Geotech Geol Eng (2009) 27:43–51
DOI 10.1007/s10706-008-9210-7
ORIGINAL PAPER
Permeability of Municipal Solid Waste in Bioreactor
Landfill with Degradation
M. S. Hossain Æ K. K. Penmethsa Æ L. Hoyos
Received: 28 May 2007 / Accepted: 20 April 2008 / Published online: 15 May 2008
Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008
Abstract Bioreactor landfills are operated for rapid
stabilization of waste, increased landfill gas genera-
tion for cost-effective energy recovery, gain in
landfill space, enhanced leachate treatment, and
reduced post closure maintenance period. The fun-
damental process of waste stabilization in bioreactor
landfill is recirculation of generated leachate back
into the landfills. This creates a favorable environ-
ment for rapid microbial decomposition of the
biodegradable solid waste. In order to better estimate
the generated leachate and design of leachate recir-
culation system, clear understanding of the
permeability of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
with degradation and the factors influencing the
permeability is necessary. The objective of the paper
is to determine the changes in hydraulic properties of
MSW in bioreactor landfill with time and decompo-
sition. Four small-scale bioreactor landfills were built
in laboratory and samples were prepared to represent
each phase of decomposition. Then, the changes in
hydraulic properties of MSW in bioreactor landfill
with time and decomposition were determined.
M. S. Hossain (&)
K. K. Penmethsa
L. Hoyos
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019,
USA
e-mail: hossain@uta.edu
L. Hoyos
e-mail: hoyos@uta.edu
A series of constant head permeability tests were
performed on the samples generated in laboratory
scale bioreactor landfills to determine variation of
permeability of MSW with degradation. The test
results indicated that the permeability of MSW in
bioreactor landfills decreases with decomposition.
Based on the test results, the permeability of MSW at
the first phase of degradation was estimated as
0.0088 cm/s at density 700 kg/m3. However, with
degradation, permeability decreased to 0.0013 cm/s
at the same density, for MSW at Phase IV.
Keywords Bioreactor landfill
Permeability

Decomposition
Solid waste
Density
1 Introduction
A conventional landfill is designed to minimize
moisture intrusion into the landfill. The waste
remains almost dry making the waste decomposition
a long-term process. Therefore, due to this long-term
waste decomposition process, settlement and gas
production continues for a long time, which requires
a long-term post closure-monitoring period. To
overcome these difficulties a new technology was
developed to accelerate the rate of waste decompo-
sition and stabilization known as bioreactor landfill.
The fundamental process of waste stabilization in
bioreactor landfill is recirculation of generated
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leachate into the landfills. Leachate recirculation
plays an important role in successful operation of the
bioreactor landfill. In favorable environmental con-
ditions, biological stabilization of the waste in a
bioreactor landfill is expected to be much faster
compared to the conventional landfill. There are
many advantages of leachate recirculation including
(1) settlement before placement of the final cover
which decreases the risk of damage to the final cover;
(2) increased effective refuse density and landfill
capacity; (3) reduced leachate treatment costs; (4)
increased rates of gas production; and (5) accelerated
refuse decomposition shortening the regulated post
closure monitoring period and reducing the overall
cost of the landfill (Barlaz et al. 1990; Reinhart and
Townsend 1998; Reinhart et al. 2002).
Permeability of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in
a bioreactor landfill is an important parameter to
determine the recirculation rate and overall perfor-
mance of landfill. In order to better estimate the
generated leachate and design of leachate recircula-
tion system, clear understanding of the permeability
of the MSW and the factors influencing the perme-
ability is necessary.
The objective of the current study is to prepare
MSW samples at different stages of degradation and
to determine the permeability of MSW as a function
of degree of decomposition. Also, the influence of
density and voids ratio on the permeability of MSW
is investigated and presented in this paper. MSW at
different stages of degradation is generated in four
laboratory scale bioreactors with leachate recircula-
tion under controlled conditions. The stages of
decomposition were determined based on the gas
composition, gas production rate pH and volatile
organic content (VOC). Constant head permeability
tests were performed on the remolded samples from
the reactors to determine the variation of permeability
with degradation. Also, tests were repeated at three
densities for samples at each phase of decomposition
to determine the influence of overburden pressure or
self weight on permeability.
2 Background
Permeability is a property of material which permits
the passage of any fluid through its interconnecting
pore spaces. The physical properties that influence
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Geotech Geol Eng (2009) 27:43–51
the permeability in MSW are density, particle size,
porosity, material type, degree of saturation, stage of
decomposition, and depth within the landfill. Density
of the refuse is dependent on the refuse composition,
the amount and degree of compaction, surface cover,
over burden pressure and moisture content of the
refuse during compaction. During the regular land
filling period, the refuse is compacted in thin lifts
leading to horizontal stratification within the landfill.
This might result in greater horizontal permeability of
the waste than the vertical permeability. In addition
to the particle size, the application of daily and
intermediate soil covers leads to anisotropy and
heterogeneity within a landfill (Powrie and Beaven
1999; Hyder and Khire 2004). Hence, along with the
physical properties of the solid waste, various other
factors like refuse placement and amount of com-
paction, properties of cover soil, depth of landfill
contribute to the behavior of MSW in a landfill.
Moisture usually tends to flow through the large
pores, leading to flow channeling. Oweis and Khera
(1990) found that channeling results in the downward
movement of leachate through interconnected pores
at rates faster than the uniform flow under gravity.
This variation in flow results in non-uniform leachate
recirculation resulting in non-uniform biodegradation
leading to differential settlements (Hyder and Khire
2004).
In a landfill, as depth increases, effective stress on
the solid waste increases. Increase in the effective
stress increases the waste density (Powrie and Beaven
1999). Blieker et al. (1993), from his study on Brock
west landfill, indicated difficulties in drilling with the
increase in depth due to the probable increase in
density which supports the assumption of increase in
density with depth. Based on the field infiltration
tests, Ettala (1987) indicated a variability of coeffi-
cient of permeability in between and within the
landfill indicating the heterogeneity of MSW in
landfills. Chen et al. (1995) studied the variation in
permeability with density of the samples and hydrau-
lic gradient and indicated a decrease in permeability
with time. Constant head tests were conducted on test
columns at densities 160 kg/m3, 320 kg/m3, and
480 kg/m3. The permeability reduced from
9.6 9 10-2 cm/s to 4.7 9 10-5 cm/s when com-
pacted to densities 160–480 kg/m3, respectively and
no significant influence were observed due to the
variation in hydraulic gradient. Powrie et al. (2005)
Geotech Geol Eng (2009) 27:43–51
indicated decrease in permeability with increase in
effective stress, density and decrease in porosity.
Korman et al. (1987) indicated higher values of
permeability of MSW for old refuse compared to
fresh wastes, which might be attributed to the
heterogeneity and reconstitution of the sample in
the laboratory. However, there is a limited availabil-
ity of literature on variation of permeability with
degradation. With degradation the particle size of the
degradable constituent in MSW was expected to
decrease which might significantly influence the
permeability of MSW. In this paper an attempt is
made to determine the permeability of MSW with
stage of decomposition and determine the influence
of percentage finer fraction (less than US sieve #200)
and density on the permeability of MSW.
3 Refuse Biodegradation
A complex series of chemical and biological reac-
tions is initiated with the burial of refuse in a landfill.
Refuse decomposition has been described in an
aerobic phase, an anaerobic acid phase, an acceler-
ated methane production phase, and a decelerated
methane production phase (Barlaz et al. 1989). The
conversion of cellulose to methane (CH4) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) is described by Eq. 1.
ðC6 H10 O5 Þn þ n H2 O ! 3n CH4 þ 3n CO2 ð1Þ
In the aerobic phase (Phase 1), the oxygen
entrained in the refuse at burial is consumed and
there is no mechanism for its replenishment based on
conventional landfill practice. CO2 will be the major
gaseous product and there will be little to no cellulose
and hemicellulose biodegradation. In the anaerobic
acid phase (Phase 2), carboxylic acids (acetic,
propionic, butyric) accumulate and the pH decreases.
These acids accumulate because of an imbalance
between the various groups of bacteria required to
convert refuse to methane. Phase 2 is characterized
by acidic leachate, little gas production, and little to
no cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition
because environmental conditions are not suitable
for the bacteria required for refuse decomposition. In
the accelerated methane production phase (Phase 3),
suitable environmental conditions develop and the
methane production rate increases to some maximum
value; the accumulated carboxylic acids are
45
converted to CH4 and CO2; the pH increases; and
cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition begin. In
the decelerated methane production phase, the meth-
ane production rate decreases, carboxylic acids are
depleted and there is an increase in the rate of
cellulose plus hemicellulose hydrolysis. While acid
utilization limits methane production in Phases 2 and
3, cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis limits
methane production in Phase 4. In a laboratory scale
simulation, 70–75% of the initial cellulose and
hemicellulose were converted to CH4 and CO2
(Barlaz et al. 1989). In bioreactor landfills, the
increased moisture enhances progression of the refuse
to Phases 3 and 4 relative to a control landfill. Gas
production from landfills is typically modeled using
the US EPA Landgem model (1998) as follows:
G ¼ WL0 kekt ð2Þ
where, G = annual methane generation for a specific
year (t) (m3CH4/year); W = mass of waste buried
annually (ton/year); L0 = methane potential (m3CH4/
t of waste): t = time after initial waste placement
(year); and k = first order decay rate constant
(1/year).
3.1 Experimental Design
Refuse samples representing various stages of
decomposition were generated in laboratory scale
reactors that were operated under the conditions to
simulate the decomposition in bioreactor landfills.
The stages of decomposition were determined based
on the gas production rate and composition, pH, and
by volatile solids composition. Reactors were
destructively sampled to obtain samples at the
anaerobic acid phase, accelerated methane phase,
early and decelerated methane phase, respectively.
Initially, particle size distribution was completed to
determine the changes in particle size and possibly
increase of finer particles with decomposition of
MSW. Then, constant head permeability tests were
performed on the remolded samples collected from
the reactors to determine the changes in permeability
with degradation. The tests were repeated at three
densities to determine the influence of overburden
stress on permeability. Based on the literature review
the unit weight of MSW ranged between 20 pcf
(302 kg/m3) and 80 pcf (1281 kg/m3) depending on
the compaction effort. Therefore for the current
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46
study, tests were performed at 40 pcf (640.73 kg/m3),
50 pcf (800.92 kg/m3) and 60 pcf (961.10 kg/m3).
3.2 Preparation of MSW Samples at Different
Stages of Decomposition
Municipal solid waste (MSW) samples were col-
lected from a transfer station in Burlington, Texas.
The standard collection procedure was followed for
obtaining a representative well-mixed sample. Ini-
tially, physical characterization of the waste,
including visual inspection of refuse composition
was completed. Based on the physical characteristics,
the average paper, plastic and food waste was
determined as 56, 13 and 16%, respectively.
Four 16-l reactors filled with MSW to prepare
samples at different stages of decomposition. Suffi-
cient quantity of moisture was added to adjust the
moisture content to 55% (wet weight basis), and to
generate a leachate of 1.5 l. Reactors were operated
under conditions designated to simulate a bioreactor
including: (a) the addition of sufficient moisture to
induce leachate production; (b) leachate recircula-
tion; and (c) the addition of an inoculum of
anerobically digested sewage sludge. The leachate
was neutralized with potassium hydroxide and sulfu-
ric acid for acidic and alkaline conditions as
necessary and recycled 4 days a week. The neutral-
ization of generated leachate was done to accelerate
the decomposition process. All reactors were main-
tained at a room temperature of 22–29°C.
The reactors were dismantled and destructively
sampled at each phase of decomposition. The stage of
decomposition was determined based on the gas
production rate and composition, pH, and by presence
of volatile solids. Gas was collected in five-layer gas
bags. The volume of gas was measured by pumping it
out through a standard pump (which pumps at a rate
of 0.5 l/min). Methane gas concentration was mea-
sured using a gas chromatograph equipped with a
thermal conductivity detector. The volatile solids
were determined in accordance with Standard Meth-
ods APHA Method 2440-E. Samples were dried at
105°C to a constant weight and held in a desiccator.
Approximately 100 g of dried sample were then
placed in ceramic dish and inserted into a muffle
furnace at 550°C for 20 min. Samples were removed
and allowed to cool in a desiccator to a constant
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Geotech Geol Eng (2009) 27:43–51
weight. The percent weight loss from ignition yielded
the total amount of volatile matter.
4 Geotechnical Testing Procedures
4.1 Grain Size Distribution
Considering the wide range of particle size and the
nature of the waste, wet sieve analysis was con-
ducted. The degraded MSW particles adhere to each
other when dried and conventional dry analysis may
not give accurate results. For fraction passing US
sieve No. 200 hydrometer analysis was conducted.
The wet sieve analysis on MSW samples at different
stages of decomposition was conducted in accordance
with standard test method of particle size analysis of
soils (ASTM D422-63).
4.2 Permeability
The coefficient of permeability of the MSW samples
was measured at different phases of decomposition
and densities. Tests were also conducted to determine
the influence of percentage finer fraction (particle
size less than US sieve # 200) and density on the
permeability of MSW. The MSW particles are much
thinner and flatter than the soil particles and the flow
in waste might be through inter particle and intra
particle voids, hence the general principles applicable
for soils may not be applicable to MSW. However,
due to the lack of standard test procedure for
determination of permeability of MSW, the standard
test procedure for determination of permeability of
the granular soils (ASTM D 2434-68) is adopted for
the current work. The test setup consists of an acrylic
cylinder with inside diameter of 15.24 cm (6 inches)
and a height of 24 cm. The remolded sample from the
reactors was utilized for testing. Particles greater than
3 inches (half the diameter of test cylinders) were
shredded to reduce the boundary affects. Shredding
may affect the permeability of MSW. However, this
is a common practice to shred bigger particles to
smaller pieces to accommodate them in smaller
equipments during testing. The required densities
were obtained by changing the packing of sample by
maintaining the constant height of the sample. The
weight of the sample was predetermined by
Geotech Geol Eng (2009) 27:43–51
multiplying the volume of the sample with the
required density.
5 Test Results
5.1 Refuse Decomposition Results
Methane production rates and the pH of the generated
leachate are presented in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.
The anaerobic digester sludge and leachate neutral-
ization with recirculation enhanced the refuse
decomposition. Each of these reactors was destruc-
tively sampled on days 25, 106, 225, and 253. Based
on the methane production rate in Fig. 1, and pH data
in Fig. 2, at day 25 sample (Reactor 1-1) was in
anaerobic acid phase. At day 106 (Reactor 1-3) when
the rate of methane production was at peak and pH
was about neutral, the sample was in accelerated
methane production phase. And at day 225 (Reactor
1-4) and 253 (Reactor 1-2), as presented in Figs. 1
and 2, samples were in decelerated methane produc-
tion phases.
The composition of solids removed from each of
the reactor is presented in Table 1. Leachate recircu-
lation had a significant effect on the degradation of
the waste. The accelerated degradation is also
indicated by the significant decrease in degradable
constituents. The percent change (utilized) in volatile
solids increased from 0.91% in Phase I to 39.24 % in
final phase. At the same time the cumulative methane
production increased as the waste gets degraded and
VOC is converted into gases.
Fig. 1 Rate of gas
0.7
production from reactors at
each phase of
0.6
decomposition
Methane Yield, L/lb/day
0.5
0.4
0.3
Phase I
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 50
47
5.2 Geotechnical Testing Results
5.2.1 Visual Inspection and Particle Size Analysis
Based on visual inspection there was no observable
disintegration of paper and plastic, in Phase I and
Phase II of degradation. Numbers on the paper were
clearly visible even after the second phase of
disintegration. Chunks of paper and textile were
observed in phase III implying a partial disintegration
of paper and textile. However, paper was completely
disintegrated and was in the form of paste at the end
of phase IV. Figure 3 shows the disintegrated paper
in each phase of decomposition. Wet sieve analysis
on the fraction retained on US sieve No. 200
indicated particle disintegration as the stage of
decomposition progresses. Figure 4 presents the
particle size distribution curves for municipal solid
waste at different stages of decomposition.
Particle size distribution curves indicated an
increase in percent of fraction passing US sieve No.
200 with degradation. The MSW particles were
relatively larger during the initial stages of degrada-
tion and with degradation, the matrix structure of
paper, textile and other degradable constituents were
broken down into smaller particles. This resulted in
an overall increase in percentage of finer fraction
passing US sieve 200. The percentage of finer
particles (US sieve No. 200) for Phase I is only
10% when compared to 39% in Phase IV. The
increase in finer fraction with degradation is about 2–
3 times, which is expected to change the hydraulic
behavior of MSW in a landfill.
Reactor 1-1 Reactor 1-2
Phase II
Reactor 1-3 Reactor 1-4
Phase III
Phase IV
100 150 200 250
Days
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Fig. 2 pH of generated 9.5

leachate from the bioreactor
cells 9

8.5 Phase IV
Phase III
8

7.5

pH
7
Phase II
6.5 Reactor 1-1 Reactor 1-2

6 Reactor 1-3 Reactor 1-4

5.5
Phase
5
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time, days

5.2.2 Permeability with Degradation

Table 1 Methane production and sample composition in
sampled
Permeability tests were conducted on MSW samples at
Phase Time of Cumulative methane % Change in
reactor production (l) volatile solids
each phase of degradation at three different densities.
operation Permeability of municipal solid waste was in the
order of 10-2 cm/s after the first phase of disintegration
I 25 23.49 0.91 and decreased to the order of 10-4 cm/s at the final
II 106 195.03 1.40 phase of degradation. Figure 5 presents the change in
III 225 487.73 12.88 permeability of MSW at each phase of degradation at
IV 253 515.41 39.24 different densities (700 kg/m3, 800 kg/m3, 900 kg/m3).
Based on grain size distribution results, there is an
Fig. 3 Disintegration of
paper with degradation

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Geotech Geol Eng (2009) 27:43–51 49

1000 3.2

900 2.8

Density (kg/m3)

Void Ratio
800 2.4

700 2

600 1.6
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.0010 0.0012
Permeability (cm/s)
Density - Phase I Density - Phase II Density - Phase III
Density - Phase IV Void Ratio - Phase I Void Ratio - Phase II
Void Ratio - Phase III Void Ratio - Phase IV

Fig 4 Particle size distribution of MSW with degradation Fig. 6 Permeability with density and void ratio

increase in percentage finer contents with degradation, of sample the voids ratio decreases, thus, decreasing
and accordingly pore size, geometry and continuity of the permeability. Permeability decreased with
the pore space are expected to change. Figure 5 also decrease in voids ratio of MSW. The possible reason
presents the variation in permeability with percentage might be due to the decrease in size of the flow
of particles passing US sieve # 200. Increase in density channels with the decrease in voids ratio, resulted in
resulted in decrease in permeability. Chen (1995) from an overall reduction of permeability.
his study on the temporal variation of permeability of
MSW, indicated a decrease in permeability with time.
5.2.4 Permeability with Density
5.2.3 Permeability with Voids Ratio
The permeability of MSW with density is presented
Moisture transport in MSW are expected to be in Fig. 6. The test results showed that the permeabil-
through the inter particle and intra particle voids ity decreased with increasing density at each phase of
depending on their size and continuity. The changes decomposition. In order to study the variation in
in permeability of the MSW at Phases I, II, III and IV permeability of MSW at each phase of degradation at
of degradation with the calculated void ratio is a given density, test results were interpolated at
presented in Fig. 6. With the increase in the density 700 kg/m3, 800 kg/m3, and 900 kg/m3. It was
observed that the coefficient of permeability
1.00E-02 decreases with the increase in density at all stages
Phase I
9.00E-03 of degradation. Blieker et al. (1993) reported diffi-
Coefficient of permeability (cm/s)

8.00E-03 culties in drilling with depth, which implies an

Phase II
7.00E-03 increase in density of MSW with depth. Oweis and
700
6.00E-03 800
Khera (1990); Blieker et al. (1993); and Powrie et al.
5.00E-03 900 (2005) indicated a decrease in permeability with
4.00E-03 increase in density. The experimental results from
3.00E-03 Phase III current study conform to the existing research.
2.00E-03 Phase IV
Figure 7 gives the comparison of results obtained
1.00E-03
in the current research with permeability obtained by
0.00E+00
other researchers (Powrie et al. 2005; Gabr 1995;
0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Jang et al. 2002; Landva and Clark 1986). The
Percentage finer
permeability results when plotted against their corre-
Fig. 5 Permeability with the percentage of particles passing sponding densities gave an agreeable relation with
US Sieve No. 200 the test results of these researchers.

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50 Geotech Geol Eng (2009) 27:43–51

1.0E+00 No. 200 occupying the pore spaces thus decreas-

ing the size of the flow path.
1.0E+01
3. Density of the sample is observed to have
significant affect on the permeability of MSW.
1.0E+02
Permeability decreased with the increase in
Permeability (cm/s)

1.0E+03
density. The possible reason for the decrease
might be due to the reduction in pore size and
1.0E+04 change in geometry and continuity of pores
resulting in decrease in area of flow.
1.0E+05 4. There is a decrease in voids ratio with increase in
density, thus, resulting in decrease in permeability.
1.0E+06
500 700 900 1100 1300
Therefore, the variation in permeability with time and
Density(kg/m3)
Current Study Gabr (1995) Jang et al. (2002)
landfill depth should be considered during design of
Powrie et al. (2005) Landva and Clark (1986) landfill rather than considering an average value for
the entire landfill height and operation period.
Fig. 7 Comparison of permeability values obtained in the
current study with others

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