
China.
detumescence, toxification,
detumescence, toxification, diuresis and
pain
pain relief.
relief. The bark
bark is aa material
material for
for Between 1980 and
Between 1980 and 1986,
1986, the
the annual
annual
tanning extracts
tanning extractsandand thethe flower
flower isis a exports
exports of raw
raw lacquer
lacquer averaged
averaged 300
300
nectar source.
nectar source. China
China hashas made
made certain
certain tons. Japan, Hong Kong, Macao and the
achievements
achievements in the utilization of tallow United Kingdom
Kingdom are the main importing
tree fat
tree fat and
and the
the exploitation
exploitation of new new countries. Foreign
countries. Foreign exchange
exchange earned
earned is
woody oil
woody oil plants
plants in
in recent
recent years.
years. There about US$4 million per year.
is aa small
small quantity
quantity exported,
exported, mainly
mainly to~o
Europe and and America.
America. Rosin and Turpentine
Rosin Turpentine are
are important
important
earners foreign exchange
earners of foreign exchange for China.
China.

11
11
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products China

The annual output of rosin and distillation. Its

distillation. Its oil contains
contains lemon alde-
turpentine are 400,000 tons and 46,000
turpentine are 46,000 hyde, aromadendrol
aromadendrol and and terpene.
terpene. It can
can
tons,
tons, respectively.
respectively. The annual export of be used directly as fragrant materials
materials in
rosin is about
about 200,000
200,000 tons,
tons, which soda drinks
soda drinks and
and beer,
beer, and indirectly for
represents 40
represents 40 to
to 50 percent
percent of the
the total
total perfume, medicine,
perfume, medicine, plastics,
plastics, synthetic
synthetic
trade of rosin
trade rosin throughout
throughout the
the world.
world. rubber,
rubber, printing and food.
printing and food. It has
has been
been
The foreign
foreign exchange earned for China
exchange earned China proved that
proved that cubeba oil can remove
cubeba oil remove the
the
from rosin
from rosin is about
about US$100
US$100 million
million a carcinogenic substances
carcinogenic substances from grain.
year. Over
year. Over 550,000 tons of resin
550,000 tons resin are
are
produced
produced in in South
South China
China each
each year,
year, A considerable benefit has been obtained
which has
which has created
created 300,000
300,000 jobs
jobs and
and from the secondary processing of
increased personal income
increased personal income by by 2,000
2,000 cubeba. For example, the Yiyang
yuan per person per year
year on
on average.
average. Chemical Factory, Hunan Provinces has has
produced aa variety
produced variety of products
products from
from
Secondary
Secondary processing
processing of
of rosin produces nucleotus oil with an annual output value
added
added value and benefits.
benefits. The
The Central-
Central- of 8.5 million yuan. As
million yuan. As the content
content of
South Forestry
South Forestry College,
College, in cooperation
cooperation nucleolus
nucleolus oil is
is similar to
to that of coconut
with Shaoyang Forest Chemical Factory, oil, it has
has been used in Hunan to replace
for example,
example, earns
earns 10,000
10,000 yuan
yuan profit
profit the latter. This has saved a large amount
amount
per ton
ton for
for ketone
ketone produced
produced from
from rosin.
rosin. of foreign exchange.
The Dequing
Dequing Forest Chemical
Chemical Factory,
Guangdong Province,
Guangdong Province, produces
produces aa full
full Eucalypts were
were introduced
introduced into
into China
China
line of secondary
line secondary products
products made
made from
from more than
more than a hundred
hundred years
years ago.
ago. Now
Now
rosin including high-quality rosin, they are cultivatedon overover 670,000
670,000
turpentine, and synthetic camphor. hectares distributed
hectares over 16
distributed over 16 provinces.
provinces.
Exports earn US$3.6
Exports US$3. 6 million
million in foreign
foreign The output of eucalypt oil, which can be
exchange each year. extracted from the leaves is about 3,000
3,000
tons for an average year, of
tons of which
which one-
one-
Forest Perfume Products third is exported,
third exported, mainly
mainly to France and and
Germany. Eucalypt
Germany. Eucalypt oil is mainly used
used in
An important aspect in thethe exploitation
exploitation medicine, perfumery and industrial
and utilization of non-wood
non-wood forest production. At present, good
production. good economic
economic
products in
products in China is the use ofof residues
residues benefits have been
benefits have been achieved
achieved in manymany
from the final
from final cutting
cutting and
and thinning
thinning of eucalypt oil-producing factories in
fragrant plants to produce oils or China. For example,
China. example, thethe annual
annual output
output
extracts. of essential oil in the
the Kunming
Kunming Perfume
Perfume
Factory, Yunnan Province, is about 500
Yunnan Province,
MountainSpicy
Mountain Spicy Tree
Tree(Litsea
(Litsea cubeba)
cubeba) is is including the "Yilan" Brand
tons, including Brand which
which
an important
an important aromatic
aromatic oil plant
plant widely
widely contains
contains 8080 percent
percent eucalypt
eucalypt oiloil and
and
distributed in almost all provinces.
distributed provinces. Most enjoys high prestige in thethe international
international
parts
parts of the
the plant,
plant, including
including the
the root,
root, markets. Eucalyptus citriodora oil
stem, leaf, bark
bark andand fruit, contain produced in the Baihua Perfume
aromatic oil.
aromatic oil. Especially useful is
Especially useful is the
the Factory,
Factory, Guangzhou,
Guangzhou, as as well
well as pure
pure
fruit, from
fruit, from which
which aromatic
aromatic oil
oil (cubeba
(cubeba citronellal, citronellol and rhodinol
oil) can be obtained after simple extracted from crude
extracted from crude oil in the
the Fuzhou
Fuzhou

12
NOll- Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood China

Perfume Factory,
Perfume Factory, and
and the
the Zhangzhou
Zhangzhou birch honey peach, and others produced
Perfume Factory
Perfume Factory have
have been
been put
put on the
the by the
the Forest
Forest Drink
Drink Factory
Factory of
of Dailing
Dailing
market, resulting in high
high economic
economic Forestry Bureau, Heilongjiang Province,
benefits. represents anan annual
annual value
value of 2.942.94
million yuan. More
million yuan. More than
than aa hundred
hundred
Forest Drinks people have been employed since
production began in
production began in 1986.
1986. The Forest
Forest
Forest drinks
Forest drinks are natural
natural drinks
drinks which
which of Korea Autonomous
Research Institute of
are produced
are produced or extracted
extracted from
from tree
tree Prefecture and Wangqing Forestry
juice, wild berry, fruit, leaves leaves andand Bureau,
Bureau, Jilin Province, inin collaboration
collaboration
flowers of plants,
flowers plants, as well
well as the
the pollen
pollen with research
with research organizations,
organizations, have trial-
trial-
of nectariferous plants. This
nectariferous plants. This kind
kind of produced "Senhua Champagne,Champagne,""
drink is enjoyed
enjoyed by by consumers
consumers because
because "Senhuabao"
"Senhuabao" andand "Birch Haw Drink."
"Birch Haw Drink."
of its nutritional
nutritional and
and medicinal
medicinal values.
values. These
These birch products
products are also
also exported
exported
There are
are abundant
abundant materials
materials for
for maldng
making to South Korea and Hong
Hong Kong.
Kong.
forest drinks from
forest from birch,
birch, seabuckthorn
seabuckthorn
(Hippophae rhamnoides),
rhamnoides) , yangtao Seabuckthorn(Hippophae
Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhomnoides)
rhomnoides)
(Actinidia chinensis), bureja
bureja gooseberry
gooseberry is a wild shrub growing
growing in 20 provinces
provinces
(Ribes burejense),
(Ribes burejense) , raspberry
raspberry (Rubus),
(Rubus), in North
in North China,
China, Northeast
Northeast China
China and and
amur grape (Vitis
(Vitis amurensis)
amurensis),, wild rose, Northwest China, covering
Northwest China, covering an an area
area of
cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), black over million hectares.
over 11 million hectares. InIn the past,
past,
currant
currant (Ribes
(Ribes nigrun),
nigrun) , Siberia
Siberia nitaria
nitaria seabuckthorn was mainly used to
(Nitraria sibirica) and pine needle establish soil
soil and
and water
water conservation
conservation
powder.
powder. Some
Some of thesethese are
are discussed
discussed forests and fuelwood forests. The
below. exploitation and
exploitation and utilization
utilization of
of this
this rare
resource dates from only the mid-1980s,
mid-1980s,
Birch
Birch Juice is
is aa popular
popular soft
soft drink
drink in but has
but has developed
developed rapidly,
rapidly, producing
producing
China. China has abundant birch remarkable economic and social benefits.
resources,
resources, with
with 34
34 species
species covering
covering a Seabuckthorn contains
Seabuckthorn contains rich nutritional
nutritional
total area of
of 10
10 million
million hectares.
hectares. These
These and medicinal
and medicinal qualities.
qualities. Seabuckthorn
Seabuckthorn
resources are mainly distributed in juice is a healthy drink, and
JUlce
North, Northeast, Northwest and seabuckthorn wine
seabuckthorn wine isis anti-pyretic
anti-pyretic and
and
including Heilogjiang
Southwest China, including Heilogjiang good for
good for the
the mind.
mind. TheThe oil
oil reduces
reduces
Province (1.5 million
Province million hectares),
hectares), Inner
Inner radiation, fatigue,
radiation, fatigue, and
and blood
blood fat,
fat, and
and
Mongolia Autonomous
Mongolia Autonomous Region
Region (3.96 strengthens vitality.
million hectares) and Jilin Province
(290,000
(290,000 hectares). The drink
hectares). The drink made
made In 1990, there were over 150
from birch
from birch juice is
is widely
widely enjoyed
enjoyed byby seabuckthorn processing factories in
consumers. Good
Good quality birch juice soft China, with an annual production
drink produced
drink produced byby the
the Chifeng
Chifeng Forest
Forest capacity of
capacity of about
about 150,000
150,000 tons.
tons. The
The
Research Institute,
Research Institute, Inner
Inner Mongolia,
Mongolia, in variety of products made from
cooperation with Ningcheng County Tin evolved from
seabuckthorn has evolved from the
Factory, has been
Factory, been displayed and sold
displayed and sold in original crude
original crude juice
juice and
and soft
soft drinks,
drinks, to
many
many national exhibitions. AA series
national exhibitions. series of finished products
over 200 finished products in 8 different
birch cola,
products such as birch syrup, birch cola, categories, including
categories, including soft
soft drinks,
drinks, food,
food,

13
NOII- Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Products Chilla
China

wine, daily-use
daily-use chemicals,
chemicals, medicine, actinidia development. Yangtao
Yang tao actinidia
health protection,
health protection, forage and and additives.
additives. products such as
products such as soft drinks,
drinks, wine
wine and
and
Over 50 products have have won
won high
high awards jam produced
produced in Xixia
Xixia County
County are
are sold
sold
at national
national and
and provincial
provincial levels.
levels. The
The both in domestic and international
products
products ofof seabuckthorn
seabuckthorn produced
produced by by markets. The
markets. The yangtao
yang tao actinidia
actinidia wine
wine
Hualin
Hualin Seabuckthorn
Seabuckthorn Factory,
Factory, Shanxi
Shanxi produced
produced by Guanxian
Guanxian County
County Yangtao
Yangtao
Province, are
are of
ofparticularly
particularly high
high quali-
quali- Actinidia Wine Factory, Sichuan
ty. This
ty. This factory
factory is is the
the most
most advanced
advanced Province,
Province, hashas won
won awards
awards and
and wide
wide
and biggest ofof its
its lcind
kind in China and
and has
has recognition.
production lines with advanced
technology using a high degree degree of Black
Black Currant
Currant (Ribes
(Ribes nigrum) is aa
nigrum) is
automation. perennial berry shrub
perennial berry shrub whose fruits are
whose fruits
rich in nutrients and a variety of
result from
Great benefits will result from the vitamins,
vitamins, organic
organic acids,
acids, trace
trace elements
elements
exploitation
exploitation of
of seabuckthorn.
seabuckthorn. Fifteen sugar,
sugar, and others. Black
Black currant can be be
tons
tons of juice
juice can
can bebe obtained
obtained from
from 11 processed into wine,
processed into wine, fructose,
fructose, fruit juice
hectare
hectare of
of wild
wildseabuckthorn
seabuckthorn forest, and jam. As one of of the
the major
major non-wood
non-wood
yielding a net profit of 10,000 yuan. The forest products in Heilongjiang Province,
Seabuckthorn Beverage Factory of the
the cultiVation area of black
cultivation area black currant
currant
Youyu County,
Youyu County, Shanxi Province,
Province, has an covers
covers 14,000 hectares
hectares supplying
supplying more
annual
annual production
production capacity
capacity of 4,000
4,000 than 70 processing factories.
factories.
with output
tons, with output of of 1,640
1,640 tons
tons ofof
condensed
condensed seabuckthorn juice, powder
seabuckthorn juice, powder "Huanle"
Huanle" Brand
II Brand high-grade
high-grade beverage,
beverage,
and
and light sparkling wine, valued
sparkling wine, valued at 55 jointly produced by by Acheng
Acheng Black
million yuan. The total value of Currant Products Factory, Heilongjiang
Heilongjiang
seabuckthorn products in the 7 provinces Province, and
Province, and a factory
factory in
in Chengde,
Chengde,
in
in middle
middle and
and upper
upper reaches
reaches of the the Hebei Province, was assigned to produce
Changjiang
Changjiang River exceeded
exceeded 100 100 million
million for state banquets by the State Council in
yuan
yuan in 1988. In
in 1988. In recent
recent years,
years, joint
joint 1985, and
1985, and has won broad acceptance
acceptance in
ventures have
ventures have been
been setset up
up between international markets.
China and the
the United
United States,
States, Japan
Japan and
and
Switzerland to develop
develop seabuckthorn
seabuckthorn Edible Fungus
products.
Several hundred
Several hundred species
species of edible fungi
fungi
Yangtao Actinidia (Actinidia chinesis)
Actinidia (Actinidia chinesis) are found
are found inin forest
forest areas
areas in China.
China. In
In
is an important wild fruit, growing
growing in
in 24
24 Yunnan Province there
Yunnan Province there are
are more
more than
than
with an
provinces, with an annual
annual output
output of 300, and in the Changbaishan forest area
about
about 300,000
300,000 tons. Xixia County, in Northeast China there are 140
Henan Province, has
Henan has abundant
abundant yangtao
yang tao species. The most
species. The most valuable
valuable fungi
fungi are:
are:
actinidia with an average
actinidia with average annual
annual output
output Dictyophora duplicata, Hericium
of 2,500 tons. The
The biggest
biggest plantations of elinaceus, Pie
erinaceus, u rotus citlinopileatus,
Pleurotus cittinopileatus,
yangtao
yang tao actinidia in China are situated
situated in
in Boletus spp., Morchella esculenta,
the
the province, with a total
province, with total area of
of 672
672 Auliculalia auticula,
Auricularia aulicula, Ganoderma
Ganodenna
hectares.
hectares. A research
research institute
institute has
has been
been lucidum, Glifola
Gnfola umbellata, and
set up
up specifically
specifically to
to support
support yangtao
yangtao Cordyceps sinensis.
Cordyceps sinensis. Many
Many of the
the fungi
fungi

14
 Wood Forest
Non-Wood
NOIl- Forest Products China
Chilla

have substantial medicinal value. In the

medicinal value. the quick meals,
produce quick meals, with the
the abundant
abundant
last 10
10 years,
years, edible
edible fungus
fungus has
has become
become local
local edible
edible herbs
herbs as
as raw
rawmaterials.
materials.
a staple forest by-product along with the Annual sales account for 11 million
million yuan.
yuan.
development of
development of a diversified
diversified economy
economy The Soft-Packed Edible Herb
Soft-Packed Edible Herb Tin Food
and the emergence of modernized Factory, Langxiang
Factory, Langxiang Forestry
Forestry Bureau,
Bureau,
production
production of edible
edible fungus
fungus factories.
factories. Heilongjiang Province, ton of
Province, produces 1 ton of
According
According to incomplete
incomplete statistics,
statistics, the
the tinned products each
tinned products each day,
day, with
with annual
annual
total
total output
output of edible
edible fungus
fungus in in the
the value of 25 million
million yuan.
country is 540,000 tons (including
agricultural areas), with
with an
an annual
annual value Chinese Medicinal Materials
Chinese Medicinal Materials in Forest
1.6 billion yuan,
of 1.6 yuan, and
and export
export quantities
quantities Areas
(including processed products) over
180,000 tons. The annual foreign Forest areas
Forest areas are thethe important
important bases
bases in
exchange earned is US$200
US$200 million.
million. China for production of Chinese
medicinal materials. These include:
The forestry departments
departments in China
China have ginseng, American ginseng, pilose
their own personnel and special bases to antler, fruit
antler, fruit of
of common
common macrocarpium
macrocarpium
produce edible
produce edible fungus.
fungus. They have paid (Macrocarpium officinalis),
officinalis) , tall
attention to quality control and gastrodia (Gastrodia elata) elata),, bezoar,
management,
management, with remarkable
remarkable results.
results. (Pons cocos), eucommia
fulling (Poris
The Hebei Forestry Bureau, (Eucommia
(Eucommia ulmoides),
ulmoides), root of of common
common
Heilongjiang Province,
Heilongjiang Province, for example
example has baphicacanthus(Baphicacanthus
baphicacanthus (Baphicacanthus cusia),
set up 6 production
production bases
bases and
and produced
produced liquorice
liquorice (Glycyrrhiza
(Glycyrrhiza uralensis),
uralensis) , lily
95 tons of edible
edible fungi
fungi in
in 1989.
1989. magnolia (Magnolia liliflora),
magnolia (Magnolia lilijlora) , Chinese
Chinese
thorowax (Bupleurum chinense),,
chinense)
Mountain-Grown Edible Wild Herbs officinal magnolia (Magnolia
officinalis), Chinese
Chinese wolfberry (Lycium
woltberry (Lycium
chinense), cinchona (Cinchona),
clzinense),
There are abundant
abundant mountain-grown
mountain-grown Chinese magnoliavine (Schisandra
edible wild
edible wild herb
herb resources
resources inin China.
China. In chinensis),, manyprickle
chinensis) manyprickle acanthopanax
acanthopanax
Heilongjiang Province,
Heilongjiang Province, for example, the (Acanthopanax senticosus),
senticosus) , common
reserves of brakes (Pleridium (Hylotelephium
stone crop (Hylotelephium
aquilinum) amount
aquilinum) amount to to over
over 100,000
100,000 erythrostictum), amur corktree
erythrostictum) ,
tons,
tons, with
with the
the annual
annual output
output of 2,000
2,000 (phellodendron amurense)
(phellodendron amurense),, and and glossy
glossy
tons.
tons. Mountain-grown edible wild herbs ganoderma (Ganodenna
(Ganodermalucidum).
lucidum). Some
Some
are rich in nutrition and contain a variety of these
these are briefly
briefly described
described below.
below.
of amino acids which are essential to the
human
human body. High economic
economic benefit has Ginseng (Panax
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
ginseng) is one of the
been achieved
achieved byby exploiting
exploiting mountain-
mountain- medicinal products
key medicinal products from
from North
North
grown edible
grown edible wild
wild herbs
herbs in the forestry
forestry China. Jilin
China. Jilin Province,
Province, a major
major ginseng-
ginseng-
departments
departments of of China.
China. The
The TinTin Food
Food producing area,
are,a, produces about 80
Factory of Dongfanghong Forestry percent
percent of the ginseng
ginseng of the
the country,
country,
Bureau, Heilongjiang Province, for making up
making up 40
40 percent of the world total.
total.
example,
example, has introduced
introduced an an advanced
advanced Output values for the Baishishan
domestic
domestic automatic
automatic production line to
production line to Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province, reached

15
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest Products China

Forestry Bureau, of this province, Pilose Deer Antler

Antler production
production goes back
developed
developed an an area
area of
of 20
20 Hectares
Hectares ofof in China.
a long time in China. The price of of pilose
ginseng with an
ginseng with an output of 175
175 tons
tons and
and antler per
antler per lcilogram
kilogram isis 1,300
1,300 toto 1,400
1,400
a value
value of
of 55million
million yuan
yuan during
during the
the yuan, with the price for first class pilose
period of
period of The
The Seventh
Seventh Five-Year
Five-Year Plan.
Plan. antler produced in Jilin Province
The forestry departments in the province reaching 2,260
reaching 2,260 yuan
yuan per
per kilogram.
kilogram.
are engaged
engaged inin research
research and
and extension
extension Being a high-grade
Being high-grade tonic
tonic medicine,
medicine, the
work
work on on techniques of cultivation, pilose antler
pilose antler is of high
high medicinal
medicinal value.
processing and storage, establishment of Pilose antler processed using the
a scientific
scientific quality-control
quality-control system,
system, and
and microwave technique inin the
microwave technique the state-run
state-run
the exploitation
exploitation of a series of
of products.
products. Dunhua Deer
Dunhua Deer Farm,
Farm, Yanbian
Yanbian Korean
Korean
Autonomous Prefecture, Province is
Prefecture, Jilin Province
American ginseng (Panax
(Panax of exceptional quality. Over
exceptional quality. Over 3030 tons
tons of
quinquefollius) waswas introduced
introduced to China pilose
pilose antler
antler were
were produced
produced in Jilin Jilin
in 1975
in 1975 and
and isis being
being planted
planted in more
more Province in
Province in 1987,
1987, yet the
the supply
supply falls
falls
with an
than 10 provinces with an annual
annual output
output short of the
the demand.
demand.
of over
of over 50 50 tons. Muling Forestry
Bureau, Heilongjiang Province, the Forest-based Forage
biggest production base in China, has an
area of 47,000 square meters of Forest-based forage includes tree leaves,
American ginseng. The The total
total annual
annual sales
sales shoots,
shoots, bark, and various non-tree forage
exceed 3.5 million yuan. The bureau has plants.
experienced good economic results from
the management of ginseng and powderisisaasupplementary
Pine needle powder supplementary
American ginseng, employing more more than
than forage
forage for fowl and livestock
livestock developed
developed
its operations.
8,000 in its operations. by the
the Research
Research Institute
Institute of of Chemical
Chemical
Processing
Processing and and Utilization
Utilization of Forest
Forest
Common Macrocarpium
Common Macrocarpium Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry.
(Macro carpium officinalis)
(Macrocarpium officinalis) occurs
occurs in in It has
has been
been shown
shown thatthat with
with 55 percent
percent
many
many provinces,
provinces, including
including Zhejiang,
Zhejiang, pine needle in the daily forage of
needle in of hens,
hens,
Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, production
production of of eggs
eggs is increased
increased more
more
Shaanxi and
Shaanxi and Sichuan.
Sichuan. Its fruit
fruit contains
contains than 13 percent. If
than 13 percent. If 2.5 2.5 to 4.5 percent
4.5 percent
organic acids,
glucoside, organic vitamin A,
acids, vitamin A, pine needle
pine powder isis added
needle powder added to pigpig
sugar and
sugar and minerals.
minerals. ItIt is
is good
good for the the forage,
forage, the growth rates increase
increase by 1515
liver and kidneys, goodgood for thethe stomach
stomach to 30 percent and the percentage of of lean
lean
and eyes, diuresis, and the blood
and blood and
and for
for meat isis increased.
meat increased. If If 10
10 percent
percent pine
pine
reducing
reducing blood pressure. The country's
blood pressure. needle powder is
needle powder is added
added to to the forage of
annual output
annual output fluctuates
fluctuates between
between 600 600 milk cows,
milk cows, the
the output
output of of milk can be
milk can
and 900 tons. Under normal increased
increased byby 7.4
7.4 percent.
percent. TheThe cost
cost of
management, the
management, the output
output of fresh
fresh fruit isis processing pine
processing pine needle
needle powder
powder is about
about
30 to 50
30 50 kilograms
kilograms perper hectare,
hectare, valued
valued 2 yuan
yuan per kilogram. As
per kilogram. As of 1987,
1987, 19
19
at 230 to 300 yuan. As of 1987, 1987, the total provinces produced
provinces produced and and used
used needle
needle
area
area planted
planted reached
reached 1,333
1,333 hectares,
hectares, powder forage. Sixty pine needle powder
with an
with an annual
annual output
output of of 160
160 tons,
tons, factories
factories have been established, with with an
an
producing an an income
income of of 82
82 million
million yuan.
yuan. annual output of 15,000 tons.
annual output tons.

16
Non-Wood Forest Products
NOIl- Wood China

Pine
Pine needle
needle ointment
ointment hashas also
also been
been Effective development
Effective development plans
plans for
for forest
forest
developed by
developed by the Research
Research Institute
Institute of areas must be drawn up and m~T1agement
management
Chemical
Chemical Processing
Processing and Utilization
Utilization of capacity must be strengthened.
Forest Products.
Products. It has
has been
been found
found that
that Meanwhile, China must also strengthen
Meanwhile, strengthen
.02 to .04
.04 percent
percent pine
pine needle
needle ointment
ointment technical training;
technical training; train
train more
more technical
technical
added to fowl forage increases egg personnel and workers, carry out
output by
output by 10
10 percent
percent and
and increases
increases the
the international technical
international technical cooperation
cooperat;.on andand
weight of young ducks
ducks by 13.7
13.7 percent.
percent. exchanges, and
exchanges, and draw additional
additional foreign
foreign
If used to feed rabbits, the
the length
length of hair capital. The overall objective must be to
capital. to
can increase
can increase by 165
165 percent;
percent; the the rabbit
rabbit contribute toto the
contribute the economies
economies of forestforest
enjoys good health and aa luminous
luminous coat.
coat. areas and
areas and improve
improve the
the living
living standards
standards
Pine needle
Pine needle ointment
ointment has also been
has also been of the people in rural areas.
areas.
shown to cure diseases
diseases of
of the
the mouth
mouth and
chilblains. A factory
chilblains. factory has
has been
been set up in
Xugou
Xugou Forestry
Forestry Bureau,
Bureau, Lianyungang,
Lianyungang,
Jiangsu Province to produce pine needle
Jiangsu
ointment.

PROSPECTS FOR
PROSPECTS FOR NWFP
NWFP
DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

Under China's reforms

reforms and
and opening-up
opening-up
policy, the production
policy, production and utilization
utilization of
non-wood forest products
products has
has developed
developed
rapidly over the
rapidly over the last
last 10
10 years.
years. China
China
must now focus
focus on
on improving
improving products
products
quality and developing
quality developing new products to
improve environ
improve mental, economic
environmental, economic and and
social
social benefits.
benefits. China
China plans
plans to
to develop
develop
45 crop tree species and establish, by the
year 2000, aa production
production base
base for
for special
special
NWFPs of 530,000
NWFPs hectares in
530,000 hectares in 459
459
counties throughout the country.
Advanced seed
Advanced seed selection, cultivation,
management, collection, processing,
storage and transportation will be
applied.

It will be necessary
necessary to
to develop
develop programs
for non-wood forest products that
that adhere
to the
to the principle
principle of
of"three
"threedimensional
dimensional
forestry" linking exploitation, integrated
forestry"
utilization and all-round
utilization all-round development.
development. are important
Resins are important NWF-Ps
pines are
everywhere pines
NWFPs nearly
are grown.
grown .
Such exploitation and utilization must be
combined
combined with
with protection
protection of the
the forest.
forest.

17
Non-Wood
Non- Wood Forest Products

leaf
(Diospyros melanoxylon) leaf
Beedi (Diospyros
collection in
collection in India.
India.

Manufacturing cigarettes from tobacco

tobacco and
and
beedi leaves
leaves provides
provides employment
employment for
for more
more
than 3 million people in
than 3 in rural
rural India.
India .

18
18
 Wood Forest
Non-Wood
NOIl- Forest Products India

INDIA

B.N. Gupta
Gupta
Director
Institute of
of Deciduous
Deciduous Forests (ICFRE)
Jabalpur

INTRODUCTION

India is a country
India country of
of vast
vast diversity
diversity lying at waste because
waste because of insufficient knowledge
knowledge of
bio-geographic provinces
the juncture of the bio-geographie their use or because they occur in
of Afro-Eurasia and the Orient.
Afro-Eurasia and Orient. Because
Because of inaccessible locations.
the country's diversified climatic and
physiographic factors,
physiographic factors, India is blessed
blessed with
with The basic
The basic objectives
objectives of the National
National Forest
all types of vegetation:
vegetation: tropical, sub- Policy
Policy ofof 1988
1988 include
includeconserving
conserving the
tropical,
tropical, temperate, and alpine.
temperate, and Due to its
alpine. Due its national flora
national flora and
and fauna, meeting
meeting the
the needs
needs
wide-ranging
wide-ranging environmental regimes and
environmental regimes and of rural and tribal populations, and
diverse biological communities,
communities, the country encouraging utilization of all forest
encouraging efficient utilization
is one of the world's top
top 12
12 "megadiversity"
"megadiversity" produce.
produce. TheThe policy
policy states
states that
that NWFPs
NWFPs
nations. which provide sustenance to local
communities should be protected and
Of the
the nearly
nearly 425
425 families
families of
offlowering
flowering improved.
improved. It provides
provides for research
research into the
the
the world,
plants in the world, 328
328 families
families with
with conservation and management of forest
conservation and management of forest
21,000
21,000 species occur in
species occur in India.
India. From
From this
this resources
resources and
and for
for increasing
increasing productivity
productivity
varied emporium, non-wood forest products through application of modem
through the application modern scientific
scientific
(NWFPs)
(NWFPs) are derived
derived from over 3,000 spe- spe- and
and technological methods. The
technological methods. The survey
survey ofof
cies. For convenience,
convenience, these products
products are forest resources is to be
be given
given high
high priority.
priority.
classified as:
classified as: (i) leaves;
leaves; (ii)
(ii) bamboos;
bamboos; (iii)(iii)
gums, resins and oleoresins;
gums, oleoresins; (iv)
(iv) oil
oil seeds;
seeds; STATUS
STATUS OF VARIOUS
VARIOUS CATEGORIES
CATEGORIES
(v) essential oils, including oil-yielding OF NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
grasses; flosses; (vii)
grasses; (vi) fibers and flosses; (vii) grasses
grasses
other than
other than oil-yielding
oil-yielding grasses; (viii) tans
grasses; (viii) Leaves
and dyes;
and dyes; (ix) drugs
drugs and spices;
spices; (x)
(x) animal
animal
products; and (xi)
(xi) edible
edible products.
products. Diospyros melanoxylon
Diospyros
The royalties
The realized through
royalties realized through the
the sale
sale of Local names: Commonly
Commonly known as "tendu,
"tendu,"II
NWFPs
NVVFPsexceeded
exceededRs1,000
Rs1,000 million
million in 1985-
1985- but also called
called "abnus"
"abnus" in Andhra
Andhra Pradesh,
Pradesh,
86
86 and
and have
have gone
gone up
up since.
since. The value
value of "kendu" in Orissa and and West
West Bengal,
Bengal,
NWFPs is seriously
NWFPs seriously under
under estimated
estimated in "kan" in
"tembru" in Gujarat, "kari" in Kerala,
Kerala,
official records. It is estimated
official records. estimated that
that 60
60 "tembhurni" in in Maharahstra,
Maharahstra, and "bali
percent of
of all
all NVVFPs
NWFPs areare consumed
consumed locally tupra"
tupra" in Tamil Nadu.
Nadu.
and are not accounted
and accounted for in the
the calculation
calculation
revenues. There also are
of revenues. are many
many products
products Uses: Leaves
Uses: Leaves are
are used
used as wrappers
wrappers of
which
which are not extracted fully or which go to tobacco
tobacco to produce bidi. Off-cuts
Off-cuts of
of leaves
leaves

19
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood India

are burned
are and the
burned and the ash
ash is used
used in
In tooth
tooth above the
above the ground,
ground, butbut cutting
cutting atat such
such a
powder. height is difficult.
height difficult. Therefore,
Therefore, the
the common
common
practie is to
practie is to cut
cut flush
flush with
with the
the ground.
ground.
Distribution: The
Distribution: The species
specIes is abundant
abundant in Cutting occurs between January and March.
Madhya Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, There is a bumper production of leaves once
Andhra Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Bihar, Rajasthan,
Rajasthan, Uttar
Uttar in four years.
Pradesh, Gujarat,
Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil
Tamil Nadu,
Nadu, and
and West
West
lit generally
Bengal. It grows in
generally grows in dry
dry mixed
mixed Collection of leaves:
Collection leaves: Leaves
Leaves are
are plucked
plucked
deciduous forests, occurring alongside just after
after they
they have
have turned
turned from
from crimson
crimson to
Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis.
and Tectona bright
bright green
green and havehave aa leathery
leathery texture.
texture.
Generally, collection
Generally, collection starts
starts from the second
second
Regeneration:
Regeneration: Under
Under natural
natural conditions,
conditions, fortnight of
fortnight of April
April and continues
continues until
until the
seed germinates
seed in the rainy
germinates in rainy season
season and
and monsoon. Bundles
onset of the monsoon. Bundles ofof 50,
50, 70,
70, or
seedling production
seedling production is plentiful.
plentiful. Seedlings
Seedlings 100 leaves (depending on drying conditions)
conditions)
considerable shade,
tolerate considerable shade, but for optional are assembled and tied with strings or fibers
development more light is required. from
from bark.
bark. These
These bundles
bundles are brought
brought byby
Seedlings resist
Seedlings resist frost
frost and
and drought,
drought, but are
are laborers to collection centers where they are
dampness. The
vulnerable to excessive dampness. The sold.
profusion and tenacity of root suckers ensure
the survival
the survival and
and spread
spread of the the species
species Drying andand curing
curing ofof leaves:
leaves: Proper
Proper drying
without planting. of leaves
leaves is is important.
important. Too Too much
much moisture
moisture
makes
makes thethe leaves
leaves black and and mouldy
mouldy withwith a
There is wide
There is wide variation in the
variation in the quality
quality of foul odor.
foul odor. Too Too much
much drying
drying makes
makes thethe
leaves
leaves from
from different
different locations.
locations. Superior-
Superior- leaves brittle, resulting in ·loss loss during
quality leaves
quality leaves ofof large size, papery texture,
texture, handling. To dry, leaf leafbundles
bundles are
are spre,ad
spread on
and inconspicuous veinsveins fetch
fetch up to 55 times
times the ground,
ground, keeping
keeping the dorsal sides up for
the price
price of inferior-quality
inferior-quality leaves.
leaves. There is, three
three toto four
four days.
days. The
The bundles
bundles areare then
then
however,
however, vastvast opportunity
opportunity forfor propagating
propagating turned
turned upside down.down. Drying is is complete
complete in in
better strains artificially.
artificially. About 40 40 percent
percent about
about 8 to to 10 days.
days. In solar leaf driers,
driers, the
of fresh seed germinates. Germination starts
germinates. Germination starts drying is complete in about 18 hours and the
after 36 days and is complete in 80 days. days. It greenish color of
greenish color of the
the leaves
leaves isis retained.
retained.
is best
best to
to raise
raise seedlings
seedlings inin long
long narrow
narrow These leaves
These fetch aa higher
leaves fetch higher price
price and
and
baskets and transplant the seedlings with the damage
damage from from termites avoided. Solar
termites is avoided. Solar
second
second rains. Seed can also be directly sown drying, however,
drying, however, can can only
only be done
done where
where
in lines. electricity is
electricity is available
available forfor the air blower.

the ideal girth of

For coppicing, the of plants is 15
15 Packing and
Packing and storage:
storage: Dried
Dried leaves
leaves areare
centimeters. Coppicing yields the best packed in
packed in gunny
gunny sacks
sacks for storage in
quality
quality leaves
leaves and
and also facilitates easy making bidis.
for malcing
godowns until sold or used for
collection.
collection. A A light
light burning
burning just
just before The number
The number of leaves
leaves in one
one standard
standard bag
bag
sprouting stimulates
sprouting stimulates the dominant leaf buds varies from
varies from state to state. Before filling
filling the
of numerous tender
and favors a better flush of tender bags, water is sprinkled on bundles to soften
leaves. The
The best
best coppicing
coppicing results are the leaves for easier
easier pacldng.
packing.
attained when
attained when stems
stems are cut 15 15 centimeters
centimeters

20
NOIl- Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Illdia
India

Annual
Annual production
production and
and value:
value: Around
Around Regeneration: The
The species
species grows
grows naturally
naturally
300,000 tons
300,000 tons of bidi
bidi leaves
leaves are
are produced
produced in the
the forests.
forests. No
No efforts
efforts to
to regenerate
regenerate it
annually
annually in India, of which
which over 8585 percent made. ItIt is
artificially are made. is usually
usually considered
considered
is colle,cted from Madhya Pradesh, Orissa,
collected from Orissa, a weed
weed because
because of the
the damage
damage it does
does to
to
Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh (Table(Table 1).
1). healthy trees by climbing and spreading over over
them.
Table L Annual production of tendu leaves
Collection of
Collection of leaves:
leaves: Leaves vary in size
Leaves vary size
State Production Value from 20 toto 40
40 centimeters
centimeters in diameter,
diameter, andand
(1000 tons) (Million Rs)
are bilobed
bilobed at
at the
the apex.
apex. Collection
Collection takes
takes
Madhya Pradesh 1_23.0 1,845.0 place
place two
two to three
three months
months after thethe rains.
rains.
Orissa 50 0 750,0
Maharahstra 46.0 690.0
Leaves are collected
Leaves are collected byby tribals
tribals and
and other
other
Andhra Pradesh 39.0 585 0 forest
forest dwellers and packed
dwellers and packed andand tied with
with
Bihar 24.0 360 0 fibers
fibers obtained from the same species.
obtained from species. No
Rajastan 6.5 97 5
Guar Pradesh 3.0 75,0 standard practice exists
standard practice exists as
as to
to the number of
Gujarat 3.0 75.0 leaves
leaves in each pack. Average
Average collection per
Tamil Nadu 2.0 10 0
West Bengal 0,5 7.5
person per day
person per day is 5 toto 66 kilograms.
kilograms. Green
Green
leaf packets
packets are sold in the the market
market without
without
Total 301 0 4,515.0
additional processing.

The value
The value of these
these leaves is based
leaves is based onon an
an Annual
Annual production
production and
and value:
value: Country-
Country-
average price of Rs15,000
average Rs15,000 per
per ton,
ton, but rates wide
wide data
data on the
the collection
collection and
and value
value of
vary
vary from
from state
state to state, according to Pradesh,
leaves are not available. In Madhya Pradesh,
demand,
demand, availability of leaves, and
and location
location about
about 780
780 tons
tons ofofle,aves
leaves are
are collected,
collected,
of bidi-maldng
bidi-making industries. valued at
valued at approximately
approximately Rs Rs 22 million.
million. In
over 160
Orissa, over 160 tons
tons of
of dried
dried leaves and 86 86
Bauhinia vahlii
vahlii million
million leaf plates
plates are
are marketed
marketed annually.
annually.
Collectors receive only
Collectors receive only about
about Rs1.50
Rsl.50 per
per
Local names: "mahul"
"mahul" in
in Uttar
Uttar Pradesh
Pradesh and kilogram and
kilogram earn only Rs8.00 to 10.00 per
and earn
Madhya Pradesh, "siali"
"siali" in
in West
West Bengal
Bengal and day. Therefore, collection
collection ofof Bauhinia
Bauhinia
Orissa. leaves is
leaves is done
done only as a last
only as last resort
resort during
during
season.
the low-income season.
Uses: Leaves
Leaves are
are used
used for
formalcing
making cups
cups and
and
for wrapping
plates and for wrapping food.
food. Bamboos

Distribution: Bauhinia vahlii

Distribution: Bauhinia vahlii isis aa giant
giant General: Over100
General: Over 100species
species of
of bamboo
bamboo occur
climber and one ofof the most
most abundant Indian naturally in India.
naturally in India. Bambusa
Bambusa arundinacea,
Bauhinia species.
Bauhinia species. The
Thespecies
species isis distributed
distributed B.
B. tulda,
tulda, B.
B. polymolpha,
polymorpha, Dendrocalamus
Dendrocalamus
in the
in the Sub-Himalayan region up
Sub-Himalayan region up to 3,000
3,000 stdctus, D. hamil-tonii, Melocanna
strictus,
meters above sea level and in Assam,
meters above sea level and in Assam, baccifera
baccifera and
and Ochlandra
Ochlandra travancorica
travancorica are
Central India, Bihar,
Central India, Bihar, Eastern
Eastern and
and Western
Western the most important species because of their
their
Ghats. Commercial
Ghats. collection of
Commercial collection of leaves
leaves is wide availability.
done in
done in Madhya
Madhya Pradesh,
Pradesh, Orissa, and
Andhra Pradesh.

21
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products India

Dendroealamus
Dendrocalamus stdetus
sttictus and Bambusa Distribution:
Distribution: Bamboo
Bamboo is found almost
arundinaeea arethe
arundinacea are thetwo
two principal
principal economic
economic everywhere. Its distribution is governed
governed
specIes.
species. largely by rainfall,
largely rainfall, temperature,
temperature, altitude,
altitude,
and soil conditions.
and conditions. Most bamboo
bamboo requires
requires
Uses:
Uses: Because of its
Because of fast growth,
its fast growth, easy
easy a temperature of 8° to 36°C, a minimum
minimum of
propagation, soil-binding
soil-binding properties,
properties, and 1,000 millimeters
1,000 millimeters of rainfall annually,
annually, andand
early maturity,
early maturity, bamboo
bamboo isis an ideal
ideal species
species high humidity
humidity for good growth.
growth. Bamboo
Bamboo is is
for afforestation, soil conservation,
conservation, andand an important constituent ofof many
many deciduous
deciduous
social
social forestry
forestry programs. and
and evergreen
evergreen forests
forests and
and extends
extends from
from
tropical to mild temperate regions. grows
regions. It grows
Bamboo is strong,
Bamboo is strong, straight, and light.
straight, and light. It is
is on
on flat
flat alluvial
alluvial plains
plains up
up toto altitudes
altitudes of
hard and hollow, and easy to work. ItIt comes
comes 3,050 meters
meters above
above mean
mean sea
sea level.
level.
in naany
many sizes
sizes and
and has
has long
long fibers.
fibers. Such
Such
characteristics make bamboo highly Regeneration: Between seeding
Between seeding periods,
periods,
Table 22 indicates
versatile. Table indicates the
the consumption
consumption reproduction of bamboo
bamboo is is by asexual
asexual
pattern of bamboos for various uses means.
means. In bamboo
bamboo clumps,
clumps, rhizomes
rhizomes grow
grow
(Purshotham, 1962).
(Purshotham, 1962). under-ground and produce
under-ground and produce new
new culms
culms asas
annual shoots.
shoots. This process
process continues
continues until
until
the plant produces
produces flowers
flowers and seeds,
seeds, then
then
Table 2. Consumption of bamboo in India
dies.
Percentage
Uses of total
Consumption The most
The most common
common method
method ofof vegetative
vegetative
reproduction is by by rhizomes,
rhizomes, or offset
Pulp 35 00
Housing 20 00 propagation through
planting. Layering, propagation through
Non-residential construction 5,00 nodal cuttings, marcotting, and culm cutting
cutting
Rural uses 20.00
Fuel 8.50 some species.
are also practiced in some species.
Packing, including baskets 5.00
Transport 1 50
Furniture 1.00
Bamboo flowers
Bamboo flowers gregariously after long
gregariously after long
Other wood-working industries 1,00 periods, although
although sporadic
sporadic flowering
flowering occurs
occurs
Others, including ladders, staff mats etc. 3.00 almost every
almost every year.
year. During
During thethe years
years of
Total 100.00 gregarious flowering,
gregarious flowering,the
the forest
forest floor
floor is
carpeted with
carpeted with seedlings
seedlings and
and the
the areas
areas are
naturally regenerated.
New uses of of bamboo include
include parquet
parquet (block)
(block)
laminated bamboos,
flooring, laminated bamboos, strips for Management: New
New culms
culms are
are produced
produced
aircraft,
aircraft, bamboo
bamboo reinforced
reinforced concrete,
concrete, andand every year
every year and
and one-year-old
one-year-old culms
culms areare
artificially
artificially shaped
shaped bamboo
bamboo for for decorative
decorative already able
already able to
to support the growth
support the growth of new
items. Among bamboo's medicinal culms.
culms. Culms
Culms mature after threethree years
years and
and
properties
properties is banslochan,
banslochan, aa secretion
secretion found
found are commonly
commonly harvested
harvested at that time. After
After
in
in the
the culms,
culms, used
used as as aacooling
cooling tonic, five years,
years, culms
culms begin
begin to die. OnOn aa three-
three-
aphrodisiac,
aphrodisiac, and
and as aa treatment
treatment for
for asthma,
asthma, year cycle, aa good
good plantation may yield 3 to
and
and coughing (Raizada and
coughing (Raizada and Chatterjee, 4 tons of bamboo per hectare at the first cut,
1956).
1956). 5 to
to 66 tons
tons at
at the
the second
second cut, andand 88 tons
tons
from the third cut on. The The total
total expected
expected

22
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Indio
India

Table 3. Atea of bamboo and potential annual cut

State BamboO atea Potoutiat annual out
(hectares) (1000 culms)
Andhra Pradesh 1,979,000 255
ArunaQhal Pradesh 777,900 200
Assam 1,000,000 1,210
Bihar 529,400 200
Gujarat ' 193,600 46
HitnaOhal Pradesh 10,400 3
Karnataka 600,000 475
Kern1a 63,100 108
Madhya Pradesh 1,486,400 SOO
Maharashtra 850,000 300
Manipur 250,000 200
Orissa 1,050,000 489
Punjab NA 9
Tfunil Nade 538,800 NA
Tripura 284,900 215
Uttar PradeSh 400,000 41
West Bengal 16,400 8

Total 10,029,900 4,559

yield per hectare

yield per is estimated
hectare is at 70
estimated at 70 to 74
74 paper or rayon, for
for which
which producers
producers receive
receive
life of
tons over the entire life of aa plantation (Rao,
(Rao, about Rs300
about Rs300per per ton.
ton. The
The value of the
value of the
1980). potential annual
annual cut is Rs1,367
Rsl,367 million.
million.

Annual production
production and
and value:
value: The
The area of Gums and resins
Gums
bamboo in
bamboo in each state and
each state and the
the potential
potential
annual cut
annual cut are shown
shown in Table
Table 33 (Tewari,
(Tewari, General: Gums
Gums areare translucent,
translucent, amorphous
amorphous
1981). substances which
substances which are degradation
degradation products
products
of the
the cell
cell wall
wall ofofwoody
woody species.
species. They
They
Although
Although no no precise
precise data
data are
are available,
available, exude spontaneously
exude spontaneously from from trees
trees and
and are
observations suggest
observations suggest that
that bamboo
bamboo areas
areas are soluble in
soluble in water.
water. Resins
Resins also
also are
are exudates
exudates
declining because
declining because of gregarious
gregarious flowering
flowering but are
but soluble in alcohol, not
are soluble not water.
water.
and consequent
and dying of
consequent dying of clumps.
clumps. A large
large Closely
Closely related
related to true gums are gum resins,
resins,
quantity of seeds fall on the
seeds fallon the ground,
ground, which are
which are also
also produced
produced by plants.
plants. Since
Since
producing innumerable
producing innumerable young
young germinants,
germinants, these are a combination
these combination of gum gum and
and resin,
resin,
but effective
but effective protection
protection of seedlings
seedlings from they do not
they not dissolve
dissolve inin water
water completely.
completely.
fire and other biotic
biotic damage
damage is notnot ensured
ensured Resins often occur
Resins often occur mixed
mixed with
with a highhigh
in many areas. percentage
percentage of essential known as
essential oils known as
oleoresins. When
oleoresins. When oleoresins
oleoresins include somesome
The price of
of bamboo varies with its end use.
use. gum,
gum, as as in
in the
the case
caseofofexudation
exudation from
from
Most of the annual cut is used
used in maldng
making Boswellia serrata, they
Boswellia they are
are called
called gum
gum

23
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood India

Table 4: ClassifiCation of Indian resins and gums

: Category Typical product in world trade Source of typical Indian products
True gums Gum arable Acacia nilotica app. indica
:
.
Oamtragacantit A. catechu
:
A. modesta
:
-:
A. senegal
:

i
Anogeissus latifolia
..
i
Bauldnia_ retusa
.

.'
Cochlospermum religiosunt
-.

.-
Lannea coromandelica
.'
. Pterocarpus marsupium
:-

.
,
Sterculia urens and 5, villosa
-
:

:
Several minor sprecks
:

:
.
.: Hard resins Copal Dammar Canarium strictum-
:
Hopea odorata
,

i
Shorea robusta
i Valeria indica
.:

Amber .
:
- Lacquer
i
Sbellao
.

:
Sandarac
.

.
gaatio
:
:

.: 0 eo-resma Turpentines Pinto roxburehii and three

other Pinta species
talsams
' of Pert"
of Tolu .

Of Styrax or 13oswe1lia serrata

Storax
Other oleo-resins Dipterocarpus turbinatus
Copaiba Kingiodendron pinnatunt
Blerai

,.
, Qum resins Gamboge Garcinia morella
Assafoetida
GalbanUm
Myrrh
Olibanum or Commiphora mukut
Frankincense

24
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products India

oleoresins.
oleoresins. Table 4 gives
gives the
the classification
classification Collection and marketing: Although
of these
these important
important products
products in world
world trade
trade spontaneous
spontaneous exudation
exudation of gums occurs from
(Anon, 1972).
(Anon, 1972). unhealthy trees, artificial incisions are made
in
in healthy
healthy trees
trees to increase
increase the
the yield
yield of
Uses: Commercial gums enter the market
Uses: market in gums.
gums. Harvesting
Harvesting is done
done byby hand
hand picking.
picking.
the
the form
form of
of dried
dried exudates.
exudates. The
The varieties
varieties Larger
Larger lumps
lumps are broken
broken with
with aa wooden
wooden
having
having the least color
color and
and highest
highest adhesive
adhesive mallet and
and foreign
foreign bodies
bodies removed.
removed. Grading,
power and viscosity
power viscosity are the
the most
most valuable.
valuable. and transparency
based on color, size, and transparency of
of the
The finer
The finer grades
grades are
are used
used ininclarifying
clarifying tears manually.
tears is done manually.
liquors, "finishing" silk, and in the
preparation of quality water colors. hardening
Resins ooze out through the bark, hardening
Intermediate grades are used
Intermediate grades used in
in confection-
confection- on
on exposure.
exposure. These
These are
are collected
collected mostly
mostly
ery, pharmaceuticals, and printing
pharmaceuticals, and printing inks,
inks, in from
from artificial
artificial wounds
wounds or fossil
fossil material.
material.
sizing and finishing textile fabrics, in The importance of natural
The importance natural resins has
dyeing, and in
dyeing, and in the
the paint
paint industry.
industry. InIn the
the declined
declined in recent
recent years
years because
because synthetic
synthetic
cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry, gums resins have become
become cheaper.
emulsify or
serve to emulsify or bind
bind mixtures
mixtures in
creams, lotions and ointments.
creams, ointments. Many gumsgums In India,
In India, Pinus
Pinus roxburghii
roxburghii trees trees yield
yield the
the
add body
add body and
and bulk
bulk to
to foodstuffs (e.g. highest amounts of
highest amounts of oleoresin.
oleoresin. Blazes
Blazes on the
commercial ice cream). tree
tree trunk
trunk are cut to to facilitate
facilitate the flow
flow of
oleoresin from
oleoresin from resin
resin canals.
canals. Traditionally,
Traditionally,
Resins are
Resins are used
used inin the
the manufacture
manufacture of oleoresin
oleoresin is is collected
collected by by the
the cup-and-lip
cup-and-lip
lacquers and varnishes. Resinous
Resinous substances
substances method
method fromfrom March
March to to early
early November.
November.
can be used for waterproof coatings. Resins The rill method
The method for for tapping,
tapping, though
though more
more
dissolve readily
dissolve readily inin alkali
alkali to form
form soaps.
soaps. scientific, has not found
scientific, has found favorfavor in the
the field.
field.
They are
They are used
used in
in medicines,
medicines, forfor sizing
sizing Treatmentof
Treatment of blazes
blazes with with acid
acid or 2-4D2-4D
paper, for incense,
incense, and
and in the
the preparation of solution reportedly
solution reportedly increases
increases and and prolongs
prolongs
sealing wax
sealing wax and other products. the
the flow
flow of resin.
resin. The
The yieldyield is
is highest
highest inin
when the
June, when the sun
sun isis hottest.
hottest. The
Theole,oresin
oleoresin
Important oleoresins are turpentines, collected in
collected in cups
cups is transferred
transferred to tins every
balsams, copaiba, and elemi. These are used
used time the
time the cups
cups are filled. The
are filled. The tins
tins are
are
in perfumery
perfumery andand medicines,
medicines, for
for making
making transported to
transported to depots,
depots, then then to factories
factories for
varnishes,
varnishes, and lacquers,
lacquers, as fixatives,
fixatives, and in processing.
scenting soaps.
Salai gum
Salai gum (a gum oleoresin)
oleoresin) is an
an exudate
exudate
Gum resins
Gum resins have varied
varied uses. Gamboge
Gamboge is obtained
obtained by tapping Boswellia
by tapping Boswellia serrata
serrata trees.
used
used to color
color golden
golden lacquers,
lacquers, as
as water-
water- The
The fresh
fresh exudation
exudation from
from the
the punctured
punctured
color pigments, and in medicines. comes in 5- to
resin ducts comes to 8-
8- centimeter
centimeter long
long
Assafoetida is used for flavoring curries and
and tears. It hardens in about about four
four days.
other food products,
other food products, and
and also
also as
as aa drug.
drug. Tapping extends from November to June. June.
Galbanumisis used
Galbanum used in
in medicine.
medicine. Myrrh
Myrrh is is
used
used in incense,
incense, perfume,
perfume, and
and embalming.
embalming. Among the
Among the above
above products,
products, gum
gum from
from
Frankincense is used primarily as incense.
incense. Acacia
Acacia nilotica (called
(called "gum
"gum arabic")
arabic") and
and
from other
from other Acacia
Acacia species
species such
such as A.

25
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood India

catechu,
catechu, A.
A. modesta,
modesta, and
and A. senegal
senegal are
are (Awasthi, 1971).
(Awasthi, 1971). Refined
Refined mahua
mahua oil can be
collectively categorized as
collectively categorized as Acacia
Acacia gums.
gums. utilized for cooldng,
utilized for cooking, confectionery
confectionery andand in
in
Gum karaya, or katira,
Gum lcaraya, from Sterculia
katira, from Sterculia chocolate making
chocolate maldng (Anon,1962).
(Anon,1962). Refined oil
urens, and
and oleoresin from
from Pinus
Pinas roxburghii, is used
is used in thethe jute
jute industry
industry and
and in thethe
are tapped
tapped in significant quantities to
significant quantities to be
be of manufacture of lubricating greases, candles,
commercial importance. bathing oil,
bathing oil, fatty alcohols, and stearic
stearic acid.
acid.
Mahua oil
Mahua oil has emollient
emollient properties
properties andand is
Annual production
Annual production and and value:
value: Madhya
Madhya used in treating
used treating skin
skin disease,
disease, rheumatism
rheumatism
Pradesh has the potential to produce as
Pradesh has the potential to produce as and headaches.
and headaches. ItIt is
is a good laxative and is
laxative and
much
much gumgum karaya
karaya asas the the rest
rest of
of India
India used in treating habitual constipation,
used constipation, piles,
combined. However,
combined. However, tapping
tapping of Sterculia
Sterculia and hemorrhoids
and hemorrhoids (Nagarajan,
(Nagarajan, etet al.,
al., 1988).
1988).
urens in the state was
was banned
banned in in 1982
1982 for a
period
period of 1010 years.
years. Approximately
Approximately 1,400 1,400 Karanj oil (Pongamia glabra): Both
Karanj Both the
the seed
tons of gum
tons gum karaya
karaya areare collected
collected annually
annually and
and oiloil are
are poisonous
poisonous butbut they
they possess
possess
from other
from other states,
states, valued
valued at aboutabout Rs60
Rs60 remarkable medicinal properties. The seed is
million. After 1991, when when tapping
tapping is carminative, purifies and enriches the blood,
resumed
resumed in Madhya
Madhya Pradesh,
Pradesh, production
production and is usedused for
for inflammation,
inflammation, earache,
earache,
should be
should be doubled.
doubled. Production
Production of other other lumbago,
lumbago, and and chest
chest ailments.
ailments. TheThe oil
oil is
is
gums
gums is about
about 1,900
1,900 tons,
tons, fetching
fetching Rs12
Rs12 styptic, anti-helminthic, and good for
million annually.
million annually. About
About 46,000
46,000 tons tons of rheumatism and cutaneous infections, and as
oleoresin are obtained from Pinus a remedy
remedy for scabies
scabies and
and herpes.
herpes. Undist-
Undist-
roxburghii each year, valued at illed oils can be used in high-quality laundry
approximately
approximately Rs2.8 million.
million. soaps,
soaps, while the distilled oils can be used in
the
the manufacture
manufacture ()fof toilet
toilet soap
soap (Lakshmi-
(Lakshmi-
Oil seeds kanthan, 1988).The
kanthan, 1988). The oil
oil cake
cake isis aa good
good
fertilizer.
General:
General: India
India has
has about
about 86
86 different
different oil
oil
se,ed tree species.
seed tree species. A substantial amount of
substantial amount Kusum (Schleichera
Kusum (Schleichera trijuga):
tnjuga): A major part
oil se,ed
seed isis collected
collected from
from Shorea
Shorea robusta, of the kusum
kusum oil produced
produced is utilized
utilized by
by the
Madhuca indica, Mangifera indica, soap industry.
soap industry. The oil
oil compares
compares favorably
favorably
Garcinia indica, Azadirachta indica, with other
with other oils in softness
softness and lathering.
lathering. It
Pon gamia glabra,
Pongamia glabra, Schleich tnjuga,
Schleich era ttijuga, is also
also used
used in hair dressing, and in
Salvadora
Salvadora oleoides,
oleoides, S. persica, and
and Actini-
Actini- medicines used in
medicines used in treating
treating sldn
skin diseases,
diseases,
daphne hookeri. rheumatism, and headaches.
rheumatism,

Uses: Sal (Shorea

(Shorea robusta)
robusta) seed
seed cotyledons
cotyledons Neem (Azadirachta indica): Seed oil is used
Neem
yield the
yield the well
well known
known sal
sal butter
butter used
used for
for in soap and local medicines. Seed oil cake is
cooking
cooldng and lighting. It is a useful used as fertilizer
used fertilizer (Gupta,
(Gupta, 1944;
1944; Agarwal,
Agarwal,
confectioneryfat
confectionery fat and
and can
can be used
used in soap
soap 1955).
maldng.
making.
Mango (Mangtfera indica): Seed
Mango (Mangifera Seed oil is used
Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed:
seed: Almost
Almost the as a cocoa butter
as butter substitute.
substitute.
entire production
entire productionofof oil
oil from
from this
this seed
seed is
used in the
used the production
production of
of washing
washing soaps
soaps

26
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products India

Khakan (Salvadora oleoides) and pisa Neem:

Neem: June
June to July.
July. Bunches
Bunches of fruit
fruit are
are
(Actinodaphne hooken): These oils
hooken): These oils are used
used picked from
picked from trees or from the
the ground.
ground.
in maldng
making soap.
soap. The
The fruit
fruit of
of khakan
khakan is is
edible, and
edible, and is fed
fed to cattle
cattle to increase
increase milk Karanj: Throughoutthe
Karanj: Throughout the year.
year. Trees
Trees are
are
yield. climbed and the
climbed and the branches
branches are beaten
beaten to
to
shake loose
shake loose the Seeds are
the seeds. Seeds are then
then
Distribution:Sal
Distribution: Salforests
forests occur
occur in
in the
the central collected
collected from the ground.
Indian belt (accounting for 90 percent of of the
the
forests) and
sal forests) and at the foot of the Himalayas. Salvadora: May.
Salvadora: May. The
The fruits
fruits are picked
picked or
Mahua trees grow
Mahua trees grow in in almost
almost of allall parts of felled by shaldng
felled shaking the branches.
India.
India. There
There are are two
two species,
species, Madhuca
Madhuca
latifolia grows in the north and and M. M. Pisa: May to June.
Pisa: June. Fruit-bearing
Fruit-bearing twigs
twigs are
longifolia thrives in south
longtfolia south India.
India. However,
However, plucked and berries are
are collected.
collected.
no distinction
distinction is is made
made inin the trade of their
their
seeds or
seeds or fats.
fats. Mango trees grow throughout
throughout Processing, storage,
Processing, storage, and marketing: Only Only
India except in the high high Himalayas.
Himalayas. Kusum
Kusum the sal seed trade is organized. After
occur mainly
trees occur mainly in forests in sub- collection, the
collection, the fruit
fruit is is piled
piled and
and lightly
lightly
Himalayan
Himalayan tracts
tracts in north and central
central India,
India, burned.
burned. Through
Through aa rubbing
rubbing process
process called
called
and parts
and parts of eastern
eastern India.
India. Karanj
Karanj is is found
found "decortication, "the
"decortication," the se,eds
seeds are separated from
in dry deciduous forests and prefers saline
deciduous forests saline the wings
the wings and
and pericarps.
pericarps. TheThe seeds
seeds are
are
soil.
soil. Neem grows wild in dry forests forests and
and is brought
brought to depots
depots of forest
forest departments
departments or
cultivated throughout
cultivated throughout India.
India. Salvadora
Salvadora isis a The purchasing agency
corporations for sale. The
shrub or a small
shrub small tree
tree growing
growing wildwild in arid
arid stores the seeds in bags for disposal,
and sandy
and areas. Pisa
sandy areas. Pisa trees
trees occur
occur in sub- sub- normally by auction.
auction.
tropical hilly
tropical hilly forests
forests of the
the Western
Western Ghats,
Ghats,
some parts
some parts of Assam,
Assam, Orissa, and and Sikkim. The
The pulp
pulp surrounding neem seeds is
removed
removed by rubbing the fruitfruit against
against rough
rough
Seed collection:
Seed collection: The times
times and
and methods
methods of surfaces. The remaining adhering pulp is
surfaces. The remaining adhering pulp is
se,edcollection
seed collection for
for various
various species are: then removed
then removed by by washing
washing in water. MangoMango
stones are
stones are sold to
to purchasers
purchasers who who arrange
arrange
Sal: Mid-May to end
Mid-May to end of June.
June. Seeds
Seeds are
are for manual
manual decortication and sun drying
decortication and drying of
collected from the forest floor.
collected from kernels.
kernels. Dried karanj
karanj pods are
are usually
usually split
split
with
with a hammer
hammer or stick
stick and
and the
the shells
shells are
are
Mahua: May
Mahua: May toto July. Mature fruit IS
is removed by winnowing.
removed winnowing. Kusum
Kusum seed coats
collected from
collected from the ground. are brittle
brittle and
and break
break under
under slight
slight pressure,
pressure,
exposing the kernels.
exposing the kernels. Pisa fruit is rubbed to
Mango: April to September. Pits are separate the kernel
separate the kernel from
from the
the outer
outer shell,
shell,
collected
collected from
from villages
villages and city waste both of which
which yield oils of differentdifferent
dumps. properties. All of these seeds and fruits
properties. fruits are
purchased by agents
purchased agents and taken for crushing.
Kusum:
Kusum: June to July. Seeds
Seeds are obtained
obtained by
picking bunches
bunches of fruit. They
They are
are depulped
depulped Annual production and and value:
value: Sal
Sal seed
seed is
by soaking
soaking and rubbing them
them in water.
water. collected and
collected and marketed
marketed onon aa commercial
commercial
scale. The potential
scale. potential production is estimated
estimated

27
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products India

at 5.5 million
million tons
tons but
but current
current collection
collection is palmarosa, eucalyptus,
palmarosa, eucalyptus, khus,
khus, and
and linaloe.
linaloe.
only 100,000 tons, valued
valued at Rs200 million.
million. These oils are distinguished
distinguished from fatty
fatty oils
oils
Mahua has
Mahua has a potential kernel production
production of because they evaporate
because they evaporate or volatilize
volatilize when
when
1.1 million tons but the
the annual
annual collection
collection is they come in contact with air.
around 25,000
around 25,000 tons,
tons, valued
valued at about
about Rs17
Rs17
million.
million. Production of other species has not Classification of Indian essential
Classification of essential oils:
oils: An
An
been systematically monitored. Estimates
systematically monitored. Estimates of
of economic classification
economic classification of
of plants yielding
yielding
the
the production
production andand value
value of some
some seeds
seeds essentialoils
essential oils based
based on
on their
their end
end use
use isis
presented in Table 5.
presented exceedingly difficult as the the uses
uses often
overlap. For example,
overlap. example, sandalwood
sandalwood oiloil is
used
used for perfumery,
perfumery, medicine,
medicine, and
and many
many
Table S. Annual seed production of
selected tree species in India other uses.
uses. In numerous
numerous cases, the
the same
same oil
is used
used for flavoring
flavoring and
and in medicine.
medicine. For
Value of
current convenience, the essential oils are classified
convenience,
Potential Current produce according to source:
according source:
production productton (Million
Species (1000 tons) (1000 tons) Rs )
(a) Grass oils: These are mostly
Kusum 200 30 112
Pilo 50 10 NA
from tropical grasses rich in
obtained from
Pisa 1 NA NA aromatic essential oil, belonging
Karanj 110
400
26 78
150
mostly to the the Andropogon
Andropogon and and
Neem 100
Cymbopogon genera. Indian
Cymbopogon genera. Indian grass
grass
oils include
oils include (i)
(i) lemon
lemon grass
grass oil, (ii)
(ii)
Essential oils palmarosa oil, (iii) ginger grass oil,
palmarosa oil,
(iv) citronella oil, and (v) vetiver oil.
General: Essential
Essential oils,
oils, also
also called
called volatile
volatile
oils, are
oils, are liquids
liquids which
which possess
possess aa pleasant
pleasant (b) Wood oils: (i) sandalwood
Wood sandalwood oil, (ii)
(ii)
taste and
and strong aromatic odor. They They occur
occur agar (iii) deodar
agar oil, (iii) oil, and
deodar oil, and (iv)
(iv)
in about 60 plant
plant families
families and are are frequent
frequent pine oil.
or abundant
or abundant in in the
theLabiatae,
Labiatae, Rutaceae,
Rutaceae,
Geraniaceae, Umbellifereae, Asteraceae, (c) oils: (i) Eucalyptus
Leaf oils: from E.
Eucalyptus oil from
Lauraceae, Graminae, and Fabaceae globulus and E.
globulus and E. citriodora, (ii)
families. Any
families. Any part
part of the plant may may be thethe camphor and
camphor and camphor oil, (iii)
source
source of of essential oil. They
essential oil. They areare used
used in
in cinnamonleaf
cinnamon leaf and
and bark oils,
oils, (iv)
making perfumes, soap, and and other
other toiletries.
toiletries. pine needle oil, (v)
(v) mint
mint oil,
oil, and
and (vi)
(vi)
Many are
Many are used
used as
as flavoring
flavoring agents
agents oror as wintergreen oil.
wintergreen
essence for
essence for tooth paste and tobacco.
tobacco. Many
Many
have
have therapeutic
therapeutic and
and antiseptic
antiseptic properties.
properties. (d) Root oils:
Root oils: (i) Costus
Costus oil from Saus-
Several others
Several others are
are used
used asas solvents
solvents inin the
the suria lappa (Kuth),
suria (Kuth), and
and (ii)
(ii) Indian
Indian
paint and varnish industries, as as insecticides
insecticides valerian oil from Valeriana
and deodorants, and in the manufacture of
and deodorants, and in the manufacture wallichii.
ivallichii.
synthetic scents and flavors.
flavors.
(e) Flower oils
The important
The important essential
essential oils
oils produced
produced in
India are oils of
India of sandalwood,
sandalwood, lemon
lemon grass,
grass, (1)
(f) Essential oils
Essential oils of lesser importance.

28
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood India

Industrial uses
uses of
ofessential
essential oils:
oils: Essential
Essential Fibers and
and flosses
flosses
oils are used
used in
in the
the following
following industries:
industries:
Fibers
(i) Soap and
and cosmetics;
cosmetics;
(ii) Pharmaceuticals; General: Fibers
Fibers fall
fall into
into three
threecategories:
categories:
(iii) Confectionery
Confectionery and aerated water; and
and hard, and
soft, hard, surface. Soft
and surface. Soft fibers
fibers are
are
(iv) Attars, scented
Attars, scented tobacco,
tobacco, agarbattis,
agarbattis, obtained from
obtained from the
the bast
bast or stem
stem ofof plants;
plants;
incense, etc. hard fibers from the leaf; andand surface
surface fibers
fibers
are those which are borne on the surfaces of
Collection of raw
raw material
material and recovery of stems, leaves, seeds,
stems, leaves, seeds, etc.
etc. Based
Based on their
their
essential oil:
oil: Plant
Plant parts
parts containing
containing oil are
are general use,
general use, they
they areare classified
classified as textile
textile
collected from
collected from the field,
field, and
and essential
essential oils
oils fibers, brush fibers,
fibers, fibers, plaiting
plaiting and
and weaving
weaving
are extracted in different
different ways depending on fibers, filling fibers, natural
filling fibers, natural fabrics
fabrics and
and
the quantity and stability
stability of
of the
the compound
compound paper
paper making
making fibers.
fibers. The
The most
most important
important
involved. The following methods are fibers coming
fibers coming fromfrom the
the forests
forests of India
India are
commonly practiced: from the
from the families
families of ofBombacaceae,
Bombacaceae, Sterculi-
aceae, Tiliaceae, Fabaceae, Asclepia-
(i) Distillation:
Distillation: applicable
applicable to materials
materials daceae,
daceae, Myrtaceae,
Myrlaceae, Moraceae,
Moraceae, Urticaceae,
Urlicaceae,
in which
which the
the aroma
aroma is not
not spoiled
spoiled by
by Palma. ceae, Musaceae,
Palmaceae, Musaceae, and Gramineae.
hot water or steam;
steam;
following species
The following species are
are commonly
commonly usedused
(ii) Expression
Expression by hand
hand oror machinery:
machinery: by cottage industries: Agave sisalana,
applicable especially
applicable especially to
to fruit rinds; Abroma augusta,
Abroma augusta, Abutilon
Abutilon spp.,
spp., Ananas
Ananas
cosmosus, Antiaris
cosmosus, Antiaris toxicaria,
toxicaria, Boehmeria
Boehmeria
(iii) Extraction
Extraction by volatile
volatile solvents,
solvents, hot
hot nivea, Borassus flabillifer,
nivea, flabillifer, Canabis
Canabis sativa,
sativa,
oils, fats (maceration), or cold Cordia dichotoma,
Cordia dichotoma, C. roth ii, Giradinia
rothii,
neutral fats (enfleurage).
(enfleurage). heterophylla, Grewia glabra,
heterophylla, Grewia glabra, G.G. elastica,
elastica,
G.optiva,
G.optiva, Hibiscus spp.,, Malachra
Hibiscus spp. Malachra capitata,
Production of essential
Production essential oils: Estimated Marsdenia tenacissima, M. volubilis,
production of of some
some of the important Plwnnium tenax, Sensivieria roxburghiana,
Phoimium
essential
essential oils produced in India is presented
presented Sesbania bispinosa, Sida rhomNfolia,
rhombifolia,
in Table 6. Sterculia
Sterculia foetida,
foetida, S. urens, S. villosa,
Themeda arundinacea,
Themeda arundinacea, Trema
Trema orientalis,
orientalis,
Table 6, Estiinated production of essential oils
Typha elephantina, Urena lobata,
Essential oil Production Oreocnide
Oreocnide integrifolia.
(tons)

Lemon grass oil 1,200 Of the above

above species,
species, only Agave
Agave sisalana
Sandalwood oil 1,300 and Sterculia villosa have
have commercial
commercial
Palmarosa oil 90
Vetiver oil 50
importance. Agave
Agave fibers are
are used
used in maldng
making
Eucalyptus oil 50 ropes and mats.
ropes and mats. The fiber is also useful
useful for
Cinnamon oil 33 cordage,
cordage, twines, and nets.
nets.
Deodar wood oil 2
Linoloe. oil 3
Cinnamon oil 2 Agave
Agave plants
plants usually
usually grow
grow in
in semi-arid
semi-arid
tropical regions. They are propagated
tropical regions. propagated from
Total 2,830

29
Non-Wood
NOll- Wood Forest Products

rhizomes or
rhizomes or bulbils,
bulbils, planted
planted at a spacing
spacing of stuffing for cushions, pillows and
2.4 to 2.7 meters.
meters. It takes
takes 2 to 6 years
years for mattresses,
mattresses, thermal
thermal insulation,
insulation, and
and sound-
sound-
the plant
the plant toto grow
grow to to harvestable size. proof
proof covers and walls.
covers and walls. It is
is aapreferred
preferred
Leaves are
Leaves are harvested from the
harvested from the plant
plant until
until it filling material for padded surgical
dies after flowering.
dies flowering. Yields
Yields range from 1.0
range from dressings.
to 2.8
to 2.8 tons
tons of
offiber
fiber per
perhectare.
hectare. Fiber
stripping is done within 48 hours ofof harvest.
harvest. Flosses obtained
Flosses obtainedfrom
from the
the fruit
fruit of Ceiba
Ceiba
pentandra
pentandra (kapok
(kapok or
or silk
silk cotton)
cotton) are
are elastic
elastic
Sterculia villosa
Sterculia is mainly
villosa is mainly found
found in Uttar
Uttar and are used in the manufacture of of life belts
belts
Pradesh,
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and
and Kerala, although and buoys.
it is scattered throughout most of India.
India. The
species yields
species yields coarse,
coarse, strong
strong fiber
fiber which
which Collection and processing:
processing: The
Thecapsules
capsules are
strips off the tree in long
strips long broad
broad flakes.
flakes. The
The collected green
collected green from
from the
the tree
tree as
as the
the floss
floss
flakes have a characteristic net-like loses much
loses much of its resilience after the
appearance.
appearance. The The fiber
fiber is used
used for
for making
making capsules are
capsules are open.
open. The
The capsules
capsules are then
then
ropes. In
In West
West Bengal and Tamil
Tamil Nadu,
Nadu, it is dried in the sun and split
split open
open with
with mallets.
mallets.
used for making elephant harnesses and drag The floss,
The floss, mixed with seeds,
mixed with seeds, is again dried
ropes and
ropes and for
for securing
securing rafts.
rafts. Fiber
Fiber yields
yields in
in the sun and the seeds are
sun and the seeds are separated
separated by
from Sterculia villosa
from vary from
villosa vary from 4.5
4.5 to 5.5 beating
beating with
with sticks. The collection
sticks. The collection and
and
tons per hectare.
hectare. processing
processing is crude and needs
needs improvement
improvement
to avoid waste
waste and to improve quality.
Annual production
Annual production and
and value:
value: It is
estimated that around 2,500 tons per annum
annum Annual production and value:
Annual value: About
About 300
300
of agave fibers are produced in the
the country,
country, tons of kapok
tons kapok are
are produced
produced annually
annually in
in
with
with aa present
present value
value of Rs45
Rs45 million.
million. India, Rs30 million.
India, with a value of Rs30
Overall production data for Sterculia villosa
villosa
are not available.
available. Grasses

Flosses General: Grasses are used for paper

making, cattle fodder, matting, ropes,
General: Flosses
Flosses are
are obtained
obtained from
from certain
certain thatching, and
thatching, and in
in manufacturing
manufacturing furniture,
furniture,
wild
wild fruits.
fruits. Important
Important species
species are
are Bombax
Bombax baskets, and screens. These uses are
ceiba and Ceiba pentandra. discussed below:

Distribution: Bombax ceiba grows (i) Grasses for

Grasses for paper making:
making: Eula-
Eula-
throughout the Indian
throughout the Indian plains
plains and
and Deccan
Deccan liopsis binata
liopsis binata (sabai
(sabai grass) is the
grass) is the
plateau.
plateau. Ceiba pentandra
pentandra trees
trees are
are found
found in
in chief species,
chief species, distributed in Uttar
distributed in Uttar
Western and Southern states and the Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya
Islands.
Andaman Islands. Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, and
Himachal Pradesh.
Uses:
Uses: The
The floss
floss from
from Bombax
Bombax ceiba
ceiba is
is
obtained from
obtained from capsules
capsules and
and is
is known
known as
as (ii) Fodder grasses:
grasses: Andropogon
Andropogon grows
grows
kapok." The floss
"Indian kapok." floss is soft and strong in dry regions of India and is a prin-
and used in
and in life-saving
life-saving devices
devices for boats,
boats, cipal constituent of wild
constituent of wild forage.
forage.

30
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products India

Cenchrus ciliaris, Bothriochloa

Botllliochloa to animals or sold in bundles.
bundles. Some
Some grasses
grasses
intennedia, B.
ischaemum, B. intermedia, are cut, collected,
are cut, and baled
collected, and baled forfor trans-
trans-
pertusa, and Bromus
perlusa, and Bromus spp. are These are
portation to depots. These are grasses
grasses
important fodder grasses growing in usually utilized
usually utilized by
by paper
paper mills
mills or for cattle
cattle
the wild. fodder
fodder during times of scarcity.
scarcity.

(iii) Grasses
Grasses for matting:
matting: The
The culms
culms of Annual production
productionandandvalue:
value: Some
Some 0.3
0.3 to
to
Phragmites
Phragmites spp.
spp. and
and Arundo
Arundo spp.
spp. million tons of
0.4 million of grass
grass could
could be
be harvested
harvested
are split and used
used for matting.
matting. Sac- annually in India (Sharma,
annually in (Sharma, 1977),
1977), but the
the
charum munja, Typha
Typha elephantina
elephantina figures for actual production are not
and Cyperus
and Cyperus corymbosus are also
corymbosus are also available. Some 60,000
available. Some 60,000 to to 80,000
80,000 tons
tons of
of
preferred. sabai grass
sabai grass are purchased
purchased eacheach year
year byby
paper
paper mills. The price
mills. The price of sabai
sabai grass
grass is
(iv) Grasses for ropes: Eulaliopsis around Rs300 per ton.
ton.
binata, Desmostachya bipinnata,
Saccharum munja, S.
Saccharum S. spontaneum,
spontaneum, Tannins and
and dyes
dyes
and
and Themeda
Themeda arundinacea
arundinacea are the
the
main species. Tannins

(v) Thatching grasses: Imperata General: Tannins are polyphenolic

cylindrica is the main species; compounds widely distributed among India's
Saccharum munja, S. spontaneum,
Saccharum spontaneum, flora.
flora. They
They occur
occur in
in varying
varying concentrations
concentrations
and Heteropogon
Heteropogon contodus
contO/ius are
are also
also in all plant material, but
but only
only certain
certain plants
plants
used. contain concentrations permitting
commerical exploitation. Tannins are
(vi) Grasses for miscellaneous
miscellaneous uses:
uses: classified as condensed
classified as condensed or or hydrolizsable.
hydrolizsable.
Furniture is made
made out of Saccharum The former, called catechol-type tannins,
tannins, are
munja stems.
stems. Screens
Screens of ofVetiveria
Vetiveria based flavan -3.01. The latter,
based on polymeric flavan
zizanioides roots are used
zizanioides roots used in
in houses
houses also
also called
called pyrogallol
pyrogallol tannins
tannins are based
based on
on
and
and offices
offices asas room
room coolers
coolers during
during esters
esters of Gallic
Gallic acid
acid and/or
and/orhexahydroxy
hexahydroxy
summer. These
summer. These areare kept
kept wet
wet for
for aa diphenic acid and
diphenic acid and its analogous
analogous acids, with
with
fragrant cooling effect.
fragrant a variety
variety of
of polyols
polyols andand alicyclic
alicyclic acids.
acids.
Thysanolaena maxima grass is Different parts of of plants
plants may
may contain
contain
valued for brooms
brooms andand fodder.
fodder. tannins.
different types of tannins.

Regeneration: Eulaliopsis binata, Classification:

Classification: Tannins
Tannins produced
produced in India
India
Saccharum munja, Cenchrus ciliatis, can
can be classified as
be classified as fruit
fruit tannins,
tannins, bark
bark
Vetiveria zizanioides, Thysanolaena tannins, or leaf tannins.
tannins, or tannins. Fruit
Fruit tannins
tannins are
are
maxima and some
some other
other fodder
fodder grasses
grasses are though
generally obtained from myrobalans, though
planted using cuttings, slips
slips or seeds.
seeds. pods of Acacia
pods Acacia nilotica
nilotica and
and drupes
drupes ofof
officinalis and
Emblica officinalis Zizyphus xylocarpa
and Zizyphus
Collection and processing:
Collection processing: Fodder
Fodder grasses
grasses are also used locally. The main
main tree
tree species
species
are commonly
commonly grazed
grazed directly
directly by cattle
cattle in
in yielding bark tannins are Acacia nilotica, A.
A.
the forests.
forests. Others are collected and stall-fed mollisima, Cassia
mollisima, Cassia auriculata,
auriculata, and Shorea
Shorea

31
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest Products
Producís India

robusta. The
The leaves
leaves of
of Anogeissus
Anogeissus latifolia
latifolia based
based on their origin
origin (Anon,1972).
(Anon,1972).
and Carissa spinarum are
and are also
also harvested for
for
tannin production. • Bimlies (Bs) exported from
Bimlipatam (Andhra Pradesh);
Bimlipatam
Uses:
Uses: 90
90 percent
percent of
of the
thetotal
totalvegetable
vegetable
tannins in
tannins in the world
world are used by thethe leather
leather Jabalpur (Js) exported from Jabalpur
industry. India
industry. India has
has the
the largest
largest livestock
livestock (Madhya Pradesh);
population (about 415
population (about 415 million
million head)
head) in thethe
world (Anon.,
world 1982). Prospects
(Anon., 1982). Prospects for for the
the Rajpores (Rs) exported from Kolha-
Rajpores (Rs) Kolha-
leather industry are therefore
therefore bright.
bright. pur (Maharashtra);
(Maharashtra);

Important
Important tannin
tannin yielding
yielding plants:
plants: Vingloras (Vs) exported from
Maharashtra; and
Maharashtra;
Terminalia chebula
Tenninalia
Coast Madras,
Coast Madras, or Madras, exported
exported
General: TheThe fruit of Tertninalia
Tenninalia schebula, from Tamil Nadu forests.
from
commercially lcnown as chebulic myrobalan,
commercially known as
yields
yields important
important tannin
tannin material.
material. Chebulic
Chebulic The myrobalans
myrobalans from Salem
Salem district
district (Tamil
(Tamil
myrobalan trees
myrobalan trees are
are found
found throughout
throughout the the Nadu) are regarded
Nadu) are regarded as as the
the best
best in thethe
mixed
mixed deciduous forests and
deciduous forests and dry
dry forests.
forests. country for color
color and
and tannin
tannin content.
content.
Myrobalans are the most
Myrobalans most important
important tanning
tanning
materials
materials of the the pyrogallol
pyrogallol type. These Processing:
Processing: Collected
Collected fruit is sun dried. It
tannins produce a brownish colored deposit
tannins produce is important
important to store the fruit properly as itit
on leather
on leather called
called "bloom."
"bloom." Catchol
Catchol type
type easily
easily rots.
rots. Crushed
Crushed myrobalans
myrobalans and solid
solid
tannins do not produce a bloom. Myrobalan
tannins extract
extract of myrobalans
myrobalans regularly
regularly enter
enter the
the
tannins are not very astringent, and commercial trade. The extract is prepared in
penetrate the hide very
very slowly.
slowly. When
When used
used factories and is exported
factories and exported in solid
solid blocks
blocks
alone, they
alone, they producess
producess a soft,
soft, mellow
mellow andand containing50
containing 50 to
to 60 percent
percent tannin.
tannin. Most
Most
rather spongy
rather spongy leather
leather which
which lacks
lacks good
good tanners prefer to
tanners prefer to make
make their
their own
own liquors
liquors
wearing properties.
wearing properties. Myrobalans
Myrobalans in India are with tannin content.
with 30-35 percent tannin content.
largely
largely used
used in
in combination
combination with
with Acacia
Acacia
nilotica and
nilotica and Cassia
Cassia auticulata
auriculata tannins.
tannins. Annual production
Annual production and value:
value: Around
Around
78,000 to
to 100,000
100,000 tons
tons of
ofmyrobalan
myrobalan nuts
nuts
Time of collection: January to March is the are
are estimated
estimated to
to be
beproduced
produced annually,
annually,
with January
best period for fruit collection, with January valued
valued at Rs15 to 20
20 million.
million.
harvests
harvests yielding
yielding optimum
optimum tannin
tannin content.
content.
The
The tannin
tannin content varies from
content varies from 12
12 to 49
49 Acacia mollissima
mollissima (wattle)
(wattle)
percent, although
percent, although average tannin
tannin content is
around 32 percent. General: Tannin
Tannin is obtained from the bark
obtained from
of this
this tree.
tree. ItItgives
gives astringent
astringent liquor
liquor with
with
Grading:
Grading: Grading
Grading generally consists of
generally consists good
good penetrating properties. It blends well
penetrating properties. well
separating inferior fruit which
separating inferior which constitute
constitute a with acid-producing tanning materials, such such
second grade, the remainder
second grade, remainder being the
the first
first as myrobalans,
myrobalans, givinggiving aa pleasing
pleasing biscuit
biscuit
The following
grade. The following grades are
are recognized,
recognized, color to leather. If If used
used alone, itit gives
gives pink

32
NOll-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Products Illdia
India

color, which darkens on

color, on exposure
exposure to
to light.
light. The
The tannin
tannin content
content of babul
babul bark
bark varies
varies
Wattle
Wattle is planted in Kodaikanal and in the
Kodaikanal and the considerably, with the
considerably, with the average
average being
being 1212
Ooty hills
Ooty hills of Tamil
Tamil Nadu,
Nadu, covering
covering about
about percent. The bark from older trees is richer
percent.
hectares.
20,000 hectares. in tannin and deeper in color.
tannin and

Collection and processing: Wattle is Production andvalue:

Production and value:An
Anaverage
average 15-year-
15-year-
managed under the coppice system. old
old plantation yields about
plantation yields about 12.5
12.5 tons
tons of
Coppice shoots
Coppice shoots are
are regularly
regularly cutcut and
and the bark. About 22,000 tons of babul
bark. babul bark are
bark is stripped
stripped and dried.
dried. Drying
Drying involves
involves produced annually,
produced annually, valued at Rs55 million.
million.
standing the pieces on end against each other
or against
against a rough
rough trestle,
trestle, with
with the
the outer
outer Cassia
Cassia auriculata
auriculata (avaram)
(avaram)
bark
bark exposed. This must
exposed. This must be be done
done in fine
fine
weather
weather or or under
under cover,
cover, as rain rain water
water General:
General: Avaram is aa small
Avaram is small bush
bush which
which
leaches away tannin. The The dried
dried bark grows wild
grows wild in south India. It thrives on dry
south India.
contains
contains 18 to 35 percent
percent tannin,
tannin, depending
depending stony hills
stony hills and
and on black
black soils,
soils, along
along road
road
upon the
upon the age
age and
and the part of the the tree
tree from
from sides, in degraded
sides, degraded forests,
forests, and
and on
on waste-
waste-
where
where bark
bark has
has been
beencollected.
collected. Tannin lands.
liquors are
liquors are extracted
extracted fromfrom thethe bark
bark by by
applying steam in specially prepared wooden Collection and processing: Bark
and processing: Barkis
is collected
collected
vats.
vats. These can be be purified
purified andand mixed
mixed with
with by cutting
cutting coppice
coppice shoots off at the
shoots off the base.
base.
other extracts
other extracts to
to give the
the desired
desired color or Shoots
Shoots cancan be harvested
harvested annually.
annually. The bark
quality to leather.
quality is stripped
stripped and dried. The
The bark
bark contains
contains an
average of 18 percent of tannin. The leather
production and
Annual production and value:
value: Over
Over 23,000 tanned by unstripped twigs is as good as that
tons of wattle bark are harvested every year, from
from stripped bark. The tannin
stripped bark. tannin from
from the
the
valued at Rs38 million.
valued million. bark penetrates hide quickly and produces a
special form of lightly tanned,
special form tanned, pale
pale colored
colored
nilotica (babul)
Acacia nilotica (babul) leather with an elastic grain and good tensile
stength.
General: In northern
northern India,
India, the
the bark
bark ofof A.
A.
nilotica forms
nilotica forms the
the most
most important
important tannin-
tannin- Annual production
Annual production andand value:
value: Annual
Annual
yielding raw material.
yielding raw material. It is
is aa common
common treetree production
production of avaram
avaram bark isis estimated
estimated at
at
found
found in forest,
forest, wastelands,
wastelands, andand cultivated
cultivated 23,000 tons,
tons, valued
valued at
at about
about Rs35
Rs35 million.
million.
fields
fields throughout India. Babul bark is very
throughout India. very
good for tanning heavier leathers. In Dyes
combination with
combination with myrobalans,
myrobalans, itit gives
gives an
an
excellent finished
finished leather. General:
General: Over
Over 2,000
2,000 plant
plant pigments
pigments are
are
known, of which
known, of whichonly
onlyaa few
few are
are of
of aa
Collection and processing:Bark
and processing: Barkisis available
available commercial importance. Vegetable
commercial importance. Vegetable dyes
dyes
to the tanning industry as a by-product when have not been
been able
able to
to successfully
successfully compete
compete
trees are
trees are felled
felled for timber
timber or fuel.
fuel. Bark
Bark is with artificial dyes in recent years.
years.
dried
dried and
and despatched
despatched inin bundles
bundles to to the
the
tanning factories. The The most
most important
consumption center for this
this bark
bark isis Kanpur.
Kanpur.

33
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products India

Classification: Drugs and

and Spices
Spices

(i) Wood
Wood dyes:
dyes: Kutch dye from Acacia
Kutch dye General: India's
India's medicinal
medicinal plant
plant wealth
wealth is
catechu and other dyes from comprised of about 1,500 species.
Artocarpus heterophyllus, A. Knowledge
Knowledge of of the
the medicinal
medicinal properties
properties of
lakoocha, Pterocatpus
lakoocha, Pterocarpus santalinus,
santalinus, these plants
these plants has
has been
been recorded
recorded in "Materia-
"Materia-
Caesalpinia sappan.
and Caesalpittia
and Medica" aa description of
of indigenous systems
of medicine
medicine which
which have
have become
become extensive
extensive
(ii) Bark dyes: Obtained from and heterogenous
heterogenous over the centuries. Every
Terminalia
Tenn ina lia tomentosa, Acacia region
region of India
India has
has contributed to its
concinna, A. farnesiana, A. development.
ieucophloea, Alnus
ieucophloea, Alnus spp.
spp. Casuarina
equisetifolia, Manilkara
Manilkara littoralis,
littoralis, Systematic studies and
Systematic studies and research
research have been
Myrica esculenta, and Ventilago carried out on only a few
carried out few of
of the
the countless
countless
madraspatana. drugs used in indigenous systems of
medicine. Drugs have been classified
(iii) Flower
Flower and fruit dyes:
dyes: This
This is
is the
the depending
depending upon
upon the plant organ from which
which
most important
most group of
important group of natural
natural they are derived: roots and other
dyes.
dyes. Flower and fruit
Flower and fruit dyes
dyes are
are parts, bark,
underground parts,
underground bark, wood,
wood, leaves,
leaves,
commonly
commonly obtained
obtained from Mallouts
from Mallo uts flowers,
flowers, and fruit and
and seed.
seed.
philippensis,
philippe nsis, Woodfordia
Wo odfo rdia
floribunda,
floribunda, Bixa
Bixa orellana,
orellana, Butea Cultivation
Cultivation of important species:
species: Due
Due toto
monosperma, Toona ciliata, culata, continuous use, many medicinal plant
Nyctanthes
Nyctanthes arbortristis,
arborlristis, Mammea species have become
species have scarce in the
become scarce the forests
forests
longifolia, Wrightiatinctoria,
longtfolia, Wrightiatinctotia, and and efforts are being made to cultivate
cultivate them.
Carocus stativus.
Carocus stativus.
Dioscorea deltoidea
Dioscorea deltoidea and
and D.D. trazeri grow in
(iv) Root dyes:
dyes: Root
Root dyes
dyes are
are obtained
obtained northwest Himalayas and northeastern India,
from Berberis aristata, Datioca respectively. Both
respectively. Both species
species yield
yield diosgenin
diosgenin
cannabina, Morinda tinctoria,
tinctotia, but grow very slowly
slowly and
and their
their production
production
Punica granatum, and Rubia cannot meet
cannot meet the
the demand.
demand. D. D. floribunda,
floribunda, a
cordifolia. Central American species, has been
introduced for
introduced for commercial
commercial cultivation
cultivation in
in
(v) Leaf dyes:
dyes: Indigofera
Indigofera tinctoria
tinctoria and
and Assam, Goa, Bangalore, and Koorg districts
Assam,
Lanssonia inermis
Lanssonia in ennis are
are important of Karnataka. The crop is raised from seeds,seeds,
specIes.
species. single-node leaf
single-node leaf cuttings
cuttings or tuber
tuber pieces.
pieces.
On average,
average, a two-year-old yields 2.5
two-year-old plant yields
The above
The above plant
plant parts
parts dodo not
not provide
provide to 3 kilograms
to kilograms of of tubers,
tubers, or 50 to to 60
60 tons
tons
significant livelihood to forest dwellers
dvvellers per hectare.
hectare. The
The content
content of
of diosgenin
diosgenin is 33
because the procurement
procurement price in the percent
percent onon dry
dry weight
weight basis
basis (Bammi
(Bammi andand
markets is extremely low. There
extremely low. There is is no Rao, 1982).
1982).
organized trade
organized trade for
for collection,
collection, processing
processing
and marketing of vegetable
vegetable dye stuffs.
stuffs. D.
D. composita,
composita, also
also a native
native of
ofCentral
Central
America, is
is now
now being
being cultivated in Jammu.

34
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Products India

Tubers begin to
Tubers begin to increase in size
increase in size from
from the
the grown, but
grown, but green,
green, fruits
fruits yield
yield 1.2
1.2 to
to 1.7
species yields about 2 to
third year on. This species tons
tons of dry seeds
seeds per hectare, with alkaloid
hectare, with alkaloid
3 percent diosgenin.
diosgenin. The
The highest
highest diosgenin
diosgenin content varying
content varying fromfrom 0.2
0.2 to 0.35
0.35 percent.
percent.
content is
content is obtained
obtained inin July when
when the plants For D.D. mete!,
metel, maximum
maximum alkaloid
alkaloid yield
yield is
are about to flower, but it varies obtained by
obtained by harvesting tender branches and and
considerably from
considerably from one
one locality
locality to another.
another. leaves in June and July. The The plant
plant
Propagation from rhizome
Propagation from rhizome cuttings
cuttings gives
gives regenerates
regenerates and and it isis possible
possible toto harvest
harvest
better results than
than from
from seeds
seeds or
or seedlings.
seedlings. twice more
twice more in in late August
August and October.
October. In
With
With a planting
planting density
density of 40,000
40,000 perper addition to
addition to foliage, number of
foliage, a large number of fruits
fruits
yields of
hectare, yields of up
up to 54.8
54.8 tons
tons per
per are also harvested when ripe. Two improved
hectare after 16 or 17
hectare 17 months
mon ths (the ideal age varieties of
varieties of D.D. metal
metal developed
developed by by the
the
are possible.
for harvesting are An income
possible. An income ofofRs
Rs Regional Research
Regional Research Laboratory,
Laboratory , Jammu,
4,500
4,500 to 5,000
5,000 per
per hectare
hectare accrues
accrues to the
the yield 21 to
yield 21 to 29
29 tons
tons of green
green herb
herb and
and 1.5 to
cultivator (Sobti
(Sobti et al., 1982).
1982). 2.4 tons
tons of
of seeds
seeds per
per hectare.
hectare. The
The alkaloid
alkaloid
content varies from
content varies from 0.24
0.24 to 0.36 percent in
Solanum
Solanum khasianum
khasianum occurs
occurs inin northeast,
northeast, leaves and from
leaves and from 0.098
0.098 to
to 0.19
0.19 percent
percent in
northwest, southern and central India. It is
central India. is seeds
seeds (Sobti and Kaul, 1982).1982).
cultivated through seeds or nursery-raised
cultivated through seeds or nursery-raised
seedlings.
seedlings. The crop takes
takes about 6 months
months to
to acuminata(belladonna)
Atropa acuminata (belladonna) occurs
occurs in the
mature.
mature. Two improved
improved varieties
varieties have
have been
been western Himalayas,
western Himalayas, particularly in Kashmir
developed at the Regional Research and Himachal
and Himachal Pradesh.
Pradesh. Its leaves
leaves and roots
Laboratory, Jammu,
Laboratory, Jammu, yielding
yielding 7.5
7.5 and
and 8.3
8.3 are used
are used in
in the
thepharmaceutical
pharmaceutical industry.
industry.
tons
tons fresh berries,
berries, respectively.
respectively. Solasodine
Solasodine About 70
About 70 tons
tons of dry dry leaves
leaves are
are needed
needed
content ranges
content ranges from
from 1.55
l.55 to
to 1.89
l. 89 percent
percent annually to meet the
annually to meet the country's demand. In
demand.
from the fruit. (Kaul
from (Kaul and
and Zutshi,
Zutshi, 1982).
1982). recent years, the
recent years, the natural
natural stocks
stocks ofof the
the
species have
species have dwindled
dwindled because
because of over-over-
Costus
CQstus speciosus
speciosus is widely
widely distributed
distributed in
in exploitation. The Kashmir Forest
India.
India. In the
the plains,
plains, the
the plant
plant occurs
occurs as aa Department has therefore been promoting its
weed in orchards,
weed orchards, boundaries
boundaries of
of cultivated
cultivated cultivation.
cultivation. ItIt is raised from
from seeds.
seeds. Leaves
Leaves
fields, and
fields, and in
in wastelands.
wastelands. In
In Meghalaya,
Meghalaya, are harvested at the timetime of
of flowering, when
when
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and in the
the content
content of active
active ingredients
ingredients isis at
at its
its
tropical rain forests
forests in Tamil Nadu, it grows peak. Maximum
peak. Maximum yields yields are
are obtained
obtained by by
forest floor.
on the forest floor. cutting the
the entire
entire plant
plant 7.5
7.5centimeters
centimeters
above
above the ground.
ground. AfterAfter cutting,
cutting, the
the plants
plants
Datura
Datura stramonium, D. innoxia
stramonium, D. innoxia and
and D.
D. sprout again.
again. Two to four four quintals
quintals of
of leaves
metel are important
important medicinal
medicinal species.
species. The are obtained
obtained from
from each
each hectare
hectare (Gulati
(Gulati et
first is rich
rich in
in hyoscyamin,
hyoscyamin, while
while the
the latter
latter aI., 1982).
al., 1982).
two scopolamine. D.
two are rich in scopolamine. D. innoxia is
a coarse
coarse bushy
bushy annual
annual which
which grows
grows in the the Rauwolfia serpentina isis one
Rauwolfia setpentina one of the
the most
most
western Himalayas, the hilly region
western Himalayas, region of important medicinal plants in India,
peninsular India, and
peninsular India, and a few
few other
other places
places in occurring
occurring throughout
throughout the
the country.
country. The plant
the
the country.
country. D. metel
metel is
is aa spreading
spreading herb
herb which can
which can be propagated
propagated from seeds,
seeds, stem
stem
growing throughout India. All All can be raised cuttings, or
cuttings, or root
root cuttings,
cuttings, is aa perennial
perennial
by see,ds.
by seeds. In In the
the case
case of D.
D. innoxia,
innoxia, fully
fully shrub
shrub growing
growing upup to
to 5050 centimeters
centimeters in
in

35
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood India

height. The
The root
root should
should be
be harvested
harvested 15
15 and
and zeylanicum (cinnamon or dalchini),
36 months
36 months after
after planting
planting to
to obtain
obtain the
the Curcuma spp. (haldi), Elettaria
optimum
optimum yield of alkaloid. cardamomum (cardamom), and Piper
longum and P. nigrum
longum and nigrum (pepper).
(pepper).
The major trade centers for Rauwolfia roots
are Calcutta,
Calcutta, Bombay
Bombay and Patna,
Patna, which
which inin Animal products
turn are supplied
tum by a number
supplied by number ofof primary
primary
trade centers
centers throughout
throughout the country.
country. The
The Lac, honey and wax,
honey and wax, silk,
silk, horns, ivory, bat
bat
market value
market value per
per ton
ton of roots
roots varies
varies from
from guano, edible birds' nests, and bees'
Rs2,000
Rs2,OOO to Rs4,000
Rs4,OOO depending
depending upon
upon the
the dammar
dam mar are some products that are obtained
obtained
quality. from forests.
forests. Of these,
these, the
the former
former three
three are
are
most important.
Cassia angustifolia
Cassia angustifolia (senna):
(senna): isis found
found inin
Tamil Nadu, and
Tamil Nadu, and onon aa smaller
smaller scale
scale in
in Lac
Sennosides are
Karnataka and Maharashtra. Sennosides
extracted from leaves
extracted from and pods,
leaves and pods, and
and made
made General: Commonly
Commonly known as "shellac"
"shellac" in
in
into tablets.
into tablets. The plant can be be raised
raised from
from its refined
its flake form,
refined flake form, lac
lac is aa resinous
resinous
seeds, and is ready harvest after
ready to harvest after 2 secretion from the
secretion from the insect
insect Laccifer
Laccifer lacca,
lacca,
months.
months. Sennoside
Sennoside content
content is is maximum
maximum which feeds on the plant sap.
which feeds sap.
(11.92 percent)
(11.92 percent)inin 33 to
to 55 days
days old
old pods,
pods,
percent)
while in leaves it is maximum (6.93 percent) Uses: Lac
Uses: Lac is
is presently
presently used
used for
for various
various
in immature leaves
leaves (Gupta
(Gupta et al., 1977).
1977). purposes in plastics, electricals,
purposes electricals, adhesives,
adhesives,
leather, wood finishing,
finishing, printing, polish and
About
About 7 quintals
quintals of leaves
leaves and a quintal
quintal of varnish, ink
varnish, ink and
and other industries.
industries. It is also
also
pods are obtained
pods obtained from
from oneone hectare
hectare under
under the principal ingredient of sealing wax.
rainfed conditions, and 14 14 quintals ofof leaves
and 1.5 quintal
and quintal of pods
pods areare obtained
obtained under
under Lac crops: TwoTwo main
main strains
strains of
of lac
lac insect
insect
irrigated conditions.
irrigated Senna leaves,
conditions. Senna leaves, pods
pods or are recognized:
recognized: "rangeeni"
"rangeeni" and and "kusumi".
"kusumi".
their powder retain
retain their
their biological
biological activity
activity rangeeni crop
The rangeeni crop is raised
raised on several host
even
even after 5 years
years of
of storage.
storage. About
About 5,500
5,500 plants, the important being Butea
hectares of land are
are under
under senna
senna cultivation
cultivation monospenna and
monospelma and Zizyphus
Zizyphus mauritiana.
mauritiana.
in India,
in India, yielding
yielding around 7,150 tons
around 7,150 tons of The kusumi strain is raised
kusumi strain raised on Schleichera
Schleichera
leaves and
leaves and pods annually,
annually, valued
valued at Rs57
Rs57 oleosa. There are two crops of lac
oleo sa. There are two crops lac
million. produced by
produced by both
both strains
strains each
each year.
year. In
addition, there are many
many other
other plants species
species
Spices: which are of local
which local or
orspecific
specific importance.
importance.
Only species
Only with near
species with near neutral
neutral or slightly
slightly
are aromatic
Spices are aromatic vegetable
vegetable products
products acidic sap
acidic sap are good hosts for lac lac insects.
insects.
characterized by
characterized by pungency,
pungency, strong
strong flavors
flavors
and sweet
and sweet oror bitter taste. They
They occur
occur Cultivation of lac: To
To get
get good
good results, the
naturally in
in some
some forests
forests and
and are
are also insects must
insects must be
be provided
provided with
with succulent
succulent
cultivated in
cultivated in some regions.
regions. The
The important
important which have
shoots. Lac sticks, which have mature
mature
spice-yieldingplants
spice-yielding plants are
are Alpinia
Alpinia glanga
glanga female insects
female insects (called
(called "brood
"brood lac")
lac") ready to
(greater galangal), Cinnamomum give rise to next generation, are cut and
and tied
tied

36
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood India

on the branches
branches of the new
new host plants.
plants. To of bees,
bees, Apis dorsata (rock (rock bee)
bee) and
and Apis
Apis
get the maximum
maximum benefit,
benefit, lac
lac cultivation
cultivation isis indica
indica (Indian
(Indian bee)
bee) produce
produce honey.
honey. TheThe
done
done on a rotational
rotational basis
basis so that
that the
the host
host former is wild in montane
montane and sub-montane
sub-montane
plants,
plants, whose vitality
vitality is drained
drained off by by lac
lac regions throughout India. It is a goodgood honey
honey
insects, are given sufficient periods
given sufficient periods to gatherer and a single
gatherer single comb may yield up to
recover. 35 kilograms ofof honey
honey and and one
one lcilogram
kilogram of
wax. The latter is amenable to
Collection and
Collection and storage of stick lac: Lac is domestication,but
domestication, butitit isis not a good
good honey
honey
collecte,c1
collected inintwo
twoforms,
forms,"ari"
"ari" and
and "phunki." gatherer. The yield
gatherer. yield per hive ranges
ranges from
from 3
The former
former is cut
cut from
from thethe host
host plant
plant and
and to 13 kilograms
kilograms of honey
honey in the hills
hills and 3
the latter
the latter is collected
collected from
from the
the brood
brood lac,
lac, to 8 ldlograms
kilograms in the
the plains.
after being used for inoculation.
inoculation. The lac is is
then
then sold
sold "as is,"
is," or
or freed
freed from
from the
the sticks
sticks Annual production and
and value:
value: About
About 250
250
and
and then
then sold.
sold. The
The lac
lac removed
removed fromfrom thethe tons of rock bee honey and 98 tons of Indian
sticks
sticks is commercially knownknown as "sticklac."
"sticklac." bee honey
honey are produced annually. At a price
of Rs40
Rs40 per kilogram,
kilogram, the
the total
total value
value of
Sticklac is spread in shade about 15
Sticldac honey produced
honey produced is Rs139 million.
million.
centimeters thick and
centimeters thick and turned over once or
turned over
twice
twice a week
week until
until it
it dries.
dries. After
After drying,
drying, Bee's .wax
Bee's max is used
used in
in the
the manufacture
manufacture of
sticklac is
sticklac is winnowed
winnowed to to free
free it from foreign
foreign furniture and floor polishes,
furniture and polishes, dressing
dressing and and
matter. The granular
matter. granular substance,
substance, obtained
obtained water proofing of leather goods. It It is also an
washing away
from sticklac after washing away the
the insect
insect ingredient of
ingredient of shoe
shoe polish,
polish, cosmetics,
cosmetics, lip-
bodies and the
bodies and the dyedye is
is called
called "seed
"seed lac,"
lac," stick, and face cream. About
About 2828 tons
tons of
of wax
wax
which after bleaching is used in the are produced annually, valued at
manufacture of interior floor polishes. approximately Rs1.6 million.
approximately million.
Shellac
Shellac isis manufactured
manufactured from from seed
seed lac
lac by
by
either
either a heat
heat process
process or or aasolvent
solvent process.
process. Silk
The yield of shellac is roughly 55 percent by
weight ofof the
the sticklac.
sticklac. India produces four lcinds
kinds ofof silk:
silk: mulberry,
tassar,
tassar, muga, and eri. Silk
Silk is
is obtained
obtained from
from
Annual
Annual production
production and
and value:
value: About cocoons of
cocoons of silk worms.
worms. ItsIts production
production hashas
14,500 toto 20,000
14,500 20,000 tons
tons of
of stick
stick lac is four components; i) cultivation
cultivation ofof host plants
produced annually in
produced annually in India.
India. Its price varies
varies for silk worms, ii) rearing silk
silk worms
worms up to
from
from Rs4,500 to to 16,000
16,000 per
per ton
ton depending
depending cocoon stage,
cocoon iii) reeling
stage, iii) reeling of cocoons
cocoons into
into
upon
upon quality;
quality; most
most ofof the
the produce
produce sells
sells continuous filaments
filaments called raw silk and, iv) iv)
around Rs14,000 per
around Rs14,000 per ton.
ton. Thus,
Thus, the
the total
total silk throwing and weaving by which
value
value of the
the annual
annual production
production in in India is filaments
filaments are twisted and woven into fabrics
Rs203 million to
to Rs280
Rs280 million.
million. 1976).
(Anon, 1976).

Honey
Honey and wax
wax The silk
The silk worm
worm Bombyx
Bombyx mori mori isis fed
fed onon
mulberry
mulberry leaves
leaves cultivated
cultivated in in plantations.
plantations.
General: Honey
Honey forms
forms aa natural
natural nutritious
nutritious There are other silk
silk worms
worms which
which are
are found
found
food for the rural
food for rural people.
people. It
It is
is also
also used
used wild on forest trees,
trees, the
the best
bestlcnown
known of these
medicinal purposes. Two
widely for medicinal Two species
species is Antheraea paphia, which
is which produces
produces thethe

37
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood India

famous "tassar"
famous "tassar" silk
silk ofof India.
India. It feeds
feeds on The following
following forest species are particularly
several trees
several trees such
such asas Ano geissus latifolia,
Anogeissus important in producing delicacies consumed
Terminalia tomentosa, T. arjuna,
Tenninalia aljuna, by rural people:
people:
Lagerstroemia parvijlora, and
Lagerstroemia parvif/ora, and Madhuca
Madhuca
indica.
indica. Two
Two or three
three crops
crops of
of cocoons
cocoons are Buchanamia lanzan
Buchanamia lanzanisiscommonly
commonly knownknown as
as
usually obtained each
usually obtained each year
year and
and about
about 1212 chironji, achaar
chironji, achaar or
or char.
char. It isis frequently
frequently
grams
grams of silksilk are
are obtained
obtained from
from 15-20
15-20 found in
found in dry mixed
mixed deciduous
deciduous forests
forests of
cocoons. Other wild silk worms are Uttar
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Pradesh,
Antheraea assamensis,
assamensis, producing
producing "muga"
"muga" Orissa, Maharashtra, WestWest Bengal
Bengal and and
silk, and Philosamia synthia ricini, nClnl, Andhra Pradesh.
"eri" silk.
producing "eri"
producing silk. In somesome areas
areas silk
silk
worms
worms areare introduced
introduced on on host
host plants
plants toto It is a medium-sized
medium-sized tree, attaining
attaining a height
enhance
enhance thethe production
production of silk.
silk. Estimated
Estimated of over
over 1515 meters
meters and
and a girth
girth ofof 120
120
annual production
production of tassar silk is 130 130 tons.
tons. centimeters. Natural regeneration
centimeters. Natural regeneration is is poor
poor
Production of
Production of other
other types
types of silk
silk exceed
exceed and
and artificial cultivation is difficult.
difficult. People
People
10,000 tons. hack
hack thethe branches to collect
branches to collect the
the fruits,
fruits, a
practice that weakens the tree.
tree.
Edible plant products
Edible
The specie
species flowers
flowers from
from January
January toto March
March
General:
General: Natural
Natural forests
forests supplement
supplement the
the and
and the fruit ripens
ripens from April to June. The
food supply
food supply for
for human
human beings.
beings. Several fruit is eaten by the local people and kernels
forest
forest fruits
fruits and
and seeds,
seeds, flowers,
flowers, rhizomes,
rhizomes, are
are extracted
extracted andand dried
dried for
for sale
sale in in the
the
tubers, roots,
tubers, roots, barks,
barks, etc.
etc. are
are consumed
consumed by market. Kernels have
market. Kernels have aa mixed
mixed flavor
flavor of of
people during periods of of food scarcity and in pistachio and almond,
pistachio and almond, andand are eaten raw or or
normal times.
normal times. A A number
number of treetree species
species roasted. They
They areare commonly
commonly usedused in
in prepa-
prepa-
provide
provide such
such edible
edible products.
products. Important ring
ring desserts.
desserts. The
The market
market price
price isis about
about
fruits are from Buchanania lanzan Rs120 perper lcilogram.
kilogram.
(chironji),
(chironji) , Anacardium occidentale
occidentale (kaju),
(kaju),
Pinus gerardiana (chilgoza), Emblica Anacardium occidentale isis a small
Anacardium occidentale small tree,
tree,
officinalis (aonla), Tamarindus indica known
known as as cashew
cashew nut
nut or
or kaju.
kaju. It was
was
(tamarind), Aegle
(tamarind), Aegle mannelos
marmelos (bel),
(bel), Feronia introduced to India from
introduced to from Mexico,
Mexico, Central
Central
elephantum (kaitha),
elephantum (kaitha), Artocamus
Artocarpus lakoocha and
and South
South America,
America, and
and eastern
eastern Brazil.
Brazil. In
(barhal), Syzygium CUmlnll cuminii Gamun),
(jamun), is grown
India, it is grown inin Kerala,
Kerala, Karnataka,
Karn ataka ,
Annona squamosa
squamosa (custard
(custard apple),
apple); Carissa Tamil
Tamil Nadu,
Nadu, Andhra
Andhra Pradesh,
Pradesh, Goa
Goa and
and
opaca (karaunda), Juglans regia
(karaunda), luglans regia (akhrot),
(akhrot), western Maharashtra.
oleifera (drum
Moringa oleifera (drum stick),
stick), and
and Zizyphus
jujuba (ber).
(ber). Edible
Edible flowers
flowers came
came from
from Cashew isis an
Cashew an erect,
erect, spreading
spreading evergreen
evergreen
indica (mahua),
Madhuca indica (mahua), and M. longifolia
and M. tree, growing
growing to a height
height of
of 10
10 meters.
meters. The
The
(mahua). Roots and tubers of tree begins to flower in December.
December. Mature
Mature
Amorphophalus
Amorphophalus campan ulatum, Dioscorca
campanulatum, Dioscorca fruit is collected from February toto May.
May.
belophylla,
belophylla, D. oppositifolia,
oppositifolia, and
and ¡pomo
Ipomoea ea
aquatica areare also
also important.
important. The tree is usually propagated from
seedlings raised in baskets,
seedlings raised baskets, although
although it can
can
be propagated
propagated by grafting and layering. The

38
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products India

tree
tree starts
starts bearing fruits from
bearing fruits from the
the third
third or eaten by various animals. Some
eaten Some success
success has
fourth
fourth year, but
but the
the best
bestproduction
production starts
starts been achieved, however, in planting
from
from the
the tenth
tenth year
year and
and continues
continues for
for and by
seedlings and by heteroplastic
heteroplastic grafting.
another
another 2020 years.
years. The
The average
average yield
yield of Collection rights are given to local villagers,
kernels per tree
kernels per tree ranges
ranges from
from 99 to 18 who supply nuts to the markets in the plains.
kilograms. The kernels vary in size, ranging
ldlograms. About 140
About 140 tons
tons of nuts
nuts are
are produced
produced every
from 100
from 100 to
to 425
425per
perlcilogram
kilogram (Verma,
(Verma, year. They
year. They are
are priced
priced atatapproximately
approximately
1988). Rs100
RslOO per kilogram
kilogram (Gupta
(Gupta and
and Sharma,
Sharma,
1975).
The nuts are separated
separated from
from cashew
cashew apples
apples
immediately after
immediately after harvest.
harvest. They
They are thenthen EXPORT
EXPORT OF
OF NON-WOOD
NON-WOOD FOREST
FOREST
dried in the sen and shelled.
dried shelled. The
The dried
dried nuts
nuts PRODUCTS
are roasted either in open
open pans over furnaces
or in rotary
rotary cylinders
cylinders with
with oilbaths.
oilbaths. India,
India, The
The economic
economic contribution of NVVFPs
NWFPs
with an annual
with annual production
production of about 60,000 exceeds 70
exceeds 70 percent
percent of
of the
the total
total value
value of
tons raw nuts,
tons of raw nuts, is the
the largest
largest producer
producer of forest-based
forest-based exports from India.
India. NWFPs are
cashew nuts
cashew nuts in
in the
the world
world (Murthy
(Murthy and and primarily exported
primarily exported as
as raw
raw materials.
materials. If
Subrahmanuam,1989).
Subrahmanuam, 1989). The
The price
price of rawraw proper facilities for processing were
kernel isis Rs30
kernel Rs30 per kilogram
kilogram andand that
that of available, earnings could be much
available, much higher.
processed
processed nutnut isis from
from Rs80
Rs80 toto 120
120 perper
kilogram. Export figures
Export figures for the period 1984
1984 to 1988
1988
are shown in Table 7.
Pinus gerardiana
Pinus gerardiana is an an evergreen
evergreen pine
pine
known as
known as "chilgoza"
"chilgoza" or "neoza,"
"neoza," attaining
attaining a ORGANIZATION FOR COLLECTION
ORGANIZATION COLLECTION
height of
height of 17
17 to
to 27
27 meters and girth
meters and girth of 2 to AND PROCESSING
AND
4 meters.
meters. The species
species is endemic
endemic to to a part
of Himachal Pradesh in the
Himachal Pradesh the Himalayan
Himalayan dry In 1980,
In 1980, the
the Central
Central Board
Board of of Forestry
Forestry
temperate
temperate forests.
forests. The tree flowers
flowers in May-
May- suggested the
suggested the following
following plan
plan of action
action for
June and female cones ripen during procurement and processing
procurement and processing of NWFPs
NWFPs to
September-Octoberof
September-October of the
the following
following year. enhance the
enhance the economic
economic situation
situation of tribal
tribal
Good seed
Good seed years
years alternate
alternate with
with poor ones.
ones. people.
A tree
A tree on
on anan average
average yields
yields about
about 7.4
7.4
ldlograms
kilograms of seeds.
seeds. Collection
Collection is best
best done
done (i) Adopt ways
Adopt ways andand means
means toto ensure
ensure
in September-October
September-October when when thethe cones
cones are smooth, adequate and sustained
green. On heating, the
still green. the cone
cone scales
scales open supply of NWFPs for
supply for domestic
domestic use
use
and the seeds are shaken out. Seeds are also and also for
for trade
trade and
and processing.
processing.
separated by
separated by drying
drying the
the green
green cones
cones in
in the
sun. (ii) Develop and utilize NWFP resources
for the benefit of tribals and also for
Natural regeneration is limited because local the contribution to the national
inhabitants aggressively
inhabitants aggressively collect
collect the
the cones
cones to economy.
extract the chilgoza nuts.
extract nuts. Attempts
Attempts to raise
raise
chilgoza plantations
chilgoza plantations by
by sowing
sowing have
have not
not
succeeded because the
succeeded because the seeds
seeds are
are readily
readily

39
~
o ~
;::

~
Q
~

~
~
~
~
,
§-
Table 7. Export of important non-wood forest products
a.
Product 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88

Quantity Value Quantity Valtie Quantity Value Quantity Value

(tons) (million Rs) (tons) (million Rs ) (tons) (million Rs.) (tons) (million Rs.)

Tendu leaves 2503 303 4487 54.1 5103 66,5 5942. 83.5
t amboo 132.3 0.8 1.4 0.007 4.7 0.03 0.7 0,004
Acacia gum 149.4 47 46.7 1.6 16.8 0,5 NA NA
African guiri 4.1 0.02 NA NA 10.0 0.2 NA ' NA
Arabic gum 09 0.04 58.2 09 11-9 0.2 6,3 0,38
Kara_ya gum 3044 82.9 2505 7(0 2124 57,4 2801 64.20
Asafoetida 111 4.6 140 5.3 102 5.3 140 8-3
Myrrh 30 0.06 16.9 0.3 7.0 0.3 NA NA
Other gum resin 11.9 0.30 70.6 1-.9 42.1 1.1 102.4 2,7
Sia oil 3822,7 82 1 875(0 231-0 1926 5,4 532.0 12,4
Myrobalari 60.2 0.20 5.8 0,02 378.9 1.2 304.7 2.6
Belladona leaves and roots 0.4 0 008 3.0 0.036 3.1 0.9 NA NA
Kuth roots 20.0 0.24 42.7 1.1 3.6 0.5 0.5 0.02
Psyllurn husk 11019 365.2 1095 336.4 8865 233.8 12641 4794
Psyllum seed 2071,2 28,6 2499.5 23.3 2994.1 254 2265.2 344
Serpentina roots 3.9 0.04 8.0 0.06 55.9 0.4 NA ÑA
Senna leaves and pods 3313,4 29.2 5705.9 52 40 5672 2 48.2 5270.4 34,9
Henna leaves and wood 5250.2 29.9 8067.0 48.10 5157.9 40.0 4783,1 42,1
C,hiraita 8 I1 0.05 6.8 0,03 38,2 0.09 58,5 1.7
Cassia pods 1007.6 7.5 725.7 3.2 901.4 6.3 NA NA
Soap out 27,9 S
0.17 271.2 0.9- 693 04 354 0,2
4,

~
 ~
;:

~
2.
~
~
~
c::.
~
'"
~

,.. 1984-85 1985-86 1086-87 1987-88

Product
Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value
(tons) (mBlion Rs.) (tons) (million Rs.) (tons) (million. Rs.) (tons) (million Rs)
...
Greenn pepper 98.7 4,2 1 763 5.4 179.0 15.6 114.8- 15 7
@
Blaelcpepper, garbled IS622 410.6 38580 1754.4 35771 1947 3 41332 2463,0
Black pepper,
""!,, ungarbled
IS'"
411 1.2 724,8 32 9 404.8 19.8 433.3 24,3
Pepper, long 4,4 0,16 NA NA 11,5 0.2 NA NAf~
Cinnamon
I:l~~~ bark 5.4 ri(
0.09 22 0 04 1,3 0.02 NA NA
Cardamom, large 245.2 9.3 387,8 19.3 271.6 12-1 256,1 14,0
Cardamom, small 948.8 281.3 1
1657,9 264.6 1014.3 . 136,2 227.2 29,0
Tamarind, fresh 956.4
..~::~:
4,5 : 1046.2 ' 7,2 1287,0 69 1160,13 31
'tamarind, dried 3110,4 20.1 724.8 33.9 2792.0 25.9 t,t4 Nik
Shellac, hand-made 763 4 34,1 - 580,1 58,6 543.4 20,0 6374 284
Shellac, machine-made 1'712,7 78.7 il
41'75.9 2994 3944 5 156.0 3655.2 121.5
Seed lac 310.9 10.3 . 272 6 12,5 146.0 43 NA NA
Button and garnet laa 28.5 2.2 . 3.1 0.2 1.7 0.09 NA NA
Other Lacs 1939 5 66.7 4 1121,3 70.7 2629,9 101,3 NA. . NA
Cashew kernel, broken 2453,1 113,0 7182 4 377,9 'n'
3222,9 Ì 234 7 2804.7 214,8
Cashew kernel, vdiole I
'3002.6 137-7 29913.8 1863.1 39780S 3040.7 3142.0 - 2894.7

....,.
I-' ~
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood India

(iii) To ensure fair wages, the LAMPS and

LAMPS and marketed by the Bihar State
marketed by State
collection and
collection initial processing
and initial processing of Cooperative Lac Marketing
Cooperative Lac Marketing Federation.
Federation.
NWFP
NWFP should
should be done
done either
either by
by Other NWFPs
Other NWFPs are purchased
purchased directly
directly by
direct recruitment of of labor or
labor agents.
through
through Large-Size
Large-Size Multipurpose
Multipurpose
Cooperative
Cooperative Societies
Societies (LAMPS).
(LAMPS). Gujarat has
has established
established the Gujarat Forest
Intermediaries should be abolished. Development Corporation, which procures
NWFPs
NWFPs like Diospyros leaves, Madhuca
Diospyros leaves,
In view of
of the
the above,
above, the
the Tribal
Tribal Develop-
Develop- flowers, and
flowers, and other
other seeds
seeds and
and gums
gums on on a
ment
ment Federation
Federation (TRIFED)
(TRIFED) has been monopoly basis.
monopoly basis. The
The corporation
corporation trains
trains
formed as
formed as an apex
apex body
body at at the
the national
national tribals in improved methods
tribals methods ofof collection
collection
level to help the state-level federations and and processing and has increased
forest development corporations with collection and
collection and sale
sale from
from Rs5.l
Rs5.1 million
million in
marketing of NWFPs NWFPs procured
procured from 1976-77 to
1976-77 to over
over Rs30
Rs30 million in 1987-88.
1987-88.
tribals. TRIFED
TRIFED purchases
purchases all such Employment (primarily of children,
produce from thethe state-
state- level federations or or women
women and and elderly from the
elderly tribals) from the
corporations, with
corporations, with the
the condition that the
condition that collection
collection of NWFPs
NWFPs has increased
increased from
from
state bodies
state bodies pay tribals
tribals aa fixed
fixed' minimum
minimum per~on-days in
889,000 person-days 1976-77 to
price for their
their produce.
produce. 3,795,000 person-days in 1984-85. Gujarat
3,795,000
is the
the only state
state where most of the the forest
forest
The institutional
The institutional framework created for
framework created coupes are being worked by Forest Labour
collection and marketing of NWFPs differs Cooperatives
Cooperatives (FLCs).
(FLCs). There are about 141 141
from state:
from state to state: FLCs
FLCs in in the
the state,
state, of which
which 132
132 are in in
tribal
tribal areas.
areas. The
The membership
membership of FLCs FLCs
Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh tribals
tribals have
have the
the right
right to
to totals
totals 63,000 of which 59,000 are are tribals.
tribals.
collect,
collect, consume
consume and
and sell
sell NWFP
NWFP items.
items.
The
The Girijan
Girijan Co-operative Corporation In Kerala,
Kerala, the
the right
right to
to collect
collect all
all NWFPs
NWFPs
(GCC) has monopoly rights over has
has been
been given
given to tribals
tribals (Girijans).
(Girijans). A
procurement
procurement and
and marketing
marketing ofofNVVFPs.
NWFPs. established in
cooperative society has been established in
GCC engages primary cooperatives
GCC cooperatives at the each forest area, with membership
grass root-level for collecting and reserved
reserved only
only for
for Girijans.
Girijans. State
State forest
forest
processing the produce.
processing the produce. The
The corporation
corporation departments purchase all the collected
departments purchase collected
pays royalties to the
the forest
forest department.
department. NWFPs
NWFPs at procurement prices fixed
procurement prices fixed for
each
each collection season by
collection season by aa committee
committee
In
In Bihar,
Bihar, tendu
tendu leaves
leaves and
and oil seeds constituted
constituted by the State Government.
(Shorea, Pongamia,
Pon gamia, Madhuca, and
Schleich era) are nationalized items.
Schleichera) In Madhya
In Madhya Pradesh,
Pradesh, Diospyros
Diospyros leaves,
leaves,
Collection of Diospyros melanoxylon Shorea
Shorea seeds,
seeds, Terminalia
Tenninalia chebula
chebula nuts,
nuts,
leaves is undertaken by the forest gums
gums (five types),
types), Acacia catechu wood,
wood,
department itself. The Forest Development and bamboos are nationalized items
Corporation has
Corporation has monopoly over oil seeds
monopoly over specified for monopoly state trading.
and
and their
their procurement
procurement is done
done through
through Gums,
Gums, catechu
catechu wood,
wood, and bamboos
bamboos are
are
LAMPS and other agencies. Though lac is collected through the departmental agency.
an important
important NVVFP
NWFP item,
item, it is not Shorea
Shorea seeds
seeds and
and Terminalia
Tenninalia nuts
nuts were
were
nationalized. Some lac is procured through largely handled
largely handled through
through purchaser-agent
purchaser-agent

42
Non- Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products India

systems until recently,

systems until recently, but
but the
the Madhya
Madhya of NWFPs
NWFPs in
in tribal areas has been
Pradesh Government
Pradesh Government has now now switched
switched entrusted to the Maharashtra State
over to aa direct
direct tender
tender system.
system. Cooperative Tribal Development
Corporation
Corporation on on a monopoly
monopoly basis.
basis. This
This
The state of Madhya Pradesh is the largest corporation presently is
corporation presently is trading
trading in gums,
gums,
producer of tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon
oftendu Madhuca indica flowers and fruits,
leaves. The average
leaves. average annual
annual production
production of Terminalia chebula, and and Buchanania
Buchanania
tendu leaves in the
tendu leaves the state
state is
is 123,000
123,000 tons,
tons, lanzan seeds,
seeds, after
after procuring
procuring themthem from
from
which accounts for
which accounts for over 60 percent of the tribals.
tribals. Where
Where thethe Tribal
Tribal Development
Development
total production in the country. Tendu Tendu leaf
leaf Corporation
Corporation is not
not functioning,
functioning, collection
collection
has been fully controlled by the state
trade has of NWFPs
NWFPs is contracted
contracted toto Forest
Forest Labour
Labour
government since 1964. Tendu leaf Cooperative Societies or auctionedauctioned to
growing areas of
growing areas of the
the state
state have
have been
been contracters. Tendu leaf
contracters. Tendu leaf trade
trade has
has been
been
divided into units,
divided into units, from
from where
where Minor
Minor nationalized in the state since 1969, leaves
nationalized in
Forest
Forest Product
Product Cooperatives
Cooperatives collect
collect the
the being collected under thethe purchaser-agents
leaves. After necessary curing and system.
treatment, leaves are packed
treatment, leaves packed in bagsbags and
and
stored godowns. They
stored in godowns. They areare later
later sold
sold by In Orissa,
Orissa, collection
collectionof
ofNVVFPs
NWFPs follows a
the forest department through sealed multi-dimensional pattern. Diospyros
tenders from registered bidibidi manufacturers
manufacturers leaves and
leaves and sal seeds
seeds are
are nationalized
nationalized and
and
and tendu
tendu patta traders. After expenses
traders. After expenses the state has monopoly
monopoly over their
their trading.
trading.
are deducted,
deducted, thethe profits
profits are
are distributed
distributed The idea
The idea behind
behind the
the government
government takingtaking
among
among thethe members
members of the the Minor
Minor Forest
Forest over the trade is to remove the the middleman
middleman
Produce Cooperatives. and ensure better wages to primary
collectors. Tendu
collectors. Tendu leaves
leaves are collected
collected by
The trade
trade of
of sal
sal seeds,
seeds, myrobalans,
myrobalans, and
and the forest department through
through tribals, and and
mahua
mahua flowers
flowers in in Madhya
Madhya Pradesh
Pradesh is after processing
after processing andand pacldng
packing theythey areare
nationalized
nationalized and
and the task of collection
collection and handed over to the Orissa Forest
disposal isis entrusted
disposal entrusted toto the State
State Forest
Forest Corporation
Corporation forfor marketing. Other NWFPs
Produce
Produce Trading
Trading and and Development
Development Co- Co- are collected
collected by local inhabitants and sold
operative Federation, which
which isis a subsidiary to traders
traders who
who pay royalties
royalties to the
the forest
forest
organization
organization of the forest
forest department.
department. The department and
department and process
process and
and market
market the the
Federation
Federation hashas a large
large number
number of Tribal
Tribal produce.
Cooperatives and
Cooperatives and Primary
Primary Agricultural
Agricultural
Cooperativesasas its
Cooperatives its members.
members. AboutAbout 30 In the
the tribal areas of Rajasthan,
tribal areas Rajasthan, the
the
LAMPS are also
LAMPS also engaged
engaged in in procurement
procurement NWFP collection monopoly
NWFP collection monopoly hashas been
been
myrobalans on aa commission
of myrobalans commission basis.
basis. given to the
given the Tribal
Tribal Area
AreaDevelopment
Development
Cooperative Federation (TADCF).
For other
For other NVVFPs,
NWFPs, local inhabitants obtain LAMPS and
LAMPS and Cooperative
Cooperative Societies
Societies are
are
rights to collect from the forest department involved in
involved in collection
collection of grasses,
grasses, gums,
gums,
by paying a nominal
by paying nominal royalty. After fruits, medicinal
fruits, medicinal plants, etc.
etc.
collection they sell the produce to traders.
In Uttar
In Uttar Pradesh,
Pradesh, tendu
tendu leaf
leaf trade
trade has
has
Since
Since the Maharashtra Tribal
Tribal Economic
Economic been nationalized.
been The Tarai
nationalized. The Tarai Anusuchit
Anusuchit
Condition Improvement Act, 1976,
1976, trading
trading Janjati
Janjati Vikas
Vikas Nigam started involving
Nigam has started involving

43
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest Products India

tribal
tribal people
people in the
the collection
collection of tendu
tendu intensify collection, procurement,
Other items
leaves. Other items are
are auctioned
auctioned to
to and marketing
processing, and marketingofofNVVFPs.
NWFPs.
contractors.
Most NWFPs currently provide
In West
West Bengal,
Bengal, the collection and trade of
and trade of employmentduring
employment duringonly
onlypart
part of
of the year
NWFPs is managed
NWFPs managed by the the West
West Bengal
Bengal because processing of
because processing of NWFPs
NWFPs is
is· still
Tribal Development Cooperative poorly developed. Improved labor-
Corporation (WBTDCC). The corporation intensive technologies for processing
through LAMPS
involves tribals through LAMPS in NWFPs
NWFPs would
would increase
increase the
the employment
employment
collecting the produce. LAMPS LAMPS are are opportunties for longer periods of the year
opportunties
provided with working capital in the form and ensure higher prices for the
the produce.
produce.
of cash credit since these are the the primary
societies of WBTDCC. The corporation
societies corporation isis The Constitution enjoins the state
Constitution of India enjoins
responsible for marketing the produce
responsible for marketing the produce to promote the educational
educational and economic
economic
through open
through open auction
auction or tender.
tender. Tribals
Tribals interests ofof the
the scheduled castes and
have
have been
been given
given the
the right
right to
to collect
collect all
all scheduled tribes, and to protect them
scheduled them from
from
NWFPs
NWFPs for theirtheir own
own consumption
consumption or or social
social injustice and exploitation.
injustice and exploitation. It also
also
sale. LAMPS procure Diospyros leaves,
sale. LAMPS procure Diospyros leaves, requires the
requires the protection
protection of
of the forests
forests and
oil seeds
seeds (Shorea,
(Shorea, Madhuca,
Madhuca, Pongamia,
Po ngamia, wildlife
wildlife of of the
the country.
country. TheThe National
National
Schlichera, Azadirachta,
Schlichera, Azadirachta, etc.) Madhuca
Madhuca Forest Policy,
Forest Policy, 1988, also stresses the
flowers, sabai grass, and TerminaliaTelwinalia conservation of the country's natural
belerica fruits from
from tribal
tribal collectors.
collectors. heritage and
heritage and the efficient utilisation
utilisation of
of all
forest produce. The policy
forest produce. policy suggests
suggests that
that
NWFPs which provide employment to the
EMPLOY1VIENT GENERATION AND
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION AND population residing in
popUlation residing in and around forests
forests
SOCIAL BENEFITS should be protected, improved, and
managed for increased production. It
unemployment has always been a
In India, unemployment emphasizesthe
emphasizes the need
need for
for research
research inin the
concern
concern for planners
planners and
and policy
policy makers.
makers. conservation and
conservation and management
management of of forest
forest
with 23 percent of the
The forestry sector, with resources and the application
resources application of advanced
advanced
country's geographical
geographical area,
area, provides 2.3 scientific and
scientific and technological measures.
million person-years
million person-years of
of employment.
employment. Of
1.6 million
this total, 1.6 million person-years
person-years is Today, all
Today, all the states
states of the
the country
country have
have
Employment generated
related to NWFPs. Employment generated forest corporations dealing with collection,
by various NWFPs
NWFPs is is presented
presented inin Table
Table processing and marketing of forest
8. produce.
produce. Poor forest laborers,
laborers, who
who were
were
have been brought
previously unorganized, have brought
It is estimated
estimated that
that NVVFPs are capable
NWFPs are capable of under the umbrella of various
generating 4 million person-years of organizations like the Forest Labour
employment annually, if if their full potential Cooperative Societies,
Cooperative Societies,the
the Large
Large - Area
Area
were exploited. The government is Multipurpose
Multipurpose Societies
Societies (LAMPS),
(LAMPS), the
committed to increasing employment Tribal Development Corporations (TDC),(TDC),
should be one of
opportunities, so NWFPs should the Minor
the Minor Forest
Forest Produce
Produce Federations
Federations
the first items to be
be considered.
considered. A A special
special (MFPF), and other
other organizations.
organizations.
national drive has been launched to

44
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products India

Table 8. Production and employment generation from non-wood forest products in India

Production Employment
(thousand tons) (thousand person-years)
Product Collection period
Current Potential Current Potential

Fibers March-May 25 45 4.4 79

Kapok_ Bosses May-Tune. 3 4,5 I0 15
Omses Oct-March 350 535 1,200 1,800
_Bamboo Continuous 1,932 4,309 48.3 110
Canes Continuous 14 21 0.7 1.05
Lemon grass oil May-Tune 1.3 1.95 21.7 32.55
PalniarOa Oil Oct-November 009 0.135 1,5 2.2$
Eucalyptus oil Continuous 0.14 0.21 2.32 3.48
Cinnamon oil Continuous 0 003 0.004 0.05 0.07
Sandal wbod oil Continuous 0.15 0 225 1.5 2,25
Deodar oil Continuous 0.015 0.023 0.15 0.23
Pme oil Continuous NA 100 NA 100
Mahua seed April-June (Northern) 85 499 28,6 163
Oct-Nov (Southern)
Neain seed May-June 6 418 70
Karam' seed Tune-Oct 56 111 19 37
!Curium seed June-July 30 90 6.7 30
Sal seed April-Iune 240 5,504 $3 1,123
Kokum seed May-June 05 2 0.167 0.7
1thakan seed May-june NA 46.3 0 570 15.3
Nabor aeed May-June 1.7 NA 1.9
Undi seed Apol-june & NA 3.8 NA NA
Sept-Novenriber
Eabui bark Continuous 27.4 50 4.57 8.3
Avanun bark Continuous 30 45 5 7.5
%Mc bark Continuous 30 4$ 7,5
Myrobalans Jan-March 100 150 6.6 9.9
1Caraya gum April-June 15 22.5 50 75
Ohatti & babul gums April-June 2 3 7 10 5
Resins March-iune: 74.2 150 30 60.2
Lae & lac products Oct-Jan & April-July 22 33 7.3 10,95
Teaser silk Aug-Dec 0.3 1.9 1.5 9.5
Tendu leaves April-June 210 300 74.9 107
Sarpagandha Variable 0.6 16 42.67
Kuth October 06 1 16 26.67
Cinchona Variable 1.42 2 23.635 33.335
Edible products Variable NA NA NA NA

Total 3,235.8 12,402.2 1,647.2 3,995.8

Source: Gupta and Guleria (1982). Non-Wood

Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products
Products in
in India.
India. Oxford and mIl Pub. New
Oxford and New Delhi

45
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood India

The Tribal
The Tribal Federation (TRIFED), a Plantations of desired
Plantations of desired species
species should
should bebe
government agency,
government agency, is protecting the raised for meeting
meeting the
the needs
needs of
ofindustries
industries
interests of the tribals by by providing
providing and the rural population.
population. Training
Training tribals
tribals
marketing support
marketing support to state-level
state-level corpora-
corpora- and the rural poor on improved cultivation
tions, federations, and cooperatives practices, scientific
practices, scientific collection,
collection, processing
processing
collection of
involved with tribal collection of NWFPs.
NWFPs. and
and marketing
marketing of NWFPs
NWFPs should
should be an
an
The State Forest Departments are important component of the future
permitting
permitting NWFPs
NWFPs to be collected, program.
consumed, or
consumed, or marketed directly by
marketed directly by the
the
tribals, unless they
tribals, they are
are nationalized.
nationalized. The majority of NWFPs are obtained
obtained from
government forests.
government Many plants
forests. Many plants have
have
been
been over-exploited
over-exploited andand are
are gradually
gradually
FlUTURE DIRECTIONS TO
FUTURE DIRECTIONS TO disappearing. Crude collection methods,
methods,
PROMOTENVVFPs
PROMOTE NWFPs such as
such as burning
burning the
the forest
forest floor, hacking
hacking
of branches,
branches, uprooting
uprooting herbs
herbs or
or shrubs,
shrubs,
The present status
status and potential
potential of many
many and
and digging of roots
digging of roots and
and tubers,
tubers, have
have
NWFPs is not fully understood or seriously degraded the resources.
appreciated.
appreciated. Since
Since these
these products
products occupy
occupy Therefore, cultivation
Therefore, cultivation of
of NWFP-yielding
NWFP-yielding
an
an important
important place
place in
in the
theinternational
international species on private and communal
species communal lands is
markets,
markets, ample
ample opportunities exist for
opportunities exist for important.
enhancing
enhancing export earnings by by developing
developing
appropriate facilities for processing, Most of
Most of the NWFPs
NWFPs are collected
collected in in a
and marketing.
drying, storage, packaging, and marketing. season although they are utilized
particular season
year round.
all year round. Therefore,
Therefore, proper
proper storage
storage
Survey documentation of the NWFP-
Survey and documentation methods must
methods must be
be developed.
developed. Currently, as as
yielding plants
yielding plants is urgently needed. It is
urgently needed. is much
much as as 50
50 percent
percent of of NWFPs
NWFPs spoil spoil
essential to
essential to know phenology
phenology of different
different during storage. Scientific studies to
species, their growth behavior, and develop
develop suitable
suitable processing
processing and storage
storage
utilization patterns
utilization patterns by local
local inhabitants.
inhabitants. techniques for
techniques for these
these products
products should
should be
Although
Although these
these facts
facts are well appreciated, well-designed warehouses
undertaken and well-designed warehouses
systematic studies have
systematic studies have not been
been carried
carried should be
should be built
built in
in the
the interior
interior areas
areas toto
out. facilitate proper storage.
storage.

It is
is essential
essential to
to first
firstinventory
inventory selected
selected
different eco-climatic
forest areas in different eco-c1imatic zones.
Based
Based onon the results
results of surveys,
surveys, the
the state
state
departments should
forest departments should preserve
preserve selected
selected
in-situ conservation.
areas for in-situ conservation. Seeds and
progagules ofof important species, especially
those threatened with extinction, should be
collected, and nurseries and herbal gardens
should be established.
should established. ThisThis should
should be
followed by source and provenance trials,
followed trials,
genetic improvement, and further
cultivation of improved varieties.

46
Non- Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products India

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Awasthi, R.L.
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Bammi, R.K. and

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B.C.,
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Cultivation and utilization
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C.S.I.R Jammu.
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Gupta,
Gupta, B.D. 1944.
1944. Sugarcane
Sugarcane pests in
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Printing and
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Gupta B.N. and

andK.K.
K.K.Sharma.
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1975.The
Thechilgoza
chilgoza pine
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important nut pines of the
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Gupta, R,
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Kaul, B.L. and

Kaul, and Usha
Usha Zutshi.
Zutshi. 1982.
1982. In Cultivation
Cultivation of Solanum
Solanum Khasianum
Khasianum Clarke for
steroids. In
steroids. In Cultivation
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utilization of medicinalplants,
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and B.M.
Kapur (eds.). R.R.L.
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Lakshmikanthan, V.
Lakshmikanthan, V. 1988.
1988. Chemistry
Chemistry and industry of tree
tree borne
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Oil seeds
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Murty, A.V.S.S.S.
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and N.S.
N.S.Subrahmanyam.
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text book
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economic botany.
botany.
Wiley Eastern
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47
 Wood Forest
Non-Wood
NOIl- Products Illdia
India

Nagarajan, S.,H.C.
Nagarajan, S.,H.C. Jai
Jain and
and Y.R.
Y.R Chadha
Chadha 1988.
1988. Industrial
Industrial utilization
utilization of forest based
based
minor oil
minor oil seeds.
seeds. In
In Oil
Oil seeds
seedsand
andtheir
their utilization,
utilization, K.K.
K.K. Suri and K.C. Mathur
and K.C. Mathur
International Book
(eds.). International Book Distributors.
Distributors. Dehradun.

Purshotham, A.
Purshotham, A. 1962. Utilization of
1962. Utilization ofBamboos.
Bamboos. Jour.
Jour. Timber
Timber Dryers
Dryers and
and Pres.
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Assoc.,
India (9): 2-19.
2-19.

Raizada, M.B.
Raizada, M.B. and R.N.
RN. Chatterujee.
Chatterujee. 1956.
1956. World distribution
distribution of
of bamboos,
bamboos, with
with
special reference
reference to the
the Indian
Indian species
species and
and their
their more
more important
important uses.
uses. Indian
Indian For.
For.
Leaft No.151.
Leaft No.151. Silviculture, Manager of
Silviculture, Manager of Publications.
Publications. Delhi.
Delhi.

Rao, C.M. 1980.

1980. Bamboo
Bambooplantation
plantation in
in Andhra
Andhra Pradesh.
Pradesh. Proc.
Proc. Southern
SouthernSilviculturists
Silviculturists
Conf.
Conf. Dharwar, Karnataka.
Karnataka.

Sarin, Y.K. 1982.

1982. Cultivation
Cultivation and utilization of Rauvolfia
utilization of Rauvo/fiaserpentina.
serpentina. In Cultivation
Cultivation and
utilization ofmedicinal
utilization of medicinalplants.
plants. C.K.
C.K. Atal
Ataland
andB.M.
B.M.Kapur
Kapur(eds.)RR.L.
(eds.)R.R.L. C.S.I.R
C.S.I.R.
Jammu.

Sharma,
Sharma, L.C. 1977.
1977. Development
Development of forests andforest
offorests and forest based
based industries.
industries. Bishen
Bishen Singh
Mahendra Pal Singh. Dehradun.
Mahendra Dehradun.

Sobti, S.N. and B.L. Kaul.

Sobti, Kaul. 1982.
1982. Cultivation of Datura
Cultivation of Datura innoxia and Datura
Datura metel
metel in
in
India. In Cultivation and utilization
Cultivation and utilization of
of medicinal
medicinal plants, C.K.Atal and
plants, C.K.Atal and
B.M.Kaput. (ed.).
B.M.Kaput. (ed.). R.R.L.
RR.L. C.S.I.R.
C.S.I.R Jammu.
Jammu.

Sobti, S.N., S.
S. Gupta
Gupta and
and C.K.
C.K. Ata!,
Atal, 1982.
1982. Cultivation
Cultivation of
ofDioscorea
Dioscorea composita
composita Hemsl:
aa potential
potential source
source of diosgenin in jammu.
diosgenin in jammu. In Cultivation
Cultivation and utilization
utilization of
medicinal plants, C.K.
medicinal plants, C.K. Atal
Atal and B.M. Kapur
and B.M. Kapur (eds.)
(eds.) R.R.L.
R.R.L. C.S.I.R.
C.S.I.R.Jammu.
Jammu.

Tewari,
Tewari, D.N.
D.N. 1981.
1981. State
State trading in
in forest produce in India. Jugal Kishore and
in India. and Co.
Co.
Dehradun.

Verma V.
Verma V. 1988.
1988. AA text
text book
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of economic botany. Emkay
economic botany. Publications. Delhi.
Emkay Publications. Delhi.

Acknowledgement

The author
author is
is deeply
deeply indebted
indebtedtotoDr.
Dr. D.N.
D.N. Tewari,
Tewari, IFS, Director General,
General, Indian
Indian
Council of Forestry
Council Forestry Research
Research and
and Education,
Education, Dehradun,
Dehradun, for
for his
his valuable
valuable
suggestions and encouragement in
suggestions and encouragement in preparing this paper.
this paper.

48
 Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood
NOII- Indonesia

INDONESIA

Toga
Toga Silitonga
Senior Researcher
Agency for Forestry Research and
Agency for and Development
Development
Ministry
Ministry of
of Forestry

INTRODUCTION

The Indonesian
Indonesian archipelago consists of
archipelago consists Indonesia's NWFPs
NWFPs diminished
diminished relative
relative
more
more than
than 13,000
13,000 islands
islands covering
covering an to timber,
timber, due to a rise in revenue
revenue from
area of 200
area 200 million
million hectares
hectares and over
over exports (Table 1).
timber exports
500 million hectares of sea. The country
country
has 25,000
has 25,000 flowering
flowering plants, 4,000 Some 90
Some 90 NWFPs
NWFPs have
have entered
entered the
species of land
species land fauna,
fauna, and
and numerous
numerous domestic andand overseas
overseas market.
market. The
The
aquatic species.
species. revenue
revenue obtained
obtained from these
these resources
resources
may
may be small in economic terms, but as
economic terms,
These figures reflect Indonesia's renewable resources the NWFPs are now
fantastic tropical biodiversity. Some indispensable.
10,000
10,000 of of the
the flowering plants are
categorized as trees, although
although only a few The value of Indonesian NWFPs is well~
is well-
hundred of them
hundred them are
are presently
presently being
being known both in monetary terms and with
known both with
commercially exploited for
commercially exploited for timber.
timber. In In respect to genetic diversity. Present
timber, however, Indonesia's
addition to timber, harvesting practices, however, are often
harvesting practices, often
forests are endowed
forests endowed withwith aa tremendous
tremendous unsustainable and have in some cases led
number
number of non-wood
non-wood forest
forest products
products to the extinction of species.
(NVVFPs).
(NWFPs). This This paper
paper mentions
mentions onlyonly a
few of
of the
the economically important ones. present, the NWFPs of
At present, of Indonesia
Indonesia are
Many of the
Many the NWFPs,
NWFPs, although
although playing
playing classified as follows:
classified
a significant role in
significant role in the lives
lives of
of rural
rural
dwellers, are left out
dwellers, out of
of the
the statistics.
statistics. 1. Non-woody plants such as
rattan, bamboo, illipe nuts,
NWFPs
NWFPs PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION AND
AND roots, fruits and drug plants.
roots,
STATUS
2. Resinous material and gums
Resinous material gums
History indicates
indicates that a large number of which are widely used in
NWFPs
NWFPs such as drug plants,
such as plants, gum, and
and adhesives and
industry for paints, adhesives
honey were harvested
harvested from forests
forests long
long various
various extractives.
extractives.
before
before timber
timber was
was considered
considered a major
major
forest product.
forest product. For many
many years,
years, such
such 3. Essential oils and
and fats
fats which
which are
NWFP-producing plants have been obtained from leaves, roots,
harvested
harvested onon anan unsustainable
unsustainable basis.
basis. bark,
bark, fruit and
and flowers
flowers by water
water
During the last decade,
During decade, the
the role
role of or chemical
chemical extraction.

49
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Indonesia

Table 1. National revenues from the exports of wood and non-wood

forest products from Indonesia, 1985-89
NWPPs Exports

' NWEPs Share

Wood of Total
Exports Flora E auna Exports
Year (1,000 US$) (1,000 US$) (1,000 US$) (percent)

1985 1,213,059 176,202 10,701 15.4 -

1986 1,505,904 206,515 9,028 14.3 -

1987 2,428,652 274,800 11,112 11.8
198$ 3,037,760 268,563 1,748 8.9
1989 3,659,568 310,223 36,401 9.5

4. Unclassified
Unclassified NWFPs,
NWFPs, which
which are now operating, employing more than
belong to any
belong to any of the
the above 150,000 people 1989).
people (Peluso, 1989).
categories.
Bamboo is another
Bamboo another valuable
valuable NWFP.
NWFP.
5. Fauna
Fauna and
and derived
derived products,
products, Thirty-five bamboo species are found
found onon
including reptiles, mammals, almost every island of Indonesia.
and birds (live
(live or
or preserved.)
preserved.) Although there are
Although there are 50,000
50,000 hectares
hectares of
bamboo plantationsinin East
bamboo plantations East Java
Java and
and
Non-woody
Non-woody plants South Sulawesi, the
South Sulawesi, the bulk
bulk ofof bamboo
bamboo
comes from
comes from the
the rural
rural areas.
areas. In 1989,
1989, the
the
The most prominent
prominent non-woody
non-woody NWFP value
value of bamboo exports, reached
bamboo exports, reached $1.2
exports
exports are rattan,
rattan, bamboo,
bamboo, patchouli
patchouli million. The major
million. The major portion of of bamboo
bamboo
leaves, iles-iles (Amorphophalus and derived products, however, is
variabilz) , temu
temu lawak (Zingiberaceae), consumed by
consumed by the
the domestic
domestic market.
market. In In
sage
sage (Metroxylon
(Metroxylon spp.), and several
spp.), and several 1985, consumption
1985, consumption of bamboo
bamboo totalled
totalled
medicinal plants. In 1988,
medicinal plants. 1988, non-woody
non-woody 146 million
146 million stalks
stalks (Silitonga,
(Silitonga, Prahasto,
Prahasto,
forest product exports, such as
forest product exports, such as rattan,
rattan, 1990).
and Priasukmana, 1990).
netted US$192.5
US$192.5 million
million in earnings for
Indonesia. The The number
number of people Dominant bamboo species
Dominant bamboo species in Indonesia
Indonesia
engaged
engaged inin rattan cultivation,
cultivation, trade and include Dendrocalamus asper,
handicraft production was
handicraft production was 117,000
117,000 in Phyllostachys
Phyllostachys aurea, Schizostachyum
Schizostachyum
1985. blumei,
blumei, Gigantochloa apus, and
Gigantochloa apus, and 30
30
other species which have been
In recent years,
years, the
the rattan
rattan industry
industry has
has cultivated. To low-and
cultivated. low-and middle-income
middle-income
evolved from its
evolved from its earlier
earlier state
state when
when it Indon~sians, bamboo is regarded as both
Indonesians,
was
was dominated
dominated by by small
small and
and medium
medium necessity.
art and necessity.
producers.
producers. Over 380 rattan industries,
380 rattan industries,
with small-to-Iarge
small-to-large production capacities, Medicinal plants are also
Medicinal also classified
classified as
as
non-woody forest products. The

50
 Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Indonesia

gathering of such
gathering of such plants
plants is done
done by More
More than
than .70,000
.70,000 hectares
hectares of pine
pine
collectors or by herbalists in rural areas.
herbalists in forests in Java
forests in Java were
were being
being tapped
tapped in
in
In many cases thethe collectors
collectors grow them 1988, producing
producing 3,827 tons
tons of of resin and
and
in small plots in their gardens. tons of turpentine. . Resin
5,240 tons'
Information on commercial harvesting of collection is usually
collection is usually done
done by by a team of
these plants is scarce.
these .plants scarce. Perhaps
Perhaps the best three who are assigned
assigned to 3 hectares
hectares of
information on the distribution and
information forest.
forest. The
The pine
pine stands
stands in
in 'Java
'Java provide
provide
characteristics of
characteristics of medicinal plants in
medicinal plants work for at
at least
least 70,000
70,000 people.
people.
still the
Indonesia is still
Indonesia the work
work of of Heyne,
Heyne,
presented in his
. presented his 4-volume
4-volume publication
publication Patchouli oil isis a natural
Patchouli oil natural resource
resource of
completed more
completed more than
than four decades
decades ago western Indonesia. Yearly exports
1947).
(Heyne, 1947). exceed 650,000 tons,
exceed 650,000 tons, valued
valued at more
more
11.5 million.
than US$ 11.5 million.
Resins and Gums
Resins
Illipe nuts,
Illipe nuts, produced by Shorea
produced by Shorea spp.,
spp.,
A 1990
1990 report of the Central
Central Bureau
Bureau of are
are used
used lopally
lopally and
and in
in the
the perfume
perfume
Statistics indicated
Statistics indicated that
that in
in 1989
1989 over 20 industry. In 1989,
industry. 1989, exports of
of illipe
illipe nuts
nuts
different resins and gums were exported. totalled 2,319 tons,
totalled 2,319 tons, valued ~t US$3.7
valued at US$3.7
Resin of pine, jelutung, francincense
francincense and million.
million ..
Arabic gums
Arabic gums were
were at the top of the
the list.
Exports of resinous and gum products in Perhaps the most peculiar NWFPs from
Perhaps
1989, totalled
1989, 40,688 tons,
totalled 40,688 tons, valued
valued. at Indonesia are resins of francincense from
US$22 million. Styrax
Styrax benzoin
benzoin and
and the resin ofof gaharu
gaharu
from Aquilatia
or garro from Aquilaria spp. and
an~ gums are extracted
Most resins and extracted from
from Gonystilus spp. The resin of
pine (for pine resin), Vatica and francincense
francincense is found only in Indonesia.
Indonesia.
Dryobalanops (for Arabic
Dryobalanops (for Arabic gum),
gum), and
and The
The best
best quality
quality ofof gahani
gaharu is also
Dyera (for jelutung). produced
produced inin Indonesia. The price
Indonesia. The price for
for
gaharu reaches
gaharu reaches asas high
high as US$500 per
US$500 per·
The potential
The potential ofof resin
resin from
from pinepine inin lcilogram, depending
kilogram, depending on on the extractive
extractive
Indonesia is constantly growing. Among content and
and the stage
stage of maturity.
maturity. These
the uses
uses of NWFPs,
NWFPs, the the cultivation
cultivation and two prominent
two prominent products
products are widely
tapping of
tapping of pines
pines and
and resins
resins isis the best traded for cultural uses.
organized.
organized. In 1983,
1983, natural
natural and
and planted
planted
pine forests, covered 747,000 hectares in Essential Oils and
Essential Oils and Fats
Fats
Indonesia.
Indonesia. Some
Some 600,000
600,000 hectares
hectares are
are
grown
grown in in Java alone.
alone. Since
Since 1983,
1983, thethe Numerous essential oils can bebe obtained
obtained
have been expanded at a rate
pine forests have by extraction
extraction or distillation
distillation of roots,
roots,
of 15,000
15,000 hectares per year. By By the
the end leaves, stems, bark, exudates, and' and
of the century, pine
pine forests
forests could
could cover flowers
flowers of various species. Most
various species. Most of the
over 11 million hectares in Indonesia. The essential oils have similar basic
tapping
tapping ofof pine for resin on
on Java is very components such as terpene and oxidized
important.
important. Usually
Usually the tapping
tapping starts
starts hydrocarbons.
with 11-year
ll-year old, or older,
older, pine
pine stands.
stands.

51
,51
No,.· Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Indonesia

Conversely, fats
fats are
are generally
generally formed
formed in in Wildlife and Wildlife Derived
Derived Products
Products
mixtures
mixtures of of ester,
ester, glycerol,
glycerol, andand fatty
fatty
acid. Fats may
may be be rendered
rendered by by solution,
solution, Wildlife
Wildlife and
and wildlife-product
wildlife-product exports
exports
extraction, or by hot
extraction, hot and
and cold
cold pressing.
pressing. from
from Indonesia
Indonesia are increasing
increasing rapidly.
rapidly.
Essential oils
Essential oils from
from NWFPs
NWFPs are used as During the last decade,
During the decade, the
the total
total sales
sales
essence, flavoring
essence, flavoring agents
agents in in perfumes
perfumes increased from
increased from US$2.4 million
million in
in 1981
1981
and cosmetics, and in food
and cosmetics, food manu-
manu- to US$36.4 million
million in 1989.
1989.
facturing. Fats have a variety of uses as
facturing.
household items.'
household items.. Essential
Essential oils
oils and
and fats These unique commodities could produce
produce
already sold
already sold in export
export markets
markets include
include income both
income both directly
directly and
and indirectly.
indirectly.
patchouli, turpentine, sandalwood, Direct income
Direct income may
may be obtained
obtained from
from
eucalyptus, and
eucalyptus, and cananga.
cananga. Exported
Exported fatsfats trade of the wildlife and derived
include tenglcawang
tengkawang oil, oil, refined
refined ricinus products.
products. Macaque
Macaque andand other
other monkey
monkey
of castor, tung oil (kemiri), garro wood, species used for
species used for research
research purposes,
purposes, for
and others. example, have been exported in
considerable numbers.
Refined ricinus of of castor, is an
an important
hydraulic oil,
hydraulic oil, lubricant
lubricant and
and medicine.
medicine. At this time, wildlife species fall into the
Tung oil is is used
used for
for water
water proofing
proofing andand following categories:
as aa drying
drying oil.
oil. Tengkawang
Tengkawang oil oil (illipe
(illipe
nut oil) has been exported for production • Protected by public law
law
of pharmaceuticals,
of cosmetics (lipstick
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics (lipstick in • Soon to be protected
particular), high quality soaps, • Rare
Rare species
species (those
(those included
included in
in
margarine, and
margarine, and chocolate
chocolate bars.
bars. Castor
Castor IUCN's Red
Red Data
Data Book)
Book)
oil is
is produced
produced by by extracting
extracting fat
fat from
from • Limited protection
communis plant
the Picinus communis plant seeds.
seeds. • Unprotected

Exports of
of essential
essential oils and fats
fats in
in 1989
1989 Average earnings from unprotected
totalled
totalled 45,792 tons and earned US$50
and earned US$50 wildlife sales
sales from Indonesia
Indonesia amounted
amounted
million in foreign
foreign exchange.
exchange. to $11
$11 million
million per year. Many
Many breeding
breeding
centers for monkeys, snakes, crocodiles,
Unclassified NWFPs
Unclassified NVVFPs turtles, snails, and other species now are
found
found in Indonesia. Ten years ago, this
Indonesia. Ten this
NWFPs
NWFPs not
not included
included in the
the above
above trade did not exist.
categories are grouped
categories grouped as as "unclassified
"unclassified
NWFPs."
NWFPs. " Notable
Notable products
products in in this
this group Indonesia has
Indonesia has 37
37 wildlife
wildlife exporting
exporting
are sandalwood from Santalum
sandalwood from Santalum album, companies. Most
companies. Most of
of the
the trade does not
not
Macadamia nut
Macadamia (A leu rites mollucana),
nut (Aleurites adhere to the Convention of International
cassia vera, gambir
Cassia gambir (Uncaria gambir), Trade of
of Endangered
Endangered Species (CITES).
(CITES).
and charcoal. Total exports
and charcoal. exports of of the
the
unclassified NWFPs
unclassified NWFPs for 1989 were
for 1989 were Significant indirect
Significant indirect income
income is derived
derived
87,112
87,112 tons,
tons, which
which earned
earned US$ US$ 69.1
69.1 form of nature-based
from wildlife in the form
million. tourism. In
tourism. In 1985,
1985, 4.4
4.4 million
million tourists
tourists
entered wildlife sanctuaries,
entered wildlife sanctuaries, paying
paying the

52
No,,-Wood
Non-Wood Forest Products Indonesia

government 17.7 million rupiah in Dependence

Dependence on on other forest products
products
entrance fees. These numbers are results
results from
from locally
locally generated
generated needs.
needs.
expected to increase
expected increase dramatically
dramatically in
in Peluso (1989) noted that certain villages
coming years. in Apo Kayam, Kalimantan,
Kalimantan, are known
known
for
for their
their traditional
traditional healers
healers who
who have
have
extensive
extensive knowledge
knowledge of forest plants for
TRENDS IN NWFP USE
TRENDS traditional medicine. From
traditional medicine. From this
this area
area
comes a ginseng-type
comes ginseng-type of medicine,
medicine,
Shifting
Shifting cultivators
cultivators and' dwellers
and forest dwellers locally
locally known
known asas "Pasak bumi" which is
are the
are the principal
principal collectors
collectors of of aa wide
wide famous in
famous in other
other parts
parts of
of the
the country
country asas
variety
variety ofof NWFPs
NWFPs for for commercial
commercial andand an aphrodisiac.
for subsistence purposes.
purposes. In mostmost cases,
cases,
they switch from one product to another, The total
The total value
value ofof NWFPs
NWFPs consumed
consumed
or from
from collecting
collecting and
and selling
selling products
products domestically, although
domestically, although very
very high,
high, is
to participating in other economic difficult to
difficult to trace.
trace. No reliable data are
reliable data
activities, influenced by changes in price available on
available on the
the value
value of NWFPs
NWFPs used
used
and availability
and availability of the NWFPs. CertainCertain domestically.
products
products are are known
known to to be
becultivated
cultivated
either in home
home gardens and Zadangs,
gardens and ladangs, or
planted
planted in thethe forest.
forest. In
In many
many regions,
regions, CONCLUSIONS
planting forest land is a means
forest land means of of
land.
claiming the forest land. The statistics on non-wood forest
products presently available in Indonesia
Rattan
Rattan has been
been planted
planted by
by Indonesian
Indonesian cover only
cover only a few
few of
ofthe
theeconomically
economically
forest dwellers
forest dwellers for
for over
over 100100 ye,ars.
years. most
most important
important products.
products. Many NWFPs
Although most rattan comes from natural may be
may be considered minor in
considered minor in terms
terms of
forests, much
forests, much of thethe smaller
smaller diameter
diameter economic value, but they they make
make a
rattan is harvested
harvested from
from plantations.
plantations. significant contribution to the
Large
Large diameter rattan needs
diameter rattan needs 1515 to
to 20 sustainability of
sustainability of the forest
forest ecosystem.
ecosystem.----
years before
years before it is harvestable.
harvestable. These
These These
These are are frequently left out-
frequently left out of the
the
slow-yielding plants
slow-yielding plants are
are usually
usually less statistics and
statistics and are difficult to identify.
identify.
This situation
desirable. This situation calls "for serious
calls Tor
attention if shortages are to be For many
many decades,
decades, Indonesia
Indonesia has been
been
overcome. producing and exporting many important
NWFPs.
NWFPs. Rattan,
Rattan, Styrax metroxyion,
Styrax metroxylon,
The irregular demand
demand for NWFPs
NWFPs has
has gaharu gums, and patchouli, are among
gaharu gums, among
partly re- suitedininaa strategy
iesulted strategy byby the
the the most important. Many of Indonesia's
collectors
collectors that allows
allows them
them maximum
maximum NWFPs are unique to thethe country.
country.
flexibility. This strategy
flexibility. This strategy requires
requires not
not
only
only aa broad-based
broad-based knowledge
knowledge of of the
the In recent years, NWFPs
NWFPs have
have attracted
attracted
but also
forest, but the exploitation
also the exploitation of more attention because the very
different products as the need or demand existence of
existence of the
the tropical
tropical forest
forest and
and its
its
arises. biodiversity are threatened.
threatened.

53
 Non- Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Indonesin
Indonesia

Seasonality in
Seasonality in NWFP collection
collection fits
fits the
the
rhythm of yearly
rhythm activities of
yearly activities of forest
forest
dwellers. Although forest product
collection may
collection may provide
provide only
only aa part
part of a
household's income,
household's income, it may
may bebe crucial
crucial
for the family.
for family. NWFPs
NWFPs may may make
make thethe
difference between a household's
position above or below the poverty line.
Losses, or lack
Losses, lack of
of opportunity
opportunity toto collect
collect
products, will leave
forest products,
forest leave gaps
gaps that
that
need to be filled
need filled by other
other activities.
activities. made from
Rice container made from finely
finely woven
woven split
split rattan.
rattan.

REFERENCES

Department Kehutanan
Kehutanan dan
dan PT
PT Herza
Herza Agrokarya
Agrokarya Pratama. 1991. Industri
Pratama. 1991. Industri Khutanan
Khutanan Indonesia.
Indonesia.
Jakarta.

Heyne, K.
Heyne, K. 1947. Tumbuhan Berguna
Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia.
Indonesia. Terjemahan Badan
Terjemahan Badan Penelitian
Penelitian dan
dan
Pengembangan Kehutanan. Jakarta.

Mangundikoro, A.
Mangundikoro, Strategi dan
1983.. Strategi
A. 1983 dan Pola
Pola Pengembangan
Pengembangan Huían
Hutan Pinus.
Pinus. Proceeding
Symposium
Symposium Pengusahaan
Pengusahaan Hutan Pinus.
Pinus . Jakarta.

Menorah, K.
Menorah, K. D. 1989. Minor forest
1989. Minor products: prospects
forest pmducts: prospects for
fordevelopment.
development. Department
Department of
Forestry and
Forestry and Food
Food and
and Agriculture
Agriculture Organization
Organization of the
the United
United Nations.
Nations. Jakarta.
(Unpublished).
(U npublished).

Peluso, Nancy
Peluso, Nancy Lee.
Lee. The role
1989.. The
1989 role of
of non-timber
non-timber forest
forest products
products in
in shifting
shifting cultivation
cultivation
communities and households:
communities and households: current
current knowledge
knowledge and prospects
prospects for
for development.
development.
Department of Utilization, Ministry of Forestry
Forestry of
of Indonesia
Indonesia and
and Food
Food and
and Agriculture
Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations.
Organization Nations. Jakarta.

Prahasto, H. and
Prahasto, and S.
S. Irawati. Kajian Perkembangan
1990. Kajian
Irawati. Perkembangan Industri
Industri dan Perdagangan Rotan.
Rotan.
Makalah
Makalah dalam
dalam Industri
Industri Hasil Penelitian
Penelitian Rotan.
Rotan. Department
Department Kehutanan.
Kehutanan. Jakarta.

Silitonga T., H.
Silitonga T., H. Prahasto,
Prahasto, and
and S.S.Priasukmana.
Priasukmana. 1990. Recent progress in
Recent progress in rattan trade.
trade.
Industry and Resources
Industry Resources Development. Proceedings Rattan
Development. Proceedings Rattan Seminar.
Seminar. Department
Department of
Forestry. Jakarta.
Forestry.

Yudodibroto, H.
Yudodibroto, H. 1985.
1985. Bamboo
Bamboo research
research in
in Indonesia.
Indonesia. Proceedings of the
Proceedings the International
International
Bamboo Workshop, Hangshow, PRC. pp. 33-94.
Bamboo Workshop, Hangshow, PRe. pp. 33-94.

54
Non-Wood Forest Products
NOIl- Wood Forest Malaysia

MALAYSIA
Poh Lye
Lye Yong
Yong
Forest Economist
Economist
Forestry Department,
Department, Malaysia
Malaysia

INTRODUCTION

In Malaysia,
In Malaysia, minor
minor forest
forest products
products areare individuals,
individuals, mostly
mostly rural people, in 1,685
1,685
defined
defined as all forest products other than logs factories.
because of their relatively small contribution
to revenue
to revenue generation.
generation. The
The term
term "minor
"minor These factories primarily focus on handicraft
forest product"
forest product" has
has recently
recently been
been replaced
replaced production
production with
with little interest
interest in
in venturing
venturing
by aa more
moreappropriate
aRPropriate term,
term, "non-wood
"non-wood into manufacturing furniture or higher
higher value
forest product,"
product, " recognizing that these bamboo products
bamboo products marketed
marketed locally
locallyoror to
products are important for their
their market
market and
and neighboring
neighboring countries.
countries. Nonetheless,
Nonetheless, these
these
non-market values. Non-wood forest small
small industries play a significant
industries play significant role in
in
products
products include rattan, bamboo,
bamboo, firewood,
firewood, raising
raising the
the living
living standards
standards of the
the rural
rural
charcoal,
charcoal, damar,
damar, palm,
palm, wood-oil,
wood-oil, gums,
gums, people.
resins,
resins, medicinal plants and others. This
medicinal plants and others. This
paper will discuss
discuss only
only rattan
rattan and
and bamboo
bamboo Other
Other social
social benefits
benefits contributed
contributed by non-
non-
(two of the
(two the most
most important
important andand valuable
valuable wood
wood forest products include various ldnds
kinds
non-wood
non-wood forest
forest products)
products) and
and medicinal
medicinal of environmental
environmental protection.
protection. The
The dense
dense
plants. interlocicing root system of bamboo, for
interlocking root system of bamboo, for
example, prevents soil erosion and
Royalties collected
Royalties collected from
from non-wood
non-wood forest
forest minimizes
minimizes damage from floods.
floods.
products contribute substantially to the
revenue of each state. On
revenue On average
average (1981
(1981 to
to
1990), rattan contributed about 13.8 percent
1990), RATTAN
of the
the total
total royalties
royalties collected
collected from
from non-
non-
wood forest products, while bamboo Resources
accounted
accounted for about 71 71 percent.
percent.
Of the
the approximately
approximately 600 species
species of rattan
rattan
In addition,
addition, these
these two
two products
products are
are foreign
foreign in the
the world,
world, 104
104 species,
species, belonging
belonging toto 88
exchange earners:
exchange earners: earnings from rattan genera, are found
found in the
the forests
forests of
ofMalaysia
Malaysia
increased from US$3
US$3 million
million (M$8
(M$8 million)
million) (Appendix 1).
(Appendix 1). Only
Only 2121 ofof these
these species,
species,
in 1981 to US$26.5 million (M$71.5 are currently
however, are currently utilized
utilized and
and marketed
marketed
million) exchange earnings
million) in 1990. Foreign exchange 1979). The
(Dransfield, 1979). The most
most important
important
from
from bamboo
bamboo increased
increased from
from US$81,150
US$81, 150 rattans and their
rattans and their main
main uses
uses are shown
shown in
(M$219,106) in 1988 to US$176,474 Table 1.
1.
(M$476,480) in 1990.
(M$476,480) 1990.
In Peninsular Malaysia,
Malaysia, rattan
rattan isis sometimes
sometimes
Besides generating revenue and being found
found together
together with
with bamboo.
bamboo. In In Sarawak,
Sarawak,
important
important foreign
foreign exchange
exchange earners,
earners, these
these rattan isis found
found both
both inin swamp
swamp and and hill
hill
two forest industries employ
employ 24,370 forests.

55
NOll- Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Malaysia

Table 1, Major commercial rattan species in Malaysia

,
¡ Spe.cies Local name Uses

: Calamus manan Rotan manau Furniture

: C. caesius Rotan sega Binding and weaving basket ware
i C. ,scipionum Rotan semambu Walking sticks, umbrella handles
i C. ornatus Rotan dok Cheap furniture
I Korthatsia spp. Rotan dahan Cheap furniture, broom handles

Source:
Source: Department or
of Forestry,
Fore!ilry, Peninsular
Peninsular Malaysia,
Malaysia, Sarawak
Sarawak and
and Sabah
Sabah

Table 2. Rattan resources in viz.gin and logged-over forests of Malaysia,

millions of clumps (3 meters per clump average)
Forest types C manan C. caesium C. scipionum C ornatus Koahalsia spp, Total

Peninsular
Malaysia .
Virgin forest 129.3 18.0 38 4 74.6 69.9 330.0
Logged-over forest 124.4 48.8 59 4 41 2 93 7 367,5
Sub total 254.6 66.8 97.8 115.7 163.5 697.5

Sarawak
Virgin forest 270.8 37.6 80.4 156 2 146.4 691.4
Logged-over forests 138.1 54.2 66.0 45.7 104.0 408.0
Sub total 408,9 91.8 146.4 201.9 250.4 1,099.4

Sabah
Virgin forest 69 1 9.6 20.5 39.9 37.3 176.4
Logged-over forest 116.3 45.6 55.6 35 5 876 343.6
Sub total 185.4 55.2 76.1 78.4 124.9 3200.

Malaysia - Total
Virgin forest 468.1 65.2 139.3 270 6 253.6 1,197.8
Logged-over forest 378.8 148.6 181.0 125 4 285 3 1,119.1
Total 847.9 213.8 3203. 396 0 538.8 2,316,9

Source: Department of Fortylry, Pall/war Mohysia. Sarawak luld Sabah.

Table 3. Estimated rattan clumps (3m/clump).per hectare in virgin

and logged-over forest in Malaysia
Forest types C. manan C. caesius C. scipionwn ,C., orantus Korthalisia spix

Virgin Forest H 55.7 7.7 16.5 32.1 30,1

Logged-over Forests 40.4 15.8 19.3 13.4 30.4 ,

Source: Departmenl
Source: Department or Foreii1.ry, Peninsular
of Forestry, Penillsular Malaysia,
Mahl)'5la, Sarawak
Sarawak and
and Sabah
Sabah

56
NOll- Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Malaysia

The Second National Forest Inventory

Inventory of Rattan Plantations
Plantations
Malaysia (1981
Malaysia (1981 to 1982)
1982) describes
describes rattan
rattan
resources. The
resources. The total
total estimated stock of
estimated stock In Malaysia,
Malaysia, large-scale
large-scale rattan
rattan plantations
plantations
rattan is 2.3
rattan 2.3 billion
billion clumps,
clumps, (3m/clump),
(3m/clump), were started
were started some
some 10 years ago, mainly
mainly in
consisting of
consisting of 847.9
847.9 million
million clumps
clumps (36.6
(36.6 logged-over forests. Lately,
logged-over forests. Lately, they
they also
also have
have
percent) manan, 213.8
percent) of Calamus manan, 213.8 million
million been
been planted
planted in
in rubber
rubber smallholdings
smallholdings to
to
clumps (9.2
clumps (9.2 percent)
percent) ofof C. caesius, 320.3
C. caesius, 320.3 supplement the
supplement the incomes
incomes of the planters.
million clumps (13.8 percent) of C.
scipionum, 396.0
396.0 million
million clumps
clumps (17.1 Between
Between 1980 and 1990,
1980 and 1990, 15,615.1
15,615.1 hectares
hectares
percent) ornatus and
percent) of C. ornatus and 538.8
538.8 million
million of rattan
rattan plantations
plantations were established,
established, with
with
clumps (23.3
clumps (23.3 percent) KOithalsia spp.
percent) of Korthalsia spp. 5,031 hectares (32.2 percent)
percent) in
in Peninsular
Peninsular
(Table 2). Malaysia, 224 hectares
Malaysia, 224 hectares (1.4
(1.4 percent)
percent) in
in
Sarawak and 10,360 hectares (66.4
(66.4 percent)
C. manan and
C. and C. ornatus are
C. ornatus are mainly
mainly found
found in
in Sabah.
Sabah. OfOf this 14,031 hectares
this total, 14,031 hectares
in the
the virgin
virgin forests,
forests, while
while C. caesius, C.
C. caesius, C. (89.9 percent)
(89.9 percent) were planted
planted in
in logged-over
logged-over
scipionum
scipionum andand Korthalsia spp. grow
KOrlhalsia spp. grow inin forests and the balance, 1,584
1,584 hectares (10.1
logged-over forests (Table
(Table 3). percent), in rubber
percent), rubber smallholdings.
smallholdings.

Most
Most of
of Malaysia's
Malaysia's rattan is found in About
About 69.6
69.6 percent
percent of
of the
thelogged-over
logged-over
Sarawak (47.5 percent), followed by forests planted with
forests planted with rattan
rattan is inin Sabah,
Sabah,
Peninsular Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia (30.1
(30.1 percent) and followed
followed by by Peninsular Malaysia
Malaysia with 28.8
Sabah (22.4 percent). About 51.7 percent of percent and
percent and Sarawak
Sarawak with 1.6 percent.
with 1.6 percent.
the rattan clumps are in virgin
virgin forests.
forests. Peninsular Malaysia has 62.1
Peninsular Malaysia has 62.1 percent of the
rattan planted
rattan planted in rubber smallholdings,
smallholdings, with
with
The total
The total value
value ofof rattan
rattan growing
growing stock,
stock, the rest in Sabah. No rattan has
has been
been planted
based on
based on the
the prevailing
prevailing market
market price
price for
for in rubber smallholdings
in smallholdings in Sarawak
Sarawak (Table
(Table
each species
each species isis US$1.4
US$1. 4 billion
billion (M$3.7
(M$3. 7 5).
billion). C.
billion). manan accounts
C. manan accounts for
for US$942.2
US$942.2
million (M$2.5 billion); C. casesius for for US$ Under
Under the
the Sixth
Sixth Malaysia
Malaysia Plan
Plan (1991
(1991 to
to
35.6 million (M$96.2 million); C. 1995), 26,100 hectares of
1995), of rattan
rattan plantation
plantation
scipionum
scipionum for US$89.0
US$89.0 million
million (M$240.2
(M$240.2 are expected
expected to be
be established
established in Peninsular
Peninsular
million); C.
million); C. ornatus forfor US$190.7
US$190.7 million
million Malaysia.
Malaysia. Of this total, 15,500
15,500 hectares are
(M$514.8 million);
(M$514.8 million); and KOithalsai
Kot-thalsai spp. for
spp. to be
to be planted
planted by
by the
theForest
ForestDepartment,
Department,
US$99.8 million
million (M$269.7
(M$269.7 million)
million) (Table
(Table 4,600
4,600 hectares
hectares by the the Rubber
Rubber Industry
Industry
4). Smallholders Development Authority
(RISDA), 2,000
(RISDA), 2,000 hectares each. each by by the
the
The
The total
total estimated value of the
estimated value the rattan
rattan Federal Land Development Authority
Peninsular Malaysia
growing stock in Peninsular Malaysia is
is US$ (FELDA), the Federal
(FELDA), Federal Land
Land Consolidation
Consolidation
400.1 million (M$1.1 billion). Sarawak's
400.1 million (M$1.1 billion). Sarawak's and
and Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation Authority
Authority (FELCRA),
(FELCRA),
growing stock is
growing stock is valued
valued at US$653.9
US$653. 9 (M$
(M$ and the private sector. About About 22,100
22,100
1.8 billion) and Sabah' s at US$297.
Sabah's US$297.2 2 million hectares of the total
hectares of total area
area will
will be
be planted
planted
(M$0.8 billion).
billion). with
with C. manan and
C. manan and the
the balance
balance with
with
C. caesius.
C.

57
 Wood Forest
Non-Wood
NOll- Products Malaysia

Table 4. Yaitie of .P.attan iesoureeSidftlaysta,..196 (thousand M$)

Region Calamus Calanzus , Ca/amas Ca/amas Korthalsia Total
manan ccieShtS ; saptonion ornatus spp

P, Malaysia 760,947 30,047 73,363 150,459 81,768 1,096,584

Sarawak 1,226,706 41,321 109,792 262,495 125,185 1;765,499
Sabah 556,194 24,857.: 57,071 101,860 62,464 802,446
Malaysia 2,543,847 96 ;225 : 240,226 514,814 269,417 3,664,529

or Forestry,
Souroe: Department Of
Source: Fortstry, Peninsular Malaysia,
MalaysIa, Sarawak
Saray,'&k and
Bnd Sabah.
Sabah.
Note: US$ ==MS
Note: 11 US$ M$1.70
2.70 InIII 1990
1990

Harvesting rattan in
Harvesting. rattan in the forest
forest consists
consists of
dragging the
dragging the rattan
rattan out
out of thethe canopy,
canopy,
Table$. Areas planted with rattan in Mahlysia,
1980-1990 (hectares) removing
removing deaddead leaf
leaf sheaths
sheaths andand debris,
debris,
discarding
discarding the the upper
upper22 to to 33 meters,
meters, and
and
Logged- Rubber
over small cutting the cane
cutting the cane into
into lengths
lengths suitable
suitable for
Region forests holdings Total bundling and transporting to the the processors.
P. Malaysia 4,046 4 984A
984.4 5,030.8
5,030,8 Removal
Removal of of leaf
leaf sheaths
sheaths and
and debris
debris is
Sarwak 224 0 0o 224.0 usually carried out by coiling the rattan stem
Sabah 9,760.3 600.0 10,360.3
Total 14,030.7 1,584.4 15,615.1
around
around aa small
small tree
tree trunk
trunk and
and pulling
pulling it.
Big stem
Big stem rattan
rattan is usually
usually cut into 3-meter
3-meter
Source, or Primary Industries
Ministry or
Source: Ministry Industries lengths, while
lengths, while small
small stem
stem rattan is usually
usually
cut into 9- meter
meter lengths, bent
bent into two
two and
and
In Sabah, the
the Sabah
Sabah Forestry
Forestry Development
Development bound into
bound into bundles.
bundles. The cutting is done done as
as
Authority (SAFODA)
(SAFODA) plans plans to
to plant 15,000 the rattan is pulled.
pulled.
hectares
hectares of rattan
rattan in addition
addition to thethe 7,000
7,000
hectares
hectares of C. in sign is already
C. insignis already planted
planted in
in Cutting
Cutting of rattan
rattan is done
done mostly
mostly by
by forest
forest
natural
natural forests.
forests. Rattan
Rattan planting
planting trials have
have dwellers. Normally aa group
dwellers. Normally group of 10
10 people
people
been
been initiated
initiated in Sarawak
Sarawak and and commercial
commercial stays for aa week
stays for week or two
two in
in the
the forest
forest to
to
planting of rattan
planting rattan will
will commence
commence over an an gather rattan. About
gather rattan. About 2,000 rattan
rattan sticks
sticks are
area of
area of 2,800
2,800 hectares
hectares during
during the
the Sixth
Sixth usually extracted
usually extracted during
during the
the dry season
season by
Malaysia Plan period. each cutter.
each

Harvesting Production and Revenues

In Peninsular Malaysia, a license

license is
is required
required Direct production
Direct data are not
production data not available
available
to harvest rattan from
from the forest.
forest. A monthly
monthly because of variations
variations in the units of
fee of M$5
fee M$5 per person
person is
is charged
charged by by the
the measurement used in
measurement used in Peninsular Malaysia.
Malaysia.
Forest Department.
Department. In Sarawak,
Sarawak, aa monthly
monthly However, production levels can be indirectly
fee of M$1
fee M$l isis charged
charged forfor collection
collection of ascertained by reviewing the royalties
rattan. No
rattan. No permit
permit is required
required if rattan
rattan is
is collected by the Forestry Department,
collected for
collected for domestic use. A permit
domestic use. permit andand Peninsular Malaysia.
Malaysia.
license is required in Sabah for the
extraction of rattan. The monthly
monthly fee is M$5 Fees vary
Fees vary according
according to
to state
state and
and species.
species.
per person. On average, however, the
On average, the rate
rate for C.
manan and C. caesius
caesius is M$0.20 per meter
meter

58
NOli· Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Malaysia

and
and M$O.lO meter respectively.
M$0.10 per meter respectively.
Table 7. Estimated monthly production of
rattan, Malaysia, 1987
Royalties collected from rattan in Peninsular
Malaysia averaged US$ 57,131 (M$154,254) Species Quantity

per year
year between
between 1981
1981 and
and 1990
1990 (Table
(Table 6). C. manan 2 million sticks
Rattan
Rattan contributed between 9.2
contributed between 9.2 and
and 23.2
23.2 C scipionum 1 million sticks
C. Ornatos 2 million sticks
percent of the total
percent total of
of all
all non-wood
non-wood forest
forest
KaramIsla spp. 1.8-2 million sticks
products royalties
products royalties from
from 1981
1981 to 1990.
1990. C. caesiUs 60 tons
C. insignis 800 tons

Table 6. Royalties colketed for rattan, Source,

Source: RaUan Manufacturers Association
Rattan Manufacturers Association of Malaysia
Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia, 1981-1990
Contribution of
Total Non- rattan to total
At present,
At present, there are are 653
653 rattan mills
Wood Forest Non-'Wood throughout the country manufacturing
manufacturing rattan
Rattan Products Forest Products furniture and rattan products such as
Year (M$) (M$) (percent)
walking sticks,
walking sticks, rattan
rattan balls,
balls, baskets,
baskets, toys
toys
1981 179,374 1,687,714 10.6 and mats.
and mats. Of
Of this
this total,
total, 46 percent
percent are
are
1982 131,562 841,713 15.6
1983 119,430 . 874,225 13.7 classified
classified as cottage enterprises,
enterprises, 34 percent
percent
1984 117,604 1;041,395
1,041,395 11.3 as small-scale enterprises, and the remainder
1985 97,706 934,986 10.5
1986 94,333 893,307 10.6
as medium
medium and and large-scale enterprises
1987 236,486 1,128,186 21.0 (Razak, Hamdan and Latif, 1989).
(Razak, 1989).
1988 162,051 1,339,604
1,339,604 12.1
1989 286,975 1,238,404 23.2
1990 117,013 1,279,306 9.2 About 15.5
15.5 percent (101(101 mills)
mills) are
are involved
involved
in rattan processing, 12.612.6 percent
percent (82
(82 mills)
mills)
Source, Department
Source: Department ofof Forestry,
Forestry, Peninsular
Peninsular Malaysia
Malaysia
Note,
Note: Total non-wood
non-wood forest products
productscolumn
.. Iwnn includes
includesroyalties
royaltiesProm
Ii'om operate in both both processing
processing andand manu-
manu-
firewood, dtarcoaJ,
Orewood, charcoal, rattan,
rattan, bamboo,
bamboo, damar, palm
pabn and
and wood-oil
wood-oil facturing,
facturing, and
and the
the remaining
remaining 71.9 percent
percent
(470
(470 mills)
mills) are
are involved
involved only
only inin manu-
manu-
Although
Although rattan heavily exploited
rattan is heavily exploited in facturing.
facturing. The
The industry
industry employs
employs 16,120
16,120
Sarawak, there
there are no
no records
records ofof production
production people.
people. Cottage
Cottage enterprises employ 44 to 55
enterprises employ
levels.
levels. The reason
reason is that
that royalties
royalties are not
not workers each, small-scale
small-scale factories
factories employ
employ
collected by the state for this forest product. 10 to
10 to 20 workers
workers each,
each, and medium-scale or
In Sabah, royalties collected from rattan
collected from rattan are large-scale
large-scale firms employ 50 to 100
firms employ 100 workers
under miscellaneous
lumped under miscellaneous forest revenue. each, (Razak, Hamdan
each, Hamdan and and Latif, 1989).
1989).
The present rate is M$400
The present M$400 per per ton,
irrespective of
of species.
species. Trade

Production ofof rattan

rattan can
can also
also be
be ascertained
ascertained Malaysia exports rattan in in two
two forms,
forms,
from the
from monthly production
the estimated monthly production whole rattan and split rattan. As such, the
whole rattan and split rattan. As such,
figures for the
the country.
country. Monthly
Monthly production
production country
country has
has lost
lost substantially
substantially inin terms
terms of
of C. manan isisabout
C. manan about 22million
million sticks
sticks (3-
(3- potentially higher
higher export
export earnings
earnings from
from
meter
meter length
length per
per stick); for C.
stick); for C. caesius,
caesius, products.
value-added products.
monthly production isis 60
monthly production 60 tons.
tons. Details
Details of
other rattan species are shown
shown in Table
Table 7. In 1981,
1981, rattan
rattan exports
exports accounted for 0.2
accounted for 0.2
Industry percent the total export value forest
percent of the total export value of forest
products. The
The level of
of contribution rose until

59
Non-Wood Forest Products Malaysia

it peaked
peaked in 1988
1988 at
at 1.14
1.14 percent.
percent. This
This Whole canes are exported mainly to
sharp increase
sharp increase in the export value value ofof rattan
rattan Singapore and
Singapore and Taiwan.
Taiwan. Split rattan is
in 1987
1987 and
and 1988
1988 isis attributed
attributed to to the
the high
high exported
exported mainly
mainly to
to Singapore,
Singapore, with
with lesser
lesser
price of whole
whole rattan
rattan and split
split rattan.
rattan. The
The volumes exported to Taiwan, the
FOB
FOB price of of whole
whole rattan
rattan increased
increased fromfrom Philippines, and the
Philippines, and the Netherlands.
Netherlands. Major
Major
M$1,915
M$1,915 per per ton
ton in 1987
1987 to to M$2,754
M$2,754 in importers
importers of rattan furniture are the
the United
United
1988,
1988, while the FOB prices of of split
split rattan
rattan Kingdom, thethe United
United States, Denmark,
rose from M$1,468 per ton ton to
to M$2,878
M$2,878 per per Germany, Japan, Australia, Belgium,
ton.
ton. One
One reason
reason for the the increase
increase in price price Sweden and Singapore.
Singapore.
was
was Indonesia's
Indonesia's 1986
1986 banban on the export
export of
rattan not processed beyond fine polishing or
converted into furniture parts. BAMBOO

Malaysia's export of whole

Malaysia's export whole rattan,
rattan, split Resources
rattan
rattan and rattan
rattan furniture
furniture increased
increased from
from
US$3
US$3 million
million (M$8
(M$8 million)
million) in 1981 to
in 1981 to Seven genera, with
Seven genera, with 44 species,
species, of
of bamboo
bamboo
US$26.5 million (M$71.5 million)
million) in 1990.
1990. are known
known in Malaysia
Malaysia (Appendix
(Appendix 2),2), but
but
There was a surge
surge in rattan exports in 1987,
1987, only
only 12 are commercially
commercially utilized.
utilized. Table 9
when
when the exports
exports rose
rose to
to US$18.9
US$18.9 million
million lists the most
most common
common species.
species.
(M$51.1
(M$51.1 million). This rise was
million). This was caused
caused by by
a 547
547 percent
percent increase
increase inin the
the export
export of In Malaysia,
Malaysia, bamboo
bamboo is common
common from sea sea
whole canes in 1987 as compared with 1986 1986 level up to 1,000 meters.
level meters. Bamboo
Bamboo occurs in
and a 57.6 percent increase in the exports of significant quantities
quantities in
in disturbed
disturbed areas such
rattan
rattan furniture
furniture during
during the
the same
same period.
period. as logged-over
as forests, wasteland
logged-over forests, wasteland or or in
in
Since 1987, exports of of whole
whole and
and split
split rattan
rattan marginal localities fringing
marginal localities fringing the
the forest,
forest, river
decreasing, while
are decreasing, while exports
exports of rattan
rattan banks
banks and
and hill slopes. It grows
hill slopes. grows inin pure
pure
furniture are rising.
rising. stands
stands oror with
with other
other tree
tree species in the
species in the
forest. It does not not favor
favor water-logged
In volume,
In volume, Malaysia's
Malaysia's exports
exports of whole
whole conditions and is seldom found
conditions and is seldom found in swampy
swampy
rattan and split rattan increased
rattan increased from
from 9,413 areas. Bamboo
areas. Bamboo is commonly
commonly cultivated
cultivated in
tons
tons in 1981
1981 to 26,185
26,185 tons
tons in
in 1989,
1989, then
then the rural areas for
the rural for daily
daily use
use by
by local
local
decreased to 7,785 tons in 1990.
1990. The sudden communities and in urban areas as
drop was the result of the fall in the exports ornamental plants.
of whole rattan (Table
(Table 8).
8).
As with
As with rattan, information
information on on distribution
distribution
To encourage
To encourage the domestic
domestic processing
processing of in natural forests is lacking. Distribution
Distribution can
can
rattan, an export
rattan, export duty
duty of M$1,350
M$1,350 per ton ton be estimated
be from data
estimated from data inin the Second
Second
was imposed
was imposed inin October
October 1981.
1981. This
This was
was National Forest
National Forest Inventory
Inventory (1981
(1981 to 1982).
1982).
increased toto M$2,700
increased M$2,700 per
per ton
ton inin August
August The estimated
estimated number of bamboo sticks per
1987. The export of raw rattan
1987. rattan was
was banned
banned
in December
in 1989. The
December 1989. The ban
ban is meant
meant toto
ensure a consistent supply of raw material at
prices to
reasonable prices
reasonable to meet
meet the
the Industrial
Industrial
Master Plan export target of
of M$400
M$400 million
million
worth of rattan furniture by 1995.
worth 1995.

60
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Malaysia

Table 8. Volume of rattan expOrts frOm Malaysia, 1981 - 1900

Whole Spht
Cat10, Pereettt of cane Percent of Total
Year (tons) total (tons) total (tons)

1981 8,980,00 05.4 432.86 4.6 9,412,72

1982 5,992+39 92,7 474.00 7.3 6,466,39
1983 4,140.28 84.7 749.77 15.3 4,890.05
1984 2,663 53 75.8 852,64 24.2 3,516.17
1985 2,996.69 79,8 757,59 20.2 3,754,28
1986 4,496.98 85,5 760.65 14.5 5,257.63
1987 20,472 91 97.4 548.52 2.6 21,021,43
1988 16,310,36 77.6 300,47 1.4 16,610.83
1989 25,516.19 97 4 668.51 2.6 26,184.70
1990 6,695 53 86.0 1,089.78 14.0 7,785.31

Sour«:
Source: Department of Statistics

Table 9. Commercially -utilized bamboos in Malaysia

Species Local names Uses

Bambusa blumeana Buluh duri toothpicks, furniture, musical

instruments, shoots as food

B, heterostachya Buluh galah toothpicks, chopsticks, blinds

B. vulgaris Buluh mmyak paper, furniture

Dendrocalamus asper Buluh belong fences, bridges, baskets, shoots as

food

Gtgantochtla scortechtnig Buluh semantan satay sticks, toothpicks, blinds

Schizostachyum brachycladum Buluh MIAs chopsticks, handicrafts

Table 10. Estimated number of bamboo sticks (6m/stick) per

hectare by forest types in Malaysia

Other species Other species

over 3 cm in less than 3cm
Forest type,s D. asper diameter in diameter

Virgin forest 42.9 53.55 80.5

Logged-over forest 61.4 2.40 45.0

Sou...,.,
Source: Department or
ot Forestry, Peolnoular Malaysia,
FONStry, Peninsular S....wak and Sabah
MaJayrla, Sarawak Sah.b

61
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Malaysia

hectare according to forest types and

and species Bamboo
Bamboo Plantations
is shown
shown in Table 10.
10.
Planting of
Planting of bamboo
bamboo on on aa large-scale
large-scale has
has
The estimated
estimated number
number of bamboo
bamboo poles (at been done only by Forest
been Forest Departments
Departments and
least 6 meters
meters in length)
length) in Malaysia
Malaysia is 2.7 the
the Forest Research Institute of
Research Institute of Malaysia.
Malaysia.
billion sticks.
billion sticks. This
This is comprised
comprised of 839.1
839.1 Although there are no plantations in
sticks Dendrocalamus asper,
million sticks of Dendrocalamus asper, Malaysia, bamboo
Malaysia, bamboo is is cultivated
cultivated by rural
843.1 million
843.1 million sticks
sticks of other
other species
species with
with folk along
folk along their
their rice fields
fields and around their
diameters more than
diameters more than 33 centimeters,
centimeters, and
and homes. As bamboo
homes. bamboo does
does not require
require much
much
980.2
980.2 million
million sticks
sticks of other
other species
species with
with land, logged-over forests
land, forests can be allocated.
allocated.
diameters less than
diameters less than 33 centimeters. D. asper
centimeters. D.
and other species
species with
with diameters
diameters more
more than
than Harvesting
3 centimeters
centimeters are found
found in
in abundance
abundance in
Other species
logged-over forests. Other species with Permits are required
Permits are required for the
the extraction
extraction of
diameters less than
diameters less than 3 centimeters
centimeters are more
more bamboo from
bamboo from the
the forest.
forest. The monthly fee is
commonly found
commonly found in virgin forests.
forests. M$5 per
M$5 per person.
person. Other
Other sources
sources of bamboo
bamboo
are land
are land under
under FELDA,
FELDA, FELCRA
FELCRA rural rural
About
About 31
31 percent
percent of
of Malaysia's
Malaysia's bamboo
bamboo development schemes,
schemes, river banks, hill sides
sticks
sticks are found
found in
in Peninsular
Peninsular Malaysia,
Malaysia, 45
45 and ridge
and ridge tops.
tops. Harvesting
Harvesting of bamboobamboo is
percent in Sarawak and 24 percent in Sabah. usually
usually done during
during the dry season when the
starch content
starch content is
is lower
lower and
and borer attacks
attacks are
In terms
terms of
of weight,
weight, the
the estimated
estimated bamboo
bamboo fewer. Bamboo
fewer. Bamboo mustmust be
be processed
processed within
within
Sarawak and Sabah
in Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak Sabah three days
three days after
after harvesting
harvesting asas itit is
is prone
prone to
is 10.3
10.3 million
million tons,
tons, 14.9
14.9 million
million tons
tons and
and discoloration.
8.1 million tons,
tons, respectively, for a total of
respectively, for
33.3 million tons (Table
(Table 11).
11). The
The estimated
estimated Production
market value is US$862.8
market value US$862.8 million
million (M$2.3
(M$2.3
million). The virgin
million). The virgin forests
forests of
of Malaysia
Malaysia Production figures for
Production figures for bamboo
bamboo are
are not
not
million tons of bamboo, while
produce 16.3 million while available and can
available and can only
only be
be estimated
estimated by
by
the balance
the balance of 17.0
17.0 million
million tons
tons is from
from exammmg the royalties collected for
examining
logged-over forests. Peninsular Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia (Table
(Table 12).
12). Rates
Rates vary
according to
to condition
condition and
and length.
length. The
The
average rate ranges
average from 2 to 66 cents
ranges from cents per
Table 11. Xstimated Wet weight and value of bamboo
resources hi Malaysia, 1989
pole.
Wet weight Value
(1000 tons) (1000 m$) Royalties averaged
Royalties averaged US$29,002 (M$78,306)
between 1981
between 1981 and 1990. Royalties collected
collected
P. Malaysia 10,297 720,790
720,790
Sarawak 14,893 1,042,510 for bamboo contributed 5.3
bamboo contributed 5.3 to 11.6
11.6 percent
Sabah, 8,091 566,370 of the total
total collected
collected from non-wood
non-wood forest
/vfataysia-Total 33,281 . 2,329,670 products.
products. Based
Based on the average royalty
royalty rate
of 44 cents
cents per
per pole,
pole, the
theestimated
estimated annual
annual
Source:
Source: Department
Department of Forestry,
Note: 1 ton =~ 80
Note: 80sticks
Forestry, Peninsular
sticka of
of wet
Peninsular Malaysia,
wet bamboo
bamboo with
Malaysia, Sarawak
lengths of
with lengths
Sarawak and
of 66 meters.
and Sabah
meters. l'he
Sabah
Theex-mill
ex-mill
production
production of bamboo
bamboo is 2 million
million sticks
sticks or
price of wet bamboo
bamboo in 19891989 was
was M$70
M$70 per
per ton.
ton. 25,000 tons.
25,000 tons. Thus
Thus the
the annual
annual production
production
value is US$64,815 (M$175,000).
(M$175,000).

62
NOll- Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Malaysia

force in the
the bamboo
bamboo industry
industry is
is 8,250
Table 12. Royaltiesl collected for bamboo,
Peninsular Malaysia, 1981-1990 persons.
Contribution Trade
Total of bamboo
non-wood to total non-
forest wood forest Exports of
of bamboo
bamboo from
from Malaysia
Malaysia increased
increased
Bamboo products products from 483.7
from 483.7 tons,
tons, valued
valued at
at M$219,106
M$219,106
Year (M$) (/1$) (percent)
(US$81,150) in 1988 to 585.6 tons
tons valued at
1981 101 232 1,687,714 6.0 M$476,480
M$476,480 (US$176,474)
(US$176,474) inin 1990
1990 (Table
(Table
1982 97,402 841,713 11.0 13).
1983 75,909 874,225 8.7
1984 76,112 1,041,395 73
1985 68,128 934,986 73
Table 13. Volume and value of bamboo
1986 59,067 893,307 6.6
1987 65,591 1,128,186 5.8 exports from Malaysia, 1988-1990
1988 70,902 1,339,604 5.3 Year Volume Value
1989 89,358 1,238,404 7.2 (tons) (M$)
1990 79,359 1,279,306 6.2
1988 483,70 219,106
Source: Department ofof Forestry,
Forestry, Peninsular
Peninsular Malaysia.
Malaysia. 1989 453.27 296,555
total non-wood
Note: total non-wood forest
forest prcxlucts
products column
colunm includes
includes royalties from
from 1990 ,
585.56 476,480
firewood,
firewood, charcoal, rattan,
rattan, bamboo,
bamboo, damar,
damar, palm
palm and
and wood-oil
wood-oil
or Statistics
Source: Department of
Source:

Industry

There are about

about 1,032
1,032bamboo
bamboo processing
processing In 1988, the main importers of
of bamboo were
factories in Malaysia. At present, the Singapore (importing 47.1
Singapore (importing 47.1 percent
percent of the
the
industry mainly
mainly manufactures
manufactures finished
finished pro-
pro- total export volume) and South
South Korea (with
(with
ducts
ducts such
such as satay sticks, toothpicks, 25.9 percent). TheThe main
main markets for
chopsticks, bamboo splits, basketry, Malaysia's bamboo in 1990
1990 were Singapore
handicrafts, and furniture
handicrafts, and meant for
furniture meant for the
the (30.2 percent), United Arab Emirates (27.6
(27.6
domestic market. Most
domestic market. Most of these mills
these mills areare percent) and
percent) and Taiwan (25.7 percent).
small and found
small and in the
found in the west
west coast states
states of
Peninsular Malaysia which offers bigger
Peninsular Malaysia which offers bigger
market potential, more developed MEDICINAL PLANTS
PLANTS
infrastructure, communication
infrastructure, communication services
services and
other supporting services. Resources

Of the 1,032
1,032 mills,
mills, 694
694 (67.3
(67.3 percent)
percent) are Malaysia
Malaysia isis blessed
blessed with
with an
an abundant
abundant and
and
engaged in
engaged in handicraft
handicraft making,
making, 336336 mills
mills diverse
diverse flora,
flora, much
much of
of which
which is
is believed
believed to
to
make disposable
(32.5 percent) make disposable utensils
utensils such
such possess
possess medicinal value. Most
medicinal value. Most of these
these
as skewers,
skewers, chopsticks
chopsticks and
and toothpicks,
toothpicks, and
and potentially useful plant resources grow wild
2 mills
mills (0.2
(0.2 percent)
percent) make
make furniture.
furniture. in the
the lowland
lowland and
and hill
hill dipterocarp
dipterocarp forests,
forests,
which are
which are under
under serious
serious threat
threat ofof being
being
The work force
force in
in the
the bamboo
bamboo factories
factories is
is replaced by mono-specific tree crops (rubber
comprised primarily
primarily of
of rural housewives
housewives and
and and oil palm), intensive logging or
children who work
children who work during
during free
free time
time toto conversion to non-forestry land uses such as
supplement their family
supplement their family income.
income. The labor
labor hydroelectric dams and rural
rural settlements.
settlements.

63
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Malaysia

Plant species from the families PROMOTION

PROMOTIONOF
OF NON-WOOD FOREST
Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Graminae, PRODUCTS
Verbenaceae,
Verbenaceae, Solanaceae,
Solanaceae, Simaroubiaceae,
Simaroubiaceae,
Vitaceae, Malavaceae, Palmae and Following are
Following are ways
ways to
to promote
promote non-wood
non-wood
Rubiaceae are
Rubiaceae are commonly
commonly usedused to treat forest in Malaysia:
forest products in Malaysia:
various ailments and diseases.
diseases. These include
diarrhoea,
diarrhoea, skin problems,
problems, headache,
headache, fever, 1. Financial assistance
assistance in the
the form of
cough, wounds, hypertension,
hypertension, diabetes,
diabetes, and
and interest-free loans
loans of US$800
US$800 to to
rheumatism.
rheumatism. Certain products derived
derived from
from 20,000 or loans
loans with
with interest
interest below
below
medicinal plants are of
medicinal plants of economic
economic value and market rates by government-
have been traded
have been traded for
for a long
long time.
time. Some
Some of supported institutions
supported institutionssuch
such asas the
the
these products and
these products and their uses
uses are
are shown
shown inin Agricultural Bank (BP),
Agricultural Bank (BP), the Trustee
Trustee
Table 14.
14. Council for Indigenous People
(MARA) and
(MARA) and the Development Bank
Harvesting of Malaysia
Malaysia Limited
Limited (BPMB)
(BPMB) to to
assist people in growing, harvesting,
harvesting,
Forest medicinal plants
plants (roots,
(roots, barks, stems, processing
processing and trading NWFPs.
leaves, fruit and flowers) are usually
collected by the aboriginal communities
communities andand 2. Technical
Technical assistance
assistance extended
extended by
by
sold
sold to the
the traditional
traditional practitioners
practitioners in fresh
fresh providing machinery, help in
or dried form. The
dried form. The fresh
fresh or
or dried
dried parts
parts of
of production and basic
production and basic design,
design, and
and
the
the forest
forest medicinal
medicinal plants
plants are
are boiled
boiled or
or training through seminars,
pounded to
pounded to extract
extract their
their juices
juices and
and mixed
mixed workshops, and training courses
workshops, and training courses in
in
with
with other forest
forest plants.
plants. The
The "processed"
"processed" management and
management and production
production...
forest plants are either
either applied
applied externally or
taken orally. 3. Research and development to
establish the characteristics of
Production processing, find new
processing, find new uses
uses for non-
non-
wood forest products, and identify
wood forest products, and identify
No production figures areare available
available because
because under-utilized species.
species.
no
no royalty is collected,
royalty is but a license
collected, but license is
is
required for extraction.
required extraction. Forest
Forest medicinal
medicinal 4. Investment incentives for the
plants are
plants are primarily
primarily used
used by
by aboriginal
aboriginal establishment of plantations and
communities, especially those who live deep down-stream
down-stream processing,
processing, especially
especially
in the
in the jungle
jungle where
where medical
medical help
help is
is not
not and bamboo.
for rattan and bamboo. Some
available. possible investment incentives
include granting investment tax
Widespread use
Widespread use of forest
forest medicinal
medicinal plants
plants allowances,
allowances, double
double deductions
deductions onon
may
may increase
increase their
their economic
economic value,
value, but
but and exemption
freight charges, and exemption from
from
uncontrolled collection of these products can import
import duties and surtaxes
duties and surtaxes for raw
raw
damage the ecosystem.
ecosystem. materials and
materials and components
components used
used in
in
manufacturing.

64
Non· Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Malaysia

Table 14. Selected medicinal plants in Malaysia

Species Local name Uses

Eurycoma longifolia Tongkat ali aphrodisiac, fever

Areca catechu Pinang tapeworms, round worms

. .. -",'

Oldenlandia diffusa Siku-siku ~rbthritis, snake

dysentery urethritis, snake bites,
bites,
abdominal pain
pain ·

ristica fragrans Buah pala diarrhoea, vomiting, indigestion,

indigestion,
abdominal pain
pain ,
:---:-:": >:, ::>:<.:<:
_
riper nigrum Black pepper/White pepper Malaria,scorpio~bites
Malaria, scorpion bites

Melastoma decemfidum Sesenduduk putih

Sesenduduk putih : . Intestinal measles, poison
poison

5. Intercropping non-wood forest

products in rubber estates to
complement the
complement the extraction
extraction of raw
raw
materials.

6. Dissemination of
Dissemination of information
information on on
export markets
export markets for
for Malaysian
Malaysian non-
non-
wood forest products, organization of
trade fairs and exhibitions and
creation
creation of market
market opportunities
opportunities for
for
entrepreneurs.

7. Education
Education on on how
how to
to produce
produce rattan
rattan
and bamboo handicrafts incorporated
incorporated
into
into the
the curricula
curricula in
in industrial
industrial arts
arts
courses in high
high schools.
schools.

8. Banning exports, or increasing

Banning
export duties
duties encourage
encourage downstream
downstream
processing and save foreign
exchange.
a common source of income and
Rattan collection is a
employment for indigenous people of
of Indoneeia,
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Malaysia,
and the Philippines.

65
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Ma/Qys/4
Malaysia

REFERENCES

Chin, Y.M. 1990.

Chin, Country study
1990. Country study on
on the expansion of trade:
expansion of trade: in
in rattan
rattan and
and rubberwood
rubberwood
ESCAP Workshop,
furniture. In ESCAP Workshop,Bangkok,
Bangkok,30
30April
April-- 33 May
May 1991.
1991.

Choo, K.T. and

Choo, Daljeet K.
and Daljeet K. Singh
Singh 1985.
1985. Rattan
Rattan processing
processing and utilization
utilization in Peninsular
Peninsular
Malaysia. In Proceedings
Proceedings o/the
of theRattan
RattanSeminar.
Seminar. Kuala
Kuala Lumpur,
Lumpur, 22 --44 October 1984.
pp. 155-162.
155-162.

Dransfield,
Dransfield, J. 1979. A manual of
1979. A of the rattan of
ofthe
the Malay
Malay Peninsula. Kuala
Kuala Lumpur.

Latif,
Latif, Abdul
Abdul Mohmod,
Mohmod, Ali
Ali Abdul
Abdul Razak
Razak Mohd,
Mohd, and
and Hamdan
Hamdan Husain.
Husain. 1990.
1990. Rattan
Rattan
processing industry in
in Peninsular
Peninsular Malaysia:
Malaysia:its
itsstatus,
status,problems
problemsand
andprospects.
prospects. Paper
Paper
prepared for IUFRO
prepared IUFRO XIXTH
XIXTH World
World Congress,
Congress, Montreal,
Montreal, Canada,
Canada, 5- 11
11 August
August
1990.

Latif,
Latif, Abdul
Abdul Mohmod,
Mohmod, Razak
Razak Wahab
Wahab andand Roslan Ali. 1989.
Roslan Ali. 1989. Current
Cl,lrrent status
status of
ofmachine
machine
intensive bamboo
intensive bamboo processing
processing industry
industry in
in Peninsular
Peninsular Malaysia.
Malaysia. Paper
Paper prepared
prepared for
International Bamboo
International BambooSymposium,
Symposium,Nanjing,
Nanjing,China,
China,2424 to 27
27 July
July 1989.
1989.

Latif, Abdul
Latif, Abdul Mohmod
Mohmod and
and Shukri
Shukri Mohamad
Mohamad 1989.
1989. The rattan industries
The industries in Peninsular
Peninsular
Malaysia. RIC
RIC Occasional
Occasional Paper No.6.

Manokaran, N.
Manokaran, N. 1990. The state
1990. 7'he state of
of the
the rattan
rattan and bamboo
bamboo trade.
trade. RIC
RIC Occasional
Occasional paper
paper
No.7.

Wong. 1985.
Nor, Salleh Mohd. and K.M. Wong. 1985. The
The bamboo
bamboo resource in Malaysia: strategies for
development.
development. Paper presented
presented at the Bamboo Workshop,
Worlcshop, Guangzhou,
Guangzhou, China,
China, 77 - 14
October 1985.

Ooi, S.H. 1991. Thebamboo

1991. The bamboo industry
industry ininMalaysia:
Malaysia: potential
potentialfor
forintegrated
integrateddevelopment.
development.
Mida Report.

Wahab, Razak, Hamdan Husain and Abdul

Husain and Abdul Mohmod
MohmodLatif.
Latif. 1989.
1989. Rattan
Rattan and
and bamboo
bamboo as a
major industrial
industrial resource
resource for
for rural people in
in Peninsular
Peninsular Malaysia, In Proceedings
Malaysia, In Proceedings of
the Meeting:
Meeting: Strategies and Methods
Methods for Orienting
Orienting MPTS
MPTS Research
Research ToTo Small-Scale
Small-Scale
Use, Jakarta,
Farm Use, Jakarta, 20
20 to
to 23
23 November
November 1989.
1989.

Wong, W.C. 1988.

1988. Non-wood
Non-wood forest products:
products: prospects for
for development.
development. In
In Workshop
Workshop on
on
Forest
Forest Sector
Sector Evaluation
Evaluation and
and Industrial
Industrial Planning,
Planning, South East
East Asian
Asian Countries.
Countries.
Serdang, Malaysia,
Malaysia, 3 to 14
14 October
October 1988.
1988.

66
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Malaysia

APPENDIX 11

RATTAN FOUND IN MALAYSIA

Botanical
Botanical Names
Names Local Names

I. Korthalsia
K. rigida
1. K. Rotan dahan
2. K
K. grandis Rotan dahan
3. K flagellaris
K. dahan
Rotan dahan
4. K.
K. tenuissima tikus
Rotan dahan tikus
5. K. lanceolata
K. -
6. K. scaphigera
K. Rotan semut/udang
7. K
K. echinometra Rotan dahan/semut
8. K
K. scortechinii Rotan semut
9. K
K. hispida Rotan semut

II. Plectocomia
10. P. griggithii
griggithii Rotan mantang
11. P. muelleri
muelleri Rotan mantang
Rotan mantang paya
12. P. sp.
P. sp. Rotan mantang ilang

III. Plectocomiopsis
13. P.
P. geminiflorus
geminijlorus Rotan gilang
14. P.
P. wrayi Rotan
Rotan pepe
15. P.
P. Comeni
Comeri Rotan rilang gajah
Rotan

IV. Myrialepis
16. scortechinii
16. M. scortechinii Rotan kertong

V. Calospatha
17. C. scortechinii
17. C. Rotan demuk

VI. Daemonorops
18. D. angustifolia
angustifolia getah·
Rotan getah*
19. D. grandis
grandis sendang
Rotan sendang
20. D. melanochaetes
melanochaetes getah·
Rotan getaht
21. D. sepal
sepal Rotan getah gunung
gunung
22. D. calicarpa
calicarpa Lumpit
23. D. lewisiana
lewisiana Lumpit kecil
keeil
24. D. monticola
monticola Rotan getah lumpit
25. D. ursina
ursina Rotan jernang
26. D. didymophylla
didymophylla Rotan jernang
27. D. propin
propinqua
qua

67
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products MaToysia
Malaysia

28. D. brachystachys
brachystachys Rotan jemang
jernang
29. D. micracantha
micracantha Rotan jemang
jernang
30. D. leptopus
leptopus Rotan bacap
baeap
31. D. hystrix
hystrix Rotan landak"
Rotan tai landak*
32. kunstleri
D. kunstleri Rotan buIu
Rotan bulu landak
33. D. geniculata
geniculata Rotan jahaca
jahaea
34. D. Sabut
Sabut Rotan cincin·
Rotan cincin*
35. D. macrophylla
macrophylla Rotan cincin·
Rotan cincin*
36. oligophylla
D. oligophylla
37. D. verticillaris
verticillaris Rotan sabong
sabong
38. lasiospatha
D. lasiospatha
39. D. periacantha
40. D. longipes
longipes

Calamus
C. castaneus
41. C. Cueor
Cucor
C. erinaceus
42. C. bakau·
Rotan bakau*
43. C.
C. polystachys sabong
Rotan sabong
44. C. caesius sega·
Rotan sega*
45. C. axillaris sega air*
Rotan sega air·
46. C. laevigatus tunggal"
Rotan tunggal*
47. C. simplex
48. C. palustris
49. C. manan manau·
Rotan manau*
50. C. tumidus Rotan manau
manau tikus*
tikus·
51. C. oxleyanus Rotan minyak
Rotan
52. C. viridispinus Rotan kerai gunung*
gunung·
53. C. ulur
54. C. endauensis
55. C. longisetus
56. C. arborescens
57. C. multirameus
58. C. paspalanthus Rotan sirikis
Rotan
59. C. sedens Rotan duduk
60. C. perakensis Rotan duduk
61. C. laxissimus
62. C. whitmorei
63. C. minutus
64.C.
64. C. cockburnii
65. C. exilis
ex/lis Rotan paku
66. C. padangensis
67. C. spectatissimus Rotan semut
68. C. longispathus Rotan kunyung
69. C. peregrinus
70. C. conirostris Rotan
Rotan kerai

68
 ',,-

Non-Wood Forest Products

Non-Wood Malaysia

71. C. pycnocarpus
C. Rotan kong
72. C. lobbianus
C. Cucor kelabu
73. tomentosus
C. tomentosus
C. Rotan tukas
74. blumei
C. blumei
C. Rotan tukas
75. C. jlabellatus
C. flabellatus
76. C. jlabelloides
C. flabelloides
77. C. javensis
C. lilin·
Rotan lilin*
78. C. pandanosmus
C. pandan wangi*
Rotan pandan wangt
79. C. omatus
C. Rotan dok *•
Rotan dok
80. C. scipionum
C. sct'pionum semambu·
Rotan semambu*
81. C.
C. speciosissimus Rotan sega
sega badal(
badak
82. C. jilipendulus
C. filipendulus Rotan batu
83. C.
C. insignis Rotan batu*
batu·
84. C. penicillatus
C. Rotan batu
85. C. senalingenis
C.
86. C. rugosus Rotan perut ayam
87. comeri
C. comeni Rotan perut ayam
Rotan
88. C. tankadatei Rotan tekok
89. C. holttumii Rotan
Rotan perut ayam
90. C. scabridulus Rotan
Rotan kerai
91. C. radulosus
92. C. concinnus
93. C. siamensis
94. C. viminalis
95. C. moorhousei
96. C. balingenis tanah
Rotan tanah
97. C. satulosus Rotan kerai
98. C. luridus kerai·
Rotan kerai*
99. C. burkillianus kerai lauta
Rotan kerai laut"
100. densijlorus
C. densiflorus kerai"
Rotan kerai*
101.
101 C. ridleyamus kerai·
Rotan kerai*
102.
102 C. diepenhorstii Rotan kerai

VIII Ceratolobus
subangulatus
103. C. subangulatus tapait
Rotan tapait
kingianus
104. C. kingianus Rotan jere landak

Note:: ** commercially utilized species

Note species

69
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Malaysia

APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX

BAMBOOS FOUND IN MALAYSIA

Botanical Names
Names Local Names

I. Bambusa

1. B.
B. blumeana
blumeana Buluh duri
2. B.
B. arundinacea
arundinacea
3. B. burmanica
B. burmanica Buluh aloh buldt
bukit
4. B. vulgaris Buluh minyak
5. B. heterostachya
B. heterostachya Buluh galah
6. B. glaucescens
B. glaucescens Buluh pagar
B. ventri
7. B. ventricosa
cosa
B. ridleyi
8. B. Buluh akar
Buluh
9. B.
B. wrayi
wrayi Buluh sumpitan
10. B.
10. magica
B. magica Buluh perindu
11. B.
11. montana
B. montana
12. B.
12. pauciflora
B. pauciflora Buluh padi
B. klossii
13. B.
14. B. texWs
texilis

II. Dendrocalamus

pendulus
15. D. pendulus Buluh akar
16. D. hirtellus Buluh kapur
17. D. elegans
elegans
dumosus
18. D. dumosus
19. D. sinuatus
sinuatus Buluh akar
Buluh
D. strictus
20.D.
21. D.
D. asper
asper Buluh betong/beting
22.D. giganteus
D. giganteus Buluh beton

III. Dinochica

D. scandens
23.D. scandens Buluh akar
Buluh

70
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Malaysia

IV. Gigantochloa

24. G.
24. G. apus
apus
25. G.
G. maxima
maxima
G. rostrata
26. G.
holttumiana
27. G. holttumiana
28. G. hasskarliana
G. hasskarliana
G. levis
29. G. Buluh bisa/beting
bisalbeting
30. G. scortechninii
G. scortechninii Buluh semantan/rayah
31. G. wrayi
31. G. wrayi Buluh beti/raga
G. ridleyi
32. G.
G. ligulata
33. G. Buluh tumpat/tikus
tumpatltikus
G. latifolia
34. G. Buluh pahit

V. Racemobambos

R. setifera
35. R.

VI. Schizostachyum

36. S. grande
S. grande Buluh semeliang/semeyeh
semeliang/semeyeh
37. S. gracile Buluh repen/akar
38. S. aciculare Buluh padi/akar
39. S. jaculans
S. jaculans Buluh sumpitan/tikus
40. S. zollingeri Buluh nipis/aur
41. S. brachyladum Buluh lemang/nipis/padi
42. S. latifolium
43. S. terminale

VII. Thyrsostachys

T. Siamensis
44. T.

Note: *
* denotes commercially
commercially utilized
utilized species
species

71
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products
Products

Sabai grass (Eulaliopsis

{Eulaliopsis binata)
binatal used
used for
for rope
rope making,
making,
thatching, and paper making in
thatching, in South
South Asia.
Asia .

72
Non- Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Nepal

NEPAL
Deep Bahadur Khatri
Deep
Deputy Director-General
ofForests
Department of Forests

INTRODUCTION

Nepal,
Nepal, situated
situated between
between India and and China,
China, The
The country's
country's land
land use
use is
is categorized
categorized as
as
has an area
has area of
of about
about 14.7
14.7million
million hectares
hectares follows:
and lies
and lies at 800 04' to 88°
80° 04' 88° 12' E andand 26°
26° 22'
to 30° 27'N. The
30° 27'N. Thecountry
country isis rectangular
rectangular in • cultivated lands (21
(21 percent)
percent)
shape, extending from
shape, extending from east
east to
to west.
west. Within
Within • non-cultivated inclusions (7 percent)
a north-south
north-south horizontal
horizontal distance
distance of about
about • grasslands (12 percent)
percent)
150 kilometers,
150 kilometers, there
there is
is aa climatic
climatic range
range • forested lands/plantations (37
from the
(rom the sub-tropics
sub-tropics ofof the
the Terai
Terai in
in the
the percent)
south to the upper
south to uppertree
treelimit
limitand
and perennial
perennial • shrub lands/degraded forest (5
snow
snow of thethe Himalayan
Himalayan mountains
mountains inin the
the . percent)
Rugged hills and
north. ,Rugged mo~ntains cover
and mountains cover' • other lands (18
(18 percent)
percent)
more than 80
more 80 percent
percent of
ofthe land. In the
the"land. the
south, there
south, there is a belt
belt of
of almost
almost level
level land,
latid, In mid-1986, Nepal's population was
20
20 to
to 45
45 kilometers
kilometers wide,
wide, known
known as as the
the estimated
estimated atat 17.1 million. The medium-
17.1 million. medium-
Terai, which'
which is an extension of 'the the variant projection of
variant projection of the
the Central
Central Bureau
Bureau of
Gangetic plain of India.
Gangetic plain Statistics puts
puts the
the population
population at
at 23.6
23.6 million
million
by the year 2001,
2001, which
which means
means an
an average
average
Nepal
Nepal can
can be
be divided
divided into five parallel
into five parallel annual growth rate of 2.2
annual growth 2.2 percent.
percent.
physiographic zones running
physiographic zones running east
east to
to west:
west:
the
the Terai, Siwaliks, Middle mountains,
mountail)s, High A livestock
livestock survey conducted by the
mountains, and
mountains, and High
High Himal.
Himal. They
They occupy
occupy Department of of Food
Food and Agricultural
respectively 14, 13,
respectively 14, 13, 30, 2020 and
and 23
23 percent
percent Marketing Services
Marketing Services puts
puts the
the 1985
1985 livestock
livest9Ck
of the total
total land area. Administratively,
Administratively, the popUlation
population Of of the country at 6.4 million head
country
country is divided
divided into
into five
fivedevelopment
development of cattle,
cattle, 2.8
2.8 million
million buffaloes,
buffaloes, 88 million
million
regions and 7575 districts.
districts. sheep and 4.9 million
million goats
goats or
or an
an equivalent
equivalent
of 7.8
7.8 million
million livestock
livestock units
units (LU).
(LU). TheThe
With its great range of altitudes"
With altitudes, livestock population
livestock population isis expected
expected to to reach
reach
and rainfall, and
temperatures, and and its position at 11.6 million LU by 2001.
million LU,by 2001.
the confluence of different floristic regions,
Nepal has a rich flora. The
Nepal has The number
number of eco-
eco- Developmentof
Development Of the
the country
country isis severely
systems
systems perper unit area
area isis probably
probably greater
greater limited by
limited by its extreme range ofof topography
topography
than
than in any other country
country in in the world.
world. The and climate,
and climate, especially
especially in
in the
the geologically
geologically
distribution
distribution of vegetation
vegetation, generally follows unstable and,and environmentally fragile
the attitudinal
attitudinal zones.
zones. mountain zones. More
mountain :wnes. More than
than 90
90 percent
percen~ of
the
t~e people
people rely
rely on
on agriculture
agriculture for
for their
their,
livelihood.

~ 73
No,.-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Nepal

Industries, which contribute about 10 EVIPORTANT NON-WOOD FOREST

IMPORTANT NON-WOOD FOREST
percent to the
percent to thegross
gross national
national product,
product, PRODUCTS: PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION AND
AND
provide
provide employment to about
employment to about 66 percent
percent of VALUE
the
the population. The current
population. The current per
per capita
capita
annual income is estimated at US$160.
US$I60. Non-wood forest products, also called
"minor" forest products by classical
Biomass,
Biomass, including
including fuelwood,
fuelwood, agricultural
agricultural definition, are all forest
forest products other
other than
than
residues and animal
residues and animal dung,
dung, is
is the
the major
major timber and
timber andfuelwood.
fuelwood. In In Nepal,
Nepal, fodder
fodder is
source in Nepal,
energy source providing 94
Nepal, providing 94 not
not regarded
regarded as as aa minor
minor forest
forest product,
product,
percent of
of the
the total
total energy
energy consumption.
consumption. being
being oneone of the
the main
main products
products of the the
forests. Subsistence
forests. Subsistence farmers make up more
Heavy
Heavy pressure
pressure is being
being exerted
exerted on
on the than 90 percent of the
than the population
population of of Nepal
Nepal
forests of Nepal by the increasing population and
and rely
relyon
onlivestock
livestock for
for-their
their agriculture-
agriculture-
both humans
of both humans and and livestock.
livestock. As a result based livelihood. Fodder
based livelihood. Fodder forfor livestock
livestock is as
of this pressure, the
this pressure, the forests
forests have
have been
been important
important toto a subsistence
subsistence farmer as any
farmer 'as any
reduced in area and are becoming other forest commodity. Fodder
forest commodity. Fodder is thus
thus a
incre,asingly degraded. As
increasingly degraded. As aa consequence,
consequence, "major" forest product in Nepal Nepal andand
environmental quality of Nepal
the environmental
the Nepal is therefore not included
therefore not included in in descriptions
descriptions and
and
deteriorating, and it has become analyses
analyses of non-wood
non-wood forest
forest products
products in
increasingly
increasingly difficult
difficult forfor people
people toto find
find Nepal.
essential forest
essential forest products.
products. A A vicious
vicious cycle
cycle
is operating,
operating, where
where intensified
intensified pressure on The significant NWFPs in Nepal
significant NWFPs Nepal are
are
forests creates environmental
forests environmental deterioration, medicinal and aromatic
medicinal and aromatic plants,
plants, loktapaper,
loktapaper,
which
which in in turn
turn leads
leads toto scarcity
scarcity of forest
forest pine
pine resin,
resin, Sal
Sal seed,
seed, katha,
katha, sabai
sabai grass,
grass,
products
products andand further
further pressure
pressure on existing
existing bamboo and cane.
forests.
Medicinal and aromatic plants
In early
early 1986,
1986, His
His Majesty's
Majesty's Government,
Government,
put into operation
operation thethe Master
Master Plan
Plan for
for the There are about 700 species
There species of medicinal
medicinal
Forestry Sector Project (MPFSP) to and aromatic
and plants in
aromatic plants in Nepal,
Nepal, about
about 12 12
rationalize the forestry
rationalize the forestry sector.
sector. MPFSP was percent
percent of thethe country's
country's vascular
vascular flora.
flora.
co-financed by the Asian Development Bank They are distributed
distributed in
in all
all ecological
ecological zones
zones
and the
the Finnish
Finnish International
International Development
Development of the
the country,
country, but
but aa greater
greaterconcentration
concentration
Agency.
Agency. MPSFSP
MPSFSP was was charged
charged with
with the sub-tropical zones.
occurs in the tropical and sub-tropical zones.
formulation
formulation of of aa 25-year
25-year master plan for
master plan
developing forestry sector of
developing the forestry of Nepal.
Nepal. Collecting of
Collecting of medicinal
medicinal and
and aromatic·
aromatic plants
plants
has
has been
been going
going on in in Nepal
Nepal since
since time
time
The information and data
information and data for this
this country
country immemorial.
immemorial. A A small
small portion
portion of
of the
the plants
plants
status paper on non-wood forest products in collected
collected is used locally
locally in the treatment
treatment of of
Nepal has
Nepal has been
been extracted
extracted from
from various
various diseases, but about
diseases, but about 90
90 percent
percent are
are sold
sold as
MPFSP documents and reports. crude herbs, mainly
crude herbs, mainly for
for export.
export. The
The trade
trade
in crude
crude herbs
herbs goes
goes through
through four
four tiers:
tiers:
collectors, local dealers,
collectors, local dealers, big dealers
dealers and
and
international trading houses.
houses.

74
14
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Nepal

The poor people ofof the

the hills
hills and
and mountains
mountains The estimated
estimated potential
potential production
production of pine
of Nepal
Nepal depend
depend upon medicinal
medicinal plants for resin
resin in Nepal
Nepal is 21,700 tons per year on a
their
their health
health care in
in accordance
accordance with with their
their sustained-yield Too little is known
sustained-yield basis. Too known
cultural heritage and
and traditional
traditional practices.
practices. about the real production capacity of
Domestically, primarily in auyervedic Nepalese pine forests.
Nepalese pine forests. A
A revised
revised and
and well-
well-
preparations, the value of herbs was of the
studied assessment of the resource is
estimated at Rs600,000
estimated Rs6oo,000 in 1986.
1986. needed, to be followed by a sound
management plan.

Lokta for hand-made paper Rosin and

Rosin and its derivatives
derivatives are used
used in paper
making, sizing, boot boot polish,
polish, adhesives,
Daphne spp.,
spp., locally
locally known
known asas "lokta,"
"lokta," has
has paints, printing inks, surface coatings,
been
been used
used asas raw
raw material
material for
forhand-made
hand-made varnishes, textiles, rubber
rubber making,
making, soap
soap
paper for a long
long time.
time. It is the
the basis
basis for an making, the tire industry, the the sporting goods
expanding cottage industry
expanding cottage industry with
with an annual
annual industry, and
industry, and many
many others.
others. Local
Local pro-
pro-
turnover of around
turnover around Rs10RslO million.
million. The duction has provided
duction provided much
much ne,oded
needed income
industry
industry provides
provides direct
direct employment
employment for for to collectors
collectors inin rural areas, and
and reduced the
about
about 1,500
1,500 families,
families, some
some ofof them
them the ne,ed to
need to import
import rosin
rosin and
and turpentine.
turpentine. The
poorest of the poor, living in remote, back-
poorest primary producers on
primary producers on average
average receive
receive Rs2
ward areas.
areas. per
per kilogram,
IdIogram, whichwhich is only about
is only about 10
10
percent of the
the total
total product
product value.
value.
The growing stock of of lokta was estimated at
about 100,000 tons
about 100,000 tonsinin 1984.
1984. Not
Not all of the
the Sal seed oil
growing stock is
growing stock is harvestable,
harvestable, as the bulk of
it grows
grows in
in remote
remote and
and difficult
difficult to
to access
access Aside from being
Aside from being aa major
major source
source of
areas. building timber, sal
building timber, sal (Shorea
(Shorea robusta)
robusta) is
is a
prolific producer
producer of seeds. Sal seed has a
seeds. Sal seed has
Resin and turpentine
Resin high
high oil content
content and
and the oil extracted
extracted from
from it
has many industrial and household
household uses.
Resin has
Resin has been
been tapped
tapped from
from pine trees
trees for
several decadesinin Nepal,
several decades Nepal, andand has
has great
great The
The actual authorized and
actual authorized and unauthorized
unauthorized
significance. It provides
economic significance.
economic provides raw raw collection
collection isis only
only about
about 41,000
41,000 tons
tons per
per
materials for
materials for domestic use and
domestic use and for
for the
the rosin year, only 6 percent of
year, of the
the potential,
potential, based
based
and turpentine industries recently established on the Indian
Indian yields.
yields. SalSal seed
seed is
is collected in
in the country.
country. Oleoresin
Oleoresin gums
gums are
are obtained
obtained Nepal
Nepal by four
four oil
oil industries
industries which
which receive
receive
native chir
from the native chirpine
pine(Pinus
(Pinta roxburghit)
roxburghil) quotas
quotas for monopoly
monopoly collection
collection in specific
specific
and blue
and pine (Pinus
blue pine (Pinus wallichina).
wallichina). Only
Only chir Most industries
areas. Most industries collect
collect through
through a
pine can
can be
be tapped
tapped economically,
economically, yielding network of small
network contractors who
small contractors who bring the
about 3 to
about to 55 kilograms
kilograms annually
annually per tree.tree. tins. Each
pods in tins. Each tintin usually
usually contains
contains about
Blue pine, which
which occurs
occurs at
at higher
higher altitudes
altitudes 10 to 12 kilograms
kilograms of of pods
pods andand the
the
yields
yields only
only about
about 11kilogram
kilogram annually
annually per per collectors
collectors areare paid
paid Rs3Rs3 toto 3.50
3.50 per tin tin
tree and is therefore usually not profitable to (about Rs0.40
(about Rs0.40 toto 0.50
0.50 perper kilogram).
kilogram). Each
tap. tin of pods yields about 7 kilogram of
tin of seeds
seeds
(about 62
(about 62 percent of actual pod weight).
weight).

75
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest Products Nepal

A comprehensive study related to collection, Although industrial

Although industrial paper
paper making
making in
in Nepal
processing, and marketing
processing, marketing is needed.
needed. small paper
is new, small have been
paper mills have been
operating since
operating 1986. These
since 1986. These paper mills
mills
Katha and Cutch
Cutch have been
have been designed
designed to take sabai grass and
and
straw as
straw as raw
raw material.
material. These
These mills
mills have
have a
Katha is an extract derived
derived from
from the
the combined capacity of about 70 tons per day.
day.
hardwood
hardwood ofof khair
khair (Acacia
(Acacia catechu)
catechu) byby
boiling. It is
is a aclay-colored
clay-colored crystalline
crystalline A country-wide
A country-wide data base on annual
substance used
substance used in
in the preparation
preparation of "pan," production
production of of sabai
sabai grass
grass does
does not
not exist.
exist.
a chewing material popular in Asia and East Based on
Based on studies
studies carried
carried out
out in
in a few
few dis-
dis-
Africa. tricts, the quantity
tricts, quantity which
which may
may bebe available
available
for commercial
for purposes in
commercial purposes in the
the Terai and
and
Cutch,
Cutch, a by-product
by-product ofof katha
katha production
production is Siwaliks
Siwaliks could
could be
be about
about 300,000 tons
tons of air
a black reddish
reddish gum resin which
which is used
used in dried material
material per annum.
annum.
tanning, dyeing and as a lubricant in oil-well
drilling. It is
is also
also traditionally
traditionally used
used for The Forest Survey
Survey and
and Research
Research Office
Office has
has
making medicines.
malcing estimated the cost
estimated the cost of sabai
sabai grass
grass for
for the
the
Nepal
Nepal Paper
Paper Industries Ltd. at Rs1.71
Industries Ltd. Rsl. 71 per
per
The future of the country's sixsix katha
katha plants
plants Idlogram.
kilogram. This
This was
was made
made up of Rs1.00
Rsl.OO to
will
will depend
depend on thethe availability
availability of Ichair,
khair, a RsO.36 for
collectors, Rs0.36 for transport
transport to
to depot
depot and
and
rapidly vanishing riverine tree. The Rs35
Rs35 for transport from depot
depot to
to factory.
factory.
sustainable annual
sustainable yield of khair from
annual yield from Terai
forests has declined
declined from 26,OOOm3 in 1979
from 26,000m3 1979 Rope-making machines have
Rope-making machines have been widely
widely
to about
about 8,400m3
8,400m3 in in 1988,
1988, while
while thethe total
total introduced in some villages bordering India
introduced
annual quota
annual quota of
of the six
six plants
plants isis almost
almost and it is estimated nearly 75
estimated that nearly 75 percent
percent of
38,OOOm
38,000m3.3. the
the sabai
sabai grass
grass being
being harvested
harvested for
for this
this
purpose.
purpose. There are ready buyers from India
The market
The for most
market for most of Nepal's
Nepal's katha
katha is who
who will
will pay
pay Rs31.00
Rs31.00 for 55 kilograms
kilograms of
Kanpur, India
Kanpur, India where
where the
the price
price of
of katha
katha rope.
varies from Rs80 to Rs250 per ldlogram
kilogram and
the price of cutch
cutch varies from
from Rs6 toto Rs13
Rs13 Bamboo and cane
Bamboo
per kilogram.
kilogram. TheThe price
price of
ofadulterated
adulterated
katha in
katha in Delhi
Delhi can
can be
be as
as low
low as Rs26
Rs26 per Bamboo and
Bamboo and cane are
are use,d
used extensively
extensively by
kilogram. Nepalese for
Nepalese for fodder,
fodder, toto make
make traditional
traditional
baskets, mats and furniture, and for building
Sabai Grass in rural areas.
areas. The
Thehabitat
habitat of
ofcommercially
commercially
exploitablebamboo
exploitable bambooand and cane
cane has
has been
been
Sabai grass (Eulaliopsis binata) is reduced brink of
reduced to the brink of disappearance.
disappearance.
used in rope
traditionally used
traditionally rope making
making and
and
thatching. For paper
paper malcing,
making, sabai is There are
There are still few
few scientific data on
scientific data on the
the
reputed to be superior to most most other
other identification, distribution, uses, and
available grasses.
available grasses. In
In India
India it has
has been
been used development
development prospects of bamboo, although
for paper making
making since
since 1870.
1870. this multiple-use
this plant isis an
multiple-use plant an integral
integral part
part of
Nepalese life.

76
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Nepal

EXPORTS
EXPORTS OF
OFNVVFPs
NWFPs 1981 to
1981 to 1985,
1985, UNICEF purchased about 1.6
million sheets for greeting cards. The
million sheets The value
value
Data on Nepal's
Nepal's NWFP NWFP trade trade vary of exports
exports of hand-made
hand-made paper has has varied
varied
considerably from one
considerably from one source
source to the the next.
next. between RsO.2
between Rs0.2 million and Rs1.2
million and Rs1.2 million
million
According to Trade Trade Promotion
Promotion Center between 1982 and 1986.
between
figures,
figures, Nepal annually
annually exports
exports more
more thanthan
90 percent of its crude drug drug harvest,
harvest, which
which There is no significant
There export of rosin
significant export rosin and
was
was worth
worth Rs16.5
Rs16.5 million
million in 1986-87.
1986-87. A A its derivatives
its derivatives fromfrom Nepal.
Nepal. Whatever
Whatever is
1986 FFAO
1986 AO estimate
estimate shows
shows thatthat the
the annual
annual domestically. If the
tapped is used domestically.
tapped the paper
export
export of medicinal
medicinal and and aromatic
aromatic plants
plants industry grows according to the projected
industry grows according to the projected
totals more than 1,000 ton worth demand for
demand for printing
printing and
and writing papers up
writing papers
approximately
approximately Rs Rs 31
31 million,
million, butbut the data to 21,700
to tons per
21,700 tons per year,
year, 945
945 tons
tons of rosin
rosin
sources are
sources are not
not known.
known. Data obtained
obtained from from derivatives would
derivatives would be be required.
required. If the other
the Foreign Trade Statistics of the resin-consuming industries grow at an
Department of Customs, Ministry of annual
annual rate of 5 percent,
percent, they
they will
will consume
consume
Finance, show that 6,263 tons
Finance, tons ofof medicinal
medicinal 2,900
2,900 tons
tons of resin
resin derivatives.
derivatives. ThusThus the the
plants
plants were
were exported
exported in in 1985-86,
1985-86, worth worth Nepalese consumptionof
Nepalese consumption of rosin
rosin andand its
Rs78 million. Ministry Finance data
Rs78 million. . Ministry of Finance data could increase
derivatives could increase to about
about 4,000
4,000
show a significant
show significant decline
decline in in exports
exports in in tons by the
tons by the year
year 2010.
2010. This
This means
means that if
1986-87, however,
1986-87, however, to only 361 tons, valued the
the rcisin
rosin industries expanded toto the
industries expanded the full
full
Rs17 million. This decline
million. This decline isis duedue toto the capacity that could
capacity that could bebe sustained
sustained by by thethe
imposition
imposition ofof aa ban on the the export
export of of crude
crude resource base, there should
resource base, there should still be about
be about
drugs in 1986.
drugs 1986. It is is suspected,
suspected, however,
however, 1,900 tons
1,900 tons of rosin
rosin and
and over 2,550 tons tons of
that
that a large volume of crude drugs are still
still turpentine available
available for
for export.
export. The markets
be exported unofficially,
unofficially, especially
especially to to India. for these volumes
volumes must be found found in nearby
nearby
countries. In the world market, resin
Exporting large quantities of medicinal
medicinal products are readily available from big pulp
products
plants and
plants and crude
crude drugs
drugs are
are not
not possible
possible mills which
mills produce them
which produce them as by by products
products
because
because regeneration cannot occur
regeneration cannot occur fast without raw material collecting costs.
without
enough. The
The export
export ofof medicinal
medicinal and
and
aromatic plants has diminished
aromatic plants diminished during
during the Four ofof the
the seven
seven oil extraction plants in the
last decade and product quality has declined. country have agreements with the
The uneven
The and often
uneven and poor quality
often poor quality of the Department
Department of of Forests
Forests to procure
procure 26,000
26,000
products is another reason.
reason. tons of sal
tons sal se,ed annually. Industry sources
seed annually.
claim that 2 million person-days are
Hand-madepaper
Hand-made paper from
from lokta
lokta isis used
used for
for a employed
employed in in the
the harvest
harvest season
season and
and that
that
variety of purposes, from legal Rs15
Rs15 million are paid
million are paid to the collectors.
collectors. Sal
documentation to
documentation to record-keeping
record-keeping papers,
papers, fat is used
used asas aa partial
partial substitute
substitute for
for cocoa
cocoa
religious scriptures, file
file folders,
folders, envelopes,
envelopes, butter in Japan, West Germany, Switzerland
Switzerland
greeting
greeting cards,
cards, and
and calendars.
calendars. The The total
total and Italy. Large quantities
and Italy. quantities of sal fat, either
either
consumption as
domestic consumption as offic,e
office paper comes crude,
crude, neutralized
neutralized or or dry fractioned,
fractioned, have
have
to about
to about 7.4
7.4 million
million sheets
sheets annually,
annually, or been exported to the United Kingdom, Japan
about 185
185 tons.
tons. Other end-users
end-users consume
consume and some other countries since 1970. Studies
the remaining
remaining 115
115 tons.
tons. Handmade
Handmade paper is documentingexport
documenting export quantities
quantities and
and their
their
only
only exported
exported in small
small quantities.
quantities. From values have not been carried out. out.

77
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Nepal

According
According toto the
the Trade
Trade Promotion
Promotion Center
Center intervention agency
government intervention agency which
which could
could
and Department of Customs, the the production
production ensure a more equitable price to the primary
of katha
katha and
and cutch
cutch has
has fluctuated
fluctuated between
between producer.
1,100 and 1,700 tons per year
year between
between 1980
1980
and 1985. In 1983-84 Nepal
Nepal exported 1,591
exported 1,591 There is no development
development plan
plan for non-wood
for non-wood
tons
tons of katha
katha and
and cutch,
cutch, mainly
mainly toto India,
India, forest products in Nepal as whole, and
forest products in Nepal as a whole, and
worth Rs60.6 million.
worth million. Total export value there
there is no
no special
special agency
agency dealing
dealing with
may
may still remain
remain about
about the
the same
same because
because them. Medicinal and aromatic herbs
them. Medicinal and aromatic herbs are a
rising prices have compensated for ,notable
notable exception, but even in this area little
decreasing quantities. has
has been
been done
done to organize
organize or regulate
regulate the
the
collection of plant
plant materials from the
Although the
Although the Indian
Indian paper industries
industries have forests.
been using
been using Nepal's
Nepal's sabai
sabai grass
grass for aa long
long
time, after the establishment of of paper
paper The entire sub-sector
The sub-sector ofof non-wood
non-wood forest
forest
industries in Nepal
industries in Nepal the
the Indian
Indian industries
industries products,
products, has not received the benefit of an
have been
have been discouraged
discouraged from
from purchasing
purchasing integrated development approach. The
Nepalese
Nepalese sabai. Thus there
sabai. Thus is now
there IS now no no economic plight
economic plight of the primary
primary producers,
producers,
significant export of sabai.
sabai. conservation of the ecosystems that
constitute the
constitute the resource
resource base,
base, management
management
Bamboo and cane are used
Bamboo and used traditionally
traditionally in plans for regulated extraction, and
Nepal.
Nepal. At
At present
present there
there is
is no
nosignificant
significant improvements
improvements in in trading
trading and processing all
export of bamboo from Nepal. A A long-term
long-term need to
need to be considered
considered asas parts
parts of the whole
development program
development program under
under the Ministry
Ministry of system.
Industries has been
been proposed
proposed to
to provide raw
materials for
materials for cottage
cottage industries
industries and
and to Lokta is the only NWFP for which
which an effort
contribute
contribute toto the
the basic
basic needs
needs policy
policy of has been
has been made
made to
to provide
provide aa better price to
HMGN. the primary producers, to regulate
harvesting for sustained
harvesting for yield, to introduce
sustained yield, introduce
COLLECTION AND
COLLECTION AM) PROCESSING
PROCESSING OF better
better technology for procurement
technology for procurement and and to
NWFPs secondary
add further downstream value by secondary
industries. Most of these
industries. Most these activities
activities have
have
non-wood forest
In general, non-wood forest products are an come as a result of
of UNICEF
UNICEF initiatives.
initiatives.
unorganized part of the
unorganized part the economy
economy in in which
which
the primary producers are
primary producers are at
at the
the mercy
mercy of With the exception of medicinal and
the traders.
the traders. The price paid to to the
the primary
primary plants and
aromatic plants and lokta,
lokta, there has been no
producers has
producers has no relation
relation toto the
the wholesale
wholesale assessment of the
assessment of the resource
resource base,
base, even
even for
price at the terminal
price market. The
terminal market. The share
share of important NWFPs. No
important NWFPs. No studies
studies have
have been
been
the primary producer
producer may be as little as 25 made on the collection and trading.
percent of the
percent the terminal
terminal wholesale
wholesale price,
price,
although
although in most cases
cases only
only transport
transport costs
costs EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL
EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL
are
are involved,
involved, and
and there
there isis nonoadditional
additional BENEFITS FROM
FROMNVVFPs
NWFPs
processing. Only
processing. Only aa few
few products,
products, including
including
sal seed,
sal seed, resin,
resin, sabai
sabai grass,
grass, and
andkhair
khair are For most
most minor
minor forest
forest products,
products, private-
private-
linked to processing
linked processing industries
industries in Nepal.Nepal. sector trade and the law of supply-and-
sector trade and the law of supply-and-
There is no monitoring system nor demand controls
demand the price
controls the price and
and market
market

78
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Nepal

network. The system

network. system is aa txaditional
traditional one, • to add value to the
the products
products through
through
based on traders
based traders financing
financing the
the collectors
collectors processing
processing sosothat
thataa part
part of the
the
during lean
during lean periods.
periods. The traders
The traders buybuy benefit flows back
benefit flows back to the
the primary
primary
everything the
everything the collectors
collectors bring,
bring, asas they
they producer, and so
producer, and so that
that the
the entire
entire
know the terminal
know terminal markets
markets and thethe current
current country
country may
may benefit
benefit in
in economic
economic
prices. The
The collectors
collectors want
want both
both to
to earn cash
cash terms.
and to purchase
purchase essential
essential commodities.
commodities. The
traders
traders commonly
commonly supply
supply collectors
collectors these
these It is recognized that at thethe operational
operational level,
goods
goods in advance,
advance, onon credit,
credit, and
and thereby
thereby there must
there must be aacorrect correct inventory
inventory and
and
gain a hold
hold over
over them.
them. evaluation of resources,
evaluation of resources, and there must be a
management plan to harvest these these resources
resources
Various agencies of of the government seem to on aasustained-yield
on sustained-yield basis. It is also
be
be unaware
unaware of the the predicament
predicament of the the recognized that
recognized that itit is necessary
necessary to build
build up
producers collectors. Collectors
primary producers or collectors. Collectors organizational structures (intervention and
organizational structures (intervention and
get Rs0.60
RsO.60 per kilogram for sal seeds,
kilogram for seeds, for operational agencies) which
operational agencies) which cancan assist
assist the
the
example, while
while their
their counter-parts
counter-parts in India,
India, private sector inin developing
developing production
production and
some
some 300 kilometers
kilometers away,
away, receive
receive three
three processing systems, and guarantee that a fair
times as much. Resin tappers get Rs1.50 to
times as much. Resin tappers get Rs1.50 to share of
share of the
the benefit
benefit goes
goes to primary
Rs2.00 per kilogram,
Rs2.00 kilogram, which
which again is about
about producers.
one
one third
third of the
the rate
rate paid
paid in
in India.
India. Sabai
grass
grass collectors
collectors get
get Rs0.40
RsO. 40 perper kilogram
kilogram Criteria
Criteria have been
been established
established to
to identify
identify
when
when they sell for for delivery
delivery to
to the
the Bhrikuti
Bhrikuti priority NVVFPs
NWFPs for for development.
development. Criteria
Paper Mills in Nepal. The factory rate price have also
also been
been set
set for
for the
the selection
selection of
of new
new
at the
the Bhrikuti
Bhrikuti Paper
Paper Mills,
Mills, however,
however, is is commodities that have
commodities importance to
have importance to the
supposed
supposed to be Rs1.25
RsI.25 per
per kilogram.
kilogram. national economy and
national economy and will provide
provide income
income
to the collectors.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS TO PROMOTE
NWFP A phased development program for the sub- sub-
sector
sector has been proposed.
proposed. The program
program isis
The Master Plan for Forestry
Forestry Sector
Sector Project
Project based on aa common
based common plan
plan for
fordeveloping
developing
(MPFSP) has formulated basic objectives for production, processing, and marketing
development of the minor forest
the development systems for medicinal
systems medicinal and aromatic
aromatic plants
plants
products sub-sector. These are: and other minor forest products and
strengthening institutional support including
including
• to increase
increase the
the supply
supply of
ofessential
essential policy reform,_
reform, resource assessment, research
commodities like drugs derived from and development, and extension.
extension.
medicinal and aromatic plants;
plants;

• to provide opportunities for the rural

people to earn
earn income;
income;

• to
to gradually
gradually shift
shift from
from dispersed
dispersed
collection to plantations and to
systematic resource management;
and

79
NOII- Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood

Resin extraction from chir pine (Pinus roxburghii).

Resin extraction from chir pine (Pinus roxburghii).

80
 Wood Forest
Non-Wood
NOll- Forest Products Pakistan

PAKISTAN

Mohammad
Mohamnzad Iqbal
lqbal Sial
Deputy Conservator of
Deputy of Forests
North West Frontier
North West Province, Pakistan
Frontier Province,

INTRODUCTION

Pakistan has
Pakistan has limited,
limited, but
but diverse,
diverse, forest In addition
addition to the
the natural
natural and
and man-made
man-made
resourcesspread
resources spreadoveroveranan area
area of 4.37
4.37 forests mentioned
forests above, considerable
mentioned above, considerable tree
million hectares, or
million hectares, or about
about 5 percent
percent of the
the growth exists
growth exists on
on farmlands.
farmlands. According
According to to a
country's total area. Areas
country's Areas under
under different
different recent
recent survey,
survey, the farmlands
farmlands in thethe North
North
forest types
forest types in
in the
the country
country are shown
shown inin West Frontier
Frontier Province
Province(NWF'P)
(NWFP) alone carry
Table 1. a total growing stock of 80 million
million trees (14
millioncubic
million cubicmeters),
meters),i.e.,
i.e., 46
46 trees
trees or
or 8
Table 1. Distribution of forest types in
cubic
cubic meters
meters per hectare
hectare (Amjad,
(Amjad, 1990).
1990).
Pakistan Results
Results ofof the
the survey
survey inin other
other provinces
provinces
been compiled.
have not yet been compiled.
Area Percent of total
Forest type (1,000 ha)
The forests
forests in
in Pakistan,
Pakistan, besides
besides providing
providing
Coniferous 1,870 43 timber, firewood, water, wildlife and
forests
recreation, also
recreation, also supply
supply products
products known
known as
Scrub forests 1,683 39 forest produce"
"minor forest produce" in the official
(dry sub- terminology
terminology of of the
the Forest
ForestDepartment.
Department.
tropical broad
These include the following:
leaved and
tropical thorn
-forests) A. Food products
Irrigated 200 4
plantations
Mores
Morels
Honey
Rivenne 290 7 Wild fruits and nuts
nuts
forests Vegetables
Coastal 283 6 Condiments
mangroves
B. Medicinal plants
Others (linear 40 1
plantations
mazri, etc.) C. Industrial products
Total 4,366 100 1
Resin
Source: FAOIRAPA. 1m
Sou...,." FAO/RAPA, 1987
Babul bark
Bhabar grass

D. Fibers
Fibers(e.g.
(e.g.mazri
mazrileaves)
leaves)

81
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Pakistan

E. Silk cocoons
cocoons The morels are purchased
purchased by local
local grocers
grocers
or roving
roving purchasers who sell
purchasers who sell them
them to
to
F. Miscellaneous products dealers in nearby towns. The dealers sell the
morels to wholesalers in Mingora,
Soap-nut Rawalpindi and Peshawar. From the
Walnut bark wholesalers the mushrooms
wholesalers the mushrooms go to big cities
cities
Palosa gum such as Karachi,
such Karachi, Lahore
Lahore and
and Islamabad.
Islamabad.
leaves
Neem leaves Some
Some of thethe wholesalers
wholesalers in Minogora
Minogora are
are
exporters as well.
well.
The importance of these products cannot be
over-emphasized as they provide job The entire quantity
quantity of morels
morels is
is exported,
exported,
opportunitiestoto aa large
opportunities large number
number of rural
rural generating Rs130 to
generating Rs130 to 150
150 million
million (1(1US$
US$ =
1991). They also
people (Iqbal, 1991). also augment the Rs.25)in
Rs.25)in foreign
foreign exchange
exchange (Shah,
(Shah, 1991).
1991).
meager income of rural poor
meager income poor (Sheikh
(Sheikh and
and Except for drying, de-stalking,
de-stalking, grading
grading and
and
1977). Some
Hafeez, 1977). Some of of them,
them, such
such asas fumigating, no further processing is
morels,
morels, are an
an important source
source of
of valuable
valuable involved. To
involved. To increase
increase the
the supply
supply base,
base,
foreign exchange.
foreign exchange. TheThe term "minor
"minor forest
forest technology for their
technology for their cultivation
cultivation needs
needs to
to be
therefore misleading
produce" is therefore misleading because
because the
the developed and
developed and standardized for the benefit
standardized for benefit
products are
are not
not minor
minor at all in
at all in their of the forest dwellers (Iqbal, 1991).
1991).
economic significance.
Honey
The initials
initials of the
the term
term "non-wood
"non-wood forest
forest
products" are the
products" are the same
same as
as those
those of the,
the, Honey collected
Honey collected from
from wild
wild beehives is an
beehives is
North
North West Frontier
Frontier Province.
Province. Therefore,
Therefore, important source
important sourceof of nutrition,
nutrition, asas well
well as
the term non-timber forest produce (NTFP)
(NTFP) income for
income for forest
forest dwellers
dwellers in thethe country.
country.
has been adopted for this
adopted for this paper.
paper. ItIt implies
implies Between55
Between 55 to
to 65
65 tons of of honey
honey are
are
all the tangible
tangible products
products produced
produced by by collected
collected each
each year in the country from wild
forests,
forests, other
other than
than timber
timber and
and firewood,
firewood, beehives by
beehives by about
about 15,000 persons (Ahmad
(Ahmad
which are
which are used
used byby people.
people. InIn the
the stricter
stricter and Muzaffar,
and Muzaffar, 1987;
1987; Iqbal, 1991).
1991).
sense, the term
sense, term should
should include
include wildlife
wildlife and
and
bush meat, butbut these
these have
have not
not been
been covered
covered Traditional beekeeping
Traditional beekeeping by by rearing colonies
colonies
in this paper. of Oriental
Oriental bees
bees (Apis
(Apis cerana)
cerana) in earthen
earthen
pots
pots and
and log hollows fixed in
hollows fixed in the
the walls
walls of
FOOD PRODUCTS the houses
houses is popular among women living
in remote
in remote forest areas in
forest areas in the
the north
north and
and
Morels northwest parts
northwest parts of
of the
the country.
country. The number
of these
of these beehives
beehives is is 35,000
35,000 to to 40,000,
40,000,
A variety
variety of
of black
black mushrooms
mushrooms or
or morels
morels producingabout
producing about5050 tons
tons of honey.
honey. The
The
(Morchella esculenta, M.conica, M. honey is
honey is sold
sold to local grocers
grocers at Rs60 to 8080
etc.), grow
anqusticipt, etc.), grow naturally in the
naturally in the per ldlogram.
kilogram. AnAn average
average colony
colony yields 4 to
temperate forests of Pakistan between 1,800 5 kilograms honey, but 35
kilograms of honey, 35 to 45 percent
and 3,000 meters
meters above sea level. About
About 5050 of the colonies are sub-standard and produce
tons of dried morels are collected
collected each year little
little or nono honey
honey (Ahmad
(Ahmad and and Muzaffar,
Muzaffar,
by about
about 150,000
150,000 forest
forest dwellers,
dwellers, mainly
mainly 1987).
children and women.
women.

82
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Pakistan
Palalstan

A recent survey (Iqbal, 1991), observed that a fortnight

fortnight until
until they open. The seeds
they open. seeds are
Oriental bees do
Oriental bees do not colonize
colonize the hives
hives as
as then extracted by striking
striking the
the cones
cones against
against
frequently as
frequently as they
they did
did 10
10 to 12
12 years
years ago,
ago, a hard surface.
surface.
possibly because the local bees are unable to
compete with the 20,000 colonies of The pine nuts are roasted by by mixing
mixing them
them in
European bees (A.
(A. mellifera)
melli/era) brought by the a special
special kind
kind ofof soil
soil in
iniron
ironcontainers
containers
Afghan refugees into the tracts. placed
placed over fire.
fire. The
The roasted
roasted nuts
nuts are
are sold
sold
Consequently, natural
Consequently, natural populations
populations ofof the at Rs1,500 per 40 kilograms.
kilograms. Total value of
local bees have dwindled. To overcome
overcome the
the million per year.
produce is about Rs37.5 million year.
problem and to augment income of the rural
women,
women, it is recommended
recommended thatthat modern
modem In addition
addition to
to domestic
domestic consumption,
consumption, the
the
beekeeping with European
beekeeping with European bees
bees should
should be pine nuts are exported
exported to the
the Middle
Middle East.
East.
introduced among the traditional
traditional beekeepers Information on the
Information on the export
export of pine
pine nuts
nuts
1991).
(Iqbal, 1991). during
during the last five years
years is given
given in
in Table
Table
2, which
which indicates
indicates that
that about
about 271
271 tons
tons of
The entire
The entire production
production ofof honey
honey is used
used pine nuts are exported
pine exported each
each year,
year, fetching
fetching
within the country as food
within food and in a number
number Rs6.3 million.
million.
of medicinal formulations. Although modem
modern
gaining popularity
beekeeping is gaining popularity in
in the
Table 2. Export of roasted pine nuts from
country, the
country, the demand for honey
demand for honey cannot
cannot be Pakistan
met and
met and honey worth Rs3
honey worth Rs3 to
to 4 million
million is
imported each year.
year. Ilia
Quantity Value value
Year (tons) (1,000 Rs) (Ita/kg)
Wild fruits
fruits and nuts 1986 768 11,131 14.49
1987 234 6,996 29.7$
A variety of
of wild
wild fruits
fruits and
and nuts
nuts is
is collected
collected 1988 105 2,800 26 59
1989 122 4,063 332ft
by forest dwellers, both for domestic 1990 125 6,719 53.72V
consumptionand
consumption andforfor sale.
sale. Some
Some of the the
Mange 271 6,342 31,$7
ones are
important ones are discussed
discussed below:
below:
otatWkaI bulletin, Federal
Source: Monthly statistical B~u of
FedenI Bureau or Statistics,
Statlotks,
Pine nut: Roased seeds of Pinus Statistics
staLW!cs Division, or Pakistan
Division, Govt. of Paklstan

gerardiana, locally
locally known
known as
as chalghoza
chalghoza
pine,
pine, are
are aa popular
popular dried
dried fruit.
fruit. Natural
Natural Walnuts: Walnut
Walnuts: Walnut Juglans
Juglans regia)
regia) kernels
kernels are
forests
forests of pine occur
occur in
in the
the dry
dry temperate
temperate a favourite dry fruit in the
the country.
country. Walnut
Walnut
zone
zone in near the
in Waziristan, near the Pakistan-
Pakistan- trees
trees grow
grow naturally
naturally between
between 1,500
1,500 and
and
Afghanistan borderand
Afghanistan border and in
in some parts of
some parts 3,000 meters in the northern and
Baluchistan and the NWFP. A tree yields 20 cultivated form,
northwestern mountains. In cultivated
of nuts.
to 40 kilograms of nuts. Total
Total production
production in
in they grow at about 1,000 meters.
the
the country
country is estimated
estimated 21,000
21,000 tons
tons of
of Production isis about
Production about 20,000
20,000 tons
tons per year.
year.
comes from
which 95 percent comes from Baluchistan.
Baluchistan. The
The bulk is produced NWFP and Azad
produced in NWFP and Azad
Kashmir.
Kashmir. The average wholesale price is Rs
Seeds
Seeds are collected
collected from
from the
the still-green
still-green 10 per kilogram.
10 kilogram. The total annual value of
cones by climbing
cones climbing the
the trees
trees and
and wrenching
wrenching the
the produce
produce is about
about Rs200
Rs200 million.
million. The
The
off the
the cones
cones with
with hooks
hooks attached
attached to long
long average number of walnut trees per
poles.
poles. The cones are then
cones are then buried
buried for
for about
about household isis 5 and average
household average production
production per

83
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Pakiston
Pakistan

tree is 115
115 ldlograms
kilograms (Iqbal,
(Iqbal, 1991).
1991). About
About Vegetables
35,000
35,000 families
families are
are involved
involved in walnut
walnut
production. The entire production is Kachnal:
Kachnal: Unopened
Unopened flower
flower buds
buds of
of the tree,
consumed within the country.
consumed country. Bauhinia variegata,
Bauhinia variegata, are collected as
collected as aa
favorite vegetable.
favorite vegetable. The tree is cultivated
cultivated in
Wild persirnrnon:
persimmon: The The wild
wild persimmon tree plains
plains and sub-mountainous tracts. Flower
sub-mountainous tracts. Flower
(Diaspyros lotus)
(Diaspyros lotus) grows naturally
naturally between
between buds which
which appear·
appear from
from March to April are
600
600 andand 1,800
1,800 meters
meters in thethe north
north and
and collected by
collected by climbing
climbing the
the trees
trees 22 to 3 times
mountains. The fruit is purple,
northwestern mountains. a season. Collection of of individual buds from
globoid
globoid or ovoid,
ovoid, and 1212 to
to 20
20 millimeters
millimeters a tree is aa tedious
tedious process.
in diameter, is sweet, and can
sweet, and can be
be eaten fresh
or dried.
dried. Semi-dried
Semi-dried fruits
fruits are
are collected
collected An average
An average tree
tree yields
yields 20 to 25 25 ldlograms.
kilograms.
from the trees in in November
November and and December.
December. Total production
production in Pakistan is estimated
estimated to
An average tree yields 120 120 Idlograms
kilograms of dry be 30 tons,
tons, of
of which
which 20
20 tons
tons areare produced
produced
fruit. estimated at about
fruit. Total production is estimated about in NWFP. Wholesale price is Rs5 Rs5 to 10 per
800 tons
800 tons (Iqbal, 1991), most of which
1991), most of which ldlogram.
kilogram. The vegetable is cooked fresh as as
comes from
comes from NWFP.
NWFP. Actual
Actual production
production is All of
well as in dried form. All of itit isis consumed
consumed
more,
more, but not all of it is is collected.
collected. Most of country.
within the country.
the
the fruit
fruit goes
goes to to waste.
waste. TheThe number
number ofof
households involved in collecting persimmon Suhanjna: TheThedrumstick,
drumstick, or orhorseradish,
horseradish,
is about 2,000 (Iqbal, 1991).
1991). tree (Moringa
(Moringa oleifera),
oleifera) , locally
locally known
known as as
"suhanjna,"
"suhanjna," is cultivated
cultivated on aa limited
limited scale
scale
The current
The current wholesale price is
wholesale price is Rs3.50
Rs3.50 to
to in irrigated
irrigated plains of the
the country
country primarily
primarily
3.75 per kilogram and the total value of the for its partially opened inflorescences.
produce
produce has
has been estimated to be Rs2.8 to
estimated to to These are eaten
These are as a vegetable.
eaten as vegetable. There
There is a
3.0 million.
million. supply of about 10 tons, which
small supply which isis used
used
domestically. Prices average
domestically. Prices averageRsRs 77 to
to 8 per
Wild
Wild persimmon
persimmon is considered
considered an inferior
inferior kilogram.
lcilogram.
fruit. It is
is perishable
perishable and and deteriorates
deteriorates in
storage. All of
storage. of itit isis consumed
consumed domestically.
domestically. Kunjai: (Dryopteris
Kunjai: felix-mas) isis a male
(Dryopteris felix-mas) male
fern which grows in moist temperate forests
Other wild
wild fruit:
fruit: Small
Small quantities
quantities of
of wild
wild in the
in the country
country at 1,500
1,500 toto 3,000
3,000 meters.
meters.
fruit such
fruit such as gurgura
gurgura (Reptonia
(Reptonia buxtfolia);
buxifolia); Women, while
Women, while going
going to forests forfor grazing
grazing
deela (Capparis
deela (Capparis aphlla),
aphlla) , pelu
pelu (Salvadora
(Salvadora livestock or collecting firewood,
firewood, colle,ct
collect the
oleoides),
oleo jujube (Zizyphus
ides) , jujube spp.),, sumal
(Zizyphus spp.) sumal fern.
fern. It is available
It is available from mid-April
mid-April to to mid-
mid-
lycium) , guch (Viburnum
(Berberis lycium), May. Total
May. productionisis 15
Total production 15 to
to 20
20 tons
tons
nervosum),
nervosum) , wild
wild fig
fig (Ficus
(Ficus glometra)
glometra) and (Iqbal,
(Iqbal, 1991),
1991), all of
of which
which is is used
used locally.
locally.
mulberry (Morus
mulberry (Moras alba)
alba) are
are collected
collected byby Average retail
Average price is Rs7 to 88 per
retail price per
men, women and children for domestic use, kilogram.
Idlogram.
often eaten on
often eaten on the
the spot.
spot. The
The wild
wild fruit
fruit is
is
collected by graziers in the forests. Condiments
Occasionally small quantities appear in local
(RAPA, 1987).
towns for sale (RAPA, 1987). Wild pomegranate
Wild seeds: Dried
pomegranate seeds: Dried seeds
seeds of
wild pomegranate (Punica granatum),
locally known
locally known as
as "anar
"anar dana," are
are widely
widely

84
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Pakistan

used
used in cooldng
cooking to develop
develop a sour
sour taste
taste in is collected
collected before ripening.
ripening. The plants are
have medicinal
dishes. They also have medicinal properties. dried
dried and
and fruits are
are thrashed
thrashed out,
out, cleaned,
cleaned,
The tree grows naturally in sub-mountainous and stored in bags.
bags.
tracts
tracts of the
the country
country from
from 900
900 to
to 1,800
1,800
meters.
meters. Flowers
Flowers appear
appear in April
April and
and May
May Total
Total production is about 300 tons
production is tons (Khan,
(Khan,
and the fruit is ready for harvesting in
and the fruit is ready for harvesting in all which
1985), all which isisconsumed
consumed locally.
September
September and and October.
October. An
An average
average tree
tree Wholesale prices range from Rs160
Wholesale prices Rsl60 to 180
180
yields 15
yields 15 to 25 kilograms of fresh fruit. per kilogram.
kilogram.

Total production
Total production of of the
the fruit
fniit is about
about 250
250 MEDICINAL PLANTS
tons, of which two-thirds comes
which two-thirds comes from
from
NWFP and one-third from the Punjab. The Because of its varied environment, Paldstan
Because Pakistan
fruit yields
fruit yields 90
90 to 95 tons
tons of
of dried
dried seed
seed and
and is rich in medicinal herbs.
herbs. The country's list
about 100
about 100 tons
tons of skin.
skin. The skin is used
used by of plants
plants is quite
quite long
long (Zaman
(Zaman and
and Khan,
Khan,
tanneries
tanneries in Punjab. 1970), but all of the plants are not exploited
1970),
commercially. A
commercially. A survey
survey conducted
conducted by thethe
Production
Production ofof fresh
fresh pomegranate
pomegranate fruit
fruit is
is Paldstan Forest Institute records 320
Pakistan
estimated at 35
estimated at 35 kilograms
kilograms per
per household
household medicinal plants, growing in different
(Iqbal, 6,000 to 7,000
(Iqbal, 1991). About 6,000 7,000 families ecological zones
ecological zones (RAPA,
(RAPA, 1987).
1987).AA list
list of
collect
collect wild
wild pomegranate fruits. The seeds
pomegranate fruits. seeds commercially important
commercially important medicinal
medicinal plants is
are
are extracted by about
extracted by about 150
150 to
to 200
200 old
old provided
provided in Table 3.
women who work
women who work in the
the warehouses
warehouses of
dealers.
dealers. The women
women generally
generally dodo not like
like All these plants grow wild and no effort has
stains their
the work because it stains their hands.
hands. been made to to cultivate
cultivate them.
them. Pakistan
Paldstan Forest
Forest
Institute has
Institute has standardized
standardized the
the methodology
methodology
The entire production of Paldstan Pakistan is of cultivation
cultivation of of aa number
number ofofimportant
important
consumed within the
consumed within the country.
country. It is not medicinal
medicinal herbs
herbs (Khan
(Khan and 1989)
and Zaidi, 1989)
enough to
enough to meet
meet local
local demand
demand andand some
some
quantities are
quantities are imported from Iran.
imported from Iran. The
The Methods of
of collection
collection
Iranian anar
Iranian anar dana
dana is,
is, however,
however, of inferior
inferior
quality because
quality because of its sweetish
sweetish taste and is
is The collection of medicinal plants is
mostly used in pharmaceutical
mostly pharmaceutical preparations
preparations controlled by the Forest Department.
controlled by Department. Three
by local Greco-Arab pharmacies.
pharmacies. methods of collection
methods collection are practised
practised (Iqbal,
(Iqbal,
1991; RAPA, 1987;
1991; RAPA, 1987; and Khan,
Khan, 1985):
1985):
Caraway: (Carum
(Carum carvi),
carv,), known locally as
known locally as
"zeera
"zeera siah," is widely used to flavor bread,
bread, 41» Leasing the area
Leasing the area for
for collection
collection of
biscuits, cakes
biscuits, cakes and cheese. It is
and cheese. is also
also an
an medicinal herbs. This method is used
ingredient
ingredient ofof pickling
pickling spice.
spice.ItIt is
is aa mild
mild in the Hazara forests
forests in NWFP.
stomachic and carminative,
stomachic carminative, occasionally
used for flatulent colic and as an adjuvant or Collection by
Collection by the traders from
from local
local
corrective for medicines
medicines (CSIR, 1950).
1950). people who pay nominal royalties
royalties to
the Forest Department. This
This method
method
The
The plant
plant is aa perennial
perennial herb
herb with
with thick
thick is common
common in the
the Malakand
Malakand forests
forests
tuberous roots. It grows wild in dry in NWFP.
temperate regions of the country.
temperate regions country. The fruit

85
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Pakistan

Table 3. Commercially important medicinal plants collected from foresta in Pakistan

Estimated
quantities
extracted
annually Priee
Name Botanical name Part used (tons) (Rs/kg) Export potential; comments

Mushk-e-Bala Valentina wallicim Roots 300-400 40-50 About 150 tons exported to
Hong Kong and Germany alts,
40-50 per kg,

Fersosban. Adtantam capillas Whole plant 100-125 6-8 About 15-20 tong exportad to
(maiden hair gertnanY etteh Yeat. Extraotion
fern) can be increased up to 1,000
tons per year.

Anjabar Polygonurn Roots 40 10

amplexicule

Unab Zszyphus vulgaris Fruits 30-40 10-12 -

Hub-al-as Mynas comanunis Fruits and 40-45 40 ,,

(Munru) leaves

13anafsha Viola serpear Flowers 30 100-240 Upto 200 tons can be collected
Leaves 40 15 easily
,
Suranjan-e, Colchicum lateum Corma 12 60 Entire quantity is exported to
Telkh Seeds 2 125-150 Germany, South Africa, France
and Bulgaria

Ban Kakri Podophyllum emodi Rhizomes and 30-60 40-45 Exported to Belgium
roots

Kamila ltiallotus Fruits 4-5 40-50 .

philippensis
Mamelch Paeorria emodi Rhizomes 18 22 -

Afsantine Artemis:a marinnta Leaves/ 100-150 15

shoots

Ajwam Carum coptrcum Seeds 200 1$ -

Chiratta Swertia chirata Twigs 30 28

Witch Acorus calamar Roots 10 24 -

Darhald or Berberts tyclum Wood 600 10

Meda Chob Roots 120 14

Khurasani Hyocyamus niger Seeds 2 20 -

Ajwain Sisymbrium trio Seeds 50 10 -

Khaksir

Ajwain Carne copticum Seeds 200 15 ,,,

86
NOll- Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Pakistan
Pakistall

,
Zeera &aft Caram cart); Seeds 10 160-180 -

Bantu Booti Centella astatica Whole plant 12 32

Meetha Tecla Aconitam chasmanthum Roots 4 25

or sufaid Mori

Alta Aconttunt hetero phyllunt Roots 2 250 -

Kamz (Yam) rtioseorea deltodea Rhizome 230 16 Kunlun Chemical purchases it

' @Its 4-5 per kg. Also
repotted to be exported to
Japan

Angoor shefa Atropa acummata Whole plant 10 12 -

(Belladona) -

Barg-u; Azra Digitalis putpurea Whole plant 10 10 -

(Foxglove)

Bhatkar Adhatoda vasica Leaves 20 $

Bhang Cannabis sativa Whole plant 20 10 -

Panir Dodt Withania coagulans Fruit 125 $ Khyber Ageney, Waziristan

Asgand Wnhania sominfera Roots 32 35 taziatttput, Peshawar Exported

to India
Amaltas Cassia fistula Pods
150 15 Hariput and Gadoon
Baid Mushk Salbc alba Bark 10 18 Mardan, Peshaw Swabi,
Rustam
Jangli piaz Urginea indica Bulbs 6 30 Rustrun, Kot, Butter
Scilla

Indrayan °trains colocynthus Fruits 12 9 Risalpur, Ntzampur, Peshawar

(Colocynth)

Asmama Éphedra nebrodemsis Twigs 780 43 Baluchistan

Source: Iqbal, 1991 and Khan, 1985

Source: 1985

87
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Pakistan

Marketing
• In Azad Kashmir, the Forest
Department auctions off fixed The herbs
The herbs are
are sold either dried
sold either dried or fresh
fresh to
quantities. the local grocers
grocers who
who sell them
them to
to whole-
whole-
salers.
salers. The
The wholesalers sell them
wholesalers sell them toto the
the
The method
method adopted
adopted inin Malakand
Malakand forests
forests pharmaceutical concerns or
pharmaceutical concerns or to exporters.
has given encouraging results. It is flexible
encouraging results. flexible
and competitive because of the absence
competitive because absence of Processing plants
Processing
unnecessary controls of the Forest
Department.
Department. AsAs aa result, Mingora
Mingora has has There is only
There only one
onestate-owned
state-owned processing
processing
emerged
emerged as one of the biggest trading cen-
of the biggest trading cen- plant, Kurram Chemicals Ltd., Ltd. , in
tres
tres of
of medicinal
medicinal herbs
herbs in
in the
the country.
country. Rawalpindi.
Rawalpindi. ItIt uses
uses Artemisia
Arlemisia martitima,
martitima,
Some of the traders
traders in
in Mingora
Mingora also
also export
export yam roots (Dioscorea deltoidea)deftoidea) and
medicinal herbs. Ephdedra nebrodensis
nebrodensis as rawraw materials
materials toto
alkaloids. The factory, which used to
extract alkaloids.
Role of forest dwellers
dwellers process
process 100
100 tons
tons aa year,
year, stopped
stopped using
using
Artemisia
Arlemisia maritima two two years
years ago
ago because
because
Collection
Collection is is done
done by thethe forest
forest dwellers
dwellers of the availability of synthetic
synthetic substitutes.
substitutes.
living in remote valleys,
living valleys, people who go
people who go to The factory has capacity to process 560 tons
forests to graze
forests graze their
their livestock,
livestock, cut
cut grass,
grass, of yam root to extract
extract diosgenin, but it was
collect firewood
collect firewood and mushrooms.
mushrooms. AkramAkram only able to procure 240 tons
tons last year.
year. The
and Sabir
and Sabir (1990)
(1990) describe
describe thethe process
process of yam roots are purchased at the the factory
factory gate
collecting: for Rs5 per kilogram.
kilogram.

"It is an
an unusual
unusual observation,
observation, while
while having
having The factory
The factory is also
also capable
capable of ofprocessing
processing
tea in aaway-side
tea way-side hotel
hotel inin the
themountain
mountain 1200
1200 tons
tons ofof Ephedra
Ephedra nebrodensis
nebrodensis into into
range ofof Himalaya in Pakistan that workmen ephedrin each
each year.
year. All of its
its supplies
supplies come
descendingfrom
descending fromaa hill
hill top
top with
with aa load
load of from
from Baluchistan,
Baluchistan, where the the plant
plant contains
contains
firewood,
firewood, hand
hand over
over a small
small collection
collection of 0.7 to
to 11 per
percent
centephedrin.
ephedrin. Extraction
Extraction is
mushrooms or
mushrooms or aa bundle
bundle of Swertia herb to
Swertia herb done between
between September
September andand October each
the shopkeeper.
the shopkeeper. The tea tea shopowner,
shopowner, whenwhen year, when the Forest Department gives out
asked about the
asked about the fate
fate of the
the herb,
herb, took
took us
us contracts. Contractors supply the material to
inside a spacious mud room, used as a store, the
the factory
factory atat Rawalpindi.
Rawalpindi. The The extraction
extraction
where jute bags
bags full
full of
of dried
dried Swertia
Swertia were
were charges established
established by the contractor and the
kept for anan expected
expected buyer."
buyer. " department are paid by the factory
management
management to to the contractors. Moreover,
Moreover,
A survey
survey by
by Iqbal
Iqbal (1991)
(1991) in NWFP, found
found an amount
amount of Rs5 Rs5 per ldlogram
kilogram is also paid
men, women
21,000 men, women and
and children
children involved
involved by the factory
by factory management
management to to the forestry
forestry
in collection
collection of medicinal
medicinal herbs.
herbs. No such
such department in
department in royalties.
royalties. During
During 1990,
1990, the
information isis available
information available for
for other
other parts
parts of factory paid
factory paid RsO.
Rs0.95 per kilogram
95 per kilogram to to the
the
the country. contractors in
contractors in additon
additon toto paying
paying Rs5Rs5 to the
departmentasas royalty.
department royalty. Thus,
Thus, total
total cost
cost of
raw material
raw material waswas Rs1.08
Rsl.08 per per ldlogram.
kilogram.
During 1990, total supply of the plant to the
factory was
factory was 780
780 tons,
tons, 65
65 percent
percent of of its

88
 Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Pa!dsliln
Pakistan

installed capacity. Method of extraction:

extraction: The
The French
French method
method
1888, is still
of resin tapping, introduced in 1888, still
Recommendations Trees under 30 centimeters in
in use. Trees under 30 centimeters in
diameter ~e
diameter are not tapped.
tapped. Trees
Trees between
between 30 30
All medicinal
All herbs in
medicinal herbs in the
the country
country are
are and 57 centimeters
and centimeters areare given 11 blaze
blaze and
and
obtained from the wild. There There' is no those
those above
above 57 centimeters are given
centimeters are given 22
cultivation and no
cultivation and no efforts are made
efforts are made to to blazes.
replenish sources. As a result, production of
plants such as Valerina wallichii
wallichii and
and When
When, a tree is tapped
tapped for the first
first time,
time, a
deltoidea has declined. To
Dioscores delloidea To ensure
ensure 20-centimeter broad cut
20-centimeter broad cut is made
made about
about 15 15
a sustainable
sustainable supply
supply of
of medicinal
medicinal herbs,
herbs, centimeters above ground level.
centimeters above ground level. A thin
thin
cultivation
cultivation of important medicinal
medicinal herbs in sheet of iron, 15
sh~t 15 centimeters
centimeters long
long and
and 55
forest areas should be encouraged, ,centimeters wide, is hammered
centimeters hammered into this this cut
cut
particularly those with
with export potential.
potential. For to form
to form aa lip.
lip. Above
Above thethe lip
lip aa 1515 x 12 12
this
this purpose,
purpose, long-term
long-term leases
leases should
should bebe centimeter gash is IS made in the wood. This is
given to interested parties. called
called a "channel,"
"channel," or "blaze."
"blaze." AnAn earthern
earthem
pot is hung below the lip to collect the resin.
The Pakistan Forest
Forest Institute
Institute has
has developed
developed The blaze is freshened
freshened every week. At each each
technology to cultivate some of the freshening,
freshening, the length of of blaze
blaze isis increased
increased
commercially
commercially important
important medicinal
medicinal herbs by
by about
about 0.80.8 centimeters.
centimeters. TheThe process
process
(Khan and
(Khan and Zaidi, 1989). These results
1989). These results need
need continues for about 5 years,
continues for about 5 years, after which a
which
to be disseminated among the forest dwellers new blaze is started about 15 centimeters to
along with
along with other
other extension
extension services.
services. The
The the left of the old one. At each freshening of
supply base needs to be widened to increase the blaze,
blaze, the resin
resin from
from the
the clay
clay pot
pot goes
goes
job and
and income
income opportunities
opportunities for forest
forest into an
into an empty
empty kerosene
kerosene tin.tin. The tinstins are
are
dwellers. achieved by including
dwellers. This can be achieved transported to
transported to roadside
roadside depots
depots and and from
from
cultivation
cultivation of of medicinal herbs in
medicinal herbs in social there to the resin processing
processing factories. This This
,forestry
,forestry programs. method yields
method yields 1.5
1.5 to
to 2 ldlograms
kilograms of resin resin
per tree
tree each
each season
season (Sheikh
(Sheikh andand Hafeez,
Hafeez,
In light of
of the
the success
success of
of the
the experience
experience in 1977).
the Malakand
Malakand Forest, thatthat model
model should
should bebe
replicated in other
replicated in other places
places in the coutnry to The operation of resin tapping is carried out
encourage collectionand
encourage collection and toto develop
develop the
the manually with small
manually with small hand
hand tools. It is
trade to the
the advantage
advantage ofof forest
forest dwellers.
dwellers. seasonal and lasts
seasonal and lasts for
for 7 to
to 88 months
months from
from
March/April to to October/November.
October/November. The The
work
work is labor
labor intensive
intensive and
and affords
affords job
job
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS opportunities to some 2,000 workers
(Khattak and 1981.)
and Amjad, 1981.)
Resin
One problem
problem is that
that extraction
extraction contractors
contractors
Resin
Resin is obtained
obtained by tapping
tapping the chir pine
pine are not careful
are careful in maidng
making blazes and as
blazes and as a
(Pinus roxburghir)
roxburghu) trees.
trees. Chir
Chir pine
pine forests
forests result many trees are damaged. The situation
occur primarily in the
occur primarily the Punjab
Punjab (60,000
(60,000 is exacerbated when the resin blazes
exacerbated when blazes catch
catch
hectares), Azad Kashmir (60,000 hectares), fire and valuable
fire butt logs
valuable butt logs are scarred
scarred and
and
and the NWFP (80,000
(80,000 hectares).
hectares). damaged (Iqbal, 1980).
damaged (Iqbal, 1980). For these reasons,
these reasons,

89
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Pakistan

the
the Forestry
Forestry Department in Punjab
Department in Punjab has
has Rsll.55 per ldlogram
Rs11.55 kilogram in Azad Kashmir. The
stopped resin extraction and its rosin factory wholesale price of
wholesale price of rosin
rosin and
and turpentine
turpentine is
at Jallo has been closed.
closed. Rs28.82 per ldlogram
kilogram and Rs27.08 per liter,
respectively,
respectively, at the factory gate.
Resin extraction and processing are
controlled by
controlled by the
the Government
Government through
through its
its Vegetable tanning
Vegetable
Departments.
Forestry Departments.
Bark or "babul"
Bark "babuI" (Acacia
(Acacia nilotica)
nilotica) isis the
the
The
The average
average production of crude
production of crude resin
resin used in vegetable tanning of
principal agent used
during the last 10 years is 4,132 tons
during tons (Table
(Table hides in
hides in Pakistan.
Paldstan. The bark is obtained as a
obtained as
4). by-product when
by-product whenthethe trees
trees are
are felled.
felled. It
It is
separated from
separated from logs
logs by beating
beating them
them with
with
wooden mallets
wooden mallets and
and the
the strips
strips are
are dried
dried in
l'able 4, Production of exude resin
in Pakistan (tons)
open and
the open and sent to tanneries.
tanneries. The propor-
tion of bark to wood
tion wood is 1:5 by weight
weight and a
Year Azad NWFP Ptmjab Total
Kaalunir
plantation
plantation ofof 25
25 trees per acre,
trees per acre, when
when 15 15
years
years old,
old, may
may yield
yield about
about 5 tons
tons of
of bark
bark
1981 2.697 1,550 1,200 5,247
1982 2,369 L163 1,105 4,637 (CSIR 1950).
1983 2,371 1,714 937 4,022
1984 1,870 1,021 991 3,882
1985 1,448 780 1,320 3,548 Tannin content
Tannin content of
of bark
bark varies
varies from
from 7 to 20
2,151 1,092 1,318 4,562
1986
1987 2,098 887 1,659 4,644
percent. The bark from
percent. from old trees
trees and
and main
main
1988 2,180 653 604 3437 stems, though richer in tannin,
stems, though richer in tannin, is inferior to
1989 2,318 887 - 3205
' the
the bark
bark from
from branches
branches and
and young
young trees
trees
Average 2,167 950 5,542 4,132 because the latter
because the latter has
has a low
low proportion
proportion of
Seam:
Soo ....: Major)
AmJad and
... d Khan,
Kbaa, 1990; %war& 0(
1990; R...ro. or ROf.
Rods aad
and 1'lIrpeatiae
Turpeatise Factory, Haripar
t'..tory, Huipn
substances.
non-tanning coloring substances.
(NWFP)

The leather produced by babul bark

Processing facilities: Crude resin is possesses firmness and
possesses firmness and durability,
durability, but
but it
processed
processed to produce
produce rosin
rosin and
and turpentine.
turpentine. exhibits harshness
exhibits harshness and
and is
is dark
dark colored.
colored.
yield of rosin
The yield rosin from
from crude resin is about Babul bark is bulky and its
its tanin
tanin content
content is
is
65 to 75 percent and of turpentine
65 turpentine 15 to 20 comparatively
comparatively low
low (Trotter, 1940).
(Trotter, 1940).
percent.
percent. At
At present,
present, only
only one
onestate-owned
state-owned
factory, at Haripur
factory, Haripur in
in NWFP
NWFP isis producing
producing Recently,
Recently, farmers
farmers in some
some parts of
of Punjab
Punjab
rosin and
rosin and turpentine. The capacity
turpentine. The capacity of thethe (Sargodha,
(Sargodha, Jhang
Jhang and
and Faisalabad)
Faisalabad) have
factory at
factory at Haripur
Haripur isis 3,600
3,600 tons,
tons, but
but it is started raising babul plantations around their
running at
running at one-third
one-third capacity because of
capacity because of a crops. They harvest the plants after 22 years
crops. years
shortage
shortage of resin. and extract the bark. sold to
bark. The bark is sold to the
the
crushing plants at at Rs1.00
Rs1.00 to 1.25 per
to 1.25 per
The importation of synthetic rosin, which is kilogram. The crushing
lcilogram. The crushing plants
plants sell the
cheaper
cheaper than
than domestic
domestic rosin,
rosin, has
has further set crushed bark
crushed bark to
to the tanneries at Rs1.
tanneries at Rs1.75
75 per
back the processing
processing plants
plants and
and the closure of kilogram.
lcilogram. Thus
Thus the
the status of bark has shifted
the Haripur factory
factory is being
being considered.
considered. from being
from being a by-product
by-product to being
being aa main
main
product.
Extraction costs
Extraction costs Rs3
Rs3 to
to 44 per ldlogram
kilogram and
for Rs6.70
for Rs6.70 per kilogram
kilogram in NWFPNWFP and
and

90
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Products Pakistan

About 210
About 210 kilograms
kilograms of crushed
crushed bark are digestion. The yield of of good
good quality
needed to produce 100 kilograms
needed kilograms of leather bleached pulp ranges
bleached pulp ranges from
from 33 to 35 percent
(5 hides). Total annual production of (of the weight
weight of raw
raw material).
material). The
The fibre
fibre
vegetable-tanned
vegetable-tanned leather leatherinin the
the country
country is length is about 2 millimeters
millimeters (CSIR,
(CSIR, 1950).
1950).
estimated at
estimated at 40,000 tons.
tons. The tanneries
tanneries are
concentrated
concentrated in Punjab Punjab (Wazirabad,
(Wazirabad, Qusur,
Qusur, There is only one paper mill
mill in the
the country,
country,
Gujranwala, Sialkot,
Gujranwala, Sialkot, Daska.
Daska andand Pasrur).
Pasrur). at Nowshera
Nowshera (NWFP),
(NWFP) , which
which usesuses Sabai
Sabai
Annual
Annual consumption
consumption of of babul
babul bark is grass in addition
grass to Saccharum
addition to Saccharum grass.
grass. The
estimated at 84,000 tons. Potential mill purchases 1,000
mill purchases 1,000 to
to 1,500
1,500 tons
tons of the
the
production of of the bark is more than that, but but grass annually at at Rs750
Rs750 per ton. The
per ton. The
not all of
of itit isis currently
currently extracted.
extracted. supplies come exclusively
supplies come from the Parang
exclusively from
Ghar are,a.
area.
The vegetable tanning process has also been
set back
set back because
because of availability
availability of of the
the Harvesting the grass is tedious,
Harvesting tedious, low-paying
low-paying
synthetic tannin. A number of tanneries have work. Poor
work. Poor people
people with
with nonoalternatives
alternatives
been
been closed
closed or have
have shifted
shifted to to synthetic
synthetic resort to this work. AA person
person can
can earn
earn Rs25
Rs25
tanin.
tanin. There is, therefore,
therefore, not
not much
much hope
hope to 30
to 30 per
per day
day from
from this work. After
for
for expansion
expansion of of this cottage industry. harvesting, the grass is bundled and
Furthermore, thethe bark
bark is not exported
exported despatched to
despatched to the
the mill
mill in
in trucks.
trucks. About 250
because
because of its bulk
bulk and
and the
the availability
availability of
of to 300 people are involved
involved in supplying
supplying the
synthetic
synthetic tanin. Nearly
Nearly all
all leather
leather produced
produced grass to the mill.
grass
used domestically.
by vegetable tanning is used domestically.
Another 500
Another 500 toto 600
600 tons
tons of grass are sold
sold
Bhabar grass each year local markets Rs1.00 per
each year in local markets at Rs1.oo per
kilogram, for
for use
use as
as carpeting
carpeting in
in mosques.
mosques.
Bhabar or
Bhabar or Sabai
Sabai (Euliopsis binata) isis a
(Euliopsis binata)
tufted perennial grass.
tufted perennial grass. It grows
grows on dry and and
bare sub-mountainous
sub-mountainous tracts
tracts in Torai Shinai
Shinai FIBERS
(Kohat), Nizampur and Parang Ghar
(Mohamand Agency) in
(Mohamand Agency) in NWFP. The The grass
grass Mazri leaves
leaves
is hardy,
hardy, surviving
surviving both
both frost
frost and
and drought
drought
and is
and is light
light demanding.
demanding. Sabai
Sabai grass
grass is Mazri is
Mazri is the
the local
local name
name for
for dwarf
dwarf palm
palm
harvested annually in November and (Nonnorrhops ritchieana). It is aa gre-
(Nonnorrhops ritchieana). gre-
December. Yieldsvary
December. Yields varyfromfrom 2020 to
to 75 75 garious,
garious, tufted,
tufted, low-growing
low-growing and and shrubby
shrubby
maunds (1
maunds (1 maund
maund == 82.3
82.3 pounds)
pounds) per acre,
acre, palm, growing naturally in NWFP,
depending upon locality, rainfall and Baluchistan and the adjacent tribal belt along
management (CSIR, 1950).
intensity of management 1950). both sides of the Suleiman Range, from 600
to
to 1100
1100 meters
meters in in elevation.
elevation. Farmers
Farmers inin
Sabai
Sabai grass, when
when carefully
carefully c,olleeted
collected and
and some parts
some parts of NWFP (Paniala,
(paniala, D.I.
D.l. Khan)
Khan)
free from weeds and foreign material, yields have
have also
also started cultivating it in their
medium-quality writing paper. It is agricultural fields betwe,en
between other crops.
singularly homogenous in quality throughout
Even the
the whole plant. Even the nodes
nodes are
are leaves are used in a variety of
Mazri leaves of every-
digestable and
digestable and consequently
consequently itit is reduced
reduced to day products, including mats, baskets,
a clean and regular pulp by simple brooms, trays,
brooms, trays, hand
hand fans,
fans, grain
grain bins
bins and
and

91
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Pakistan

cordage. Average annual production

cordage. production of raw In
In some
some areas,
areas, such
such as
as Hangu
Hangu (Kohat),
(Kohat),
mazri leaves in
mazri leaves in the country is 37,315
37,315 tons
tons unnecessary legal restrictions on harvesting,
(Table 5). transportation and marketing of of mazri leaves
and its products have put the the manufacturers
manufacturers
of mazri
mazri products
products atat aa disadvantage.
disadvantage. The The
Table S. Mazri production in Pakigtan
law requires
law requires that
that raw
raw mazri
mazri leaves
leaves and
and
Estimate41 tiVerage should be
products should be marketed
marketed in placesplaces
annual production designated
designated by
by the Government.
Government. In the mazri
Province (tons)
producing
producing areas,
areas, the products are to to be
be sold
sold
Baluchistan 27,265 only to the purchasers
only purchasers ofof the
the mazri
mazri leaves.
leaves.
This restriction seriously weakens the
NWFP 2,851
bargaining position
bargaining position of
of the manufactuers
manufactuers of
Federally Administered 7,199 mazri products and consequently they do not
Tribal Aseas (FATA) get adequate return for
adequate return for their products.
products. The
Total 37,315
relaxation of legal restrictions may
encourage aa free
encourage free market
market and improve
improve the the
Source: Amjad and
and Khan,
Khan,1990;
1990; Iqbal,
Iqbal,1991
1991 situation for the manufacturers (Iqbal,
1991).
It has been estimated that an average worker
can process more than 0.5 tons of raw mazri nu(
SILKCOCOONS
COCOONS
leaves
leaves per year (Iqbal, 1991). About 65,000
people are
people are involved
involved inin processing
processing mazri
mazri Silkworm rearing on mulberry leaves
leaves, 78 percent of
leaves, of them
them women.
women. obtained from
obtained from high-trunk trees grown
high-trunk trees grown in
government plantations
government plantations and
and farmlands
farmlands is
is an
The retail price of raw mazri leaves is about old cottage
old industry in
cottage industry in many
many rural areas.
areas.
Rs3.40 per
Rs3.40 per ldlogram with aa total
kilogram with value of
total value Only one crop of silkworms is reared during
collected leaves
collected leaves reaching
reaching Rs126
Rs126 million
million the spring
the spring season.
season. About
About 40,000
40,000 packets
packets
annually. Although
annually. Although prices
prices of the
the finished
finished (one packet contains 20,000 eggs) of
mazri products vary considerably, the silkseed
silkse,edimported
importedfrom
from Korea
Korea and
and Japan
Japan are
estimated value
estimated value of
of mazri
mazri leaves
leaves almost
almost distributed each yearyear among
among silkworm
silkworm
doubles
doubles after processing. Thus processing
processing. Thus processing by both
rearers, by both public
public and
and private
private agencies.
nets about Rs126 million to the About
About 13,000 families are
13,000 families are involved
involved inin
manufacturers each year (Iqbal, 1991).
manufacturers 1991). silkworm rearing. Total production
silkworm rearing. Total production of dry
cocoons
cocoons inin the
the country
country is about
about 245
245 tons
tons
Because of indiscriminate
Because indiscriminate damage,
damage, mazri
mazri (RAPA, 1987).
(RAPA, 1987).
forests are disappearing in many places. The
forests
supply base
supply base is gradually
gradually shrinking and the
shrinking and kilograms of mulberry leaves
Up to 600 Idlograms leaves are
incomes of
incomes of families
families are threatened.
threatened. Re-
Re- required
required to rear
rear silkvvorms
silkworms obtained
obtained from
habilitation of
habilitation of mazri
mazri forests
forests is, therefore,
therefore, one
one packet
packet of silkseed.
silkseed. Thus,
Thus, 22,000
22,000 toto
essential in
essential in order
order toto maintain
maintain the
the supply
supply 24,000 tons of mulberry leaves are
base. Also,
base. Also, the farmers whowho have taken up consumed
consumed each year. Iqbal
each year. Iqbal (1991)
(1991) hashas
mazri cultivation need
mazri cultivation extension support to
need extension reported that the value of the leaves required
obtain
obtain the maximum possible returns. to rear one
one packet
packet of silk seed
seed is Rs200
Rs200 to
300. The
300. The total
total value,
value, therefore,
therefore, is about
about
Rs10
RslO million, based on
million, based on an
an average
average price
price of

92
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Pakistan
Pakistan

Rs250.
Rs250. Net return to the rearers is
is estimated
estimated December. The fruit is picked from the tree tree
at Rs1,140 per
Rs1,140 per packet (Iqbal, 1991), and dropped to the ground
and dropped to the ground where where it is
generatingaa total
generating total net income
income of Rs45.6
Rs45.6 gathered
gathered by other workers. Two Two people
people can
can
million to
million to the
the silkworm
silkworm rearers
rearers in the collect the fruit
collect the fruit of one tree in aa single
single day.
day.
country. wholesale price
The wholesale price has
has risen
risen from
from Rs5
Rs5 per
kilogram in
kilogram in 1988
1988 toto Rs10
RslO per kilogram
kilogram in
Silkworm rearing
Silkworm rearing techniques
techniques are generally
generally 1990. The produce is often sold
1990. sold while
while still
still
primitive. Consequently
primitive. Consequently the the yield
yield is low.
low. on the
on the tree at Rs400
Rs400 to to 500 per tree.
500 per tree. The
The
Moreover,
Moreover, a recent
recent survey
survey by
by Iqbal
Iqbal (1991)
(1991) purchaser is then
then responsible
responsible for
for collecting
collecting
observed that silkworm
observed that silkworm rearing
rearing isis mainly
mainly the fruits.
done
done by women
women but the the extension
extension staff of
the sericulture sections of the Forest A recent
recent survey
survey in thethe village
village of
of Najafpur
Najafpur
Departments are all men, who are unable to
Departments (Haripur) indicated that
(Haripur) indicated that yields
yields per
per tree
tree are
communicate directly with the the women
women 50 to 100 kilogram (average 60.8 kilograms)
silkworm rearers. Therefore,
silkworm rearers. Therefore, there
there is
is an
an and the number
number of bearing
bearing trees
trees is between
between
obvious opportunity improve extension
obvious opportunity to improve extension one and three per family (Iqbal, 1991).
one and three per family (Iqbal,
services by
services by employing
employing women
women extension
extension Total production in thethe country
country isis estimated
estimated
workers. to
to be
be 250
250 tons.
tons. The
The number
number of offamilies
families
involved in
involved in collection
collection isis about
about 4,100 with a
The entire production of cocoons is total value
total value estimated
estimated to to be Rs2.5
Rs2.5 million,
million,
processed
processed locally on
on primitive
primitive hand-reeling
hand-reeling based on an average wholesale price of of Rs10
RslO
machines. The raw silk is used as weft
machines. The raw silk is used weft in
in per kilogram.
kilogram.
the local
the local weaving
weaving industry. The warp
industry. The warp isis
imported. To expand opportunities in soap-nut
production,
production, the Forest
Forest Department
Department should
should
MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS encourage cultivation through its watershed
watershed
and social forestry programmes.
programmes.
Soap-nut
Walnut bark
Soap-nut, known as
Soap-nut, known as "retha,"
"retha," is
is aa fruit of a
tree (Sapindus
(Sapindus mukrosst).
mukrossl). Its pericarp Root
Root bark of
of walnut
walnut (JugIons
(Juglans regia,)
regia,) and
and
contains
contains saponin,
saponin, which makes
makes lather withwith sometimes
sometimes even even the stem bark is frequently
frequently
water and is used as a substitute
substitute for soap. It used in
used in the
the country
country as aa tooth tooth cleanser,
cleanser,
is preferable
is preferable to regular
regular soap
soap for
for certain
certain particularly
particularly by by women,
women, as it imparts
as it imparts a
articles
articles such
such as flannel
flannel and
and silk
silk clothes.
clothes. pinlcish colour toto the
pinkish colour the lips.
lips. Removal
Removal of the the
Women use it asas shampoo.
shampoo. bark, however,
however, injures
injures the trees. In In extreme
extreme
cases, it even
even kills
kills them.
them. Moreover,
Moreover, it is is
The soap-nut
The soap-nut tree cultivated in sub-
tree is cultivated suspe,cted
suspected thatthat the
the bark
bark is used
used in preparing
Himalayan tracts up to 1,200 meters. People
People fake tea,
fake tea, which
which is harmful
harmful to to the
the health.
health.
in Haripur
Haripur (Hazara)
(Hazara) grow
grow the tree inin their
their For this
this reason,
reason, extraction
extraction of of walnut
walnut bark
bark
court yards and agricultural
agricultural fields. has been
been banned
banned by the the government.
government. It is is
still extracted
extracted by forest dwellers,
dwellers, however,
however,
The tree
tree starts
starts bearing
bearing when
when 66 to
to 88 years
years for domestic
domestic use use andand for sale
sale to
to visitors.
visitors.
old. ItIt flowers
flowers between
between May
May and
and June
June and
and Prior to the
the ban,
ban, thethe bark
bark was
was exported
exported to to
all the fruit ripens at
at once
once in
in November
November and
and the Middle East.
East.

93
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Pakiston
Pakistan

The quantity of bark extracted

extracted each year is tools.
tools. The number
number of
ofhouseholds
households involved
involved
difficult to estimate
difficult to due to
estimate due to the
the ban on
on its
its has
has been
been estimated to be
estimated to be 300.
300. Therefore
Therefore
extraction and marketing.
marketing. about 1,500
about 1,500 persons are involved
persons are involved in the
the
process. Total annual production is
Patosa
Palos a gum estimated to be 600,000 baskets, consuming
estimated consuming
2,000 to 2,500 tons of raw material each
2,000 to 2,500 tons of raw material each
Gum collected from trees of Acacia modesta year.
is locally known as "palosa." Palosa
Palosa gum is
eaten by women as a sweet. It is believed to The baskets
The are transported
baskets are transported to the
the nearby
nearby
particularly after child birth.
restore vitality, particularW towns where
towns where they
they are
are sold
sold to the
the shop-
shop-
keepers at
keepers at an
an average price of Rs5
average price Rs5 each.
each.
The tree grows inin sub-mountainous
sub-mountainous tracts up This produces a revenue of of Rs3 million each
to 1,200
1,200 meters.
meters. ItIt starts
starts producing
producing gum gum year.
after 4 or 5 years,
years, when
when itit yields
yields about 0.06
kilograms of gum. Production increases with Neem leaves
leaves and seeds
seeds
age until about 20 years, when itit stabilizes
years, when stabilizes
at about 0.25 kilograms
kilograms per per tree per year.
year. Leaves of
Leaves of the
the neem (Aztulirachta
neem tree (Azadirachta
The
The gum
gum oozes
oozes spontaneously
spontaneously from from thethe indica)
indica) are
are used
used by rural
rural women
women as as insect
insect
stems and
stems and main
main branches
branches in in October
October and repellant. Layers of leaves
repellant. Layers leaves are placed
placed bet-
bet-
November and is then collected by hand. ween woolen clothes to keep the moths away
while storing
while storing them.
them. The leaves
leaves also protect
A recent survey in thethe village
village of
of Sherawala
Sherawala grain from grain pests during storage.
grain from grain pests during storage. At
At
found the
(Haripur) found the number
number of of Acacia
Acacia present there is no market
market for
for the
the product.
product.
modesta trees ranged between 2 and and 200 per
family
family (average 69). The quantity
(average 69). quantity of gum
gum Neem
Neem seeds
seeds contain 40 percent
contain 40 percent of
of deep
deep
obtained from
obtained from these
these trees
trees ranged
ranged from
from 1I to yellow fatty oil
yellow fatty oil known
known asas "margosa
"margosa oil." It
20 kilograms
kilograms per household
household (average
(average 11.2
11.2 is effective in the treatment
effective in treatment of leprosy
leprosy and
and
of which
kilograms), of which 15 15 percent is estimated skin diseases
skin diseases and
and is used in pharmaceutical
pharmaceutical
to be consumed within the household (Iqbal, preparations, face cream, hair lotion,
1991). The
1991). The rest
rest is sold
sold for about
about Rs60
Rs60 per medicated soap, tooth paste, disinfectant
disinfectant and
and
kilogram,
kilogram, generating
generating an average revenue of as an emulsifying agent in insecticides.
insecticides. The
Rs571 per family. Production figures for the
Rs571 unrefined margosa oil is used as lamp
unrefined margosa oil is used lamp oil.
oil.
entire country are not
not available.
available. The
The seed
seed cake
cake is aa good
good fertilizer
fertilizer and
and is
is
said keep white ants away from plants.
said to keep white ants away from plants.
Basketry All parts of the neem tree, including
including "neem
"neem
toddy," the juice that exudes from the the trunk
trunk
Branches of Tamarix dioica, locally
Branches locally known
known spontaneously
spontaneously or or through
through wounds,
wounds, havehave
as "lei,"
as "lei," byby the
the nomads
nomads living
living along
along the
the numerous therapeutic uses
numerous therapeutic uses in traditional
banks of river
banks river Indus
Indus are
are used
used for
formalcing
making medicine.
baskets. The
baskets. The branches are cut during
branches are during July
July
and August
and August andand stored
stored for
for the
the rest
rest of the
the Unfortunately, the potential of this
year. An average
average household,
household, consisting of 5
consisting of wonderful multi-purpose tree has only begun
working
worlcing members
members makes
makes 2,000
2,000 baskets each to be exploited, although it grows
year. An average worker makes makes two baskets abundantlyinin the
abundantly the plains
plains of Punjab,
Punjab, Sind,
Sind,
in aa day.
in d(lY. The
The baskets
baskets are
are made
made without
without and the southern
and southern parts
parts of
of NWFP.
NWFP. There is a

94
Non- Wood
NOII- Wood Forest
Forest Products Pakistan

re-introduce neem
need to re-introduce neem as
as a multi- departments should be reorientated to
purpose tree through social forestry include NTFPs as
include NTFPs as an alterative
alterative source
source of
programs of the
programs the Forest
Forest Department
Department and to
to income for forest
income for forest dwellers
dwellers to
to wean
wean them
them
harness its potential for supplying
supplying raw
raw away from the destructive habit using
away from the destructive habit of using
material
material for industry.
industry. trees
trees as a primary
primary source
source of
of income.
income.

This can
This can be
be achieved
achieved only
only by
by adequate
adequate
CONCLUSIONS AND
AND FUTURE research
research leading to a better understanding
understanding of
DIRECTIONS
nffiECTIONS NTFPs. Extensive
Extensive surveys
surveys ofof existing
existing levels
levels
of NTFP production,
production, marketing
marketing chains and
Use of thethe term
term "minor
"minor forest
forest produce"
produce" hashas end-uses are a good starting
end-uses starting point.
point.
relegated NTFPs
NTFPs to to an
an insignificant
insignificant position
position
among the
among the priorities
priorities of the
the Forest
Forest Depart-
Depart-
ments. Many products are not even included
ments.
in the
the official
official statistics,
statistics, with
with the
the result
result that
that
little information
little information is available
available regarding
regarding their
production, uses, prices, and markets.
Products which
Products which are
are not
not extracted
extracted byby the
the
Forest Departments,
Forest Departments, or or on which
which nono taxes
taxes
are levied,
levied, have
have particularly
particularly been
been ignored.
ignored.
For example,
example, official
official statistics
statistics say
say nothing
nothing
about
about mores,
morels, despite the fact that the
livelihood of
livelihood of millions
millions of forest
forest dwellers
dwellers
depend on
depend on them, and valuable foreign
exchange (Rs130
exchange (Rs130 toto 150 million), is earned
earned
each year.
year.

Consequently, the
Consequently, the potential
potential of NTFPs
NTFPs hashas
never
never been
been fully
fully exploited,
exploited, either
either for
for the
the
development of the
development the forests
forests or for the better-
ment of the people. Hardly
Hardly any
any efforts
efforts have
have
been
been made
made to to develop
develop these
these products
products and
and
very little
little research
research support
support is
is available.
available.

l'he positive
The positive side
side of NTFPs
NTFPs is is that
that the
the
products
products are aa key
key component
component of of the
the social
social
fabric
fabric of forest
forest dwellers
dwellers and
and aa significant
significant
source
source of revenue
revenue forfor poor
poor people.
people. Iqbal
Iqbal
(1991) estimated thatthat NTFPs
NTFPs contribute
contribute
about
about 34
34 percent
percent to
to the
the income
income of of those
those
involved in collecting
collecting and
and processing
processing them.
them.
(Azadirachta indica)
Neem (Azadirachta indica) provides a
a multitude of useful
NTFPs have
have real
real potential
potential in
in watershed
watershed and
and wood and non-wood
non-wood products.
products .

social forestry programs in the the Forest

Forest
Departments of the country. The
The

95
Nolt-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Pakislon
Pakistan

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BmLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad,
Ahmad, R. and
and N.
N.Muzaffar,
Muzaffar,1987. Modernbeekeeping
1987.Modern beekeepingPakistan
PakistanAgricultural
Agricultural Research
Research Council.
Council.
Islamabad.

Akram, M. and
Akram, M. and A.W.
A.W. Sabir.
Sabir. 1990.
1990. A note
note on
on collection
collection of
ofchirayettas. Medicus.
chirayettas. Hamdard Medicus.
XXXIII(4):98-100.

CSIR.
CSIR. 1950.
1950. 7he wealth of
The wealth of India - aa dictionary
dictionary of
of Indian
Indian raw
raw materials
materials and
and industrial
industrial products.
products.
Council of Scientific
Council Scientific and
and Industrial
Industrial Research.
Rese,arch.Govt.
Govt.of
ofIndia
India Press.
Press. New Delhi.

Iqbal,
Iqbal, M. 1980.
1980. Revised
Revised working plan of
working plan of the
the Siran
Siran Guzara
Guzara Forests
Forests (1980-81
(1980-81 toto1989-90).
1989-90).
Government of NWFP, Forest
Forest Department.
Department. Pe,shawar.
Peshawar.

Iqbal, M. 1991.
Iqbal, Non-timber forest products: their
1991. Non-tintber their income-generation
income-generation potential for rural women
for rural women in
in
North West
WestFrontier
FrontierProvince
Province (pakistan).
(Pakistan). International Labour Organization and
and Government
Government
of NWFP. Peshawar.
Peshawar.

Khan,
Khan, A. A. and S.H. Zaidi. 1989. Propagation and
1989. Propagation and regeneration
regeneration technology
technology ofpharmaceutical
pharniaceutical and
and
medicinal plants. Biological Sciences
plants. Biological SciencesResearch
ResearchDivision.
Division.Bulletin
Bulletin No.8. Pakistan
Pakistan Forest
Institute. Peshawar.

An analysis of
1985. An
Khan, S. A. 1985. ofsupply
supply situation
situation of
ofpharmaceutical
pharmaceutical and
and medicinal
medicinal herbs
herbs in
in Pakistan.
Pakistan.
Export Promotion Bureau, Government
Government of Pakistan,
Pakistan, Karachi.

Khan,
Khan, A.A. 1985. Survey of
1985. Survey of cnide
crude drug
drug (iterbal)
(herbal) markets
markets in Pakistan.
Pakistan. Pakistan
Pakistan Forest
Forest Institute.
Institute.
Peshawar.

Khattak, G. M. and
Khattak, G. and M.
M. Amja. 1981.AAsurvey
Amja.1981. surveyofofsocio
socioand
andeconomic
economicconditions
conditions of
ofmanpower
manpower
engaged inforests
in forests and wood-based industry
industry in
inPakistan.
Pakistan. Pakistan
Pakistan Forest
Forest Institute. Peshawar.
Peshawar.

NAS. 1980. Shrubs and tree species

1980. Firewood crops: Shrubs species of
of energy production. National
Academy
Academy ofof Sciences
Sciences (NAS).
(NAS). Washington,
Washington, D.C.
D.C.

RAPA. rural enterprises

RAPA. 1987. Forest based rural enterprises in
in Pakistan.
Pakistan. Regional
Regional Office
Office for Asia
Asia and
and the
the Pacific
Pacific
(RAPA), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Bangkok.
(RAPA),

1991. Report on mushroom production

Shah, R. 1991. production in
in Pakistan
Pakistan and
and export
exportpotential.
potential. Export Promotion
Promotion
Bureau, Government of Palcistan, Regional Office,
Pakistan, Regional Office, Lahore.

Sheikh, M.I. and

Sheikh, M.I. and M.
M. Hafeez.
Hafeez. 1977. Forests and
1977. Forests andforestry
forestry ininPakistan.
Pakistan.Palcistan
Pakistan Forest
Forest Institute.
Institute.
Peshawar.

Trotter, H. 1940. ManualofofIndian

1940. Manual Indianforest
forest utilization.
utilization. Oxford
Oxford Univ.
Univ. Press. New Delhi.

Zaman,
Zaman, M.B.
M.B. and
and M.S.
M.S. Khan.
Khan. 1970. Hundred drug plants of
1970. Hundred ofWest
West Paldstan.
Pakistan. Medicinal
Medicinal Plants
Plants
Branch, Pakistan Forest Institute. Peshawar.
Peshawar.

96
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Philippines

PIDLIPPINES
PHILIPPINES
Bayani S. Neri
Chief, Economics Division
Chief, Forest Economics Division
of Environment and Natural
Department of Natural Resources
Resources

INTRODUCTION

In the Philippines, non-wood forest The total ban on log exports, which started
products (NWFPs)
(NWFPs) are are classified and in
in 1987
1987 and
and was
was followed
followed by by the
the re-
re-
referred to as "minor forest products." The striction of
striction of lumber
lumber exports
exports inin 1989,
1989, has
has
Revised Forestry License
Revised Forestry License Regulations
Regulations of resulted in the declining importance of the
1970 define
1970 define minor
minor forest
forest products
products as
as "all
"all forestry sector
forestry sector to the
the country's
country's economy.
economy.
other forest products except timber, While the forestry
While the forestry sector's
sector's share
share of thethe
pulpwood
pulpwood andand chipwood."
chipwood." Based
Based onon this
this Gross National
Gross Product in
National Product in 1973,
1973, when
when
definition, minor forest products, or wood products were a major
wood products major export
export com-
com-
NWFPs, include firewood, charcoal, modity, was
modity, was 3.93 percent,
percent, this
this gradually
gradually
rattan, bamboo, daluru, bark, resin,
resin, gum,
gum, dropped
dropped toto 1.1 percent in 1990.
1990. A A further
further
wood oil, beeswax,
wood oil, beeswax, nipa,
nipa, buri, fibre, drop in the forestry sector's
sector's contribution
contribution isis
dyewood,
dyewood, vine,
vine, flowering
flowering plants,
plants, ferns,
ferns, expected if a proposal bill banning
orchids and other forest
forest growth.
growth. commercial logging comes into effect.

NWFPs are used

NWFPs are used as the
the raw
raw material
material of This report covers only some of thethe more
more
furniture and in cottage industries important NWFPs that are being gathered,
manufacturing pulp, paper,
manufacturing pulp, paper, plastic, paint
paint traded
traded and utilized in the
the Philippines.
Philippines.
and varnish,
and varnish, soap and shampoo,
shampoo, and for for
landscaping and
landscaping andinterior
interiordecor.
decor. They
They are NWFPs AND
AND THEIR USES
USES
also important
also important sources
sources of materials
materials forfor
low-cost housing,
low-cost housing, food
food andand beverages,
beverages, Among the more
Among more economically
economically important
important
clothing materials,
clothing medicine and
materials, medicine and other
other NWFPs are:
products,
products, especially
especially inin the rural
rural areas.
areas.
The gathering
The gathering and
and utilization
utilization of these
these Pahns
Palms
products
products provide
provide marginal
marginal farmers
farmers andand
the uplands
people living in the uplands with additional
additional family is well represented in the
The palm family
income. Philippines. There are
Philippines. There are 123
123 indigenous
indigenous
species plus other introduced palms
Lately,
Lately, NWFPs
NWFPs have
have been
been given
given more
more classified as
classified as either
either "climbing"
"climbing" (rattan)
(rattan) or
attention as
attention as sources
sources of
of foreign
foreign exchange
exchange "erect.
"erect.""
and employment
employment opportunities
opportunities following
following
recent developments depressing the pahns
Climbing palms
country's wood-based industry sector.
The
The banning
banning of
of logging
logging operations
operations in
in Rattan is the most
most important
important forest
certain areas of
of the
the country
country has
has displaced
displaced product in the country after timber.
of several
workers of several logging
logging companies.
companies. Rattan in the Philippines is represented by
by
62
62 species,
species, of which 12 are ofof commercial

97
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Forest Philippines

value. They
They are:
are: palasan
palasan (Calamus
(Calamus Erect pahns
palms
merrilliz); limuran (C. omatus ornatus var.
philippinensis); tumalim (C.mindorensis);
(C.mindorensis); There are several species of erect palms in
sika
sika (C.
(C. caesius);
caesius); panlis
panlis (C.ramulosus);
(C.ramulosus); Philippine forests. The more
Philippine more important
important
malacca cane (C.scipionum); lambutan (C. economic species
species are
are buri
bud (Corypha
(Corypha elata),
hakonensis);
halconensis); apas or lukuan (C. nipa (Nipa fruticans) anahaw
anahaw (Livistonia
(Livistonia
revesianus); kurakling
revesianus); kurakling roundtfolia) and kaong
roundifolia) and kaong oror sugar
sugar palm
palm
(C.microsphaerion);
(C. microsphaerion); tagiktik (C. (Arenga
(Arenga pinnata).
filispadix); ditaan
Jilispadix); ditaan (Daemonorops
(Daemonorops mi/lis);
millis);
and D. pedicellaris.
and Nipa
Nipa (Nipa
(Nipa fruiticana)
fruiticana) -- In economic
economic
value, nipa
value, nipa is one ofof the
the most
most important
important
The nationwide forest resources inventory palms in
erect palms in the
the country,
country, second
second only to
conducted
conducted by by the
the Forest
ForestManagement
Management coconut. The The species
species thrives
thrives well along
along
Bureau with the assistance
Bureau assistance of the German
German tidal flats and bracldsh
brackish swamps.
swamps.
government disclosedthat
government disclosed that in
in 1988
1988 thethe
country's
country's rattan
rattan resources
resources totalled
totalled 4.57
4.57 Its
Its pinnate
pinnate leaves, about 77 meters
leaves, about meters in
in
billion linear meters. Palasan (C. length, are used to make shingles for
length, are used to make shingles for
merrillii),
merrilliz) , which
which is thethe species
species preferred
preferred roofing
roofing and
and walls
walls of
oflow-cost
low-cost houses.
houses.
by most furniture manufacturers, accounts Other uses
uses are for making hats,
hats, mats, bags
bags
for 1.38 billion linear meters or 30 percent and
and baskets.
baskets. The mid-ribs
mid-ribs are made
made into
into
of the total available rattan poles. brooms and
and the petioles
petioles are used as fuel.
fuel.
Limuran, which is also a preferred
species, accounts
species, accounts for
for 1.14 billion
billion linear
linear The sap of nipa is used
used in
in making
making alcohol
alcohol
meters or 25 percent of of the
the total,
total, followed
followed vinegar. The
and vinegar. The fermented juice isis a
fermented juice
by tumalim with 583 million
million (13
(13 percent); popular local drink.
apas,
apas, 518
518 million
million (11
(11 percent);
percent); tandulan
tandulan
gubat, 410 million (9 percent); ditaan, 232 Buri (Corypha
(Corypha elata) - This
This is the
the largest
largest
million (5 percent);
million (5 percent); sika
sika (C.
(C. caesius),
caesius) , 76 palm species
palm in the country,
species in country, with trunks
trunks
million (2 percent) sumulid (D. attaining diameter of 11 meter
attaining aa diameter meter and
and a
orchrolepis)
orchrolepis) 75 75 million
million (2 (2 percent)
percent) andand height of 20 meters. The tnink
trunk yields large
large
species, 160
other species,
other 160 million
million (3 (3 percent) quantities
quantities ofof food
food material
material in
in the
the form
form of
(Table 1).
1). starch. Wine,
starch. Wine, alcohol,
alcohol, vinegar, syrup
syrup and
and
sugar can be produced from the sap.
sugar can be produced from the sap. The
Rattan poles
Rattan poles are
are in great
great demand
demand for for kernel of young
young fruit is made
made into sweets,
sweets,
furniture manufacturing. They also provide
provide while the buds are used for salad or as aa
while the buds are used for salad
the
the raw material
material for handicrafts and for
handicrafts and vegetable.
the manufacture of baskets, picture
hampers, handbags,
frames, hampers, hats, and
handbags, hats, and The large
The large petioles of buri
petioles of buri yield
yield a fibre
fibre
novelty
novelty items
items for
for domestic
domestic consumption
consumption locally known as "buntal," which used
locally known as "buntal," which is used
and export. Rattan poles and splits are also in the manufacture
manufacture of the
the famous
famous "buntal"
"buntal"
used to
used to make
make fish traps and
fish traps and as
as tying
tying The mature
hat. The leaves are
mature leaves are used
used forfor
of rattan are eaten as
materials. The shoots of thatching houses, while
thatching houses, while thethe immature,
immature,
a vegetable and is edible.
and the fruit is edible. unopened ones are
unopened ones are used
used in making
making ropes,
mats,
mats, bags and other
other fancy
fancy articles.
articles. The

98
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Philippines

mid-ribs of the immature

mid-ribs immature leaves
leaves are also
also Sugar palm grows
Sugar palm grows to
to 15
15 meters,
meters, with
with a
the source of fiber used used in
in making
making thethe so-
so- diameter of
diameter of 40
40 centimeters.
centimeters. Its
Its pinnate
pinnate
called "Calasiao"
called named after the,
II Calasiao II hat named the, hat leaves reach 8.5 centimeters
centimeters in length
length with
with
place where
where it is is produced.
produced. TheThe mid-ribs
mid-ribs leaflets of up to 1.5 meters long. It
linear leaflets of up to 1.5 meters long.
of mature leaves are used in the bears
bears numerous
numerous crowded,
crowded, green nuts
manufacture of
manufacture of light
light furniture
furniture (tables, which turn
tum yellow when mature. The The fruits
chains, dividers),
chains, dividers), baskets,
baskets, hampers
hampers and and are about
about 55 centimeters
centimeters inin diameter
diameter and
and
wall decorations.
wall decorations. Buri Buri palms
palms are widely
widely contain
contain two or three
three seeds.
seeds.
distributed in
distributed in the Philippines,
Philippines, mostly
mostly at
low elevations. The nationwide forest
low elevations. The nationwide forest The leaves of the sugar palm provide low-
inventory disclosed that only 198,000198,000 buri
buri cost
cost materials for roofs
materials for roofs and
and walls
walls of
palms remain
palms remain in the country's dipterocarp
country's dipterocarp houses. The mid-ribs
mid-ribs of the
the leaflets
leaflets are
are
forests
forests (Table 2), but but substantial
substantial numbers
numbers used in making
making brooms
brooms and
and baskets.
baskets.
grow in rural
rural backyards
backyards and and fields.
fields.
The seeds of immature nuts are made
made into
Anahaw (Livistonia roundifolia)Anahaw
(Livistonia roundifolia)-Anahaw sweets and
sweets and the buds are cooked as
are cooked
grows naturally in the forest and is widely
widely vegetables.
distributed throughout the
distributed throughout the archipelago.
archipelago. An
estimated 39 million anahaw palms remain Sugar palm
Sugar palm isis also
also the
the source
source of a stiff,
stiff,
(Table 2). tough black fibre locally known lcnown as
"cabonegro" (gomuti).
"cabonegro" (gomuti). TheThe fibre, which
which is
Anahaw, like
Anahaw, like buri and other erect
erect palms,
palms, produced
produced at at the
the base
base of thethe petioles,
petioles, is
has may
has uses. Its trunk, which
may uses. which grows to a used to
used to make
make rope rope andand thatching
thatching for
for
height 20 meters and a diameter
height of 20 meters and diameter of 20 houses. RopeRope made from this
made from this fibre
fibre is
is
centimeters, is
centimeters, is used widely
widely for
for fishpens.
fishpens. durable and
durable and isis ideal
ideal for
for marine
marineuse.
use. The
The wood
wood of the the trunk
trunk is
is used
used as
as pillars
pillars stiff fibers
stiff are also used for making
fibers are also used for making
and floors
and for houses
floors for in the rural
houses in rural areas,
areas, various types of of brushes.
brushes.
and is an excellent material for maldng
and is an excellent material for making
bows, spear
spear shafts
shafts and
and canes.
canes. Starch can
Starch can be extracted
extracted from sugar
sugar palm
palm
tnmks. Each
trunks. tree can yield 50 to 75
Each tree can yield 50 to 75
The leaves of
of anahaw
anahaw palms
palms areare usecl
used for lcilograms
kilograms of starch.
thatching
thatching houses
houses and making hats
and making hats and
and
fans.
fans. The buds
buds are
are eaten
eaten as
as aavegetable.
vegetable. Sap,
Sap, extracted
extracted from
from the cutcut in
in florescent
florescent
Anahaw is also cultivated as an ornamental stalk, used in the production of
stalk, is used in the production of sugar,
sugar,
plant. wine,
wine, vinegar
vinegar and
and alcohol.
alcohol. Production
ranges from 10 to 12 liters of sap per tree
ranges from tree
Kaong (Arenga
Kaong (Arengapinnata
pinnataororsugar
sugarpalm)-
palm) per day for 22 1/2
112 months.
months.
This species is widely distributed
throughout the country.
throughout the country. It thrives
thrives along
along Bamboo
stream
stream banks
banks at low
low to
to middle
middlealtitudes.
altitudes.
The country's
The country's dipterocarp forests are There are around
around 32 species
species of
of bamboo in
estimated to contain
estimated to contain some
some 4.67
4.67 million
million the Philippines,
Philippines, of which
which 19
19 species
species are
are
sugar palms (Table 2). erect.

99
..... ~
o ;::
o
Table 1. Rattan Resources in Philippine Dipterocarp Forests ~
: l
Species <2cm diam >2cm diarn ~
(1000 linear m) Percent (1000 linear m} Percent Total Percent
~
Apas 460,166 16 06 57,780 3.39 517,946 11.33 ~
<::>
(Calamus reyesianus) ~
....
0:;-
Ditaan 199,062 6.95 32.935 1.93 231,997 5.07
(Daemonorops motifs)

Limuran 550,179 19.20 591,389 34.65 1,141,568 24 97

(Calanuts ornatus)
...

Palasan 645,220 - 22.52 730,641 42.81 1,375,861 30 09

(Calantus merrallii)

Sika 68,590 _ 2.39 7,903 0.46 76,493 1.67

(Calantus caes:tts)

Sumulid 58,249 2.03 16,493 0.97 74,742 1.63

. (Daemonorops orchrolepis)

Tanduland-Gubat 340,749 11 89 69,676 4.08 410,425 8,98

(Calamus camotphacanthus)
-
i: Tumalim 451,150 15,74 131,724 7.72 582,874 12.75
-:- (Calculi:4s minclorensis)

Others 92,286 3.22 68,271 4.00 160,557 3.51

'

i Total 2,865,651 100.00 1,706,812 - 100.00 4,572,463 100,00

urce: National Forest Resources inventory Project
~
~
~
s·
~
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Phi/Jppines
Philippi:es

The commercially important bamboo species Among

Among the moremore important
important pandan
pandan species
species
in the country are: in the country are bariu (Pandanus
copelandit),
copelandtt), taboan (P. dubius),
taboan (P. dubius) , alasas
alasas (P.
(P.
• Kauayan tinik, or spiny
Kauayan tinik, spiny bamboo
bamboo luzonensis), oyango (P. radicans), sabutan
luzonensis) , oyango (P. radicans) , sabutan
(Bambusa blumeana) (P. sabotan) karagomoi (P. simplex.)
common oror beach pandan (P.
beach pandan (P. tectorius), and
• Kauayan Idling
kiling (Bambusa vulgaris)
vulgaris) pandan layugan
pandan layugan (P.(P. exaltatus).

• Bayog
Bayog (Dendrocalamus
(Dendrocalamus The economic
The value of
economic value of pandans
pandans isis in
in the
the
merrillianus) leaves, which
leaves, which are used
used for
for maldng
making coarse
coarse
and fine
and fine baskets,
baskets, bags,
bags, hats,
hats, mats,
mats, picture
picture
• Bolo (Gigantochloa levis)
levis) frames and
frames and other fancy
fancy articles.
articles. Recently,
Recently,
the Philippine Forest Products Research and
• Buho (Schizostachyum
(Schizostachyum lumampao) Development Institute
Development Institute (FPRDI)
(FPRDI) has devel-
devel-
cocoon frames
oped cocoon frames for silkworm production
production
Among
Among the five species,
species, spiny
spiny bamboo
bamboo and
and out of pandan
out pandan leaves.
leaves. The wood
wood of of some
some
kauaym
kauayan Idling
kiling are the
the preferred species
species for pandan
pandan species
species is also
also being
being manufactured
manufactured
building, furniture making and boat into splints used in making
making baskets.
baskets.
outriggers. Bayog
Bayog is is used
used for tying
tying and
and
making ropes.
making It is
is estimated
estimated that there
there are
are 58.88
58.88 billion
billion
stems of pandans
stems in the
pandans in the country's
country's forests
forests
Bamboo
Bamboo is is found
found growing
growing in settled
settled areas
areas (Table 4).
where
where it isis planted
planted or
or grown
grown inin plantations
plantations
and in the
and the forest
forest where
where it grows
grows from
from low
low Resin
altitudes to
altitudes to as
as high as 2,600 meters
high as meters in the
the
mountain provincesof
mountain provinces of northern
northernLuzon.
Luzon. So Resins
Resins commonly collected
collected for commercial
commercial
far, there
far, there is
is no
no information
information on bamboo
bamboo in and industrial purposes in the Philippines are
settled areas. The recently concluded produced from almaciga (Agathis
national forest inventory placed the philippinensis) Benguet pine (Pinus
country's bamboo in forested
forested land at 10.73
10.73 kesiya), piling liitan
kesiya), piling liitan (Canarium
(Canarium luzonicum)
luzonicum)
billion stems,
billion stems, although most of
although most of these
these are
are and apitong (Dipterocarpus grandijlorus).
and apitong (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus).
non-commercial species
species (Table 3).
Almaciga
AImaciga (Agathis philippinensis) isis the
(Agathis philippinensis)
Pandans source of a resin which
which is
is popularly
popularly known
known
as "Manila copal." Manila
"Manila copal." Manila copal
copal is
is used
used as
more than
There are more than 40
40 species
species of
of pandan in incense, for caulking
incense, boats, as a smudge for
caulking boats, for
the Philippines. They are widely
widely distributed
distributed mosquitoes, for torches, in varnish
throughout the archipelago with some manufacturing, sizing paper and other
species growing
species growing along
along sandy
sandy beaches
beaches and
and industrial uses.
industrial uses. At present,
At present, almost
almost all
all
others
others in virgin forests.
forests. They vary in sizesize almaciga resin produced
almaciga resin produced inin the country
country is
depending
depending onon the species,
species, from less than
than 11 being exported.
meter to 15
15 meters
meters in
in height.
height.
Almaciga is one of the protected tree
tree species
species
in the Philippines and felling it is prohibited.

101
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Philippines

Tab e 2. Erect Palm Itesourees in Philippine Dipterocarp ForeSts

<2cm dim. >2cm &am. Total

Species (1,000 stems) Percent (1,000 stems) Percent (1)000 sterns) Percent

Anahaw 6,008 1,67 33,351 6.16 39,359 4.37

(Livistonia totundifolia)
Burl 47 0.01 151 0.03 198 0.02
(Cotypha elata)
Kaong/Sugar Palm 518 0,14 4,153 0.77 4,671 0.52
(Arenga pinnata)
Others 353,146 98.17 503,467 93.04 856,613 95.09

Total 359,719 100.00 541,122 100 00 900,841 100.00

Source:
8oon:e' Nadional
Notional Forest
FOI'ftIt Resources
R .... ""'" Inventory
IDvtulory Project
PToJect

Table 3. Bamboo Resources in Philippine Dmterocarp Forests

<2 cm diam >2 cm diam. Total

Species (1,000 stems) Percent (1,000 stems) Percent (1,000 stems) Percent
Anos 132,197 2 05 85,337 1.99 217,534 2 03
Bayog 2,406 0.04 3,10 0.07 5,513 0.05
Bikal 3,799,632 58.99 2,257,805 52.64 6,057,437 56,45
Bikal Babol 1,754,248 27 24 504,475 11.76 2,258,723 21.05
Bocaue 1,903 0 03 0 1,903 0.02
Bolo 7,014 0.11 0 7,014 0,07
Buho 721,535 11.2 1,341,872 31.28 2,063,407 19.23
Kawayart Kiling 11,952 0 19 70,387 1.64 82,339 0 77
Others 9,922 0.15 26,261 0.61 36,183 0.34
6,440,809 100.00 4,289,244 100.00 10,750,053 100.00

Source: National
800=, Notional Forrst
FOI'ftIt Resources
R .... """ Inventory
'.vtulory Project
Project

Table 4. Pandan Resources in Philippines Dipterocarp Forests

<2em (Ham. >2cm dram.

Species (1,000 stems) Percent (1,000 stems) Percent Total Percent

Pandan 12,278 80.49 36,513 83.71 48,791 82.87

(Pandanus sp.)
Pandan-Layugan 1,350 8.01 2,160 4,95 3,519 5.98
(Pandanus exaltas)
Mottled Pandan 1,617 10.60 4,948 11.34 6,565 11.15
(Palms veitchil)
Total 15,254 100,00 43,621 100.00 58,875 100.00

8oor"", National
Source: Notlon.l Forest
Fo<oot Resources Inventory Project
R.......,..lDvtulory PToJect

102
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Philippines

It is well distributed throughout the Oil

archipelago. The national
national forest
forest resources
resources
inventory estimated the stock of almaciga,
almaciga, as Lumbang (Aleurites moluccana) and
of 1988,
1988, at
at 2.5
2.5 million
million cubic
cubic meters.
meters. trispenna) are two
bagilumbang (A. trisperma)
important seed oil-producing tree species
species in
Benguet pine,
Benguet pine, (Pinus
(Pinus kesiya) which is
kesiya) which is the
the Philippines. Both
the Philippines. Both species
species grow naturally
source
source of oleo resin used used in
in the
the production
production in forest
forest areas in various
areas in various parts
parts of thethe
of turpentine,
turpentine, grows
grows naturally only in
naturally only in the country. These species
These species have
have also
also been
been
Cordillera mountains
Cordillera mountains in in northern
northern Luzon at grown
grown in plantations
plantations although the extent
although the extent of
altitudes from 500 to
altitudes from to 2,500
2,500 meters.
meters. The these plantationsisis not
these plantations not known.
known. One
One forest
species, has
species, has been
b~n successfully
successfully grown
grown in concessionaire
concessionaire in in Mindanao,
Mindanao, the the Nasipit
Nasipit
plantations in
plantations in various
various parts
parts of the
the country,
country, Lumber Company, has has extensive
extensive plantations
however.
however. Extensive
Extensive plantations
plantations of of Benguet
Benguet of lumbang.
pine are
are found
found inin the
the province
province ofofBukidnon
Bukidnon
in central
central Mindanao.
Mindanao. As As of 1990,1990, the
the Oil
Oil produced from the
produced from the nuts
nuts of these
these tree
tree
country's
country's pine
pine forest
forest is
is estimated
estimated at 236,400 species is a good
species is good substitute
substitute for tung
tung oil.
oil.
hectares of
hectares of which
which 128,300
128,300 hectares
hectares are
are Bagilumbang
Bagilumbang oiloil resembles
resembles tung
tung oil
oil more
more
closed
closed canopy
canopy forest
forest and 108,100
108,100 hectares
hectares closely than
closely than does lumbang
lumbang oil.
oil. Although
are considered
considered to be be open
open canopy-forest.
canopy-forest. lumbang oil is slightly
lumbang oil slightly inferior to tung
tung oil,
oil,
both are superior to linseed
both linseed oil.
Manila elemi is produced from piling liitan
(Canarium luzonicum)
(Canarium luzonicum) and
and pili (C. ovatum)
pili (C. ovatum) Lumbang and bagilumbang oils are used for
of the
the family
familyBurseraceae.
Burseraceae. The
The resin
resin the preparation
the preparation of paints,
paints, varnishes
varnishes and
and
extracted from
extracted from these tree species
species is used
used toto linoleum,
linoleum, soap
soap manufacture,
manufacture, wood
wood pres-
pres-
manufacture
manufacture varnish, medicinal
medicinal ointments,
ointments, ervation, and lighting.
ervation, and lighting.
transparent paper, caulking
transparent caulking compound
compound and and
as torch fuel. Piling
torch fuel. Piling liitan
liitan grows
grows in the the Vines
while pili
wild, while pili is being
being cultivated
cultivated in
plantations
plantations oror backyards
backyards more
more for itsits nuts
nuts Diliman (Stenochlaena palustris) nito
than resin. (Lygodiumspp.),
(Lygodium spp.), lukmoy
lukmoy (Pothos
(Pothos spp.),
baling-uai (Flagella
and baling-uai ria indica) are some
(Flagellaria
Balau resin is
Balau resin is obtained from the
obtained from the trunk
trunk of of the
the more
more important
important climbers
climbers inin the
the
apitong
apitong (Dipterompus
(Dipterocarpus grandiflorus)
grandiflorus) and
and Philippines. These climbers
Philippines. These climbers thrive
thrive well
well in
other species
species ofof the
thegenus
genusDipterocarpus.
Dipterocarpus. both
both virgin and logged-over
logged-over forest,
forest, and in
in
Like the other resins, balau
balau is used
used to make
make bush
bush and
and open
open areas.
areas. They
They areare widely
widely
varnish,
varnish, caullcing compound, and
caulking compound, and fuel
fuel for distributed throughout the
the archipelago.
archipelago.
torches. Oil
Oil has
has also
also been
been extracted
extracted byby
Filipino scientists
scientists through
through water
water distillation
distillation Diliman
Diliman isis aa species
species of
of fern
fern with with stems from
from
from balau resin and
balau resin and found to be aa good
found to good 2 to
to 44 meters
meters inin length.
length. ItIt isis used
used chiefly
chiefly as
as
substitute for diesel
substitute for diesel fuel.
fuel. Oil yield
Oil yield is tying material in the preparation of of fish
fish traps
traps
around 38 to 40
40 percent.
percent. because of its
because of its durability
durability in in salt
salt water.
water. It is
also used for maldng
making ropes
ropes and and baskets.
baskets.

103
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Philippi:es

Nito is
is the
the name
name used
used for
for different
different species
species for malaria and quindine for treating
of Lygodium,
Lygodium, although
although the
the most
most common
common fibrillation and certain
fibrillation and certain disorders
disorders of heart
heart
and widely
and widely used
used species in the
species in the country
country is rhythm. Quinine,
Quinine, which
which isis sensitive
sensitive to
to
Lygodium circinnatum. It is used
Lygodium used in the
the light, is also
light, also used
used in
in the
the manufacture
manufacture of
manufacture of baskets, hats, bags and other photographic film.
fancy
fancy articles.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia
(Lagerstroemia speciosa) is a
Pothos
Pothos are
are climbers
climbers which
which produce
produce nu-
nu- medium-size tree, usually found in
merous, long tough, aerial roots
merous, roots of
of uniform
uniform secondary forests
secondary forests at low to
to middle
middle altitudes
altitudes
diameter. TheThe central
central cylinders
cylinders of these
these in the Philippines.
Philippines. A A decoction
decoction of its bark
roots are used
used in
in baskets.
baskets. and leaves
and leaves is
is used
used to cure
cure fever,
fever, diabetes,
diabetes,
diarrhea, and as a diuretic
diarrhea, diuretic and a purgative.
purgative.
Baling-uai is
Baling-uai is aa vine
vine with
with aa slender stem. It
slender stem. It is also grown as aa shade
shade and
and ornamental
ornamental
is for tying,
tying, in
in sewing
sewing nipa
nipa shingles
shingles and in tree
tree in town
town plazas,
plazas, school
school grounds
grounds andand
making baskets. along
along roads and highways.
highways.

Medicinal plants Dita (Alstonia scholaris) is is aa medium-sized

medium-sized
tree belonging
belonging to the
the Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae family.
family.
Medicinal plants are important elements
Medicinal plants elements of It is found
found in primary and secondary
secondary forests
forests
tropical forests.
tropical forests. These
These plants can can be
be herbs,
herbs, low to
at low to middle altitudes. A
middle altitudes. A decoction
decoction of
vines, shrubs
shrubs or trees
trees from
from which
which medicine
medicine the bark is aa febrifuge
the febrifuge (remedy
(remedy for fever),
fever),
can be extracted from the roots, wood, bark, anticholeric if used
anticholeric used for
for chronic diarrhea and
leaves, seeds, flowers or
se,eds, flowers or fruit
fruit to heal dysentery, an anthelmintic
dysentery, anthelmintic (expels
(expels intestinal
intestinal
specific illnesses and diseases. These worms), for
worms), for diabetes
diabetesandandforfor coughs.
coughs. The
medicinalplants
medicinal plantsare
are very
very popular
popular in in the
the latex and
latex and powdered
powderedleavesleavesare are used
used as
as a
rural
rural areas
areas because
because of of the
the high
high cost
cost of poultice
poultice onon boils, ulcers and
boils, ulcers and rheumatic
rheumatic
modern drugs.
modern Most of these
drugs. Most these plants
plants are
are pains. A decoction of young leaves is also also
available
available inin rural
rural areas
areas and
and knowledge
knowledge of used to cure beri-beri.
used
their healing powers
powers is passed on from from one
one
generation to another. Some of these
Some these Kalingag
Kalingag (Cinnamomum mercadoi) isis a
(Cinnamomum mercadoz)
medicinal plants are: small Philippines. It is
small tree endemic to the Philippines.
widely distributed
widely distributed throughout
throughout the
the country
country
Cinchona
Cinchona (Cinchona
(Cinchona ledgeriana)
ledgeriana) is not and
and grows
grows at at low
low totomiddle
middlealtitudes.
altitudes.
native to the Philippines.
Philippines. The
The first
first cinchona
cinchona Plantations of the species have been
plantation was
plantation was established
established byby the Bureau
Bureau of established
established byby the
the DENR
DENR in in a few
few areas.
areas.
Forestry (now
(now Forest
Forest Management
Management Bureau)
Bureau) The
The bark
bark is used
used for
for flatulence,
flatulence, as as an
an
in 1926
1926 in in Bukidnon
Bukidnon Province.
Province. At At present
present expectorant, and for curing headaches,
expectorant, and headaches, sto-
there
there are somesome 248
248 he,ctares
hectares of of cinchona
cinchona mach disorders, rheumatism and
plantations consisting
plantations consistingofof 55 species
species and
and 22 tuberculosis.
varieties.
Pandakaki (Ervatamiap pandacaqui) isis a
(Ervatamiap pandacaqui)
Cinchona is a medium-sized tree that grows
grows shrub belonging
shrub belonging to
to the Apocynaceae family
to a diameter of 60 centimeters and a height and
and is commonly
commonly found
found in thickets
thickets at low
low
meters. It is a source
of 25 meters. source of
of quinine
quinine used
used altitudes. The
The leaves are used
leaves are used as
as an an

104
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood PhiIig»tes
Philippines

antiseptic and an anodyne

antiseptic anodyne onon wounds.
wounds. A CONTRIBUTION OF NVVFPs
CONTRIBUTION TO THE
NWFPs TO
decoction
decoction ofof the
the root
root and bark is used
and bark used to
to NATIONAL ECONOMY
cure certain
certain afflictions
afflictions of the
the stomach
stomach and
and
intestines. As Raw
As Raw Materials
Materials for Local Industries

puti (Lygodiumflexuosum)
Nitong puti (Lygodiumflexuosum) is is aa vine Non-wood forest products
Non-wood forest products are
are important
important
species of the family
family Schizaeaceae.
Schizaeaceae. Its roots sources of raw material
sources material for
for local
local industries.
industries.
and leaves
and leaves are usedused to
to cure
cure skin
skin ailments
ailments Prior toto the
the 1960s,
1960s, most
most of ofthe
thenon-wood
non-wood
such as ringworm.
such as ringworm. Infusion
Infusion ofof the
the plant
plant is forest products
forest products gathered
gathered from
from the
the country's
the treatment
used in the treatment of
of blennorrhagia.
blennorrhagia. forests were exported in their raw
forests were exported in their raw form.
form.
With
With the creation
creation of
of the
the National
National Cottage
Cottage
Alagasi (Leucosyke
Alagasi capitellata) is
(Leucosyke capitellata) is a small
small Industries Development Authority
tree of
of the
the family
family Urticaceae.
Urticaceae. Alagasi
Alagasi is (NACIDA)inin 1962,
(NACIDA) 1962, the
the development
development of
widely distributed in the the Philippines,
Philippines, often cottage industries has been encouraged.
cottage industries has been encouraged.
found growing in low low toto middle
middlealtitudes.
altitudes. A NACIDA-registered businesses are
NACIDA-registered businesses are given
given
decoction of
decoction of its
its roots
roots isis used
used as
as a cure for various incentives such as subsidized
subsidized loans,
pulmonary
pulmonary tuberculosis,
tuberculosis, cough,
cough, headaches
headaches training and marketing
training and marketing assistance.
assistance. Many
Many of
(pain in the
and gastralgia (pain the stomach).
stomach). these firms utilize non-wood forest products
as
as their
their raw
raw material
material and
and cater
cater mostly
mostly to
to
Bast Fibers domestic markets. A number
domestic markets. A number of them of them are in
the
the rural
rural areas
areas and
and produce
produce rattail
rattan and
and
Several
Several shrubs
shrubs and tree species
and tree in the
species in the bamboo furniture, baskets, handicrafts, and
bamboo furniture, baskets, handicrafts,
Philippines are
Philippines are sources
sourcesofof bast
bastfibers.
fibers. The other items.
most
most important
important of these
these species
species is salago
salago
(Wikstroemia spp.).
(Wikstroemia In addition
addition to being
being used
used for
for construction,
construction,
furniture and handicrafts, bamboo is used as
Salago is a shrub that grows up to 3m high. high. props for the
the banana
banana industry.
industry. With some
some
It is
is found
found in
in thickets,
thickets, in
in marginal
marginal lands as 24,000 hectares of banana
24,000 hectares banana plantations,
plantations,
well as in primary and and secondary
secondary forests
forests at mostly in Davao Province, millions of props
low to middle
middle elevations.
elevations. The
The species
species has
has are needed annually.
been
been successfully growninin some
successfully grown some of thethe
reforestation projects.
DENR reforestation There is
projects. There is no The country's upland
upland fishing
fishing industry
industry uses
uses
information
information on on the
the extent
extent of plantings
plantings of the trunks
trunks of anahaw
anahaw and bamboo
bamboo poles
poles in
salago in the country.
country. the construction of
construction fishfish pens, fish cages and
cages
such as pathways
other structures such pathways and and
Long and silky fibres can be extracted from guardhouses. Demand
guardhouses. Demand for for bamboo
bamboo poles
poles for
the bark
bark of
of salago
salago which
which are
are excellent
excellent for
for substantial.
boat outriggers is substantial.
the manufacture ofof high grade
grade paper
paper used
used in
in
bank notes,
notes, paper money,
money, checks,
checks, paper for used bamboo
A Philippine paper plant used bamboo asas its
its
legal documents
documents andand other specialty
specialty papers raw material
raw material but recently was forced to
recently was forced to
and durability.
requiring strength and durability. The fibers switch to
switch to other
other raw material
material because
because of a
are also
also used
used in
in ropemaking,
ropemaking, fishing
fishing lines
lines shortage of bamboo.
and nets,
and nets, sacks,
sacks, textiles,
textiles, cords, bags,
bags, hats
hats
and novelty items.

105
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Philippines
Piu7Opines

A naval
naval stores
stores factory
factory previously
previously processed
processed Employment Generation
Employment
oleoresin from Benguet
oleoresin from Benguet pine,
pine, but
but a lack of
raw
raw material
material forced
forced the plant to close.
close. In Non-wood forest
Non-wood forest products
products have provided
provided
the
the late
late 1970s,
1970s, thethegovernment
government stopped
stopped people living in or
people living or near
near forest lands,
issuing permits to tap Benguet pine trees for especially subsistence
especially subsistence upland
upland farmers
farmers and
and
oleoresin because of ips beetle (Ips the unemployed
the unemployed or underemployed
underemployed inin the
the
infestations.
callighrapus) infestations. lowlands,
lowlands, with sources
sources of
of income. Although
income. Although
there are no figures on how many people are
Source of Government Revenue
Revenue involved in
involved in gathering
gathering NWFPs, the the National
National
Statistics Office
Statistics Office disclose
disclose that
that for 57,341
57,341
Non-wood forest products have provided the families, or
families, or 0.58
0.58 percent
percent of the country's
country's
government with
government with additional sources of 9,847,357 families,
9,847,357 families, forestry
forestry and
and hunting
hunting was
revenue through forest charges.
charges. Currently, their main
their main source
source of income
income in 1985.1985. In
the forest charge on NWFPs is 10 percent of 1988, however, this went down to 40,121 or
the market value.
the market value. From
From 1981
1981 to
to 1990,
1990, the
the 0.38 percent.
percent. With
With an
an average
average of of 66 people
people
average annual forest charges collected from per family, the
the number
number of of people
people dependent
dependent
NWFPs were 1,596,895
NWFPs 1,596,895 Philippine
Philippine pesos
pesos on
on forestry
forestry andand hunting
hunting waswas 344,046
344,046 in in
(Table
(Table 5), or approximately
approximately US$
US$ 63,000 atat 1985 and
1985 and 240,726
240,726 in 1988. Forestry
1990 exchange rates. Although the amount the survey,
activities, as defined in the survey, included
included
is small
small compared
compared with
with timber,
timber, NWFP
NWFP tree
tree planting,
planting, firewood
firewood gathering,
gathering, small-
small-
revenues
revenues provide badly
badly ne,eded
needed money
money toto scale logging, charcoal maldng making and
finance government development
development projects. gathering
gathering of non-wood
non-wood forest
forest products,
cogon, nipa, rattan, bamboo, resin and
bamboo, resin and gum.
gum.

Table 5. Forest Charges on There is also a dearth of information on the

Non-Wood Forest Products: number of people employed in the
1981-1990 processing sector, possibly because many
processing many of
Yeax Amount the smaller processors and manufacturers are
(Philippine Pesos) not registered with government agencies and
do not
do not submit
submit reports. In the
reports. In the furniture
furniture
1990 1,162,327 industry
industry alone, estimated that these are
alone, it is estimated
1989 1,917,917 over 15,000 backyard
bacicyard manufacturers.
1988 2,782,175 Assuming
Assuming that each manufacturer
manufacturer employs
employs
1987 1,819,764 an average of 10 workers, the total
1986 1,299,326 workforce in these backyard-type operations
1985 1,182,058 is about 150,000.
150,000.
1984 2,607,865
1983 1,135,742 There are some
some 250
250 medium-to-large
medium-to-large rattan
1982 1,883,767 furniture factoriesininthe
furniture factories thecountry.
country. Each of
1981 178,014 these factories employs
employs 200200 to 1,500
Total 15,968,955 workers with a total estimated work force of
about 100,000.
Average 1,596,895
Source:
Source: 1990 Philippine Forestry
Forestry Statistics
Statistics

106
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Phi/ippUtes
Phz74qines

Source of Foreign Exchange

Exchange articles
articles of palm
palm and
and bamboo,
bamboo, buntal
buntal and
and
buri hats.
burl hats. These
These manufactured
manufactured articles
articles
Non-wood forest products
Non-wood forest products areare exported
exported contributed additional foreign exchange
either
either in raw form or as finished or
form or as finished or semi-
semi- earnings of US$5,636,454 in 1990.
earnings 1990.
finished products. Resins
Resins (Manila
(Manila copal
copal and
and
Manila elemi) have been the country's main main COLLECTION AND
AND PROCESSING
raw NWFP exports.
exports. Almost
Almost allall resins
resins that
that
are produced are exported because there are Govenunent
Government Policies
Policies and Regulations
virtually no factories
virtually no factories to process
process them into
finished products. In 1981, 720,600 The extraction
extraction and
and gathering
gathering of
of non-wood
non-wood
kilograms
kilograms of of resin
resin with
with anan FOB
FOB value
value of forest
forest products
products inin forest
forest lands
lands is
is legally
legally
US$440,000
US$440,000 were were exported.
exported. In 1990,
1990, resin
resin regulated by
regulated by the
the government
government through
through thethe
exports rose to 899,234
899,234 kilograms
kilograms valued at issuanceof
issuance of licenses
licenses oror permits,
permits, butbut an
an
FOB US$1,275,644. Exports Exports of salago bark
ofsalago undetermined quantity of NWFPs
undetermined quantity of NWFPs are
earned an average of US$600,000
have also earned US$600,OOO extracted illegally.
annually during the
annually during the last 10
10 years.
years. Other
NWFPs exported
NWFPs exported in in raw form include bud buri Licensing Regulations
Licensing
braids and
braids and raffia, bamboo,
bamboo, andand rattan poles
poles
and splits. Exports of these
splits. Exports these products
products are The Revised
Revised Forestry Licensing Regulations
Rattan poles
small. Rattan poles and
and splits
splits in limited
limited of September 1970 specify guidelines for the
quantities are being
quantities are being allowed
allowed to the the United
United issuance of forestry
issuance forestry licenses, leases or
States compliance with agreement to
States in compliance with an agreement to for the extraction
permits for the extraction of
of NWFPs.
NWFPs. They
provide replacement parts. also outline
also outline the responsibilities
responsibilities of forest
forest
products licensees,
licensees, lessees
lessees or
or permittees.
permittees. In
Exports of manufactured
manufactured NWFPs NWFPs havehave granting licenses
granting licenses or permits, the the sustained
sustained
likewise been
likewise been increasing
increasing during
during the last few yield capacity
yield capacityofof the the forest
forest area
area isis of
years. Foremost
Foremost of these these are rattan paramount importance. Thus, before
furniture,
furniture, bags
bags and
and baskets
baskets of of bamboo
bamboo andand granting license or
granting a license or permit,
permit, aa forest
forest
rattan,
rattan, and
and wicker
wicker work.
work. Rattan
Rattan furniture resource inventory is undertaken to
and chair
and chair exports
exports rose
rose from
from US$45.92
US$45.92 determine the amount to to be
be extracted.
extracted.
million in
million in 1981
1981 to to US$121.31
US$121.31 million
million in
1990, with an average annual growth rate of Licenses issued by the heads of
Licenses are issued of regional
13.4 percent. Exports of bamboo furniture offices
offices of the
the Department
Department of of Environment
Environment
and chairs during the samesame period increased and Natural Resources. This in line with
Natural Resources. This is with
from
from US$960,000
US$960,OOO to US$1.67
US$1.67 million,
million, an
an decentralize so field
government's policy to decentralize
annual growth rate
annual growth rate of
of 9.8
9.8 percent.
percent. Exports
Exports the needs
offices can respond easily to the of the
needs of the
of bags and baskets increased from people, especially in the rural areas.
US$18.57 million in
US$18.57 million in 1981
1981 toto US$65.13
US$65.13 Permits, except for
for rattan, are good for one
million in 1990. For basket-work
million· -basket-work and and year...
;.y~

wicker-work, thethe value ofof exports rose from

from
US$27.31 million 1981 to
million 1981 to US$52.61 million
million Rattan Regulation
in
in 1990. Other
Other manufactured
manufactured NWFP NWFP
exports include buri and and pandan
pandan placemats,
placemats, With
With rattan,
rattan, different
different regulations
regulations apply to
to
handbags, wallets, purses and similar rationalize the development of thethe industry.
industry.

107
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Philippines

The sharp increase in thethe demand

demand for rattan
rattan meter for large
large diameter
diameter rattan
rattan ((>
> 2cm)
2cm) and
and
poles
poles for
for furniture
furniture manufacturing
manufacturing in in the
the P0.03 per linear
PO.03 linear meter
meter for
for small
small diameter
diameter
1980s caused prices
1980s caused prices toto rise to
to prohibitive
prohibitive rattan («< 22 cm).
rattan cm). In
In addition,
addition, the
the winning
winning
of the
levels because of the influx
influx of
of middlemen.
middlemen. bidder has to post
bidder has post aa deposit
deposit which
which will
will
accrue to the rattan development
accrue development fund.
fund. The
These
These middlemen became the
middlemen became the outlets
outlets of fund
fund isis used
used toto plant
plant rattan
rattan seedlings
seedlings to
to
illegally cut rattan. In 1988,
1988, the
the Bureau of replenish and ensure sustainability of rattan.
Forest Development
Development (now Forest Manage- Manage-
ment Bureau)
Bureau) issued
issued an order to to individual
individual The maximum area granted
maximum area granted under a rattan
rattan
tribal people andand cooperatives
cooperatives which havehave cutting license to
cutting license to an individual
individual is 5,000
5,000
supply agreements with with licensed
licensed processing
processing hectares. For corporations,
corporations, partnerships,
plants. The
plants. The order
order requires
requires licensees
licensees to plant associations, and cooperatives,
cooperatives; the maximum
at least
least 10
10 rattan
rattan seedlings
seedlings for every
every 100
100 area is 30,000 hectares.
hectares.
linear meters harvested.
harvested.
The number ofof ratta.n
rattan cutting
cutting permits issued,
A DENR
DENR order,
order, dated
dated January
January 10,
10, 1989,
1989, and the allowable cut granted, has has increased
increased
provides for the competitive bidding of areas dramatically
dramatically during
during the
the last
last 10
10 years. Sixty-
years. Sixty-
identified as
identified as available for harvesting.
available for harvesting. To nine permits,
nine permits, with
with an
an aggregate
aggregate allowable
allowable
remove unfair advantage of the big operators cut of 14.74
cut 14.74 million
million linear
linear meters,
meters, were
were
over small-timers
small-timers in bidding, separate areas issued in 1981, rising to 279
issued in 279 permits,
permits, with
with
are allocated for large and small a total allowable cut of 138.95 million
million linear
entrepreneurs. Generally,
entrepreneurs. Generally, the
the allocation
allocation of meters, in 1990.
meters, 1990.
rattan production areas for public bidding
bidding is
as follows: Tapping of gums and resins
resins

• Fifty-five
duction area
duction
percent of the rattan
Fifty-five percent
area of
of any
any region
rattan pro-
region is
pro-
is to be
For gums
have
gums and
have been
and resins,
resins, tapping
tappingguidelines
guidelines
been prescribed. Almaciga resin
allocated
allocated to
to small entrepreneurs
entrepreneurs with tapping isis allowed
tapping allowed only
only in
in trees
trees at least 60
a paid
paid up
up capitalization
capitalization of 250,000
250,000 centimeters
centimeters in in diameter.
diameter. Tapping
Tapping on the the
pesos. trunks
trunks of trees
trees should
should not
not exceed
exceed three-
three-
fourths of the thicicness
fourths thickness of
of the bark, should
should
• Forty-five
neurs
neurs with
percent to
Forty-five percent
with paid
to big
big entrepre-
paid up capital
entrepre-
capital of
of more
more
in no case
case be
length,
be more
and should
length, and
more than
than 40
40 centimeters
always be
should always
centimeters in
be at
at least
least 60
60
than 250,000 pesos. horizontally.
centimeters apart horizontally.

of rattan production areas within

In the case of In tapping
In tapping balau
balau resin
resin from
from dipterocarp
dipterocarp
lands
lands reserved for, or occupied
reserved for, occupied by, tribal
tribal species, incisions
incisions in in the
the trunks
trunks ofof trees
trees
priority is
groups, priority is given
given to the tribal groups. should not exceed
should not exceed in width
width one-fifth
one-fifth the
the
circumferenceofof the
circumference the tree,
tree, nor more
more than
than
The eligible individual or group offering the one-fifth of
one-fifth ofthe
thediameter.
diameter. Incisions
Incisions should
should
highest
highest bid
bid wins
wins the
the concession.
concession. The be made
made at least
least 50
50 centimeters
centimeters above
above the
successfulbid
successful bid must
must bebe at
at least
least P0.46 per ground, and
ground, and not
not past
past the
the first
first branch.
branch.
linear meter of rattan, which is on top of the Tapping is
Tapping is authorized
authorized only
only inin trees at least
least
normal forest charge
normal forest charge ofof P0.75
PO.75 per
per linear
linear 40 centimeters in diameter.

108
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood PhiligHlles
Philippines

With
With Benguet pine, tapping
Benguet pine, tapping of oleoresin
oleoresin is licensees
licensees are required to
to secure
secure Certificates
Certificates
allowed only on trees that
that will
will be
be cut
cut within
within of Minor Forest
Forest Products
Products Origin
Origin (CMFPO)
(CMFPO)
five years and on trees at least 30 from the local Community
Community Environment
Environment andand
centimeters
centimeters inin diameter.
diameter. TheThe rules
rules stipulate
stipulate Natural
Natural Resources
Resources Office.
Office. The
The CMFPO
CMFPO
that
that for
for trees
trees with
with aa diameter
diameter below
below 4040 contains the
the name
name of the the licensee or
centimeters, only one face of the tree should permittee, the place where the forest
chipped. For trees
be chipped. trees 40
40 centimeters
centimeters and
and the consignee
products were cut or gathered, the
over in diameter
diameter atat breast
breast height,
height, chipping
chipping and destination, the quantity to be transport-
may
may bebe done
done on two faces,
faces, but only one at ed, the means
means of transport and date of trans-
a time, with aa space
space of
of about
about 10
10 centimeters
centimeters portation.
to be left between
to between the
the faces.
faces. The
The width
width of
each
each face
face should not exceed
exceed the diameter of Forest prpducts
products being
being transported but not
transported but
the tree
the tree and the depth of the the cut
cut should
should not
not covered by
covered by thethe required
required documents
documents are
are
exceed 1.5 centimeters.
exceed considered illegally cut and can be confiscat-
ed. Also
Also subject
subject to confiscation
confiscation are the
the
Regulations
Regulations also prohibit the
also prohibit the felling
felling or
or conveyances used in this
this transport.
transport.
unnecessary damaging of trees in the
collection of resins,
collection of resins, gums,
gums, gutta
gutta percha,
percha, Production
wood oils and similar forest products. Viola-
tion of this rule could lead to the Production figures presented
Production figures presentedinin Table
Table 6
cancellation of the license and
cancellation and payment of a include only
only the
the quantity
quantityofofNVVFPs
NWFPs legally
legally
fine equal to
fine equal to four times the regular
times the regular rate
rate for cut,
cut, extracted
extracted or gathered
gathered fromfrom thethe forest
forest
timber. license. Therefore,
under license. Therefore, they do not not pro-
vide a true picture of the amount of of NWFPs
Tanbark or
or dyebark
dyebark collection
collection extracted. AnAn undetermined
undetermined quantity, which
may
may be even greater than the reported reported pro-
For tanbark
tanbark or
ordyebark
dyebarkcollection,
collection, the duction,
duction, is unaccounted
unaccounted for each each year.
year. In
requirement is to to leave
leave an
an undamaged
undamaged strip
strip the case ofof rattan,
rattan, the
theaverage
averageproduction
production
of bark at least one-third of the during the last
during the last 1010 years
years waswas only
only 26.7
26.7
circumference
circumference of of the tree,
tree, extending
extending from
from million meters while manufacturers of rattan
the roots to
to the
the branches.
branches. furniture for exports alone utilized from 120 120
to 150
150 million
million linear meters
meters of of rattan
rattan poles
poles
Forest charges per year.
year. In 1990,
1990, the
the total
total allowable
allowable cut
granted to
granted to 279
279 rattan
rattan licenses
licenses waswas 138.95
138.95
Holders of NWFPs licenses
Holders licenses or permits are million linear meters, but but the
the reported
reported
required to
required to pay the
the forest
forest charges
charges prior to
to production
production for for that
that year
year was
was only
only 19.319.3
transport, disposition or
transport, disposition or processing.
processing. Forest million linear meters.
meters.
officers assess
officers assess the charges on thethe products'
products'
market value. From
From 1981 1990, no production
1981 to 1990, production of
Manila elemi was
Manila elemi was reported,
reported, yet
yet some
some 33
Transport of
of NWFPs
NWFPs million kilograms
million ldlograms were
were exported.
exported. During
During

To monitor the movement

movement of NWFPs from
the forests
forests to markets
markets or
or processing
processing plants,

109
..... ~
..... ;::
o
~<:>
;:,.
~
~
~
~
<:>
§-
'"~

Table 6. Non-Wood Forest Products Legally Harvested in the Philippines: 1981-1990

(in thousands of units)
-
Akoaciga Buri Wm:an Nito, I-begin Npa Unapht Salago Lamban
Resin Mahn, lame Baxnboo & Bobo Mkinba & other vi nes Homy Shingles Oleoreain Spht rattan rattan bark Tanbark Elam nut, bin* asp
Year (kg) (PO (PO (kg) (kg) (htre) (Pe) (kg) (kg) OW (kg) (kg) (kg) OW Wtto

1981 476 440 885 308 2 0.7 2,978 - 1,177 33,511 673 859 6 14- 2
1982 1,407 22 647 97 3 94.3 4,126 195 15,594 258 83 4 - 6
1983 462 96 410 57 10 11 3,166 - 73 24,244 83 52 5 - 03
1984 191 6 309 155 27 - 1,757 - 2,770 25,370 144 98 6 19 0.5
1985 380 31 644 48 50 1.4 2,675 - 72 19,437 47 53 75 -
1986 386 .. 428 33 4 0.7 3,989 . 249 28,588 156 1,020 . 25
1987 485 2 402 5 27 03 3,579 16 98 33,902 2 33 - - 4
1988 700 10 133 41 13 - 2,504 - 54 34,215 8 - - -
1989 472 16 204 88 157 06 5,298 - 30 33,254 2 - .. -
1990 943 2 984 58 89 - 8;023 - 10 19,266 6 30 -

~
~
"'5
s·
I!l
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Philippines
Philippi/us

same period,
same period, some
some 852,000
852,000 kilograms
kilograms of In some
some instances, initial processing is done
Almaciga resin
Almaciga resin were
were exported
exported annually
annually to increase the value of the
the product.
while the average yearly reported production
was only 587,000
587,000 kilograms.
kilograms. Middlemen play an important
Middlemen play important role.
role. They
have the necessary capital to finance
The large volume of of unrecorded
unrecorded NWFPs is handling,
handling, storage,
storage, and
and transport.
transport. Many
due to DENR's
due DENR's inability
inability toto monitor
monitor and
and NWFPs gatherers, with with or
or without
without permits,
supervise the operations ofof NWFPs
NWFPs licensees do not
not have the means
means to sell
sell their
their produce
produce
because
because of aa shortage
shortage of
ofpersonnel.
personnel. Thus, directly
directly to to processors
processors orormanufacturers,
manufacturers,
even
even some
some of the
the NWFPs
NWFPs cut cut or
or gathered
gathered whose plants are
whose plants are mostly
mostly in the cities or far far
under license
under license or permit
permit areare not
not reported,
reported, from the forest. On the other
the forest. other hand,
hand, some
some
resulting in loss
loss of
of forest
forest revenue.
revenue. processors
processors or manufacturers,
manufacturers, especially
especially thethe
small ones,
small ones, can
can not afford to putput up
up buying
buying
Under
Under existing
existing regulations,
regulations, licensees
licensees are
are stations in
stations in the hinterlands
hinterlands because
because of theirtheir
required
required to gather
gather or
or extract
extract the
the products
products limited
limited capital.
capital. Therefore, the the role
role ofof
themselves or to employ their own middlemen
middlemen in in bringing
bringing the
the raw
raw materials
materials
gatherers. As such,
such, they
they are
are obligated
obligated to
to from
from thethe producers
producers toto manufacturers
manufacturers has has
submit the names, addresses
submit addresses andand residence
residence become
become indispensable
indispensable to NWFPNWFP utilization
utilization
of their
certificates of their agents
agents andand employees
employees to
to in the
the Philippines.
Philippines.
the Community
the Community Environment
Environment and NaturalNatural
Resources Officer (CENRO) (CENRO) who who has Processing
jurisdiction over the area..
area ..
While
While some
some NWFPs
NWFPs are being
being exported
exported in
in
Licensees
Licensees are likewise
likewise required
required to
to inform
inform raw
raw forms,
forms, others
others are
are consumed
consumed by the
the
the CENRO when their operations gatherers themselves or soldsold to
to local proces-
commence. ThisThis enables
enables the CENRO
CENRO to sors or manufacturers.
manufacturers. MostMost of of the
the proces-
proces-
assign forest officers to monitor and sors
sors or manufacturers
manufacturers are are cottage
cottage type or
supervise their operations.
operations. backyard
backyard level
level industries
industries employing
employing not not
more
more than
than 20 20 workers
workers each.
each. There
There are,
are,
In many
many instances, the gathering of NWFPs however, around 250 mediummedium to large firms
firms
is done by members of of cultural
cultural communities
communities which are primarily involved in the
and
and other
other upland dwellers without
upland dwellers without thethe manufacture of rattan and bamboobamboo furniture
furniture
benefit
benefit of a license or permit
permit issued
issued by the
the for export.
export. Some
Some of
ofthese
these firms
firms have
have been
been
DENR. Although
Although members
members of cultural
cultural granted
granted forest
forest concessions
concessions which
which provide
provide
communities are given priority in the them
them with
with an an adequate
adequate and andcontinuous
continuous
gathering
gathering of forest products in theirtheir locality supply
supply of raw raw material.
material. Others
Others procure
procure
or areas they claim to to be
be part
part of
oftheir
their ances-
ances- their raw materials
materials from
from NWFP
NWFP permittees
permittees
tral lands,
lands, many
many of themthem dodo not
not bother
bother to
to or from
from middlemen.
middlemen. A A few
few of
ofthem
them have
have
apply for a license
apply for license or
or permit.
permit. The forest already
already resorted
resorted to thethe importation
importation of raw raw
products are then
products are then sold
sold either to holders
either to holders of materials
materials toto sustain
sustain the operations
operations of their
their
forest products permits
permits oror middlemen.
middlemen. In manufacturing plants.
turn, these
these permittees, oror middlemen,
middlemen, either
sell
sell the
the products
products to to local
local processors
processors or
manufacturers,
manufacturers, or export them in raw form.

111
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Philippines

Problems confrontingNVVIFP-based
Problems confrontingNWFP-based Indus-
Indus- example, around
example, around 77.5
77.5 percent
percent is is
tries composed (bikal
composed of climbing species (bikal
and bikal-baboi), which are presently
The development of NWFP-based industries considered as non-commercial
is being hindered by several
several problems:
problems: species. These species are,
however, potential
however, raw material
potential raw material for
• Lack of raw material supply.
supply. This
This and paper
pulp and manufacture. In the
paper manufacture.
of destructive extraction
is a result of extraction of
of case of rattan,
case rattan, the
the large
large diameter
diameter
forest products, slash and bum burn poles
poles are currently
currently in demand
demand forfor
agriculture
agriculture and conversion of forest
and conversion manufacture. So,
furniture manufacture. So, there is
to other
other uses. Illegal extraction
uses. Illegal extraction or the
the tendency
tendency to to overcut
overcut the
the large
large
gathering has led to over-exploitation diameter species while those those of
and fast depletion of NVVFP NWFP smaller diameter are under-utilized.
resources. The The government's
government's in-
ability stop illegal
ability to stop illegal extraction
extraction and Lack ofof capital
capital totofinance
fmanceNVVFP
NWFP
trade of
of NWFPs has compounded the plantation development.
development. Although
Although
problem. the government has provided several
incentives to encourage NWFP plan-
Inefficient extraction and tation development, the lack of
processing technology.
technology. Inefficient capital has been a major deterrent for
technologies have resulted in private sector participation. This is
sector participation.
considerable
considerable waste
waste in the the extraction
extraction aggravated by the long-term
and
and processing
processing of NWFPs.NWFPs. For gestation and
gestation high risk
and the high risk involved
involved
example,
example, the the cutting
cutting of of immature
immature plantation development.
in forest plantation development.
rattan plants results in the production
of low quality
quality poles. PoorPoor handling
handling FUTURE DIRECTIONS
FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND
AND
and storage techniques
techniques alsoalso result in PROSPECTS
fungal attack
fungal attack and
and thethe lowering
lowering of
quality. In
pole quality. In the
the case
case ofof resin and The
The Philippine Master Plan
Philippine Master Plan for
for Forest
Forest
gums,
gums, excessive removal of
excessive removal of bark in Development (MPFD), prepared
Development (MPFD), prepared by
by the
the
the process
process of oftapping
tapping weakens
weakens the DENR with the assistance of the
tree or causes
causes itit to
to die.
die. These
These sorts
sorts Government. ofof Finland
Government Finland and
and the
the Asian
Asian
of activities
activities have contributed
contributed to the Development Bank, provides
Development Bank, provides for a national
national
rapid depletion
depletion of NWFP resources.
ofNVVFP program on
program on non-wood
non-woodforest
forestproducts.
products. The
program aims
program aims "to develop and bring under
develop and
• Lack of market information.
Lack information. The The sustainable management these various
lack of market
market information has resources for economic
economic andand ecological
resulted in the very limited benefits
benefits of the greatest
greatest number
number ofof Filipino
Filipino
utilization of certain species of people." Specifically,
people." Specifically, the program seeks
seeks to
to
NWFPs. Thus, Thus, aa situation
situation arises
arises achieve the following objectives:
wherein certain
wherein certain species
species of NWFPs
NWFPs
are underutilized, while other species • To provide adequate
To supply of raw
adequate supply
are being
being over-exploited.
over-exploited. Of Of the
the materials to various
materials to various end-users
end-users and
and
country's bamboo resource, for the industries
industries while at the same time

112
No,,· Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Philippines

conserving
conserving the resources; to ease the pressure on
on species
species which are in
great demand
demand and at the the same
same time
time expand
expand
• To promote
promote equitable
equitable access to
opportunities in the utilization of the
of local
the resource base of local industries.
industries.

,resources;
resources; Inefficient harvesting,
Inefficient storage
harvesting, handling and storage
have also contributed to the
the fast
fast depletion
depletion of
of
• To promote
promote economic
economic development
in the rural areas;
areas; and
and
development NWFPs.
NWFPs. To To ensure
ensure sustainability, the
minimize waste.
program seeks to minimize

• To institutionalize
institutionalize the development
development sustainable supply
To ensure a sustainable supply ofof NWFPs,
NWFPs,
of the resources.
resources. the program encourages the establishment of
plantations. Currently,
Currently, thethe government,
government,
The program, however, covers only rattan, through the DENR, is
through the is negotiating
negotiating with the the
bamboo, resins, gums and
gums and essential oils, and Asian Development
Asian Development BankBank andand the
the OECF
OECF a
medicinal plants. concessionery loan
concessionery loan to
to finance
finance andand expand
expand
industrial forest plantations, including rattan
To achieve these objectives, the program has and rubber
and rubber plantation
plantation development.
development. To
outlined a strategy for ensuring the encourage the
encourage the private
private sector
sector toto invest
invest in
in
continuous supply
continuous supply and
and conservation
conservation of
of the plantation
plantation development,
development, several
several incentives
incentives
resources. This is to
resources. This to be
beachieved
achieved through
through are being
being offered
offered such
such as taxtax rebates,
rebates, low
low
sustainable management of
sustainable management of resources,
resources, the
the interest loans, long-maturing loans loans and
and
utilization of non-commercial species, security of tenure.
security
improved harvesting and utilization
technologies,
technologies, plantation
plantation development
development andand Profitability analyses of NWFP
Profitability analyses NWFP plantation
plantation
strict implementation of existing regulations. development disclosed a potential
development have disclosed potential
financialrate
financial rate of
of return
return of 16.8 percent
percent for
Over-exploitation and the
Over-exploitation and the conversion
conversion of rattan and 28.5
rattan and 28.5 percent
percent for
for bamboo.
bamboo. TheThe
forest
forest to other uses
uses have
have brought
brought about the National Development Corporation, a
depletion of
rapid depletion of the
the country's forest government-owned
government-owned corporation,
corporation, pioneered
pioneered
resources, including non-wood forest the development of large-scale rattan
products. There isis aa need
There need toto manage
manage plantations in the Philippines. The
sustained yield basis
NWFPs on a sustained basis to ensure corporation started its rattan plantation
an adequate
adequate and continuous supply of raw
continuous supply project in
project in 1983 in Bislig,
Bislig, Surigao
Surigao del Sur,
materials. The ban on
materials. The on logging
logging of of primary
primary Mindanao. As of
As of 1988,
1988, some
some 4,000
4,000
forests,
forests, as of
of January
January 1992,
1992, isis expected
expected to hectares had been planted to rattan.
hectares had
contribute to
contribute to conservation
conservation of of the NWFPs,
NWFPs,
for a substantial
substantial quantity
quantity of
of these
these valuable
valuable The Ecosystems Research and
and Development
Development
resources are destroyed
destroyed during
during logging
logging Bur~u
Bureau (ERDB) has established experimental
operations. plantations of rattan, bamboo
plantations bamboo and medicinal
medicinal
plants. A DENR
DENR bamboo
bamboo development
development
Many
Many species of NWFPs
species of NWFPs are
are not
not being
being program
program is being
being implemented
implemented by
by ERDB
ERDB
utilized at
utilized at present.
present. The
The country's
country's NWFP
NWFP with support fromfrom UNDP
UNDP andand FAO.
FAO.
program
program seeks
seeks to
to promote
promote the
the commercial
commercial Research into propagation techniques,
utilization of
utilization of these
these species.
species. This is expected taxonomy and phenology is being conducted

113
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Plurrgises

by ERDB. Among
Among thethe accomplishments
accomplishments of (FPRDI) has
Institute (FPRDI) has been
been conducting
the ERDB
ERDB program is the development
development of a research into the utilization of forest
technology
technology toto hasten
hasten the germination
germination of resources, including NWFPs.
NVVFPs. This This has
has led
led
seeds
seeds of some rattan
rattan species.
species. ByBy removing
removing to the development of new
development of new products
products as well
the seeds'
seeds' cover, the
the germination period of
germination period as the
the commercial
commercial utilization
utilization of
of previously
previously
palasan merrillii) seeds
palasan (Calamus merrillh) seeds has
has been
been species.
ignored species.
shortened from 120 days to 2 days with 97.5
germination success.
percent germination success. SUMMARY AND
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Equal access
access to opportunities With
With the
the declining
declining importance
importance of wood-
wood-
based
based industries, and the prospect
industries, and prospect of more
more
In the granting
granting of privileges
privileges to gather and restrictive logging bans, attention has shifted
leasing of areas
utilize NWFPs, as in the leasing areas for
for to the development of NWFP-based
plantation
plantation development,
development, local
local communities
communities industries. Wasteful utilization
Wasteful and the
utilization and the
will be given priority. destruction
destruction ofof much
much of
of the country's forests
forests
have also
have also resulted in depletion of the
depletion of the
The development
The development of of local
local industries
industries to NWFPs
NWFPs and and threatens
threatens the
the existence
existence and
and
utilize NWFP
utilize NWFP raw raw materials will be development of industries usingusing them.
them.
encouraged under the program. Incentives
encouraged
similar to those granted under the Industrial As
As part of
of the
the government's
government's program
program to
to
Forest Plantation
Forest Plantation Program
Program will
will be
be given
given to provide low-cost medicine to the people and
would-be investors. Establishment of to reduce dependence on expensive synthetic
cottage industries
cottage industries in local communities
communities will and
and imported drugs, the
imported drugs, the Department
Department of
be undertaken, including the development of Health has recently established
established facilities
facilities for
market linkages. manufacturing medicines from plants.
Medicinal plants from the forest, or
Upgrading
Upgrading Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Forest Products cultivated in plantations, are used as the raw
Development these new
material of these new facilities.
facilities.

This
This would
would require
require the
the establishment
establishment of
of To ensure
To ensure thethe adequate
adequate andand sustainable
sustainable
policies as well
policies as well as
as aanational
nationalprogram
program supply
supply of rawraw material
material totoNWFP-based
NWFP-based
directed
directed toward non-wood
non-wood resources
resources devel- industries, a Non-Wood
industries, Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products
Products
opment. Development Program has been incorporated
incorporated
in to the
the recently
recently completed
completed Philippine
Philippine
The non-wood forest-based industry Master Plan for
Master Plan for Forest
Forest Development.
Development. The The
program, which
which will
will continue
continue until the
the year
year success of the program, however, hinges on
success
2015, will require some US$US$ 1.5 million
million of the availability of funds
availability of funds to finance
finance it.
financial support per
financial support per year.
year. The
The bulk
bulk of
of this
this
amount
amount (88(88 percent) will be invested
percent) will invested inin
bamboo plantation
rattan and bamboo plantation development.
development.

To support
To support the
the government's
governmenf s program
program to to
develop the local forest-based
forest-based industries, the
and Development
Forest Products Research and Development

114
Nolt-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Plappines

REFERENCES

America, Leila
America, Leila C. 1989.
1989. Discover
Discover other
otherpotential
potential non-timber
non-timber forest
forest products.
products. 7he Philippine
The Philippine
Lumberman 35 (6):
Lumberman (6): 37-38.

Anonymous. 1989.
Anonymous. 1989. Apitong
Apitong and
and pili
pili oils
oils are
are good
good substitutes
substitutes for diesel
diesel fuel.
fuel. Philippine
7he Philippine
The
Lumberman. 33
Lumberman. 33 (11):21,
(11):21, 37.
\

Baconguis, S.R. et al. 1989.

1989. Medicinal
Medicinal plants: one
one of
of the resources in
in aa secondary
secondary dipterocarp forest.
The Philippine Lumberman,
The Lumberman, 3535 (1):
(1): 19-22, 24-31.

Brown, William H.
Brown, William H. 1921. Minor forest
1921. Minor forest products
products of
of Philippine
Philippine forests.
forests. Vol.
Vol. I and Bureau of
and II. Bureau
Printing.
Printing. Manila.
Manila.

Bureau of
Bureau of Forest
Forest Development. 1988. Natural forest resources
Development. 1988. resources of
ofthe
the Philippines.
Philippines. Philippine-
German
German Forest Resources
Resources Inventory Project.
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Bureau of Forestry. 1985.

1985. Administrative
Administrative Order
Order No.11
No. 11 (Revised),
(Revised), series
series of
of1970.
1970.

Bureau of Forest Development,

Development, 1985. BFD Administrative Order No. 2-85, series
Administrative Order series of
of 1985.
1985.

de la Merced,
Merced, Narciso
Narciso T. 1988.
1988. Rattan industry situation analysis. Proceedings
situation analysis. Proceedings of the
the National
National
Symposium/ Workshop on Rattan
Symposium! Workshop Rattan held
held at Ecotech
Ecotech Center, Lahug, Cebu
Cebu City
City June
June 1-3.
1-3.

Department of Environment and

and Natural
Natural Resources.
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No.4, series
4, series
1989.
of 1989.

Department of
of Environment
Environment and
and Natural
Natural Resources.
Resources. 1989. Masterplan
1989. Master planfor
forforestry
forestrydevelopment
development
(main
(main report) Manila.
Manila.

Fiber Industry
Industry Development 1991. Statistical bulletin
Development Authority. 1991. bulletin for
for the fiber industry.
industry. Makati,
Metro Manila.

Formoso, Gabriel
Gabriel R. 1988.
1988. Economics
Economics of
of rattan
rattan plantation
plantation development. Proceedings
Proceedingsof
ofthe
theNational
National
Symposium/Workshop on
SymposiumIWorkshop on Rattan
Rattan held
held at
at Ecotech
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Center, Lahug, Cebu City on June
June 1-3.
1-3.

Pollisco, Filivberto S.and

S. and Aida B. Lapis. 1988.
1988. State
Stateof
ofthe
theart:
art:research
researchand
anddevelopment
development in
in rattan
rattan
production. Proceedings
production. Proceedings of the National
National Symposium/Workshop
SymposiumIWorkshop on on Rattan
Rattan held
held at Ecotech
Ecotech
Center, Lahug, Ceby
Ceby City
City June 1-3.
1-3.

Reyes, Carmelita
Reyes, Carmelita G.
G. et al. 1990. (W'lkstroemia spp.).
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Salvosa,
Salvosa, Felipe M. 1963. Lexicon of
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ForestProducts
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Tesoro, Florentino
Tesoro, 0.
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115
Non-Wood
Non- Wood Forest Products Philippines

Proceedings of
of the National SymposiumlWorkshop
Symposium/Workshop on
on Rattan
Rattan held
held at Lahug,
at Ecotech Center, Lahug,
Cebu City on June 1-3.
1-3.

UPLB College of Forestry. Project Evaluation and Pre-feasibility

Pre-feasibility study of
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Cinchona Reforestation
Reforestation
Project.

Forest fruits supplement diets and

and incomes
incomes
the region.
throughout the region.

116
NOli· Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products SriLonka
Sri Lanka

SRI LANKA
LANKA
Sri Bharathie
K.P. Sri Bharathie
Conserwuor
Conservator of Forests
Department of Sri Lanka
Forest Deparinsent

INTRODUCTION

According to the Forest Ordinance

According to Ordinance of Sri Little reliable, detailed
detailed information
Lanka the following
following materials
materials are declared
declared pertaining
pertaining to to these
these valuable
valuable products
products isis
"Non-wood
"Non-wood Forest Produce:" available. Few studies
studies have
have been
been carried
carried
out
out in
in Sri
Sri Lanka
Lanka on on the
theeconomics
economics andand
(a) Leaves, flowers
Leaves, flowers and
and fruit,
fruit, seeds, management of
management of non-wood
non-wood forest products.
products.
juice, caoutchouc,
juice, caoutchouc, catechu, wood
wood oil, Efforts
Efforts in this
this direction
direction could
could bridge the
the
resin, natural varnish, bark, lac, gum
gum wide gap between
wide gap people and
between people and forests.
forests. The
The
and myrabolans; however,
Ministry of Indigenous Medicine, however,
has started research into the medicinalmedicinal
(b) plants
plants that are
are not
not trees,
trees, including
including aspects of non-wood forest ·products.
aspects products.
grass, creepers,
grass, creepers, reed
reed moss
moss and allall
parts or produce
produce of
of such
such plants;
plants; This paper will
will assess
assess the
the following
following aspects
aspects
of non-wood
non-wood forest products in Sri Lanka.
Lanka.
(c) tusk horns,
tusk horns, shed
shed horns
horns and
and edible
edible
birds' nests;
nests; • Classification of products,
availability and value;
their

(d) . peat, surface soil, rocks and

minerals, including limestone,
latente,
laterite, bitumen,
bitumen, bituminous
bituminous shale,
shale,
• Export in quantities
quantities and value;

asphalt, mineral oils and all products

of mines or quarries.
• Collection and processing;
Collection

• Employment generation and social

Employment generation social
The
The forests
forests of
of Sri
Sri Lanka
Lanka c,ontain
contain a large
large benefits
benefits from
from non-wood
non-wood forest
forest pro-
pro-
number of
number of trees,
trees, shrubs
shrubs and
and herbs
herbs which
which ducts; and
and
provide various
provide various products
products other than wood.
wood.
These
These products
products are commonly
commonly .known
known as • Future
Future directions
directions to promote
promote non-
non-
"minor forest products" or "non-wood forest wood forest products;
products;
products."" A number
products. number ofof such
such non-wood
non-wood
forest products
products are used
used locally,
locally, while
while a
few enter the export market. These products CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTS
CLASSIFICATION
have numerous
numerous direct and
and indirect uses,
uses, and
are of
are of immense
immense benefit
benefit to the
the people
people who
who Gum, resins, and
Gum, and oleoresins
oleoresins
live close
live close to forests
forests and also toto those
those who
who
live in cities.
cities. several tree
There are several tree species
species in
in Sri
SriLanlcan
Lankan
forests from which
forests from which gums
gums andand resins
resins are
are

117
Non- Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Sri LimIca
Sri Lmlka

collectexl, e.g. dawn

collected, e.g. dawn (Angeissus
(Angeissus latifolia),
latifolia) , Bark, fruits
fruits and
and seeds,
seeds, flowers,
flowers, leaves
leaves
hik (Linnea
(Linnea coromandelica)
coromandelica) and and gammalu
gammalu
(Pterocarpus marsupium). The resin
(Pterocatpus Bark is
Bark is the source of
of tannin
tannin and
and Ayurvedic
Ayurvedic
obtained from
obtained from thethe latter
latter is widely
widely used
used in
in medicines.
medicines. The main tannin-producing barks
Sri Lanka
Lanka to to treat
treat diabetes.
diabetes. Gum
Gum obtained
obtained kadol (Rhizophora
are kadol (Rhizophora spp.), ranawara
from
from kaju
kaju (Anacardium
(Ana cardium occidentale)
occidentale) is (Cassia auriculata),
(Cassia auriculata) , and
and wattle
wattle (Acacia
(Acacia
used locally
used locally as
as an
an adhesive. This species
adhesive. This species is decurrens).
decurrens). These
These species
species are locally
locally used
used
widely planted
widely plantedasas an
an export
export crop
crop for
for its in limited quantities for
limited quantities for leather
leather tanning
tanning and
nuts, but few
nuts, few trees
trees occur
occur naturally
naturally in the
the tanning of fishnets.
tanning
forests.
forests. Another
Another gumgum locally
locally used
used as
as an
an
kohomba gum
adhesive is kohomba gum (Azadiracta
(Azadiracta In indigenous medicine, bark of the
indica). following species
following species is used:
used:

Resin from
Resin from pine
pine (Pinus
(Pinus caribaea) raised in Etdemata (Gmelina
Etdemata (Gmelina arborea)
forest plantations
forest plantations isis now
now entering the export Kumbuk (Terminalia arjuna)
Kumbuk (Tenninalia atjuna)
market. (Syzygium cumim)
Madan (Syzygium cumini)
(Azadirachta indica)
Kohomba (Az,adirachta
Except for
Except for pine
pine resin,
resin, none
none of the
the other
other Ankenda (Acronychia
Ankenda (Acronychia pedunculata)
pedunculata)
gums and resins is collected
gums and resins is collected on on a large
large Mi (Madhuca longifolia)
longifolia)
scale. Damar
scale. Damar resins
resins areare produced
produced by by Bakmi
Bakmi (Nauclea orientials)
various
various species
species of
of dipterocarps.
dipterocarps. The best
best Bel
Beli (Aegle
(Aegle marmelos)
mannelos)
known product,
known product, dorana oil, is obtained from Kokum (Kokoona zeylanica)
the dorana tree (Dipterocarpus Kahata (Careya
Kahata (Careya arborea)
glandulosus). This oil
glandulosus). This oil mixed
mixed with
with other
other
organic substances was
was used
used to paint murals Bark of godakaduru (Strychnos nux-vomica)
nux-vomica)
in ancient temples in Sri Lanka. is exported from Sri Lanka for the
extraction of
ofstrychnine.
strychnine.
Kekuna
Kekuna (Canarium zeylaicum)
zeylaicum) produces an
oleoresin which is collected in small Several varieties of wild fruit are
Several varieties are collected
collected
quantities and used
quantities and used as
as incense.
incense. When by villagers. Some of these fetch high prices
distilled, kekuna oleoresin yields phyllandrin in the local market.
market. The popular varieties
varieties of
which is exported. The The residue
residue after wild fruit are:
distilling the phylladrin is suitable as
Incense.
incense. Mora (Nephelium)
(Nephelium)
Palu (Manillcara
(Manilkara hexandra)
Dipterocatpus and Canarium species
Dipterocarpus and species have (Drypetes sepiaria)
Wira (Drypetes
been heavily
been heavily exploited
exploited for
for timber in the wet (Syzygium cumim)
Madan (Syzygium cumini)
evergreenforests
evergreen forestsofof Sri
Sri Lanka.
Lanka. OfOf the
the Katuboda (Culleia ceylanica)
Katuboda
dipterocarps, only about one tree per hectare Beraliya (Shorea dyen)
Beraliya
greater than 120 centimeters in diameter can Jack (Artocatpus
(Arlo carpus heterophyllus)
heterophyllus)
be found
found in natural
natural forests
forests from which
which to
to Wood apple
Wood apple (Ferronia limonia)
limonia)
extract damar resin. Bel
Beli (Aegle
(Aegle mannelos)
mannelos)

118
Non· Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Sri Lanka

seeds of
The fruit and seeds of jack are popular food Kitul
Kitul (Careota urens) is abundant
(Careota urens) in the
abundant in the
Lanka.
items in Sri Lanka. wet evergreen
wet forests. Flowers,
evergreen forests. Flowers, or more
more
comedy
correctly inflorescences
inflorescences of
of kitul,
kitul, are
are tapped
tapped
Several
Several varieties of seeds
varieties of seeds are
are used
used in to obtain
to obtain phloem
phloem sap
sap which produces a
which produces a
Ayurvedic medicine. The
Ayurvedic medicine. The more
more popular
popular range of products such as jaggery, alcoholic
alcoholic
varieties are: beverages (toddy) and
beverages (toddy) and vinegar.
vinegar. Kitul flour
flour
obtained from the juvenile core of the tree is
Ingini (Strychnos potatorum) to
(Strychnos potatontm) well-known medicine
a well-lcnown medicine for giddiness.
purify water in wells
wells
(Syz,ygium cumim)
Madan (Syzygium cumint) for treat- tree leaves
Forest tree
Forest are widely
leaves are widely used
used in
in
ment of
of diabetes Oriental medical treatment.
Oriental medical tre,atment. A few are also
Pus Wel (Entada phaseoloides)
WeI (Entada pha§eoloides) in used
used as wrappers and as leaf
leaf vegetables.
vegetables.
ayurvedic treatment
ayurvedic tre,atment
(Datra mete!)
Attaa (Datn2 lintel) for treatment of The more important
The important species and their uses
species and
diseases
nerve diseases are:
Kapukinissa (Hibiscus abelmschus)
Kapukinissa
(CalphyUum inophyllum)
Domba (Calphyllum inophyUum) Bidi leaf (Diospyros melanoxylon) to
(CalophyUum walken)
Kina (Calophyllum wrap bidi, a cheap
cheap smoke
smoke
(Madhca longifolia)
Mi (Madhca
Mi longifolia) to extract
extract Kenda (Macaranga peltata)
Kenda pellata) to
to wrap
wrap
cholesterol free oil and cattle feed
cholesterol jaggery and other
other sweetmeats
sweetmeats
Kohomba (Axadurachta
Kohomba (Axadutuchta indica)
indica) to
to Beru (Agrostistachys hooken)
Beru (Agrostistachys hooken) for
extract medicinal oil thatching huts
Jayapala (Croton tiglium) as a leaves (Ochlandra
Bata leaves
Bata (Ochlandra stridula) to
laxative thatch village
village' houses
Godakaduru (Strychos nux vomicca)
l'omicca) Madurutal~'
Madurutala(Horlonia floribunda) a
(Hortoniafloribunda)
to extract strychnin
strychnin mosquito repellant
Myrabolams including Aralu
(Terminalia
(Term belerica),, Bulu
in alia belerica) The leaves of blue
The leaves blue gum
gum(Eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus
(Tenninalia chebula) and Nelli globulus) are ,used
globulus) are ,used to oil which
to distill oil which
(phyllanthus· emblica)
(Phyllanthus emblica) contains cineole. The quantity involved is
contains
comparatively small.
Many wild
Many wild flowers produce medicinal
more important
beverages. The more important ones are: The non-wood
non-wood forest
forest products
products discussed
discussed
above
above have
have been
been over-exploited
over-exploited because
because
(Cassia auricuIUonnis)
Ranawara (Cassia
Ranawara auriculifonnis) has been
there has been no
no planned
planned management.
management. As
Bell (Aegle mannelos)
Beli (Aegle a result,
result, many
many herbal
herbal medicines
medicines that
that could
could
longifolia) for strong
Mi (Madhuca longifolia) strong be grown
grown in Sri Lanka are
Sri Lanka are now
now imported.
imported.
beverage One
One example (Munronia
kohomba (Munronia
example is kohomba
Kohomba (Azodirachta
Kohomba (Azadirachta indica)
indica) for pumila),
pumila) , which
whicQ was
was available
available inin the
the dry
savoury food z,one and th~
zone and the mid-country-
mid-country but is now almost
Malitha (Wootffordia
(Wootifonlia /ruiticosa)
fruiticosa) 'tAtS valuable medicinal herb is now
extinct. This
Mafia (Bauhima racemosa)
Malia importedfrom
imported from India
Indiaatat aa cost
cost ofof about
about
Rs1000 per ldlogram.
RslOOO kilogram.

119
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Sri Lanka

Grass, Bamboo,
Bamboo, and Cane its collection.
collection. AAbreeding
breeding program
program is
is now
now
underway.
Various sedges
Various sedges are
are used
used for
for handicraft
handicraft
industries such as basket making, hat
maldng, and mat maldng.
making, making. EXPORT QUANTITIES AND
AND VALUES
VALVES

Bamboo is
Bamboo is used
used in
in building,
building, scaffolding,
scaffolding, Few
Few non-wood
non-wood forest
forest products
products enter
enter the
the
ladders, bridges
bridges and
and fences. Numerous foreign market, with the exception of
articles of daily
articles suc~. .as
daily use such brushes, tool
as brushes, handicrafts made
handicrafts made from
from bamboo
bamboo andand rattan.
handles, toys,
handles, toys, musical
musical instruments etc. are
instruments etc. Bamboo and
and rattan goods earned
earned Rs2.5 mil-
mil-
made different bamboò
made of different bamboo species.
species. The
The lion in
lion in 1986.
1986. There has been
been a 5050 percent
percent
traditional industry of basketware and reduction in
reduction in sales
sales over the last few years.
years.
bamboo flutes
bamboo flutes is based
based almost
almost exclusively
exclusively
on a single native species,
species, bata (Ochlandra All products
All products of mines
mines or or quarries
quarries 'are
are
stridula). Davidsea attenuata and defined as forest
defined forest produce
produce in the Forest
in the Forest
Pseudoxytenantherea monadelpha
Pseudoxytenantherea monadelpha are two two context gem
Ordinance. In this context gem stones,
stones,
other local
other local species
species used
used to
to produce
produce crude
crude graphite and
graphite and the like
like obtained
obtained from
from within
within
basketware. Four bamboo species, the forest
the forest areas
areas could
could be defined
defined as non-non-
Ochlandra stridula, Davidsea atteuata, wood forest
wood forest products.
products. This
This paper
paper does
does not
Bamboosa vulgaris,
Bamboosa vulgaris, and
and Dendrocalamus
Dendrocalamus consider the
consider the exports
exports ofof gem
gem stones
stones and
and
giganteus are widely used in cottage similar products,
similar products, asas they
they do
do not
not relate
relate to
industries. these materials.

The rattan industry of

of Sri Lanka depends on
10 native
native species. The following
species. The following species are COLLECTION AND
AND PROCESSING
widely used commercially.
widely
royalties, permits are issued
After receiving royalties, issued
zeylanicus)
weI (Calamus zeylanicus)
Thambotu wel by the Forest Department
Department to to collect
collect products
products
Sudu ovoideus)
Sudu wewel (Calamus ovoideus) from forest
from forest preserves,
preserves, while
while the
the District
District
Heen wewel
wewel (Calamus
(Calamuspseudotenuis)
pseudotenuis) Office issues
Office issues permits
permits toto collect
collect products
products
Ma wewel thwaitesil)
wewe1 (Calamus thwaitesit) from state forests not managed by the Forest .
Kaha wewel (Calamus rivalis)
rivalis) Department.
Narawel
Narawe1 (Calamus delicatulus)
delicatulus)
Wewel (Calamus rotang) Non-wood forest products are almost
Kukuluwel (Calamus pachystemo-
pachystemo- exclusively gathered by local entrepreneurs.
nus) Little processing
Little processing is
is done
done prior to their
their sale.
sale.

weniwel (Cosciniun
An important species is weniwel
feenestratum),
feenestratum) , which
which is aa woody
woody climber
climber EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION AND
AND
growing
growing inin the rain
rain forests.
forests. TheThe stem
stem is SOCIAL BENEFITS
used as aa diuretic
used as diuretic and
and as
as anananti-tetanus
anti-tetanus
drug.
drug. This, too,
too, isisover-exploited
over-exploited andand the
the Most industries
Most industries based
based on non-wood
non-wood forest
forest
Forest Department has enforced controls on products generate only part-time
employment, with the exception of
employment" of bamboo
bamboo

120
Non- Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Sri Lanka

and rattan industries,

and industries, which
which employ
employ 3,000 Awareness Programs
Awareness Programs
people
people full
full time. Additional part-time
Additional part-time
workers are often
workers often seasonally
seasonally employed. Industries based on non-wood forest
products
products areare confined
confined toto households;
households; thethe
The most common production unit is home- home- traditional methods
traditional used for collection
methods used collection and
and
based. The employment
employment pattern
pattern for non-
non- processing have not changed over the the years.
years.
wood
wood forest
forest products
products industries
industries have
have notnot The waste of raw material
material during harvesting
been
been carefully studied,
studied, except
except for
for bamboo
bamboo and
and processing
processing could
could be reduced
reduced through
through
and rattan. Actually
Actually there is an an estimated
estimated awareness programs of propagation
awareness programs propagation andand
surplus of
surplus of 900
900 trained
trained workers
workers in the craft harvesting techniques.
harvesting techniques. Cultivation
Cultivation ofof rare
industry based on bamboo
industry based bamboo andand rattan.
rattan. This species and
species and the use
use of
ofalternative
alternative species
species
is mainly caused by
mainly caused by thethe difficulty in have toto be promoted
promoted toto reduce
reduce the
the pressure
obtaining raw materials,
obtaining raw materials, the lack of of capital
capital species in natural
on species natural forests.
forests.
to pay for them,
them, and
and aa shortage
shortage of
of tools.
tools.
Most non-wood forest products do not fetch
non-wood forest
their proper prices in the market
market because
because of
DIRECTIONS TO PROMOTE
FUTURE DIRECTIONS poor quality.
qUality. People engaged in this industry
NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS have
have toto be
be educated
educated toto new
new methods
methods to
to
improve the quality of the produce.
Almost
Almost all non-wood
non-wood forest
forest products
products are
are
obtained from natural
obtained from natural forests,
forests, and
and some
some Some
SOqle species are underutilized
species are underutilized because
because of
effort
effort has been made
made to
to assess
assess the
the present
present ignorance of
of processing
processing methods.
methods. Katu una
stock. Although the legal protection ofof these
these (Bamboosa bamboos), found in the dry zone
species is well defined, illegal exploitation is for example,
example, is
is underutilized.
underutilized. In
In India
India and
and
common mainly because of the high demand other
other countries
countries inin the
the region, the same
region, the same
for these products. As
As a result, some
some species
species species is
is used
used for
for weaving
weaving mats.
mats. The
The
are almost extinct.
extinct. The following
following aspects
aspects existing techniques
existing techniquesinin the
the region
region could
could be
have to be studied to ensure proper used to overcome this problem.
management of remaining resources:
Research
Survey of Existing Stocks
Research
Research programs
programs have to bebe strengthened
strengthened
A comprehensive survey is needed to assess
needed to assess to propagate the rare and very
propagate the very important
important
the present stock of non-wood
non-wood forest non-wood forest
non-wood forest products.
products. More
More assistance
assistance
products and
products and to
to study
study the
the employment is required
required for
for continuing
continuing research
research carried
carried
generation pattern of this
generation pattern this industry.
industry. Both
Both out by
out by the
the universities
universities and
and the
the Forest
Forest
quantitative and qualitative data are needed. Department.

The
The status
status of individual
individual species
species has
has to
to be
be The ADB-funded
The ADB-funded Participatory
Participatory Forestry
ascertained
ascertained so that vulnerable species
that vulnerable species and Project of the Forest Department, to
protected from
areas can be protected from over-
over- commenceatat the
commence the beginning
beginning of of 1992,
1992, will
exploitation. provide opportunities for the development of
non-wood forest
non-wood forest products
products atat the village
village
level. Special
level. attention will be given to the
Special attention

121
Non- Wood FQrest
Non-Wood Products
Forest Producís Sri Lanka
Lallkn

medicinal herbs which

medicinal herbs which are in
in high
high demand.
demand.
Propagation of
Propagation of the herbs
herbs at at the
the village
village
garden level will
garden will contribute
contribute towards
towards ex-situ
ex-situ
conservation of these rare herbs and
generate income
generate income for the rural poor.
poor.

LITERATURE
LITERA TURE CITED

de Zoysa, Neela and K.

K. Vivekanandan.
Vivekanandan. 1991.
1991. The
The bamboo
bamboo and rattan cottage
cottage industry
industry
in Sri Lanka. IDRC
in IDRC Bamboo
Bamboo Rattan
Rattan Project.

Ministry of Ayurveda. n.d.

Ministry n.d. Ayurveda
Ayurveda Sameeksha.
Sameeksha. Colombo,
Colombo,. Sri
Sri Lanka.
Lanka.

Weerasinghe, Tissa
Weerasinghe, Tissa A.E.K.1971.
A.E.K.1971. Forest
Forestproducts
products other
other than
than timber.
timber. Paper
Paper presented
presented at
the Symposium on Subsidiary Industrial Products of Agriculture
Agriculture && Forestry,
Forestry, 31
31
August 1971, Colombo.
August

Links
Links between producers and
and markets
markets are
are crucial
crucial for
for
successful NWFP development.
successful development .

122
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Lallka
Sri Lanka

, Annex L Forest Herbal Materials Utilized by the AyUrvedic Corporation of

Sri Lanka and their annual requirements
Annual
Requirement
No. Local Name Botanic Name (kg)

1. Axalu Temanalia chebula 10,000

2. Adhathoda Adhotoda viska 300
3. Etdemata (root) Gemlina arborea 1,500
4. Aswenna Alysicarpus vaginalis 1,500
S. Inveriya (dry) Plectranthus SOO
6. Inguru piyali Knoxíaa zeylanica 400
7, Eta batu (root) Solanum xanthocarpum 1,500
8. Endaru (root) Reeinus eommunis 500
9, Endani (seed) Reeinus communis 200
10. Palol Sterospermum suaveolens 1,500
11, Polpala Eerva lanata 1,500
12. Bell (raw fruit) Aeglt marmtdos 1,500
13. Bulu Terminatia belerica 10,000
14. Ball (root) Aegle marnialos 1,500
15. fiinkohomba Munronktpumiki 800
16. Beimla (root) Sida racemsea 5,000
17. Midi (root) Pretna ceratifolia 1,500
18. Thotila (root) Drolyiton indieum 1,500
19, Nas Narang (root) Citrus japonica 100
20. Na (flowers) Messua ferrea 600
21. Na (stame,ns) Messua ferrea 500
22. Nalum (petioles) Nelumbo nueifera 100
23, Gas Karalheba Achyrathes aspera 120
24. He,en arattiqyam) Ophiorriliza rnungos 3,500
25. Matu karandu (root) Barlerica prionitis 150
26. Kiratha Swertia zeylanica 1,000
27, Kohoba (bark) Azadirachta indica 2,000
28. Kollan (leaves) Pogostemon heyneanus 500
29. Ktunbult- (bark) Terminalia arjuna 500
30. Kohomba (seed) Azadirachta indica 100

123
No,,· Wood Forest ProtJucts
Non-Wood Products SriLonka
Sri Lanka

NOr

Annex L Forest Herbal Materials Utilized by the Ayurvedic Corporation of

Sri Lanka and their annual requirements
Annual
Requirement
No Local Name Botanic Name (kg)
31. Kotals Hituhatu (rOOt) Saracia reaculata 200
32 Dummeila Trichosanthescacumerina 300
33. Diyinnitta Campeks pareira 500
34. Nika (root) itec negundo 100
35. Runawate (rOot) Cassia aurieuktta 100
36. Ratnitui (root) ¡'lumbago indica 1,000
37. Rasaldnda (dry) Masora cordifolla 5,000
38. Rukattana (bark) 41stonia scholaris 100
39, Ruk mal (flOwar) ifortfieldia iryaghedi -300
40. Wettivelgeta Coscinium fenestratun 7,000
4L WelkAambiliya Fleurga interrapta 7$0
42. Weltibbotu (root) Solanum trilobatum 350
43, Delta (yam) Baliospemnan mamanum 400
44, Delum (peel) Punka granturn 350
4$. Clon Kekiti (yam) Cumin's melavar 150
46. Gokatu Garcinia ?arena 500
47, Ha1 D14111%114 (»mar) Voiotia copailifera 350
48. Hatavariya (yam) Asparagus racernosus 260
49. Lunnwils Raova monniera 100
50. Lunuwarana (bark) Crateva retigiosa 100
51, Iatamanaa Nardostadlys fatamansi 500
52. Kiribadu (yam) Iponwea maurtttana 500
53. Sudu Bandon (wod) Santahan album 800
54. Sevendara (root) Vetiveria zizanioides 400
Siviya (toot) Piper citaba 300
11 1111111111,11[1ffill , III ill I I I '

124
12 4
 ~
,. ;II

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2.
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l:i.
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<5
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~

Annex If. Imported Medicinal lierbs Obtain' ed from Natural Forests

1987 1988 1989

Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value

(kg) (Million Rs) (kg) (million Its) (kg) (million Rs)

Tippdi (Piper languor) 15,125 L61 13,708 - 2.89 : 13,976 1.59 .

Spikes Roots 5,300 0.11 4,750 0.10 . 6,500 0.09 .

Pathpadagum (1410auga earviana) 53,500 0.52 77,293 1.00 56,820 0.89 :-
Katuwalbatu (Sokoutm xanthocarpum) 92,500 0.70 170,288 1.46 66,488 0.71
Devadara (E'lythroxylum monosytruttn) 14,203 0,17 21,246 0.32 28,287: 0.45 i
Walartgasid (Etnbelia rifles) 8,59) 0.24 17,450 0.59 10,500 0.36
Tirastavalu (Operctdina tutpethua) 11,328 0.26 25,350 0.54 9,000 0.21
WeImadata (Rubia cordVolia) 6,198 0.15 15,627 0.37 4,600 0.16
Kumburueta (Caesaipinia bonduc) 5,100 0.06 6,985 0.16 9,250 0.13 i-
Malithamat (Woodfordiafruticose) 16,050 0.16 13,000 0.14 9,550 0.13
Walgammitis (Piper argyrophyllarri) 600 0.15 1,245 0.12 2,000 0.11 .

NeIli (Phyllanrhus emblica) 57,068 0.76 56,973 0.15 3,825 0.05

Geewandi (Tenninali el:chart) - - 1,689 5.00
4

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IV
U1
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Non-Wood
Non- Wood Forest Products

Marketing rattan
rattan in
in the
the Philippines.
Philippines.

126
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Thaikmd
Thailand

THAILAND

Wanida Subsansenee
Wanda Subsansenee
Non-Wood Forest Products
Products Sub-Division
Sub-Division
Forest Products Research
Research Division
Division
Royal Forest Department

INTRODUCTION

Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest Products
Products (NWFPs),
(NWFPs) , as as Because
Be,cause of of the
the diversified nature of
defined
defined inin Thailand, refer to
Thailand, refer to all
all forest
forest NWFPs,
NWFPs, .it is difficult
difficult to assess
assess their
products other than
products other than timber,
timber, small
small wood
wood value. Uses of NWFPs in rural
and fuelwood.
fuelwood. NWFPs are essential to the communities differ greatly
communities differ greatly from
from one area
livelihood and well-being
livelihood and well-being of of Thai rural
rural NWFPs are
to another. NVVFPs are normally
normally used
used for
communities. In the past, NWFPs received subsistencepurposes,
subsistence purposes, butbut some
some are
are also
also
only
only modest
modest attention
attention from
from thethe Royal
Royal traded. Requests to to RFD
RFD forforNVVFP
NWFP
Forest Department (RFD) (RFD),, and the harvesting permits
harvesting permits are few in number
number and
and
quantity and diversity has decreased are considered unnecessary
unnecessary by local users.
drastically for four
four reasons:
reasons: Thus, accurate data on on NWFPs
NWFPs are are
difficult to maintain.
maintain.
.. Adverse
Adverse impact
impact of
of deforestation
deforestation
,environmental degradation;
and .environmental OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATION OF
CLASSIFICATION
NWFPs
NVVFPs
.. Over-exploitation;
According to Forest
Forest Act
Act B.E.
B.E. 2484
.. Use
Use of
of traditional, unimproved (A.D.1941), NWFPs are are divided
divided into
into two
two
harvesting; and
methods in harvesting; and categories as follows:
follows:

.. Lack of information and .. Protected NWFPs

NWFPs including
including wild
wild
inadequate training. wood
orchids, aromatic wood (Dracaena
loureire) , agarwood (Aguilaria
loureire),
Now,
Now, the direct
direct and
and indirect
indirect values
values of sp.), sappan (Caesalpinia sappan)
sappan (Caesalpinia sappan)
NWFPs are more
NWFPs more clearly
clearly recognized
recognized andand charcoal,
charcoal, yang
yang oil (gurjan),
(gurjan) , some
some
are receiving interest from the government palm leaves, some bark
of Thailand
Thailand as well as fromfrom other
other tropical
tropical (Gasternopsis
(Gasternopsis spp., Hopea
Hopea spp.,
countrie.s
countries and international agencies. Persea spp., Artocardus spp.,
Compilation
Compilation of data on on NWFPs, improved Cinnamomum spp., etc.),
cultivation
cultivation practices, and determination
practices, determination of Platycerium spp.,spp., gums,
gums, resin
resin
accurate yield estimates are current (gutta
(gutta percha,
percha, jelutong,
jelutong, lacquer
priority activities.
activities.· The direct and
and indirect
indirect resin, oleoresin), some ferns,
resin, ferns, and
benefits of NWFPs to
benefits to rural
rural communities
communities rattans.
are being assessed with a view toward
are being assessed with a view toward
product
product improvement,
marketing
improvement, management
marketing of NWFPs.
management and and . Unprotected NWFPs:
Unprotected NWFPs: All
above.
All others
others
not specified above.

127
No,,· Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Thaiknd

BENEFITS
BENEFITS AND
AND IMPORTANCE
IMPORTANCE OF and Plectocomiopsis.
Plectocomiopsis. Rattan is found
found from
NWFPs sea level
sea level up
up to 3,000 meters.
meters. In Thailand
Thailand
most rattans
most rattans are
are found
found in
in the south, north
NWFPs are important
NWFPs are important in providing
providing the
the and
and central
central parts
parts of
of the
the country.
country. They
They
following benefits in Thailand:
following Thailand: grow in swamp, evergreen, dry dry evergreen
evergreen,
forests.
and mixed deciduous forests.
• Food and household
household use;
Rattan has
Rattan has been
been used
used for
for centuries
centuries in
in
• Supplements to family
from trade
from
family earnings
trade at local
local and
earnings
and domestic
domestic
Thailand.
Thailand. It is used for:
for:

levels; • Handicrafts such

Handicrafts such as
as rattan
rattan canes,
canes,
hats, baskets, ropes and mats;
hats, mats;
• Generation of rural employment;
Generation employment;
• Furnitur~;
Furniture;
• Foreign
Foreign exchange
exchange earnings
earnings from
from
exports; and
exports; • Medicines for treating rheumatism,
asthma, diarrhea,
asthma, diarrhea, snake
snake bites and
•• forest conservation.
Enhanced forest conservation . intestinal
ceasius,
disorders. (Co
intestinaldisorders.
ceasius, and
and C.
(C. rotang,
Co triginus; and
Co
rotang, C.

extent of the social value of NWFPs

The extent
lcnown, but
is not known, but by
by indirect and • Edible fruit and shoots.
shoots.
subjective assessment based
subjective assessment based onon records
records
from the Forest Management Division,
from the Forest Management Division, Rattan furniture
Rattan furniture is currently
currently very popular
there are aboutabout 9,500
9,500 villages with in a number
number ofof international
international markets
markets and
and
862,500 families and 4.85 million has a promising future. The most
residents living in reserve forests in important large
important large cane species
species in Thailand
Thailand
Thailand. Assuming
Thailand. that in
Assuming that in e,ach
each family
family used for furniture (Vongkaluang, 1986) are
one member
one member works
works atat harvesting
harvesting and
and kampuan (Co
kampuan longisetus) , namphung
(C. longisetus), namphung (C.
utilizing NWFPs, approximately one keesean (C.
sp.), keesean (C. rudentum), kordam (Co
kordam (C.
million jobs
million jobs are dependent on NWFPs. manan), and
and nguay
nguay (C.(C. peregrinus).

Important Thai NWFPs in the international The

The most
most important
important small
small rattans
rattans are
are
market
market areare shown
shown inin Table
Table 1. These takathong (Co
(C. caesuis), keephung (Co
keephung (C.
include rattan,
include rattan, bamboo,
bamboo, lac,
lac, honey,
honey, gum, blume,),
blumet), lek (C. pandanosmus), and
(Co pandanosmus) , and
resins and
resins and bark. Other NWFPs utilized for keereh (Co
keereh (C. densiflorus).
food,
food, spices, medicinal plants, and orchids
will not
will not be elaborated on in this paper as
elaborated on Rattan harvesting.
Rattan harvesting. In
Inthe
thepast,
past, all
all rattans
rattans
many of them are now
many now cultivated
cultivated plants.
plants. except Co
C. caecuis were unprotected
NWFPs. People
NWFPs. People could
could collect
collect without
without
Rattan permits
permits (except in reserved
(except in reserved forests).
forests). In
In
1988,
1988, however,
however, all rattan was classified as
There are
There are 6 genera
genera and
and 55 species
species of aa protected
protected NWFP
NWFP because
because of over-
over-
rattan Thailand, the most important
rattan in Thailand, the most important exploitation. Permits
exploitation. Permits are now required
being Calamus, Korthalsia,
Daemonorops, Plectocomia,
Daemonorops, Plectocomia, Myriakpsis
Myrialepsis

128
 0\
N
M
"'::=
:§
~

Table 1. Non-wood forest products exports from Thailand, 1979-1988 (million baht)
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Lac 89.88 111.43 84.97 141.36 278.71 479.45 582-09 395.11 28718 121.61
Bamboo 13.29 3.55 1736 1949. 24.00 22.0e 21.59 19.58 30.50 22.79
Gum 8.24 13.57 14.15 22.82 14.48 13.89 21.91 30.97 29.40 24.96
Rattan - - - - .. - - .
Rattan 0.65 0.02
Furniture - - - - - - 441.13 520.72 712.59 479.30
Honey 0.09 0.002 0.004 0.23 0.10 0.16 5.19 4.80 11.4.6 24.55
Resins 0.02 0.28 0.09 - - 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.76 s
0.50
Spices 12.79 18.13 65.15 108.19 106.62 150.94 129.80 57.48 26.14 137.72
Kobuak 58.82 - - 52.65 48.63 42.53 48.53 50.08 - 47.89
Total 183.32 146.962 182.124 344.74 473.55 708.7 1260.28 1068.85 1099.04 859.34

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E
~
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Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Thailand

from
from the
the Forest
Forest Department
Department for
for harvesting
harvesting increased rapidly (Table
increased rapidly (Table 3).
3). In
In 1967,
1967, the
the
quantities exceeding 10 kilograms. quantity imported was
quantity imported was 64.2 tons, valued
valued at
Enforcement of this
Enforcement of this regulation
regulation is weak,
weak, Bt618,300. By 1988, the
Bt618,300. the quantity
quantity imported
resulting in illegal harvesting in most areas. had
had grown
grown to 29,339 tons,
tons, valued
valued at
at Bt224
Bt224
Accurate production records are not million. These figures
million. These figures indicate
indicate that
that a great
available. Legal harvests are given in Table
available. quantity of
quantity of rattan
rattan was
was imported
imported toto serve the
2, but
but these
these levels
levels are
are believed
believed to
to vastly
vastly increasing demand
increasing demand of of the
the rattan
rattan furniture
furniture
harvests.
underestimate actual harvests. industry.

Very
Very little
little raw
raw rattan
rattan isis exported
exported from
from
Table 2. Legal rattan cutting in
Thailand. The largest quantity
quantity was in 1977:
1977:
Thailand
436.7 tons valued
valued at Bt729,500. The export
Year Quantity Value of raw rattan
rattan was
was banned
banned in
in 1978.
1978.
(1000kg) (Baht 1000)

1967 34,347 30,014 Collection and processing. TheThe Ministry

Ministry of
1968 34,195 29,876 Agriculture and Cooperatives
Agriculture Cooperatives has established
1969 3,037 3,038 temporary regulations for harvesting. When
When
1979 37,000 37,955 better data and information on growth rates
1971 14,897 12,509 and cutting regimes becomes available, these
1972 23,839 20,017
1973 23,369 22,591 regulations may
regulations may be
be revised.
revised. The
The current
current
1974 64,894 70,302 regulations
regulations direct collectors to:
1975 8,429 9,132
1976 4,752 5,148 • Cut only
Cut only mature cane of
mature cane of at
at least
least 8
1977 8,150 9,237 meter in length.
1978 11,112 12,964
1979 3,152 4,203
1980 2,320 4,640 Leave half of
Leave half of the
the stems
stems in
In the
, 1981 205 1,516 clumps.
1982 38$ 3,374
1983 2,924 35,088 Clear the area under the clumps after
1984 1,303 15,637 harvesting.
1985 2,588 30,338
1986 3,147 37,633
1987 5,960 74,500
• Follow a felling rotation of 5 years.
years.
1988 3,558 46,254
1989 1,235 16,670 Rattan canes are easily recognized
Rattan canes recognized as being
being
mature when
mature when thethe leaf sheath
sheath has fallen.
fallen.
Source: Royal
Source: Royal Forest Department The
The best
best time
time for
for cutting
cutting rattan
rattan is from
from
Notes: 1) Rattan W11.8
was declared
declareda aprotected
protectedNWFP 1988.
NWFP in 1988.
2) Conunerical
Commerical logging
logging in
in natural
natural foresta
forests banned
banned in
in 1989.
1989.
November March. Sometimes
November to March. Sometimes peeling
and splitting of cane is done in the field with
Exports and imports.
imports. Thailand
Thailand imports
imports a ordinary
ordinary knoves
knoves prior to transporting
transporting to the
large volume of raw rattan
rattan from
from Myanmar,
Myanmar, factory.
factory. In the factory, peeling
peeling and splitting
splitting
Vietnam, Laos, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong of cane are done
done by
by machine.
machine.
Kong,
Kong, Malaysia
Malaysia andand others. As As rattan
rattan
export has
furniture for export has grown
grown in popularity,
the
the quantity
quantity of raw
raw rattan
rattan imported
imported has
has

130
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Thailand
77tailand

Table3, Exports and imports of raw rattan and furniture, Thailand

Exports Imports
Raw rattan Rattail Raw rattan
furniture
Year
Quantity Value Value Quantity Value
(tons) (1000 baht) (million baht) (tons) (WOO baht)

1967 16.8 14.2 - 64.2 618.3

1968 25.0 13.6 - 66.8 689,0
1969 50.3 30.1 - 78.7 913.8
1970 62,8 366.4 - 84.8 836.3
1971 - 67.8 622.0
1972 6.8 6.2 - 76.7 679.4
1973 - 62.5 572.8
1974 10.2 9.0 , 61.1 564.9
1975 39.0 100.4 - 96.3 1,0543
1976 58.1 47.6 - 194.5 2,091.6
1977 436.1 729.5 - 219.0 1,781.7
1078 244.2 705.5 - 263,9 2,350.7
1979 - - 348.6 6,816.8
1980 - 411.0 10,222.7
1981 - - - 841.1 17,608.9
1982 - - . 3,163.7 29,123.3
1983 - - _ 6,571.8 51,014.2
1984 - 5,389,6 58,767.6
1985 - - - 7,391.7 74,485,2
1986 - - 520.7 11,029.0 93,516.0
1987 - - 712.9 18,443.0 142,233.0
1988 - .. 479.3 29,338.9 224,446.4
1989 331.0 4,810.0 369.3 27,187.6 164,063.0
1990 0.3 120.9 279.9 15,977.4 136,268.2

Source : Office
Office of
of Agricultural
Agricultural Economics
Economics
Note : (1) Export
Export of
ofraw
raw rattan
rattan was
was banned
banned in
in 1979
1979

131
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Thaiklnd
Thailand

After harvesting, there are many

many methods
methods of Plantations of
Plantations of rattan are not
rattan are not yet
yet well
including:
treatment including: established. It is necessary to find
appropriate methods for the successful
• Drying in the sun
Drying sun until
until the
the moisture
moisture establishment of
establishment of rattan
rattan plantations, and to
plantations, and to
content is
content 10 percent;
is 5 to 10 percent; find appropriate technologies for harvesting,
treatment.
post-harvest, and pre-factory treatment.
Washing in water, rubbing with
with sand
sand
and coconut
and coconut husk,
husk, and
and drying in the Bamboo
sun until the moisture content is 5 to
10 percent; Bamboo
Bamboo is throughout Thailand,
is found throughout Thailand,
mostly in mixed
mixed deciduous forests. It covers
deciduous forests.
Washing in
Washing in water,
water, fumigating
fumigating with
with about 810,000
about 810,000 hectares
hectares (5.5
(5.5 percent
percent of the
SO2, drying in
S02, drying in the sun, washing
washing in area). Thirteen
forest area).
forest Thirteen genera,
genera, with
with more
more
water,
water, and
and rubbing
rubbing with
with sand
sand and
and tham 60
tham 60 species,
species, are
are found
found inin Thailand,
Thailand,
coconut husk; including Arundiaria, Bambusa,
Cephalostachyum, Dendrocalamus,
• Immersing in sodium
Immersing sodium hypochlorite
hypochlorite
for 11 hour, washing in water,
Dinochloa, Gigantochloa, Mclo calam us,
Gigantochloa, Mclocalamus,
melocanna, Neohouzeaua, Pseudosasa,
fumigating with
fumigating with S02,
SO2, drying
drying in
in the schizostachyum, Teinostachyum and
sun; Thyrsostachys.

• Boiling in
Boiling in a mixture
mixture of
of diesel
diesel and
and Bamboo hashas many
many uses.
uses. The culms are used
coconut or palm oil 30 to 40 minutes for house
house construction,
construction, scaffolding,
scaffolding, props,
props,
at 70
at 70 to 120° rubbing with
120" C, rubbing with ladders,
ladders, fencing,
fencing, containers,
containers, pipes,
pipes, toys,
coconut husk,
coconut husk, drying in the sun.
sun. musical instruments,
instruments, furniture, wicker work,
partitions, house walls, fuel and and raw
raw
Employment
Employment generation.
generation. Chuntanaparb, material for pulp and paper
paper making.
making. Shoots
Shoots
et.al (1985) estimated that the local are
are aa popular food, used
popular food, used in
in fresh
fresh and
and
productions
productions ofof rattan
rattan was
was 55 to 66 million
million preserved foods. Bamboo serves as fencing,
Idlograms per
kilograms per annum,
annum, with
with an
an estimated
estimated windbreaks,
windbreaks, and and to to prevent
prevent river
river bank
bank
value of Bt40 million, creating about 35,000 erosion. The best best known
known species are
person-days of employment
person-days of each year
employment each year in Thyrsostachys siamensis
Thyrsostachys siamensis andand Dendrocala-
Dendrocala-
harvesting
harvesting and transport and about 400,000 mus
mus asper.
asper. Thyrsostachys siamensis is
Thyrsostachys siamensis
person-days of employment
person-days employment in furniture mostly
mostly collected from natural
collected from natural forests.
forests. The
The
production. species is tolerant of drought and saline
saline soil.
It was the primary raw material for pulp and
Recommendations.
Recommendations. Rattan
Rattan production
production in
in paper
paper making
making in in Thailand from 1939
Thailand from 1939 to
Thailand comes
Thailand comes almost
almost entirely
entirely from
from the
the 1984. Each year, over 55 million
million culms
culms were
were
wild and is insufficient to meet the demands required for the
required for the pulp
pulp and
and paper
paper industry.
industry.
of the
the rattan
rattan industry.
industry. Rattan
Rattan harvesting
harvesting Owing
Owing to the the strong
strong demand
demand forfor bamboo
bamboo
permits have decreased rapidly as stalks, this
this species
species is diminishing.
diminishing.
diminishing forest resources and
uncontrolled exploitation have seriously Dendrocalamus asper
asper is
is aa favourite
favourite species
species
depleted the stock of wild rattan. for bamboo
bamboo plantations.
plantations. The advantages
advantages of

132
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Thailand

their species are simple propagation

requirements, a short cutting cycle, and high
'Fabte 5. Exports and imports of bamboo and bamboo
yields
yields of quality
quality young
young shoots.
shoots. The
The culms
culms products
are suitable
suitable for building materials
materials and
and
Exports Imports
toothpicks.
Year Quantity Vafue (tuantity Value
Bamboo harvesting. The
Bamboo The culms
culms removed
removed (tone)

from
from forest under RFD permits
permits are showed
showed 1979 6,552 13,286 468 16,009
in Table 4. 1980 198 3,546 138 9,1359
1981 6,230 17,76 /42 11,390
1982 5,733 19,491 136 9,631
1983 8,306 23,997 200 16,315
Table 4. Official records of 1984 3,246 22,076 231 25,028
bamboo culms removed from natural 1985 ' 9,667 31,592 6 262
forests in Thailand 1986 4,836 19,584 98 10,594
1987 5,735 30,496 187 10,265
Quantity Value 1988 292 22,789 280 13,492
Year (1,000 culms) (1,000 baht)
or Customs
Source: Department of CII8tOOl8
1979 14,711 88,272
1980 2,260 15,825 In the last decade, exports surpassed imports
1981 2,173 15,216 in every year except
except 1980.
1980.
1082 16,003 160,030
1983 1,102 13,227
1984 555 6,661
Collection and processing. Bamboo
1985 8,884 106,614 harvesting is carried out by selective cutting.
1986 6,485 77,823 The
The one-year old culms
one-year old culms should
should not
not bebe
1987 13,495 202,426 harvested inin order
order totomaintain
maintain growth.
growth.
1988 18,863 339,551 Cutting is
Cutting is generally done by
generally done by using
using a small
small
1989 15,597 311,959 axe, machete,
machete, bill hook
hook or saw.
saw.
Source:
Source: Royal Forest Department
The first
first harvest
harvest is between
between the third
third and
and
The annual
annual demand
demand for
for bamboo
bamboo is
is much
much fifth
fifth year
year of growth. There are
growth. There are up
up to 55
greater
greater than the volumes indicated
indicated in Table shoots from
shoots from each
each culm
culm inin the
the first
first and
and
so these
4, so these data
data should
should be
be considered
considered only
only aa second
second year.
year. Mature culms are at the center
center
potential indication
indication of harvest levels. SomeSome of each clump, and are surrounded
surrounded by by up
up to
to
bamboo species are not on the
not on the protected
protected list
list 5 new shoots each year. The 2-to 3-year3-year old
and are therefore not reflected in RFD
and are therefore not reflected in RFD clumps
clumps areare cut
cut for
for bamboo
bamboo stalks,
stalks, poles,
poles,
Official bamboo
statistics. Official bamboo harvest
harvest levels
levels construction work and
construction work and wicker
wicker work.
work. The
The
peaked
peaked in in 1988
1988 at 18.9 million
at 18.9 million culms,
culms, clumps should
clumps should be cut at the bottom close to
valued at Bt 339.6
valued 339.6 million.
million. the ground. Quality
Quality decreases
decreases ifif over-aged
over-aged
These clumps
clumps are left uncut. These clumps become
become
Exports
Exports and imports.
imports. Table
Table 55 shows
shows the
the brittle
brittle while the immature
while the immature onesones areare not
not
of bamboo
total quantities and value of bamboo exports
exports durable.
durable. Cutting
Cutting is easier
easier from
from November
November
and
and imports, including, bamboo
imports, including, bamboo stalks,
stalks, through March. Studies
through March. Studies have indicated
indicated the
bamboo shoots, bamboo poles, and suitability of aa 3-year
suitability of 3-year cutting
cutting cycle
cycle for
for
toothpicks. Dried bamboo
toothpicks. Dried shoots are
bamboo shoots are the
the Thysostachys siamensis in natural
Thysostachys siamensis natural forests
forests
main import item. conditions. Consecutive
conditions. Consecutive cuttings
cuttings 33 years
years

133
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Thailand

apart each yielded

yielded more than 10,000 culms Boiling of the shoot in water,
per hectare with no reduction in stem quality followed by
followed by drying
drying or fermenting;
(Suwannopinan,
(Suwannopinan, et et al, 1982).
1982).
Cutting into
Cutting into appropriate
appropriate sizes
sizes and
and
De-branching of the culms IS is done lengths;
immediately after cutting.
immediately after cutting. The
The culms
culms are
are
Bundling may
then cut to the desired length. Bundling may • delivery.
Packing for delivery.
or may
may not
not be
be done
done before
before thethe poles
poles are
are
transported
transported to the roadsite
road site or the yard. Recommendations.
Recommendations. The availability
availability and
and
production of local bamboo do not meet the
It is important
important to keep
keep the
the poles
poles free
free from
from demand. Corrective measures should
insect infestation
insect infestation and
and deterioration.
deterioration. The
The include:
general practice are:
Increasing the size
Increasing the size of the
the bamboo
bamboo
Upon reaching
Upon the yard,
reaching the yard, poles
poles are
are plantations. Suitable species and
graded
graded according
according to size, length
length and
and spacing for
spacing for various
various purposes
purposes and
and
defects. sites
sites should
should be determined.

Poles are dried by sun, au

air Improved
Improved management
management techniques.
techniques.
seasoning, or in an
seasoning, an oven.
oven. The
The recommended
recommended schedules
schedules and
and
methods
methods of harvesting should be
harvesting should
Poles are
Poles are dipped
dipped into
into diesel
diesel fuel
fuel to followed. Extension and training are
followed.
protect them
them from
from insect
insect infestation
infestation needed.
and again dried by air.
and again
Employing suitable
Employing suitable harvesting
harvesting and
and
sale and
Poles are bundled for sale and techniques. It is important
processing techniques.
delivery. to
to keep
keep the poles
poles or shoots
shoots in their
their
best condition. Practical and
Bamboo shoot harvesting
harvesting is done from MayMay economic methods should be
to October (the rainy season).
season). Shoots can be devised.
collected from
collected from the
the clumps
clumps daily,
daily, or twice
twice a
week.
week. In bamboo
bamboo plantations,
plantations, 1- or
or 2-year
2-year Lac
old stalks
old stalks of Dendrocalamus asper, each
Dendrocalamus asper, each
yield about
yield about 55 or 6 shoots per year. Bamboo
Bamboo Lac is
Lac an unprotected
is an unprotected non-wood
non-wood forest
forest
shoots can
shoots can grow
grow 90 to 120
120 centimeters
centimeters per product. It is the resinous protective
day under ideal conditions.
conditions. For export,
export, the secretion
secretion ofof the
the lac
lac insect,
insect, Lacctfer
Laccifer lacca,
average weight of shoots should range from found
found inin India,
India, China,
China, Laos
Laos and
and Burma.
Burma.
0.4 to
to 2.0
2.0 ldlograms.
kilograms. The largest
The lac producing
largest lac areas are
producing areas are in the
the
and Northeast.
North and Northeast. Lac can provide extra
includes:
Shoot processing includes: income for
for farmers
farmers in rural areas and for the
people
people collecting NWFPs from
collecting NWFPs from the
the forest.
forest.
• Removal of the leaf. Leaf
Leaf sheath and Lac is used for various
various products
products including:
including:
setae;
oral setae;

134
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Thailond
Thailand

Lac dye:
dye: lac
lac dye
dye is
is fast
fast in
in animal
animal cropped only
cropped only once
once a year, from
from September
September
fibres such as wool and silk and has
fibres has to December.
a bright red colour. Different
attractive shades may be obtained by There are
There are a large
large number
number of trees
trees and
and
using different
using mordants. The
different mordants. The silk shrubs which
shrubs which are
are the
the hosts
hosts of lac
lac insect.
insect.
cottage industry
cottage industry in many
many villages
villages The major
major lac host tree
tree in
in Thailand
Thailand is the
the
uses stick lac for
uses for colour-fast
colour-fast dyeing
dyeing rain tree
rain tree (Samanea saman). OtherOther suitable
suitable
of silk. Lac dye
dye is edible,
edible, therefore,
therefore, lac host trees are Albizzia lucidior,
it can
can be
be used
used for
for colouring
colouring softsoft Combretum quadrangerlae, ZYlJphus
Zyzyphus
drinks and food. mauritiana, and
and Croton arguratus.

Shellac: used for painting and Lac host trees should be pruned 1 to 2 years
furniture manufacturing.
manufacturing. before inoculation. The brood lac to to be
be used
used
for the infection
for infection of the new trees should
should be
Bleached shellac: used
used the same
same as healthy and un infected by pests.
healthy and uninfected by pests. The brood
light coloured
shellac. Currently, light coloured lac selected should be
selected should be cut
cut into
into a length
length of
furniture is
furniture is popular
popular and
and bleached
bleached about
about 6 inches
inches andand tied with
with string
string at the
the
shellac is in demand.
shellac demand. end
end of the
the twig
twig and
and covered
covered with
with a straw
straw
basket. Brood lac should be tied to the tree,
basket.
production.Production
Lac production. Productionofoflac
lac fluctuates vertically
vertically oror asas near
near as
as possible
possible to the the
dramatically (Table 6). The highest branch to which the young are to to settle.
settle.
production ever
production ever recorded
recorded in Thailand
Thailand waswas
about 24,000 tons
about tons in 1974/75.
1974/75. The
The lowest
lowest should be left on the branch about
Brood lac should
production, in 1980/81, was only about 800
production, 1 week,
week, then
then moved
moved to another
another branch.
branch. It
tons,
tons, due
due toto unfavourable
unfavourable weather.
weather. The The should be
should be left
left on
on the
the tree no longer than
than 3
average production
average production over
over the
the last
last 10
10 years
years weeks. Care must be taken not to over-infect
was
was about 7,000 tons.
about 7,000 tons. The major areas of
major areas the
the host.
host. The
The lac
lac insect
insect will
will complete
complete its
lac cultivation
lac cultivation are in the
are in the North,
North, which
which generation within 66 months.
generation within months. Then
Then the lac
lac
produce about
produce about 84 84 percent
percent of
of the
the lac crop
crop can
can be cropped
cropped or or left on the tree for
for self-
self-
(Wanida, 1986).
(Wanida, 1986). infection for a second
infection for second cropping cycle. A 3-
cropping cycle.
trees should
year rotation for host trees should be
be used.
used.
Exports and imports.
Exports imports. The The quantity
quantity and
and
value of lac
lac exports
exports fluctuates
fluctuates according
according to Lac
Lac is croppe,d from trees
cropped from trees both
both for
for use as
as
the production and the world
production and world market price brood and for use in industry.
industry. The
The methods
methods
(Table 7). In
(Table 7). In 1983,
1983, laclacexports
exports totalled
totalled of collecting are different.
9,423 tons,
9,423 tons, valued
valued at Bt279
Bt279 million.
million. In
In
1985, the exports
1985, exports were
were 6,258
6,258 tons
tons valued at For use
use as brood,
brood, lac
lac should
should be
be left
left on
on the
the
Bt582 million.
Bt582 million. Exports decreased
decreased in 1988 to tree until
tree until the
the lac
lac are
are ready
ready to swarm.
swarm. It is
only 3,483 tons,
only tons, valued
valued atat Bt122
Bt122 million.
million. harmful
harmful toto cut
cut the
the lac
lac before or after
before or after it
The amount of lac imported is very small.small. matures. Premature
matures. Prematurecutting
cuttingofof the
the lac
lac is
harmful because the
harmful because the females
femalesare
are cut
cut off
Collection. Normally there are
Normally there are 2 broods
broods of from their food
from food supply
supply and
and become
become weak.
weak.
in aa year;
lac in year; in
in May
May andand June,
June, and
and Late cutting is also harmful because
because the
the
November and
November and December.
December. However,
However, lac is

135
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Thailand

Table 6. Stick lac production in Thailand

Production Value

Year North Northeast Total Unit value Total

(1,000 kg) (1,000 kg) (1,000 kg) (baht/kg) (1,000 baht)

1979/80 3,800 , 3,800 -

1980/81 400 400 800 -
1981/82 3,500 400 3,900 , -
1982/83 11,000 1,500 12,500 6.50-10.00 103,125
1983/84 1,000 300 1,300 24.00-27.00 33,150
1984/85 7,000 1,000 8,000 28.00-80.00 432,000
1985/86 14,000 1,500 15,500 15.00-35.00 348,750
1986/87 9,000 1,000 10,000 11.00-17.00 140,000
1987/88 4,000 800 4,800 16.00-25.00 98,400
1988/89 3,500 1,000 4,500 8.00-12.00 45,000
1989/90 6,550 700 7,250 6.50-9.50 58,000
1990/91 5,250 650 5,900 9.00-11.00 59,000

Source: Thai Lac Association

Table 7, Exports and imports of lac products

Exports Imports
Year Quantity Value Quantity Value
(tons) (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 baht)

1979 7,359 89,884 15 292

1980 5,526 111,432 7 282
1981 2,642 84,970 3 247
1982 6,361 141,363 3 224
1983 9,423 278,714 10 49
1984 9,628 479,452 68 258
1985 6,258 582,090 8 1,523
1986 8,055 395,112 5 1,668
1987 7,685 287,184 2 1,075
1988 3,483 121,616 8 1,353

Source: Department of Customs

136
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood ThaiJond
Thailand

young larvae will

young larvae will be
be lost before
before the lac is washed with plain
washed with plain water or soda ash can be
The most
cut. The most appropriate
appropriate method
method for added to make
added to make it clearer.
clearer. Then
Then the
the water
water
cutting
cutting brood
brood lac is by
by examination
examination of the
the containing the lac dye is allowed
allowed to run run off.
off.
orange
orange yellow spot area
yellow spot area of the
the female
female lac
lac This process is repeated three or or four
four times
times
cell.
cell. With
With the
the appearance
appearance of cracks
cracks in the until most of the lac dye
dye has
has been
been removed.
removed.
encrustation, the
the encrustation
encrustation can
can be
be pulled
pulled The material left over is called seedlac. The
off from the
the host
host twig.
twig. seedlac
seedlac is dried on a cement
cement floor.
floor.

For industrial
industrial havesting,
havesting, lac should
should be cut Shellac processing. Seedlac
Seedlac is
is converted
converted to
to
just aa short
short time
time before
before swarming
swarming is due to shellac
shellac by a steaming
steaming process.
process. The
Theseecllac
seedlac
occur.
occur. For use as
as lac
lac dye,
dye, lac
lac should
should be
be is passed through a sieve after melting
melting by a
collected
collected before swarming,
swarming, because
because at this
this steaming process using
steaming process using 40 to 5050 pound
pound per
per
period the
period the lac
lac cell
cell contains
contains the
the highest
highest square inch of pressure
square inch pressure for 11 112
1/2 hours.
hours.
content of
of dye.
dye. The processed
The processed material
material is called
called shellac.
shellac.
After the hot shellac
After shellac tray
tray is
is removed
removed from
from
Precautions in
Precautions in collection
collection and
and storage.
storage. the steaming process, the tray is
steaming process, is placed
placed in
in
After lac
After lac is cut, itit should
should be
be scraped
scraped from
from water and
water and the cooled shellac is pulled from
the twigs
the twigs as soon
soon as as possible
possible with
with sharp
sharp the tray.
knives. To prevent lac from forming
knives. forming blocks
it should be spread
spread on a clean floor and and air Flake shellac can be made by heating
heating shellac
dried away from direct
direct sunlight.
sunlight. over a fire (if a yellow
over yellow colour is desired,
desired, it
is mixed
is mixed with
with yellow
yellow arsenic
arsenic sulphide).
sulphide).
The lac may
may be be spread
spread inin layers
layers about
about 44 Then the
Then the molten shellac is transferred
inches deep
inches deep to prevent
prevent itit from
from sticldng
sticking through the cooling
through cooling rollers of aa sheeter
sheeter and
and
together when freshly cut. Lac may may be raked passed along aa belt conveyer
passed along conveyer to to obtain
obtain a
once a day until it is dry,dry, then
then raked
raked once
once sheet of shellac.
sheet shellac. The shallec
shallec is then
then dried,
dried,
every 3 to
every to 44 days.
days. IfIfthe
the lac
lac has
has already
already broken into small
broken into chips, and
small chips, and stored
stored in anan
formed blocks,
formed blocks, they
they should
should be broken
broken at at air-conditioned room atat aa temperature
temperatureof 10°
of100
once. Blocky
Blocky lac makes
makes processing difficult to 20°C.
and the lac also
also loses
loses chemical
chemical and and physical
properties, causing
causing its
its price
price toto decline.
decline. Bleached
Bleached shellac
shellac processing.
processing. To To produce
produce
bleached shellac, seedlac
bleached shellac, seedlac is dissolved
dissolved in aa
Lac should
should be
be stored
stored in
in aa cool
cool and
and ventilated
ventilated hot solution
solution of soda ash
ash at a temperature
temperature of
room, and
and should
should be
be fumigated
fumigated with
with carbon
carbon 70 to 80°C and boiled for about 11 hour.
70 to 800C and boiled for about hour.
bi-sulphide to protect
protect against
against insect
insect attack.
attack. After all the lac is dissolved, the the lac
lac solution
solution
Lac can easily deteriorate if stored is filtered through a nylon
nylon (cloth
(cloth to
to remove
remove
improperly. the impurities)
impurities) and allowed to cool. cool. Bleach
Bleach
&kw isisadded
liqtJqr .addeduntil
until the
the lac
lac solution
solution is fairly
Seedlac processing.
Seedlac processing. After
After scraping
scraping the lac welt bleached. Dilute
welfhleached. Dilute sulphuric
sulphuric acid
acid is
from the twig, the
from the dust
dust and
and stick
stick should
should be slowly added to the solution until itit is
slowly added to the solution until
collected by hand.
collected by hand. Then
Then the
the sticklac
sticklac isis neutral.
neutral. Bleached shellac forms
Bleached shellac forms inin a fine
fine
crushed by a lac crusher,
crushed by which it is
crusher, after which granular size,
granular size, then
then it is
is filtered
filtered through
through a
ready for washing.
washing. Crushed
Crushed lac
lac is
is placed
placed in muslin bag and thoroughly
muslin bag thoroughly washed
washed in cold
cold
a cement
cement tank
tank and
and washed.
washed. Lac
Lac cancan be
be water.
water. The precipitated bleached
precipitated bleached shellac is

137
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood ThaiJond
Thailand

squeezed out,
squeezed out, dried, crushed
crushed into
into powder,
powder, themselves.
and kept in a cool
cool place.

Employment
Employment generation.
generation. In 1989, the
• Honey is used
used as
medicines.
in medicines.
as food
food or
or sweetener
sweetener

Forest Products Research Division of the

Research Division the
Royal
Royal Forest
Forest Department
Department surveyed
surveyed the Wax is used
Wax used for
for polish,
polish, cosmetics,
cosmetics,
families involved in lac cultivation in Phrae, candles, and
candles, and comb
comb foundations
foundations for
Lampang, Phayao and Tak Provinces. It was beehives.
estimatedthat
estimated that about
about 2,100
2,100 tons
tons of
of lac
lac
production created
created jobs for 15,400 families. Pollen is used as a dietary
In 1989/90,
In 1989/90, the production
production of 7,250 tons tons supplement
supplement and
and in herbal medicine.
medicine.
created employment for 53,200 families.
families.
Royal jelly has aa reputation
Royal reputation as anan
Recommendations. After logging aphrodisiac, a panacea and aa rejuve-
rejuve-
concessions were
concessions were closed
closed inin 1989,
1989, rain
rain tree nator.
(Samanea saman),
(Samanea saman) , the lac host trees,
became very
became very popular
popular for woodwood carving,
carving, Propolis is used
Propolis is used on
on aa small
small scale
scale
handicraft manufacture, and furniture. medicinally for its bacteracidal
Large trees now
Large trees now sell
sell for
for BtBt 20,000
20,000 as as properties.
timber, and smaller trees sell for Bt 2,000 to
Bt 3,000. Because of the resulting harvest of Bee venom is
Bee is used
used medicinally
medicinally for
rain tree
rain tree for other uses,
uses, the
the number
number of lac desensitizing people hyper-allergic to
host
host trees
trees has
has drastically
drastically declined.
declined. ItIt is
is bee stings and as a folk
stings and folk medicine
medicine to
necessary
necessary to promote rain tree plantations in prevent arthritis.
rural areas,
areas, especially
especially in the
the areas
areas lac
lac had
had
previously been
previously been cultivated.
production in all
production
cultivated. Research
all the
Research on lac
the aspects
aspects should
should be be
• Bees are sold
Bees sold to
to other
new hives.
form new hives.
other producers
producers to
to

initiated.
Bees
Bees and
and bee products
products can
can provide
provide extra
extra
Honey income for people
income for people in
in rural
rural areas.
areas. In some
some
cases, beekeeping can be a full-time
Honey was
Honey was previously
previously classified as a occupation (Chuntanaparb,
occupation (Chuntanaparb, et
et al., 1985).
1985).
protected
protected NWFP
NWFP butbut in 1988 it was
reclassified as an unprotected
unprotected NWFP.
NWFP. Honey production.
production. The
Theofficial
official production
production
There are
There are four
four species
species of of honeybee
honeybee in in and value figures
figures for honey
honey collected
collected from
from
Thailand. Three
Thailand. Three species
species occur naturally
naturally in natural forests with
natural forests with RFD
RFD permits are given
given
forests: the
forests: the giant
giant bee,
bee, oror rock
rock bee
bee (Apis
(Apis in Table 8. The figures significantly
dorsata); the hive bee (A.
dorsa/a); (A. cerana); and
and the
the underestimate
underestimate total production.
little bee (A.
little bee (A. florea). A fourth species (A.
A fourth species (A.
melllfera) has
mellifera) has been
been introduced
introduced for honey
honey No estimates
estimates of the amount
amount of honey
honey from
from
productioninin Thailand.
production Thailand. HereHere are
are seven
seven beekeeping throughout the country are
commercial products
commercial products from
from bees.
bees. Honey
Honey is available.
available. It may
may be
be assumed
assumed that
that northern
northern
the
the main
main product.
product. TheThe others
others are wax,
wax, Thailand is the best place for
Thailand for beekeeping.
beekeeping.
pollen, royaljelly,
royal jelly, propolis, venom and bees

138
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Thailand

water. The honey is extracted by centrifugal

Table 8. Honey production iriforest force. The extracted honey is left in a honey
areas of Thailand
storage tank for
storage tank for several days to allow
several days allow air
air
Year Quantity Value bubbles,
bubbles, bits of wax,
wax, and
and any
any fine
fine particles
particles
(tons) (1,000 baht) to rise to
to to the
the top.
top. These
These are
are skimmed
skimmed off
1979 23,80 1,904.0 bottling.
before bottling.
1980 0.03 4,2
1981
1982
1983 1.00 121.2 Table 9. Exports and imports of honey,
64,8 1919-1988
1984 0.$0
Exporta Imports

year Quantity Value Quantity Value

Outs) (400 ikk» lious) (IMB.16
There are about
about 50,000
50,000 hives
hives in the
the North,
North,
1979 640 88 137.237 8,555
and 3,000 to 6,000 hives
and in the south.
hives in south. It is 1980 012 2 66 428 1)296
estimated that 11 hive
estimated that hive produces
produces about
about 40
40 1981 .010 4 31.472 5,620
1982 12.142 234 123.002 5,139
kilograms
kilograms of honey.
honey. Therefore
Therefore the
the honey
honey 1983 69,829 1,104 192.346 7,290
production from beekeeping could be 1984 116 899 160 3,378.359 3,788
1985 288,900 5,199 130,359 5,267
estimated at about 2,000 tons
tons per
per annum.
annum. 1986 139 511 4,191 1,240 00/ 24,080
1987 748 813 11,464 148 579 6,922
1988 1,749 76 24,548 143,236 5,088
Exports and
and imports.
imports. In
In 1988,
1988, 1,750
1,750 tons
tons 2
of honey,
honey, worth
worth 24.5
24.5 million
million baht,
baht, were
were
SoI.roo: DeFertment of Customs
Source: Dcputmelt Cuotom.
exported.
exported. The
The quantity
quantity of
of honey
honey exported
exported
increased rapidly
increased rapidly between
between 1987
1987 and 1988
1988
of honey
reflecting the considerable promise of Recommendations.
Recommendations. If If beekeepers
beekeepers want
want to
to
export
export markets.
markets. Imports
Imports decreased
decreased from
from achieve the maximum
achieve maximum high-quality
high-quality honey
honey
1,240 tons
1,240 tons in
in 1986
1986 to only
only 143.2
143.2 tons
tons in production,
production, they must
must have
have information
information on
1988 as domestic production increased.
increased. pollen
pollen and
and nectar
nectar sources.
sources. It is,
is, therefore,
therefore,
essential to
essential to support
support additional study of the
additional study
Collection and
and processing. For For wild
wild honey, flowers.
phenology of flowers.
hives are smoked with a torch made of fresh
leaves and dry grass until the bees flee from
from Gums and Resins
Resins
the hive. The
The honey
honey isis then
then removed
removed from
from
the hive.
the hive. This
This method
method is used used for
for Apis
Apis Gums and resins are products obtained from
dorsata and A. cerana hives.
hives. For A. florea, the exudation of plants.plants. Resins from
a cigar is used instead
instead of a torch. honey
torch. The honey different sources
sources show great differences
differences in
filtered and
is then extracted, filtered and placed
placed in jars. their composition and properties.
their chemical composition properties.
Harvest time is from April to June.June. The
The most
most important
important resins
resins produced
produced inin
Thailand
Thailand are naval
naval stores
stores (oleoresin),
(oleoresin), used
used
For beekeeping,
beekeeping, combs
combs should
should bebe removed
removed in
in the
the paper,
paper, rubber,
rubber, ink,
ink, and
and adhesive
adhesive
from
from the colony
colony toto extract
extract the
the honey.
honey. The
The industries; and yang oil or "gurjan, "gurjan,""
honey
honey combs are brought
combs are brought into aa bee-tight
bee-tight produced from the resin of Dipterocatpus
produced from the resin of Dipterocarpus
room
room for
for uncapping
uncapping andand extracting.
extracting. The
The alatus Roxb.
Roxb. and
and other
other dipterocarps,
dipterocarps, which
which
knife heated by hot
uncapping tool is a sharp knife hot is used for making
making varnish.

139
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Products Thailand

Other gums and resins produced in Thailand Exports and

and imports.
imports. Thailand
Thailand imports
imports a
include gamboge from
include gamboge from Garcinia hanburvi; large quantity
quantity of gum
gum oleoresin
oleoresin (Table
(Table 11)
11)
Chinese lacquer fromMelanorrhoea
lacquer from Melanorrhoea usitata; gums,
gums, resins,
resins, and
and chinese
chinese lacquer
lacquer (Table
(Table
wall
wall benzoin
benzoin from
from Styrax
Styrax bezoin;
bemin; gutta
gutta 12), although quantities fluctuate
percha Palaguium obovatum
percha from Palaguium obovatum Engler;
Engler; considerably from
considerably from year to year.
Jelutong from Dyera
Jelutong from Dyera costulata;
costulata; and
and other
other
dipterocarp resins. Gum Gum damar
damar from Collection and processing.
processing. Gum
Gum oleoresin
oleoresin
dipterocarps whichcan
dipterocarps which can be
be used
used for
for the
the and yang oil are protected NWFPs. Permits
manufacturing
manufacturing varnish can also bebe collected
collected are required from the Royal Forest
in Thailand. Department for harvesting. People are
collect up
allowed to collect up to 10 ldlograms
to 10 kilograms
Gum oleoresin
oleoresin inin Thailand
Thailand is is tapped
tapped from
from without a permit.
Pinus merkusii
merkusii Jungh.
Jungh. ItIt is
is found
found inin natural
natural
forests, on mountains
mountains more
more than 700 meters meters Tapping is by traditional methods. For For pine,
pine,
above sea
above sea level, or on high plateaus about
or on high plateaus about tapping
tapping is is by
by cutting into the
cutting into the trunk of the the
100-200 meters above sea sea level.
level. tree.
tree. The first
first cut
cut is
is usually
usually 15
15 centimeters
centimeters
long, 10 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters
There are two
two products
products of
of gum
gum oleoresin
oleoresin in deep.
deep. Every 7, days days the
the resin
resin isiscolle,cted
collected
Thailand: and
and and the wound
wound is enlarged
enlarged with a fresh
fresh
cut. After 11 year,
cut. year, the
the wound
wound should
should not be be
• Gum rosin,
rosin, which
which isis used
used in
in making
making longer than
longer than 30 centimeters.
centimeters. The width and and
paper, paints, and adhesives.
adhesives. and the depth
depth should
should notnot be
be more than
than the first
cutting. Only
cutting. Only trees
trees of a minimum
minimum girth of
Gum turpentine,
turpentine, which
which isis mostly
mostly 120 centimeters
120 centimeters are are allowed
allowed to be tapped.
tapped.
paint manufacturing
used in paint manufacturing andand Resin is
Resin is tapped
tapped onlyonly from
from trees
trees in in the
the
pharmaceuticals. natural forest.

Gurjan or
or yang
yang oil
oil isisalso
alsotapped
tapped from
from To tap yang oil, a hole about 30 centimeters
various Dipterocatpus
various species. It is used
Dipterocarims species. used to
to wide by
wide by 30 centimeters high and
centimeters high and 20 centi-
centi-
make
make torches,
torches, varnish,
varnish, printing
printing ink, andand meters deep is made in in the trunk of the tree.
(mixed with gums damar) to to caulk
caulk boats
boats and
and The tapper
The collects the
tapper collects the oil
oil every
every 10
10 to 15 15
waterproof bamboo baskets. It isis commonly
commonly days. At each
days. collection, aa fresh
each collection, fresh fire
fire is
is lit
preservative for
used as a preservative for wood
wood andand for 2 minutes
for minutes to
to melt
melt the
the hardening
hardening resin
resin
bamboo. Recently, yang oil has been used to and stimulate
and stimulate flow. Only trees
flow. Only trees with
with a
produce balsam oil for perfume base.
base. Yang
Yang minimum girth of 200
minimum girth 200 centimeters
centimeters are
oil and gum oleoresin are protected NWFPs. allowed to be tapped.
allowed tapped.

Gum and resin

resin production.
production. In
In 1989,
1989, the
the Recommendations. Traditional resin
productionof
production of yang
yang oil
oil was
was 639.5
639.5 tons,
tons, tapping methods
tapping methods are
are very
very harmful
harmful to trees,
trees,
valued at 16 million
valued million baht (Table
(Table 10).
10). Gum
Gum thus the opportunities for expanding
oleoresin production was 271.3 tons, valued
valued production under current methods are
at 88 million
million baht.
baht. Permits
Permits are
are no
no longer
longer limited. Training and extension
extension in improved
needed for other resins, so
needed for so production
production data tapping techniques are needed.
needed.
are not
not available.
available.

140
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood TluJiland
Thailand

Table 10. Gum and resin production in Thailand, 1986-1989

Year Gum oleoresin Yang oil (gurjan) Other resins
Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value
(tons) (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 WU)
1986 245.6 6,877.7 682.4 10,918.8 31.50 851.2
1987 254.3 7,121.4 661.9 11,897.3 0.01 0.2
1988 313.6 8,781.7 531.9 10,107.2 ..
1989 271.3 7,597.4 639.5 15,986.9 -

Table 11. Exports and imports of natural resins and spirits

of ttuventinne
Exports Exports
Year
Quantity 'Value Quantity Value
(tons) (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 baht)
1979 1 18 220 3,175
1980 17 275 212 3,480
1981 1 85 218 3,829
1982 - .. 97 1,125
1983 - - 339 5,812'
1984 1 69 1 191
1985 1 42 262 4,720
1986 2 105 73 2,442
1987 6 756 126 1,884
1988 17 499 230 3,137

Source: Department of
of Customs

141
141
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Thaikmd
Thailand

Table 12. Exports and imports of gum, resins and

chinese lacquer
Exports Imports
Year
Quantity Value Quantity ' Value
(tons) (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 baht)
1979 783 8,245 347 6,027
1980 1,321 13,565 372 10,410
1981 766 14,146 200 18,509
1982 1,453 22,821 671 5,905
1983 1,442 14,490 356 6,019
1984 1,565 13,891 551 18,153
1985 2,176 21,905 529 16,163
1986 2,093 20,965 892 18,600
1987 1,947 29,395 2,300 23,454
1988 2,348 24,957 739 18,127

Source: Department of
Source: of Customs
Customs

142
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Thailand

Table 13. -Uses or selected bark species in Thailand

Local Name -Botanical Name FanailY Utilization

Mahaat Artocarpas takoocha Roxb Moraceae Tannin ia used, for astringents,

Paper Mulberry liroussonelia papyrilera Vent Moracea6 Bark is raw Material for paper-
(Po krasaa) making, rope making and fibre
material for other industries,

Up chool Cinnanonam befolghota Sweet Lauraceae Spice and flavour

Kilian Cotyleloblum lanceolatun Craib Dipterocarpaceae Tannin is used for tannery,

astringent and anti-fermentation
in palm juice.

Phayon Shorea floribunda Kurz, Dipterocarpaceae Tannin is used for astringent

and anti-fermentation

Takhian Hopea odorata Rota), Dipterocarpaceae, Tannin for tanning

See siat Pentace buranka Kurz. Tilliaceae Tannin for tanning

Sanae Ceriops tagal (Perr,) C,B. Rob Rhizophoraceae Tannin for tanning

Mangrore Rhizophora candelaria DC Rhizophoraceae Tannin for tanning dyeing

(R. conjugata Kurz.) astringent and cure diabetese
mullion

Red 1Vlangrove Rhizophora nacronata Lank. Rhizophoraceae -

(R. longissina Blanco)

Pagaceae Tannin is used as an astringent

10 Castanopsis indica A. DC

Yaang Bong Perstra kurzil kostetn, Lauraceae loas sticks

143
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Thailand

Bark Reconunendations. Bark

Recommendations. Bark isis aa good
good source
source
of tannin
tannin for
for the
the tanning
tanning industry,
industry, but
but
Bark is a source
source of
of tannin
tannin and
and natural
natural dye.
dye. Thailand thus far
Thailand thus far has
has not
not succeeded
succeeded inin
Some
Some bark is used
used medicinally
medicinally or as
as spices
spices producing commercial
producing quantities to
commercial quantities to meet
meet
(Table 13). Permits are required for local needs. Thailand has to import
harvesting species such
harvesting some species Artocarpus
such as Artoccupus quantities of
considerable quantities of tannin.
tannin. More than
lakoocha Roxb., Broussonetia
lakoocha Broussonetia papyrifera
papyri/era 30 centimeters.
centimeters. After peeling,
peeling, the the wound
wound
Vent.,, Cinnammom bejolghota Sweet,
Vent. should be
should be painted
painted with
with tar oil or anti-fungus
Shorea floribunda
Shorea floribunda Kurz.,
Kurz. , and
and Pentace
Pentace solvent to
solvent to prevent
prevent fungi
fungi attack.
attack. BarkBark is
burmanica Kurz.
bunnanica Kurz. dried in the open air.
dried

Persea kurzii
kurdi Kosterm
Kosterm (yang
(yang bong),
bong), which
which Agarwood
is one
one ofof the
the elements
elements ofof kobauk,
kobauk, is the
the
most important
most bark harvested
important bark harvested from
from Thai
Thai Agarwood
Agarwood is is the
the trade
trade name
name ofof aromatic
aromatic
Kobauk isis aa binder
forests. Kobauk binder compound
compound resin permeated
resin permeated woodwood of Aguilaria
Aguilaria spp.,
spp.,
composed of
composed of yang
yang bong
bong bark
bark and
and saw
saw dust family Thymelaeaceae.
family Thymelaeaceae.The The tree
tree is
is a large
large
used
used for making joss sticks.
sticks. evergreen 18
evergreen 18 toto 21
21 meters tall, and
meters tall, and 1.5 toto
1.8 meters
meters in girth,
girth, distributed
distributed throughout
throughout
Bark
Bark production.
production.TheTheproduction
production ofof bark
bark in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh,
Paldstan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri
1979 was 1,997.1
1979 was 1,997.1 tons
tons valued
valued at
at Baht
Baht 7.1
7.1 Lanka, China, Malaysia, Indonesia,
million. Production has decreased Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar and
substantiallytoto only
substantially only 55.6
55.6 tons,
tons, valued
valued at Thailand.
778,000 baht in 1989.
1989.
i awe 14. cara proaamon from Forest areas
Exports. The
Exports. Thequantity and value
quantity and value of
of exports
exports in Thailand
of kobuak
kobuak is very
very high,
high, surpassing
surpassing 5,000 Quanlity Value
Year
tons and
tons and 4040 million
million baht
baht in
in most
most years
years (1,000 kg) (1,000 bahQ
(Table 15). 1979 1,997.1 7,147.3
1980 960.9 4,347.3
Collection and
Collection and processing.
processing. Permits
Permits are 1981 170.1 1,147.4
1982 316.3 3,479.5
required for harvesting some
some types
types of
of 1983 145.3 1,743.2
economic bark. 1984 499.6 5,995 4
1985 618.9 7,426.3
1986 201.0 2,412.4
The method
method of de-barking makes use
de-barking makes use of a 1987 232.3 2,787.6
sharp knife
sharp knife to
to peel
peel along the trunk
along the trunk of the
the 1088 62.1 807 7
1989 55.6 777.8
tree. The size
tree. size of
of the
the wound
wound should
should not be
more than
more than 2020 centimeters
centimeters wide wide byby 8080
centitneters long and
centimeters long and 1 centimeter
centimeter deep.
deep.
The
The·space
space between
between each wound
wound should
should be Agarwood
Agarwood can can be used
used in
in different
different ways.
ways.
more than 30 centimeters.
centimeters. After peeling, the Low grade agarwood
agarwood is distilled
distilled to produce
wound should
should be painted
painted with
with tar oil or anti- agar attar, which
which is used in the perfume and
fungus solvent to
fungus solvent to prevent fungi
fungi attack.
attack. Bark tobacco industries.
tobacco High-grade agarwood
industries. High-grade agarwood is
is dried in the
the open
open air.
air. exported to Arab countries, where it is used
as incense and in the manufacture
manufacture of joss

144
Non-Wood Forest Products Thaililnd
Thaikmd

Edible Mushrooms
Table 1. Exports of bobuak powder
Year Quantity Value Mushrooms have
Mushrooms have become
become anan important
important
(tons) (1,000 baht)
forest product in Thailand and have recently
1979 1,983 58,823 earned the country
earned country substantial
substantial money
money from
from
1980
1981 - exports.
1982 5,345 52,646
1983 4,804 48,634
42,106
In Thailand, mushrooms are found
found in forests
1984 3,946
1985 3,346 48,534 in all
all regions,
regions, especially
especially during
during the
the rainy
rainy
1986 5,045 50,067
-
season. Some
season. Some wild
wild mushrooms
mushrooms such
such as
as
1987
1988 5,003 47,891 Tennitomyces
Termitomyces spp., and Russula
spp., and Russula delica, are
delicacies
delicacies and
and are sold.

sticks. The wood

The wood has been variously Many edible mushrooms are
describedasas aa stimulant,
described stimulant, aa tonic
tonic and
and a ectomycorrhiza, such
ectomycorrhiza, such as
as R.
R. delica, which,
which,
carminative, an ingredient of
carminative, and is an of several
several mycorrhizae with
mycorrhizae with dipterocarp
dipterocarp species,
species, help
medical preparations for rheumatism, body
medical preparations body trees to up take phosphorus. Boletus
palpitation. Agarwood
pains, and heart palpitation. Agarwood sells
sells griseiputpureus also
griseipurpureus also forms
forms mycorrhizae
mycorrhizae
for US$15-692 per lcilogram,
kilogram, depending
depending on with various trees, including Acacia
quality, while
quality, while oil distilled from the
distilled from the wood
wood auriculaeformis,
au ric ula efo nn is, A. mangium and
sells for US$
sells US$ 154-192
154-192 per
per 10
10 millimeter
millimeter Melaleuca leucadendra. ItIt isis estimated
estimated that
bottles. this mushroom
this mushroom can can earn
earn Bt2,000
Bt2,000 to 3,000
3,000
per rai, at
at aa selling
selling price
price of
of Baht
Baht 40 to 6060
Collection and processing.
Collection processing. To To collect
collect per kilogram.
kilogram.
agarwood from the forest, villagers
agarwood from villagers fell
fell the
the
trees to look for it. Most
trees Most trees will yield
yield no Medicinal Plants and Spices
Spices
agarwood, butbut aa well-laden
well-laden tree can provide
several thousand
several dollars worth
thousand dollars worth of wood.
wood. Humans have used
Humans have used plants
plants as
as traditional
This illegal activity causes serious ecological remedies for centuries.
remedies for In the
centuries. In the proper
proper and
and
damage and the loss of the trees. safe use
safe use ofof plants for medicine,
plants for medicine, it is
Therefore, much
much research has been done to necessary to know
necessary to know plants
plants well.
well. There
There are
find
find ways
ways of of changing
changing normal
normal wood
wood to to of medicinal plants in the
many kinds of the forests
forests
agarwood.
agarwood. Some success
success has been
been attained
attained of Thailand. Of Of 5,800
5,800 plant species
in inducing agarwood formation by indigenous to Thailand,
indigenous to Thailand, 1,900
1,900 species
species have
have
wounding trees. Introduction of of fungi on the already
already been
been studied
studied for
for their
their medicinal
medicinal
trees
trees also
also appears
appears totoenhance
enhanceagarwood
agarwood value.
value. Over
Over 800
800 species
species are
are described
described inin
formation. Thai traditional recipes.
recipes. About
About 400
400 species
species
are available from traditional drug vendors,
Agarvvoodtotobe
Agarwood be used
used as
as incense
incense is
is sold
sold in and about 50 species are used by by traditional
traditional
unprocessed form.
unprocessed form. For medicine,
medicine, the
the wood
wood medicine manufacturers.
is ground or chipped.
chipped. For essential
essential oil, the
the
wood is ground
wood ground andand steam
steam distilled.
distilled. The
The Drugs are
Drugs are derived
derived from
from various parts of
various parts
wood powder,
wood powder, after oil is distilled,
distilled, is used
used plants including fruits, flowers, leaves,
in making joss sticks.
sticks. stems and roots
stems and roots of trees, vines,
vines, shrubs
shrubs and
and

145
Non- Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Thailand

herbs. These
These raw materials
materials are exported
exported or FUTURE
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
DIRECTIONS FOR
FOR
processed into modern and traditional DEVEWPING
DEVELOPING NWFPS
medicine. Traditional medicines include
drugs
drugs from
from nature
nature which
which cancan be
be used
used in
m Statistics and
and data in this paper illustrate that
natural state
their natural state or
or slightly
slightly modified.
modified. the uses of of NWFPs
NWFPs are are widespread,
especiallyinin rural
especially rural areas
areas ofof the
the country.
country.
The most
most important
important active
active constituents
constituents are People
People can
can readily collect
collect bamboo,
bamboo, rattan,
rattan,
alkaloids such as reserpine, saponin, gums
gums andand resin,
resin, bark,
bark, lac,
lac, honey, etc. for
honey, etc.
Some traditional
colchicine and peperazine. Some traditional extra income.
income. Statistics show that
Statistics show that for some
some
medicinal
medicinal plants potential commercial
plants with potential commercial species,
species, such rattan, the availability
such as rattan, availability of
value include: Rauvolfia serpentina, raw materials
materials isis limited.
limited. For
For certain
certain other
other
Gloriosa superba, Cassia angustifolia,
angusttfolia, species,
species, however,
however, the the export potential
potential is
Amomum krevanh, Dioscorea spp., promising.
promising. Unfortunately,
Unfortunately, itit is difficult
difficult to
to
Cartharanthus roscus, Strychnos nux-
Carlharanthus get data on the actual
actual production
production of NWFPs,
vomica, Diospyros mollis, Costus speciosus, because most
because most harvesting
harvesting is donedone illegally.
illegally.
Derris
D err i sellelliptica,
i p tic a , H Hydrocarpus
Y dr 0 carp u s Collection methods are
Collection methods are still
still primative
primative for
anthelmintica, Calophyllum inophyllum,
Calophyllum inophyllum, most
most NWFPs.
NWFPs. Many Many wild wild species are
and Stemona tuberosa.
and ignored
ignored because little is known about about them.
them.
Recommendations to promote NWFPs are as
Spices are used
Spices are used for
for artificial
artificial flavoring
flavoring to
to follows:
enhance taste
enhance taste and
and aroma,
aroma, andand to
to stimulate
stimulate
enzymes for digestion. Most spices thrive in • Improve the statistical data on
Asia.
the tropical zone of Asia. imports,
productivity, domestic uses, imports,
and exports of NWFPs. To
Most spices
Most spices consist
consist of essential
essential oils. Some
Some understand the demand
understand the demand for NWFPs
NWFPs
important species from the forest are and
and the
the potential
potential supply
supply through
through
Amomum krevanh, Cinnamomum
Amomum krevanh, Cinnamomum iners, iners, proper management, systematic
and C. bejolghota. Some cultivated spice
and C. bejolghota. Some cultivated spice studies should be
studies should be undertaken.
undertaken. Case
Case
trees
trees in the
the country
country are
areexotic
exoticspecies.
species. studies of each major
studies major product
product could
could
These are Eugenia
These Eugenia caryophyllus,
caryophyllus, Apium
Apium useful.
be useful.
graveolens, Cinnamomum
Cinnamomum verum,verum, and
Myristica fragrans.
Myristica fragrans. • Study
Study the
the marketing
marketing ofofNVVFPs.
NWFPs.
product requirements
The details on product requirements
In most
most years,
years, Thailand
Thailand has
has exported
exported more and market preferences are important
spices than
spices than itit imports.
imports. Export
Exportquantities
quantities for the promotion of NWFPs.
NWFPs.
peaked in 1982
1982 at at 8,240
8,240 tons.
tons. Quantities
Quantities of
spices exported declined significantly
spices exported significantly since Promote the
Promote the cultivation
cultivation of NWFPs
NWFPs
the mid-1980s,
mid-1980s, but revenue
revenue reached
reached nearly
nearly by focusing on:
Bt140million
Bt140 higher-value spices
million in 1988 as higher-value spices
exported (Table
were exported (Table 16).
16). mUlti-purpose trees; including
multi-purpose
bamboo, rain
rattan, bamboo, rain tree,
and Acacia catechu;
and

146
No,.· Wool FOrl,t
Non-Wood l'roducts
Forest Products Thailand

Table 16. Exports and MS of spices

Exports
I 1
Year
Quantity Value Quantity Value
(tons) I (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 baht)
1979 262 12,791 1,046 26424
1980 283 18,125 720 19,763
1981 356 65,148 710 20,909
1982 8,240 108,191 857 28,874
1983 582 106,619 1,004 32,243
1984 2203, 150,942 1,231 3 /,420
190 2,315 129,800 854 36,434
1986 1,123 57,481 888 27,555
1987 771 26,143 1,094 30,293
1988 410 137,722 235 ,
13441

Source: Department of
of Customs

lac cultivation
cultivation and beekeep-
beekeep- ecology, propagation, and
ing; reproduction;

edible mushroom
mushroom production
production of cultivation;
methods of cultivation;
in forest plantations;
improving the processing and
wild plants
wild plants whose
whose products
products utilization of NVVFPs
NWFPs to
are most in demand in increase their quality
quality and
and
commerical markets, market value;
including lacquer trees,
including lacquer trees, pine
pine
trees, gutta percha trees, improving harvesting and
Cinnamomum
Cinnamomum sp., sp., and
and the
the techniques.
post-harvest techniques.
aromatic plants (Aquilaria
(Aquilada sp.
and Persea sp).
sp). • Revise legislation
Revise
which
legislation and
are out of
which are
and regulations
of date
date and
regulations
and not
not based
based
• Promote the utilization
Promote utilization of NWFPs
without cutting trees
trees (e.g.
NWFPs
utilization
utilization
on scientific knowledge.
knowledge.

of bark
bark for
for tannin
making from
tannin extraction;
from bark,
extraction; dye
bark, leaves
leaves or fruits
dye
fruits of
• Impose strict controls to reduce
illegal transport and illegal
trees; varnish production from harvesting.
natural gums and resins).
• Introduce improved
improved technologies
technologies to
to
• support on:
Research support on: villagers
villagers through
through training
and study tours.
and
training courses
courses

NWFP resources,
natural NWFP resources,
their abundance, distribution, • Establish a NWFP
NVVFP centre in
In

147
Non- Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood ThaiJIJnd
Thailand

Southeast Asia to exchange

exchange research
research
findings and share information
among countries.

Currency Equivalents

US$ = Bt
1 US$ Bt 25.70
25 .70
Baht = US$
1 Baht US$ .039
.039
(July 1991)
1991)

High-quality bamboo and rattan

rattan furniture
furniture has
become aa major
major foreign
foreign exchange
exchange earner
earner for
for
Southeast Asian
Asian countries.
countries.

148
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood TlUliIond
Thailand

REFERENCFS
REFERENCES

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Bhat,
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Boonkurd,
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Doungpet,
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Prasad,
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Forestry.
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150
Non-Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products
Produds Vietnam

VIETNAM
Van Tien
Lauong Van Tien
Special Forest Products Research Center
Director, Special Center

INTRODUCTION FORESTS AND

CURRENT STATUS OF FORESTS AND
NWFP RFSOURCES
RESOURCES
Forests in Vietnam, contain
contain abundant animal
and tree
and tree resources. Besides timber,
resources. Besides timber, the following statistics are
The following
The are relevant
relevant in
in
forests provide aa wide
forests provide wide range
range ofof NWFPs
NWFPs considering NWFP development
development in Vietnam:
which in Vietnam are commonly referred
referred to
as "Special
"Special Forest Products."
Products."
Total Iand area 330,363 lon2
Population 64,412,000
These resources
These resources are diverse in species
species and Population density 195 peopIe/lonl
They include:
form. They include: Forests and forest lands 57.7 percent of
the total land
arca
113 producers of resins
113 Forested area per capita 0.14 ha
458 producers of
of essential oils Timber reserves per
473 species yielding
yielding fatty oil person 9 m3
species producing tannin
800 species tannin
242 species producing fibre
557 species of drug plants During
During the tight
tight economic
economic conditions
conditions in
27 species producing starch recent years, the
the forestry
forestry sector
sector has
has pursued
pursued
a strategy of earning
earning revenues
revenues fromfrom forests
forests
These NWFPs
These NWFPs are highly highly appreciated
appreciated for to develop forestry and society. However,
to develop forestry and society. However,
their social and
and economic
economicvalues.
values. Under the the rate of
the of deforestation
deforestation during
during the
the 1980s
1980s
economic conditions in the remote mountain mountain was alarming: 60,000 to 100,000 hectares
was alarming: 60,000 to 100,000 hectares
areas, communications
areas, communications and and transport
transport are (or 0.7 percent
(or percent of the the forested
forested area)
area) per
Commerical wood
lacking. Commerical wood extraction
extraction is year. The total
year. total area
area ofof denuded
denuded hills
hills and
and
difficult
difficult or impossible
impossible as as the
the forest
forest cover
cover open
open land
land byby now
now totals
totals 9.75 million
has
has been
been destroyed.
destroyed. The farming
The farming of hectares (Table 1).
hectares (Table 1). The forest
forest cover
cover hashas
NWFPs, therefore,
NWFPs, therefore, has
has become
become an an important been
been reduced
reduced by by one-third
one-third in in the
the past
past 45 45
business, for itit requires
requires less
less investment
investment andand years
years from
from 42 percent to 28 percent percent of of the
the
lower transport
transport costs
costs and
and can
can provide
provide large
large country's total area. TheThe main
main cause
cause of of this
this
profits. is increasing
increasing demand
demand for for food
food and
and fuel.
fuel.
have been
Forests have been encroached
encroached on on and
and
To take advantage of the resources destroyed by shifting cultivation, wild fires,
available,
available, NWFPs
NWFPs mustmust bebe developed
developed for
for abusive exploitation, and
abusive exploitation, and careless
careless wood
wood
export
export to
to meet
meet the
thefollowing
followingobjectives:
objectives: harvesting..
harvesting
earning of foreign
foreign exchange, balanced
forestry
forestry development,
development, social
social and economic
economic Vietnam possesses significant bamboo
development
development in in the mountain
mountain areas,
areas, and
and resources (Table 2)
resources (Table 2) which
which are
are of
of major
major
increased employment
increased employment opportunities
opportunities for importance for commerical and local use.
uplanders.

151
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Vietnam

Table 1. Forests and forest lands in Vietnam, 1990

Description Area
(1000 ha)
Natural forests 8,686.7
Plantations 629.0
Total foreste,d area 9,315.7
Non-forested lands classified as "forest land" 9,750.0
Total forests and forest land '
19,065.7

Table 2. Bamboo resources in Vietnam, 1989

Total area 1,120 800 ha
Inventory in natural stands, 5,590.2 million culms
Inventory in plantations 75.4 million culrns
Total inventory 5,665.6 million calms

Table 3. Area under NVVFPs production, 1989

I.

Pine 388,000
Cinnamomum cassia 10,700
Anise 10,000
Aleurites 24,900
Host trees for lac cultivation 3,600
Styrax 87,000
Cashew 100,000
Castor 2,000
Drug plants
+Coscinum 5,000
+Ammomum 1,500
+Cinchona 100
Total 632 000

152
 Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Vietnam

Most
Most bamboo resources are
bamboo resources are grown
grown in the
the chestnut and condiments, edible
central Highlands and the
the central
central coast.
coast. mushrooms,

Past forest inventories paid attention only to • pythons, monkeys, birds, deer,
the supply of timber and bamboos.
bamboos. There is geckos,
geckos, honey.
, a severe shortage of
of information
information on NWFPs
NWFPs
on a national basis. The
national basis. The limited
limited information As producer of fatty oils:
As oils:
on NWFP production
production areas
areas is provided
provided in
Table 3. • Thea oleosa, Aleurites
Thea Aleurites molucana.

Vietnam has a wide

V.ietnam has wide range
range of NWFPs
NWFPs that
that As producer of
of resins
resins and
and gums:
gums:
are useful for the
the following
following purposes:
purposes:
• Toxicodendron succedanea,
Extraction of
of essential
essential oils:
oils: Liquidambarfonnosana,
Liquidambar fonnosana, Canarium
spp. Dipterocatpus
spp. alatus, Altingia
Dipterocarpus aiatus, Altingia
• From roots
roots and
and stumps:
stumps: Cupressus
Cupressus takhtadjanii.
funebris, Dianella ensifolia,
enstfolia,
Fokienia hodgensii, Aquilara As dye- and tannin-giving
tannin-givingspecies:
species:
crassna
CD Rhizophora indigofera.
• From fruits: Litsea
Litsea cubeba
cubeba
As
As fiber producers:
• From leaves: mint, citronella,
ocinum, cajenut trees,
ocinum,cajenut trees, Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus • agave, Ceiba pentantra,
agave,Ceiba pentantra,
citriodora Rhamnoneuron balansea.
halansea.

As
As medicinal plants: For making bamboo
bamboo and rattan articles:
articles:

• Fruit and/or seeds:

Cassia tom
Cassia tora
seeds: Amomum
Amomum spp., • fishing-rod
bamboo.
bamboo, big-sized

• Flowers: Sophora japonica

Flowers: UTILIZATION OF NWFPs

• Bark: Eucmonia ulmoides,

Phellodendron anurence
Harvesting and processing
processing

To support
support NVVFP
NWFP development
development on a
Roots: Morinda officinalis,
officin a lis , sustained basis,
sustained basis, the Special Forest Products
Products
Dioscorea persimilis Exportation Company was
Exportation Company was setup
set up inin 1976.
1976.
tasks are to manage, protect, farm,
Its main tasks farm,
• Leaves:
Leaves: Artemisia
Arlemisia annua. exploit, buy, and process
process NWFPs
l\TWFPs for for
domestic and foreign
domestic and foreign markets.
markets. ItIt has
has devel-
devel-
As food crops:
As food oped
oped three
three branches,
branches, in Hanoi,
Hanoi,' Quy
Quy Nhon
Nhon
and
and HoHo ChiChi Minh City; two Forest
• turmeric, ginger,
gInger, cashewnut, Enterprises, in Sonia
SonIa and Laichau Provinces;

153
Non- Wood Forest
Non-Wood Forest Products Vietnam
Vie""""

and a shellac and vegetable resin processing

and
• Three factories for shellac processing
- at
at Hadong
Hadong (equipment
(equipment from
from India
factory at Hadon.
factory through a UNDP/FAO
UNDP/FAO project;project;
capacity of
capacity of 300
300 tons
tons per year), and
and
In 1990, three National Production Services, two plants at Sonia.
and Export-Import Forest Corporations
(named NAFORIMEX
(named
were set
were
NAFORIMEX 1,11,111,
set up)
up) in the
LILIII, respectively,
the Northern,
Northern, Central
Central and
and
• One production
One production line forfor processing
processing
and refining tung oil (capacity of of 200
Southern provinces
Southern provinces of
of Vietnam
Vietnam toto provide a tons of oil per year)
tons year) erected
erected at CaoCao
better
better network
network dealing
dealing with
with wood
wood andand Bang. In addition,
addition, there
there isis small-
small-
NWFPs.
NWFPs. SomeSome provinces
provinces also
also have
have their
their scale manual
scale pressing of
manual pressing of tung
tung oil at
own
own network
network ofof companies
companies and
and factories
factories localities where seeds
localities where seeds are available
available
dealing with
de,aling with these resources. in large quantities.
quantities.

Supporting these institutions

Supporting these
policies de,aling
institutions are various
with land
dealing with
various
land allocation
allocation to
• One production
production line for thethe distilla-
distilla-
of anise essential oil (capacity of
tion of of
collective cooperatives, individual 300
300 tons
tons of essential
essential oil per
per year)
year)
households and private
households and private persons.
persons. Thus,
Thus, the established at Langson. Eight
private
private sector has
has been
been developed
developed hand
hand in
in manual
manual processing lines are
processing lines are also
also
hand with the state-owned enterprises, located around Cao Bang and Lang
located around Lang
providing a better opportunity for the Son.
development
development of NWFPs.

Table 44 shows
Table shows the the amount
amount of of NWFPs
NWFPs
• One
One rattan
rattan processing
capacity of 10,000
capacity of
line with
processing line with aa
linear meters
10,000 linear meters of
extracted and
extracted and processed
processed over
over the
the last
last five end-products, established in
years. The collection,
The collection, harvesting
harvesting andand Other rattan processing
Quynhon. Other processing
processing ofof these products have
have been done units
units are running 1:10 Chi
running in Hanoi, Ho Chi
by various
various forest
forest enterprises,
enterprises, other
other indus-
indus- Minh
Minh City, and
and Thuanhai
Thuanhai province
province
tries, and provinces.
provinces. with equipment imported from
Taiwan.
Vietnam
Vietnam has
has several factories which process
NWFPs: • One pilot
One pilot small plant in
small plant in Ho
Ho Chi
Minh City for mechanical processing
Chi

• Two factories for mechanical cashew nuts,

of cashew nuts, with capacity of 400
processing of
processing of pine
pine resin
resin at
at Quang
Quang tons of
tons of raw
raw nuts.
nuts. There
There are
are over
over 12
12
Ninh
Ninh (capacity:
(capacity: 1,500 tons
tons of resin
resin other processing
other units for
processing units for cashew
cashew
per year) and at at Lam
Lam Doing,
Doing, nuts, with a total capacity
nuts, capacity of 17,000
(capacity: 2,000 tons
(capacity: 2,000 tons of resin
resin per
per tons per
tons per year,
year, but only 4 of these are
year). running due
running due to
to a shortage
shortage of raw
raw
nuts.
• Nine
Nine other
other factories for
for manual
manual
processing of
processing of pine
pine resin,
resin, with
with total
total
capacity of 1,200 tons per year.
capacity

154
Non- Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood VUttnam
Vietnam

Table 4. Major NWFIN harvested and processed by the Forestry Sector

Products Unit 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Cinnamomum bark tons 1,520 1,450 1,080 1,901 2,100

Aloeswood tons '78.5 81.7 454 369 20,0
Anise essential oil tans 1,500 1,310 1,305 4,321 2,-000-
Tung seeds tons 1,378 1.088 4,082 * *
Timg oil tons 150 90 60 10 10-
Castor seeds tons 250 )- 190 210 229 23(1
Pine resin tons 2,400 2,323 2,560 2,570 2,500
Rosin tons 2,359 1,511 1,508 1,500 1,500
Turpentine tons 868 378 401 50 100
Canarium _resin tons 58 100 153 * *
Yang oil tOti8 178 31 165 * *
Damar tons 213 411 375 * *
Thick bamboo ' million culins 135.2 121.9 131.2 128.7 132 7
Thin bamboo million culnis 179.0 155.7 177.1 149.5 149.5
Thick tattan million meters 321.7 290,7 311,3 * *
Thin rattan million meters 7,7 8.7 8.4 * *
Decorative bamboo million culms 70.6 78 4 117 5 * *
A. tsao kwa tons 153 137 19 * *
Amomum spp. tons 103 114 83 * *
Polygonum tons 19 18 19 * *
Morinda tons 31 93 114 * I
Other medicinal plants tons 3,303 2,193 3,691 * *
Mushroon tons 108 161 134 * *
Jew's tar mushrooms tons 182 185 164 * *
Fresh bamboo shoots tons 251 24.2 25.1 * *
Dried bamboo shoots tons 975 475 321 * *
Chestnut tons 72 134 85 * *
Sterculla nut tons 232 239 234 * *
cashew nut tons 150 130 210 * *
Sticklao tons 89 143 92 * *
Gecko 1000 pieces 44.6 22.8 106 0 * *
Python 1000 pieces 10.7 6.6 8,3 * *
WO bor tons 82 89 '72 * *
Wild meat tons , 597 860 619 * *
Wild honey tons 351 277 108 * *
Cannery varnish tons 10 8 8 * *
Varnish for electric insulation tons 15 15 22 * *
Polish lacquer tons 110 90 60 * I
Electric insulation resin tOnI3 1 5 5 * *

* data not available

155
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Vutnam
Vietnam

• One factory in Hanoi for essential oil commodities accounts for

commodities accounts for 3.6
3.6 percent
percent of the
managed by Vietnam
distillation managed Vietnam country's total
total foreign
foreign exchange
exchange earnings.
earnings.
National Institute Sciences with
National Institute of Sciences with
equipment provided
equipment provided by
by UNDP/FAO In past years, the markets for forest
project. The factory
factory is
is producing
producing products were
products were limited
limited to the
the Soviet
Soviet Union
Union
over 1212 different
different essential oils from and Eastern Europe through protocols signed
forest plants and trees. between
between governments.
governments. Recently,
Recently, however,
however,
Vietnam
Vietnam hashas increasingly looked to
increasingly looked to other
other
• One factory in Hanoi for essential oil countries in
countries in selling
selling its
its forest
forest products.
products. By
By
distillation, managed
managed by by Vietnm
Vietnm 1990, two-thirds of all exports forest
National institute Sciences, with
National institute of Sciences, with product were going to non-socialist
equipment provided by a countries.
UNDP/FAO project.
UNDP/FAO project. The
The factory
factory is
producing over 12 12 different
different essential Since 1981,
Since 1981, the
the Ministry
Ministry of Forestry
Forestry has
has
oils from forest plants and trees. increased its
increased its focus
focus on thethe protection
protection and
and
development of of NWFP
NWFP resources for export.
NVVFP exports
NWFP exports During the
During the late 1980s, the
the foreign
foreign earnings
earnings
from NWFPs exports increased considerably
Previously, the export of wood and NWFPs and are
and are now
now valued
valued atat more
more than
than $10
$10
was carried
was carried out byby foreign
foreign trade
trade agencies,
agencies, million per year,
million per year, (not
(not including
including earnings
earnings
with Ministry of Forestry supplying
with the Ministry supplying the from bamboo
from bamboo and and rattan exported by
exports
exports commodities
commodities as as stipulated
stipulated in state
state BARQTEX),
BARQTEX), making maldng upup a high
high percentage
percentage
plans.
plans. AtAtthe
thebeginning
beginning of of1985,
1985, however,
however, of total
total earnings
earnings in the forestry sector.
the Ministry
Ministry ofof Foreign
Foreign Trade
Trade transferred
transferred
the
the National
National Forest
Forest and
and Native
Native Products
Products It is
is clear
clear that
that NWFPs
NWFPs play
play an
an important
important
(NAFORIMEX)
Export-Import Corporation (NAFORIMEX) role in Vietnam's
Vietnam's foreign
foreign trade.
trade. The export
to the Ministry of Forestry. This has
Forestry. This has caused
caused of NWFPs should be given high priority in
change in
change in the forestry sector, allowing
forestry sector, allowing it to view of their
view their potential
potential toto support
support non-
non-
develop its organizational structures to destructive forest use.
promote the
promote the export
export of of forest
forest products.
products.
Since
Since April
April 1990, three three NAFORIMEX
NAFORIMEX Social
Social and environmental benefits
departments
departments havehave been
been exporting
exporting forest
products produced
products produced by by this
this sector. The According to statistics for 1989, 24.3
Forest Sector has supplied raw materials and million Vietnamese live
million Vietnamese live in
in or near
near forests,
forests,
helped other industrial agencies and fully 38
fully 38 percent of the country's population.
provinces
provinces export
export their end-products,
end-products, (e.g.
(e.g. force in
The labor force in forestry amounts to
forestry amounts to 1.12
BAROTEX for
BAROTEX for the
the export
export of bamboo
bamboo and and million workers, of which some 130,000 are
rattan articles,
rattan articles, PROMEXIM
PROMEXIM for for the export working in the state owned-forest
of wood and wood products, and enterprises, and 990,000 work in the
enterprises, the private
ENTEROIL for the export of of essential oils). and other
and sectors. During
other se,ctors. the last five
During the five
years, some 500,000 shifting cultivators
years, some 500,000 shifting cultivators
The export of forest products has have been assisted in adopting fixed
contributed considerably to national
contributed considerably national devel-
devel- cultivation systems,
systems, thus raising
raising the number
opment. The The export
export value
value from
from these
these of former shifting
shifting cultivators earning their
cultivators earning

156
Non-Wood Forest Products
Non-Wood Vktnam
Vietnam

living
living from fixed cultivation
from fixed cultivation systems
systems to
to 1.9 boo. Each year, 5 to
Each year, to 66million
million
million. culms are harvested, and
culms and thousands
thousands
of tons of
of fresh
fresh bamboo
bamboo shoots
shoots are
Of the country's 24 million
million inhabitants
inhabitants in in or collected.
near
near forests,
forests, 2.9
2.9 million
million are
are still
still actively
actively
engaged in shifting cultivation in 90 districts
the high
of the high mountains.
mountains.
• One hectare
One hectare of mint can produce 50
kilograms of essential oil, the
lcilograms
equivalent of 3 tons of
equivalent of rice.
rice.
Developmentof
Development of NWFPs
NWFPs is is an
an important
important
element of the strategy to settle shifting
element of
cultivators.
the
cultivators. Some
strategy
Someexamples
to settle
examples include:
include:
shifting • anua
anua can
can produce
produce 1 ton
Arlemisina
One hectare planted with Artemisina
ton every
every 66
months, worth
months, worth at 1.5 tons of rice.
• At the
(Lam
the commune
(Lam Dong
commune of of Kilplanhon
Dong Province),
Kilplanhon Ha
Province), there
there areare It is clear that in mountain
mountain areas
areas the
1,300 people,
1,300 people, of which
which 5050 percent
percent production of NWFPs yields
yields higher
higher incomes
are in the the Koho
Koho tribe. These potential than
potential than rice cultivation.
cultivation. WhenWhen hill
tribesmen have
tribesmen have been
been tapping
tapping pine tribesmen become aware of of the income from
resin,
resin, producing about 300
producing about 300 tons
tons of NWFPs,
NWFPs, theythey are more
more willing
willing toto abandon
abandon
resin
resin per year,
year, which
which hashas allowed
allowed their traditional shifting cultivation in favor
them to
them to buy
buy over 150150 tons
tons of rice.
rice. of NWFP production. They Theycancan become
become the
the
the entire province of
In the of Lam Dong, masters and
masters and the
the main
main beneficiaries
beneficiaries of the
hill tribesmen
tribesmen produced
produced at at least 50
50 forest
forest resources,
resources, and
and this
this encourages
encourages them
them
percent of of all
all pine
pine resin
resin harvested.
harvested. to protect
protect and
and develop
develop thethe forest
forest resource
resource
for their own
own benefit.
benefit.
• In the
Lien
the district
Lien Son
district of
ofVanyen
Son Province),
Vanyen (Hoang
Province), some
(Hoang
some 1,000
1,000 More than
than 320,000
320,000 people are
are involved
involved in
hectares
hectares of Cinnamomum
Cinnamomum cassia cassia Generally spealdng,
NWFP production. Generally speaking, 11
been cultivated
have be,en maintained
cultivated and maintained hectare
hectare of NWFPs
NWFPs requires
requires 33 laborers,
laborers,
by
by the
the Dzao
Dzao tribe.
tribe. The moneymoney which is 10 times
times the number needed
needed for
for the
obtained from 11 hectare of cultivation of tree
cultivation of tree crops for
for timber.
timber. The
Cinnamomum
Cinnamomum buys buys 22 tons
tons of rice. promotion of NWFPs therefore, can can provide
more
more employment
employment to to the
the uplanders
uplanders and and
• Seventy percent of sticklac
cultivators
cultivators are from hilltribes.
hilltribes. One
facilitate the establishment of
which provide
which provide better
of forest
forest villages
villages
conditions for social
conditions for social
kilogram
kilogram of sticklac
sticklac buys to 5 and
and cultural development. By doing
cultural development. doing so, aa
kilograms of
kilograms of rice;
rice; the yield
yield from 11 better awareness of forest resource
hectare pays for up toto 33 tons
tons of
of rice.
rice. prevail among
protection will prevail among the
the tribesmen,
tribesmen,
and environmental preservation will
and environmental preservation will be
be
• During the last five
five years,
years, the
people in Thanh Hoa Province
the tribal
tribal
Province have
improved
improved over large
large are,as.
reliable supply of NWFPs
areas. The resulting
resulting
NWFPs will also
cultivated thick-walled bamboo. encourage the establishment of new
Their cultivation extends over 20,000
Their cultivation processing
processing factories,
factories, providing
providing additional
additional
hectares,
hectares, accounting
accounting for 6060 percent
percent employment opportunities and further
of the
the area
area under
under this
this kind
kind of
of bam-
bam- development.
supporting upland development.

157
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Vietnam

GUIDELINES AND OBJECTIVES

GUIDELINES AND OBJECTIVES FOR development of
proposed for effective development
NWFP DEVEWPMENT
NVVFP DEVELOPMENT NWFPs in the next
next decade:
decade:

If previously
previously the
NWFPs,
the forestry
NWFPs, itit was
forestry sector
was because
sector ignored
because there
there was
was no
no
ignored • Sustain
Sustain efforts
efforts to
to protect and enrich
existing forests for higher production
awareness
awareness ofof the
the roles these products
roles of these products in of NWFPs
NWFPs through appropriate
economic and
economic and social
social development
development and and in management plans.
environmental
environmental protection. Within the
protection. Within the past 5
years, however,
however, there
the Ministry
the
there has
Ministry of Forestry
has been
been aa shift
Forestry now
shift with
now recognizing
with
recognizing
• Establish new plantations to
production of
consolidate the production of NWFPs
NWFPs
the potential value of NWFPs for export and
potential value into new key production zones.
for meeting
meeting the
the demands
demands of of the
the domestic
domestic
market. • Emphasize short-term crops,
especially through
especially through interplanting
interplanting in
The Ministry
Ministry of Forestry has formulated
formulated a rehabilitated forests,
forests, or intercropping
programme on
programme on export
export of
of NWFPs
NWFPs forfor the
the in various agroforestry systems, and
agroforestry systems,
period 1986
period 1986 to
to 1995.
1995. There
There are,
are, however,
however, with trees planted
with planted through
through various
various
a number of
of problems
problems to
to overcome:
overcome: social forestry programmes.

• There is no
There
production
no coordination
coordination of
production of NWFPs in the
of the
the
the foretry
foretry
• Promote improved NWFP harvesting
Promote
techniques. Technical assistance
sector, and
and nono clear
clear division
division of should
should reach
reach every forest enterprise,
responsibilities between
responsibilities between the
the central
central cooperative, and
cooperative, and household interested
and provincial
and provincial agencies, and the
agencies, and the in growing NWFPs.
forestry sector
forestry sector and
and other
other sectors
sectors of
the national
national economy.
economy. This leads
leads to
ad hoc and uncoordinated marketing,
• Intensify the processing
Intensify the processing of NWFPs
to enhance their value,
NWFPs
value, to make them
and subsequent resource depletion. suitable for
suitable for foreign
foreign markets,
markets, and
and to
produce new commodities
commodities of higher
higher
• The network
The network of
dealing with
of production
with NWFPs
production units
NWFPs is
units
is poorly
value, even
value, even from
materials.
from second-rate
second-rate raw
raw

structured, with
structured, with little planning
planning for
forestry zones and enterprises.
Investment
Investment to develop
develop the
the resource
resource
• Research
and out of
the flows
Research the
of the
flows of NWFPs
the country
NWFPs into
country to
into
to determine
determine
lacking.
base is lacldng. of production.
appropriate levels of

• Policies currently in
Policies currently in force
force do not
not
create adequate incentives for various
create
• Collaborate more closely with
various programs on settling shifting
develop and
sectors to develop and cultivate
cultivate cultivators to motivate them to adopt
NWFPs. NWFP production systems.

General guidelines
guidelines and key tasks • Take greater advantage
assistance
advantage of technical
technical
assistance from international organi-
The
The following
following. guidelines and-tasks.
guidelines. and tasks are
are zations, ofof joint
.joint -ventures
ventures with

158
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Vietnam
Vktnant

foreign companies,
foreign companies, andand of loans
loans and
and processing
processing of the
the resources.
resources. Valuable
Valuable
from international
international banlcs.
banks. non-wood forest products should be
carefully inventoried to support their
Building up the NWFP resource base
Building sustainable development.

The Ministry
The Ministry of Forestry has has submitted
submitted to Adequate investment and vertical expansion
expansion
the Government
the Government aa program
program to to "build
"build up 5 should be
should be encouraged
encourage(' for
for the production of
million hectares of forests
million hectares forests on denuded
denuded hills
hills the valuable
the valuable NWFPs,
NWFPs, bothboth natural
natural and
and
and open lands" which includes the cultivated.
establishment of 500,000 hectares of of forests
forests
for the production
for production ofof NWFPs.
NWFPs. The The plan
plan is The
The .three
three corporations
corporations dealing
dealing with
with the
the
to create 14.3
to 14.3 million
million hectares ofof forests
forests as
as production, processing
production, and export
processing and export of forest
forest estates
forest estates and
and toto increase
increase the
the national
national products should give high priority to
forest cover to 43
forest 43 percent.
percent. establishing long-term co-production
agreements with
agreements with provinces,
provinces, which
which are the
the
Based
Based upon
upon the
the natural,
natural, economic,
economic, andand main producers of NWFP raw material.
main producers material.
conditions for the
social conditions the production
production of
N'WFPs
NWFPs andand the
the marketing
marketing situation
situation that
that Incentives
prevails, significant expansion of NWFPs is
significant expansion
planned between now
planned between now and
and the
the year
year 2000
2000 Research should
Research should be carried out toto elaborate
elaborate
(Table 5). encourage NWFP
incentive policies to encourage NWFP
production, especially for the the mountain
mountain
areas and
areas and for
for tribal
tribal groups. Forest and
groups. Forest and
Table 5. Planned expansion ot`141WFTs
production in Vietnams 1991-2000
forest lands should be allocate('
allocated to individual
households (which,
households (which, inin the
the mountain
mountain areas,
areas,
Description 19914945 1996-2000
(1,0001*.)
are the basic units for land use and
(1,000110)
farming), according
farming), according to to policies
policies now
now in in
Cionsusorrtuot sessis 10 20 force.
Pious merkusil 100 150
Host trees fbr Ise 2 .2
Tong WA 10 20 Strengthening and consolidating state-owned
Castor tree 5 10
Cashew tree 20 SG
forest enterprises
forest should be accelerated
enterprises should accelerated to
Products of cm oil 7 10 provide
provide needed technical assistance
needed teclutical assistance and
and
Anise 1 2
Medicinal Pions 1
product marketing in the NWFP
NWFP areas.
areas.
Rattan 2-
101 15 Investments should be' be made for
Other 22 16
comprehensive
comprehensive implementation
implementation of of various
various
Total 200 300 projects ~lated
projects related to the
the production
production of non-
non-
wood fore,st
wood products of
forest products of major importance,
Management and operation planning following approved
following approvedfeasibility
feasibilitystudies.
studies. An
investment of about $300 to $400 is needed
investment needed
It isis necessary
necessary to
to quickly
quickly inventory
inventory the
the to establish
to establish a 11hectare
hectare plot
plotfor
forNVVFP
NWFP
areas, yield
yield and
and quality
quality of NWFPs
NWFPs in in production. Individual
production. Individual households
households could be
Vietnam.
Vietnam. This
This will
will be
be the
the basis
basis of
ofvarious
various given
given $500
$500 at at the outset as financial
programmes
programmes for the cultivation, harvesting
the cultivation, harvesting assistance. For
Fornewly
newly established
established settlement

159
Non-Wood
Non- Forest Products
Wood Forest Products Vietnam

areas in
areas in which
which people
people are willing
willing to grow
NWFPs for
NWFPs for profit, assistance
assistance of about
about 500
kilograms of
kilograms of ricerice per hectare of
hectare of new
new
plantation, and
plantation, and 300
300 kilogram
kilogram ofof rice
rice per
per
hectare of
hectare of re-habilitated
re-habilitated natural forests,
should be provided as support and
incentives.

RESEARCH AND TRAINING

There is a particular need to strengthen

There strengthen the
research capability
research capability ofof the Special
Special Forest
Forest
Products Research
Products ResearchCentre
Centretoto enable
enable itit to
more effectively support NWFP
development and
development and extension. Scientific
workers and field officers should
workers should be trained
trained
and should
and should attend
attend refresher
refresher courses
courses within
within
and outside
and outside the country,
country, with
with anan emphasis
emphasis
on social
on social forestry,
forestry, which
which isis new
new toto most
most
forest officers. The training
The training of of local
local
extension technicians
extension technicians for
for various
various work with
ethnic groups
ethnic groups is also very important.
important.

International
International cooperation
cooperation

Under the present economic

economic conditions, it isis
necessary to attract new sources of
investment from international
international organizations
organizations
and foreign entrepreneurs for
for joint
joint ventures.
ventures.

Several FFAO/UNDP
AO/UNDP projects have provided
valuable
valuable support
support in in the
the development
development of
Vietnam's
Vietnam's NWFPs,
NWFPs, including work in
including work in the
the
areas
areas of laclac cultivation
cultivation and
and cashew
cashew nutnut
production.
production. More
More efforts
efforts of
ofthese
these types
types are
are
needed,
needed, including
including support
support for study
study tours
tours
and fellowships in foreign
foreign countries.
countries.
Bamboo-found throughout
Bamboofound throughout Asiais
Asia-is perhaps
perhaps the
the
Vietnam is
Vietnam is committed
committed to the the sustainable
sustainable region's most commonly
commonly used
used NWFP.
NWFP .

development
development of its NWFPNWFP resources.
resources. It isis
firmly believed that that with thethe valuable
assistance of FAO,
FAO, UNDP,
UNDP, and and other
international organizations, the great
potential of this field
field will
will be
be realized.
realized.

160
160
Non-Wood
Non-Wood Forest
Forest Products Vktnam
Vietnam

LITERATURE CITED

Dot,
Dot, P.X. consolidate achievements
1991. Let's consolidate
P.X. 1991. achievements gained during
during 1986-1990
1986-1990 and
and implement
implement
renovation
renovation policies
policiesfor
for developing
developingour
oursector.
sector. Forestry
Forestry Review
Review No.6.
No. 6.

General Statistical Office. 1990. Statisticaldata

1990. Statistical dataR.R.S.
S. Vietnam (1976-1989). Statistical
Statistical Publishing
House. Hanoi.

Ministry
Ministry of Forestry.
Forestry. 1989. Forest statistical
1989. Forest statistical data
data during
during 1986-1988.
1986-1988. Statistical Publishing
Publishing
House. Hanoi. 1989.
1989. .

Ministry
Ministry of Forestry.
Forestry. 1991. 30years
1991. 30 yearsconstruction
constructionand
anddevelopment
development of
offorestry
forestry (1961-1990).
(1961-1990).
Statistical Publishing
Statistical Publishing House.
House. Hanoi.

T.S. 1991.
Thy. T.S. Renovation policies implemented
1991.Renovation implemented in the
the last five
five years. No.6.
years. Forestry review No. 6.

L. V. 1990.
Tien. L.V. TropicalForestry
1990. Tropical Forestry Action
Action Plan
Plan ininthe
thefield
field of
ofspecial
specialforest
forest products.
products. Special
Special
forest products review No 1.
products review

Forestrysector
1991.Forestry
UNDP/M0F/FAO. 1991.
UNDP/MOF/FAO. sectorreview
review'VIE/88/037:
VIE/88/037:summary
summary of
ofmain report
report -- Tropical
Tropical
Forestry Action
Forestry Action Plan.
Plan. Hanoi.

Some main
1992. Some
Vi. T. 1992. main special
specialforest
forest products: production
productionvariant
variantof
ofaafew SFP during
few SFP during 1988-
1988-
1992.

Xuan. P.T. 1991. Programme for reafforesting

1991. Programme reafforesting 5 million
million ha and
andestablishing
establishing agroforestry
agroforestry
systems
systems 22 million
millionha
haof
ofopen
openlands.
lands. Forestry Review No. 6.
Review No.6.

161