78 Motion in a Plane NEET

   
9. If P  Q  P  Q, then
   
(1) P  0 (2) Q  0
 
(3) | P |  1 (4) | Q |  1

10. The maximum number of rectangular components in which a vector can be resolved in a plane, is
(1) Infinite (2) Four
(3) Two (4) One

MOTION IN PLANE WITH CONSTANT ACCELERATION

Let a particle is at O at t = 0

r0  0iˆ  0 ˆj


At time t it reaches P with constant acceleration a  ax iˆ  ay ˆj , then position at time t


r  xiˆ  yjˆ y

1 2 P(t)
x = ux t  ax t
2

vx = ux + ax t y

vx2 – ux2 = 2ax x

x
(0, 0)
x
1 t=0
y = uy t  ay t 2
2

vy = uy + ay t
vy2 – uy2 = 2ay y

RELATIVE MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS

(1) Direction of Umbrella : It is the direction of relative velocity of rain.

Umbrella
vR
vRM

vR  vR

vM Þ
vM –vM

vM
tan   with vertical in forward direction.
vR
 
(2) Closest approach between A and B having velocities vA and vB initially at separation x as shows
in figure
Relative velocity of A with respect to B is,
  
v AB  v A  vB

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NEET Motion in a Plane 79

–vB
vA vB
A B vAB vA
vA
x tan = v
B

–vB
The above situation is similar as shown in figure

) on
. B ti
r.t o
w. f m
A no
of tio
c
ire
(D
vAB y
90°
 v=0
A x B
‘y’ is the distance of closest approach.
y
Now, sin  
x
 y = x sin
x tan 
y

1  tan2 
(3) n persons are standing at the vertices of a regular n-sided polygon of side a. Each person starts moving
towards the person standing at the adjacent corner with same speed v.
(i) The persons will meet at the centre of the polygon after a time
a
t
 2 
 v  v cos 
 n 
D
/n
2

v
C
v 2/n
v A B
a
(ii) In this time each person will cover a distance of
a
d v t 
 2 
 1  cos 
 n 
Case - I :
It is an equilateral triangle, put n = 3
a a 2a
t   
 2  v 3v
 v  v cos  v 
 3  2

2a
d 
3
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80 Motion in a Plane NEET

Case - II :
It is a square, put n = 4
a a
t  
 2  v
 v  v cos 
 4 
d=a
Case - III :
It is a hexagon, put n = 6
a 2a
t   , d  2a
 v v
v  
 2

CROSSING A RIVER
v = velocity of the man in still water. y
= angle at which man swims w.r.t. normal to bank
D
  B
v x  v sin iˆ, v y  v cos ˆj
z Time taken to cross the river v d
d d  v cos
t 
v y v cos  x
v sin A u
Velocity along the river = drift velocity along the river

v x  u  v sin 

z Distance drifted along the river D = t v x

d
D (u  v sin )
v cos 
Case I :
Minimum time taken to cross the river
For shortest time
v cos = maximum
 cos = 1, = 0°, u v
d
tmin =
v
Distance drifted

ud
D
v
Case II :
Shortest path = AB
D = 0  u – v sin = 0
u v
sin    (v > u)
v u
Time taken to cross the river straight across 
d d B A
t  v2 - u2
v cos  v  u2
2

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NEET Motion in a Plane 81

Example 4 : The position of a particle is expressed as r  (4t 2 iˆ  2tjˆ) m, where t is time in second. Find the
velocity of the particle at t = 3 s.

Solution : r  (4t 2 iˆ  2tjˆ) m

 dr d d
Velocity v   i ( 4t 2 )  j (2t )
dt dt dt

v  (8t )i  2 j
At t = 3 s, velocity is given by

v t 3  (8  3)i  2 j

v t  3  (24i  2 j ) m s1

Magnitude | v t 3 |  (24)2  22
= 580
= 24.08 m s–1
 2 
Direction   tan1  
 24 
1  1 
= tan  
 12 
 1
Thus the particle has velocity 24.08 m s–1 at an angle tan1   with x-axis.
 12 


Example 5 : An object has a velocity v  (2i  4 j ) m /s at time t = 0 s. It undergoes a constant acceleration

a  (i  3 j ) m /s 2 for 4 s. Then

(i) Find the co-ordinates of the object if it is at origin at t = 0.

(ii) Find the magnitude of its velocity at the end of 4 s.
Solution : (i) Here original position of the object

r0  x0 iˆ  y 0 ˆj  0i  0 j ,

Initial velocity v 0  v 0 x iˆ  v 0 y jˆ  2i  4 j


a  ax iˆ  ay ˆj  i  3 j

And t = 4 s
Let the final co-ordinates of the object be (x, y).

1 1
x  x0  v 0 x t  ax t 2 = 0  2  4  (1)  42
2 2
x = 16

1 1
and y  y 0  v 0 y t  ay t 2 = 0  4  4  ( 3)  42
2 2
y = –8
Therefore the object lies at (16, –8) at t = 4 s.

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82 Motion in a Plane NEET

(ii) Using equation,

  
v  v 0  at

 v  (2i  4 j )  (i  3 j )  4

 (2i  4 j )  (4i  12 j )

 (2  4)i  (4  12) j

 v  6i  8 j : Velocity at the end of 4 s.

 | v |  62  82  10 m s–1
8
Its direction with x-axis,   tan1
6

Example 6 : A man swims across a river with speed of 5 km h–1 (in still water), while a boat goes upstream
with speed 12 km h–1 (in still water). How fast and in which direction does the man appear to go
to the boatman? Given that the speed of flowing water is 2 km h–1.

Solution : v mw  5 ˆj
 vmw
v bw  12iˆ
vmb
  
v mb  v mw  v bw

 5 ˆj   12iˆ  vbw –vbw

 12iˆ  5 ˆj


 Magnitude of v mb  (12)2  52  144  25

vmb = 13 km h–1

  v mby  v mbx  12 
Direction of v mb ,   tan1    
 v mb  v 5 
 x   mby 

 5 
   tan1   with positive x-axis.
 12 
Thus, to the boatman, the man appears to swim at a speed 13 km h–1 in a direction making angle
 5 
tan1   with x-axis.
 12 

EXERCISE
11. The displacement of a particle from a point having position vector 2i  4j to another point having position vector
5i  1j is

(1) 3 units (2) 3 2 units

(3) 5 units (4) 5 3 units

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NEET Motion in a Plane 83

12. Three forces given by vectors 2i  2j , 2i  2j and – 4i are acting together on a point object at rest. The object
moves along the direction
(1) x-axis (2) y-axis
(3) z-axis (4) Object does not move
13. A body moves 6 m north, 8 m east and 10 m vertically upwards, the resultant displacement of body from its
initial position is
(1) 10 2 m (2) 10 m
10
(3) m (4) 20 m
2
14. A particle has an initial velocity of 3i  4j and an acceleration of 0.4i  0.3j . The magnitude of its velocity
after 10 s is
(1) 7 2 units (2) 7 units
(3) 8.5 units (4) 10 units

15. The position vector of an object at any time t is given by 3t 2i  6tj  
k . Its velocity along y-axis has the
magnitude
(1) 6 t (2) 6
(3) 0 (4) 9
16. A body lying initially at point (3, 7) starts moving with a constant acceleration of 4i . Its position after 3 s is
given by the co-ordinates
(1) (7, 3) (2) (7, 18)
(3) (21, 7) (4) (3, 7)

17. The initial position of an object at rest is given by 3i  8j . It moves with constant acceleration and reaches
to the position 2i  4j after 4 s. What is its acceleration?

1 3 1
(1)  i  j (2) 2i  j
8 2 8
1 3
(3)  i  8j (4) 8i  j
2 2
 
18. The velocities of A and B are v A  2i  4j and v B  3i  7j . Velocity of B as observed by A is

(1) 5i  3j (2) i  11j

(3) i  11j (4) 2i  3j

19. A bus appears to go with a speed of 25 km/hr to a car driver, driving at the rate 7 km/hr northwards. If the
bus actually travels in east direction, its speed is
(1) 24 km/h (2) 23 km/h

(3) 26 km/h (4) 30 km/h

20. A displacement vector of magnitude 4 makes an angle 30° with the x-axis. Its rectangular components in
x-y plane are

(1) 2 3,2 (2) 4 3,4

2 4
(3) ,2 (4) ,4
3 3
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84 Motion in a Plane NEET

PROJECTILE MOTION
z Projectile is an object moving in space under the influence of gravity alone.

2u sin  u 2 sin2  u 2 sin 2

T  , H  , R
g 2g g

(When point of projection and point of termination have same y-coordinate)

1 y P(x, y)
For calculation of T use h = – u sinT + gT 2 (and put h = 0) u
2 t
For calculation of R use R = (u cos)T
 T
gx 2 t=0 x
z Equation of trajectory; y  x tan   R
2u 2 cos2 
 x
y  x tan   1  
 R

z Instantaneous velocity v  u 2  (gt )2  2u gt sin 

v sin
gt v
and direction of motion at that instant tan   tan  
u cos  

z Speed when velocity vector makes an angle  with horizontal. v cos

u cos 
v  [∵ Horizontal component of velocity is same every where, in projectile motion]
cos 
z v sin = u sin – gt
 
z When v (velocity at any instant ‘t’) is perpendicular to u (initial velocity)
  = 90° – 
ucos = vcos y

u cos  90° vcos

v   u cot 
cos(90  ) u  v
z The height attained by the particle is largest when  =
90°. In this situation, time of flight is maximum, range is  
x
minimum (zero). O ucos

z The horizontal range is same for complimentary angles like (, 90° – ) or (45° + , 45° – ). It is maximum
for  = 45°.
Rmax
z When horizontal range is maximum, H 
4
z If A and B are two points at same level, then

t = t1
A t = t2
u B

h h

t=T
t=0 x

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NEET Motion in a Plane 85

2u sin 
(i) T   t1  t2
g

1
(ii) h  gt1t2
2

(iii) Average velocity in the interval AB is

vav = ucos [∵ vertical displacement is zero]
z If an object projected at two complimentary angles (angles whose sum is 90°) i.e.,  and (90 – ), with
same speed then
(a) Range will be same for two projectiles
R1 = R2
(b) Ratio of height obtained y

h1
 tan2  u
h2 h2
2
u

(c) Ratio of time of flight
 h1
T1 x
 tan 
T2

(d) R  4 h1 h2

1
(e) R  g T1 T2
2
y
z If projectiles are projected in such a way that height h
1
attained by them is same h1 = h2 = h3
2 3
u1sin1 = u2sin2 = u3sin3 ...
3
u1 < u2 < u3 2
1
T1 = T2 = T3 x

Example 7 : A ball is thrown with a speed of 20 m s–1 at an elevation angle 45°. Find its time of flight and the
horizontal range [take g = 10 m s–2]

Solution : Here v0 = 20 m s–1, 0 = 45°

2v 0 sin 0 40
Time of flight Tf  
g 10 2

= 2 2s

Horizontal range when  = 45° is given by

v 02 400
Rmax    40 m .
g 10

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86 Motion in a Plane NEET

Example 8 : The initial speed of an arrow shot from a bow, at an elevation of 30°, is 15 m s–1. Find its velocity
when it hits the ground back.
Solution : Here v0 = 15 m s–1, angle of projection, 0 = 30°
Therefore v0x = v0 cos0 y

= 15 cos(30°)
v0x
15 3
= m s–1
2 30° v0x

x
O v0x
And v0y = v0sin0 v0y

15
= m s–1
2
Horizontal component of velocity remains constant throughout the flight i.e.,

15 3
v x  v0x  ms–1 ...(i)
2
Vertical component of velocity is given by
vy = v0 sin0 – gt

2v 0 sin 0
Put t = Tf  [Time of flight]
g

2v 0 sin 0
 v y  v 0 sin 0  g 
g
vy = –v0sin0

15
vy   m s–1 ...(ii)
2

Thus, total velocity v  v x2  v y2

152  3 152
= 
4 4
v = 15 m s–1
Let the final velocity make an angle  with the positive x-axis, then

 vy 
  tan1  
 vx 

 15 
 
  tan  2
1

 3 
 15 
 2 

1  1 
= tan  
 3
 = – 30°

Thus, the arrow touches the ground with the same speed with which it is projected and also at
the same angle 30° but in negative direction, as shown in the figure.
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NEET Motion in a Plane 87

Note : This result is true for all the projectiles, and for all the pairs of points, lying at same
horizontal level, on their trajectories. See the figure,

v2
v2
v1
v1

Example 9 : A body is thrown horizontally from the top of a tower and strikes the ground after three seconds
at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. Then find

(i) The height of the tower

(ii) The speed of projection of the body

Solution : (i) Let H be the height of the tower

2H
The time of flight, Tf  3s
g

g  (3)2
 H=
2

9.8  9
=
2

= 44.1 m

(ii) Let the speed of projection be v0.

Then for horizontal projection

vx = v0

vy = –gt

At t = Tf = 3 s,

vy = –9.8 × 3

= –29.4 m s–1

The angle which the final velocity makes with the horizontal = = 45° [Given]

v y
 –tan45° =
vx

 vy = vx

So vx = 29.4 m s–1

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88 Motion in a Plane NEET

EXERCISE
21. At the topmost point of a trajectory, its velocity and acceleration are at an angle of
(1) 0° (2) 45°
(3) 90° (4) 180°
22. The horizontal ranges described by two projectiles, projected at angles (45°–) and (45° + ) from the same
point and same velocity are in the ratio
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 1
(3) 2 : 3 (4) 1 : 2
23. A cricket ball of mass m is hitted at the angle 45° to the horizontal with velocity v. Its kinetic energy at the
topmost point is
1
(1) 0 (2) mv 2
2
mv 2 mv 2
(3) (4)
4 2 2
24. The path of a projectile is
(1) Circular (2) Parabolic
(3) Linear (4) Hyperbolic
25. Which of the following is not a projectile?
(1) An aircraft taking off (2) A bullet fired from a rifle
(3) A ball thrown horizontally from a roof (4) A football kicked by a player
26. If a stone projected from ground, takes 4 s to reach the topmost point of its trajectory, then time of flight is
(1) 4 s (2) 8 s
(3) 2 s (4) 10 s
27. The maximum height attained by a ball projected with speed 20 ms–1 at an angle 45° with the horizontal is
[take g = 10 ms–2.]
(1) 40 m (2) 20 m
(3) 10 m (4) 30 m
28. The time of flight of an object projected with speed 20 ms–1 at an angle 30° with the horizontal, is
(1) 1 s (2) 4 s
(3) 2 s (4) 6 s
29. At the topmost point of its path, a projectile has acceleration of magnitude
(1) 0 (2) g

g g
(3) (4)
2 2

30. At what angle of elevation, should a projectile be projected with velocity 20 m s–1, so as to reach a maximum
height of 10 m?
(1) 0° (2) 90°
(3) 45° (4) 60°

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