Potential

CBSE
Phy 12th
-
_

V1
Sankhya
2022 - 23
101051202¥ Electricpoteutral
to
→ Heat
flows from a

body higher temp

at .

body
at lower temp ( Temp differences
. .

flows from higher

→ water level to lower level
( potential Energy difference
→
charge will
flow when their is
potential
-dyfaenu
[ Charge flows from a

body
at
higher potential
to a
body at lower potential]
 F-lectnipotentialduetoapointchag.IE
= ◦

+
;•-÷p÷f •
have then
of charge placed
we + K at 0
,

I E-
Eq /
-

① Work needs to be done

by the external
force .

on +1C
against the Coulombei
force of repulsion due to Q
charge
Eledricpoteuhalatpduetoq
F- 0

force charge
work done
by
=

The the external on +1C

P
to
bring it from A to in the EF
of Alonge Q without
,
acceleration -
 →;FaÉ•Tᵈ¥
•

-
On

Electric Potential well exist at Point P due

negative charge
to the .

so

Electricpoteuhalatpduetoo
force charge
work done
by the enternal
The on +1C

P
to
bring it from A to in the EF
of Alonge Q without
,
acceleration -
penvatiouoff-Pdmtoo.dk#is+Posihm+ic
;;→→•,c•→c•É•
+
p

F.
R÷,
-
e-
=
i

a- →
E- 79¥
and so on

① force on tic
charge is not constant as it changes
with distance

② w=
(F) displacement) = F. I = Fscoso
FR
0 -

angle b/w
% Work needs to be calculated
the help of Dnteqration
by.
taking displacement
.
 dfent
;→•←•←÷•Fʳi+¥
.

+
p
-
c-

consider the
Let us
charge suffers die
displacement
due to df external
small
force against the repulsive
Coulombe force .

The small work done is dw

dw =
(d→f) eat
•
di

=
@ F) ent da cos 0

dw =
@ F)eat da
 @ F)eat = -

Frepulsire
dW= -

Frepulsivedk
|dW-=-k→d-
÷
f-F-
KQ da
W= fdw =

N
E

=
-
ka da

•
1
Janda __ñn÷
KQ
{ a- 2dm
= -
 &
① Vp 9mppants_
ñ÷ ! ¥
✗
w= - ka

/ be ]! "
¥
=
ka

Kalk -

£]
②

.am?=1;:7-w=poI.-aayemaaexse
pane

spherically symmetric .

÷¥÷
 If
( point day e) ¥2
✗
② Ep
µT
point chaise
✗
F-
PC ¥ 1EF=E-
Ñ
ie1E=I

¥:
=

⇐
④
a-net-mea-M-FEU-es.ircharge)
¥Ég•
|VV=kQµq%
instead
Hence
if of kchasge
we had brought go charge ,
the
-
Work would have been the
given
LHS
egn
.

at P, need to
However as
for definition of potential we

have +1C
charge instead
of %

i.
|vp=%=7:::;÷
⑤
unitsof.VN{ volt

wq-
=
= =

µoet=÷=
potential any point
at is irolt when Joule
of
i
Hence

work is done to more a

charge K
from • to the

given point
\°%É
"
in potential b/w thepoints
Potentialdyfeiences Difference
>

÷
←ha →

-
his -

✗ A - V13
) →
potential difference b/w
twopoints ARB

VA =
Was A VB = WAB

VA -
VB = WAA -
WAB
work done to Unit + ve
µa-VB=WBA#→ charge
move a

VAB =
B to A
_
from .
 the
Hence potent at
difference
between
tdpourts in
EFF a

given charge positive

= Work done to move a Unit

charge from point ' to another .

ÑVa-VB=WB- →
Imp

Also VA -
VB = WAA -
NOB

VAB = VA -
VB =

k¥a-
_

R&B

IVAB-atlA-VB-KQLK-n.at#f--9mp
Since WPA > Woops % VA > VB OR

KA LAB > VB
% VA
 % it
possible to
find out absolute
potential of a

point .

absolute
potential of
find
No can out
SDI ,
we never

Potential
point
is also
given
at
given point
a . a

potential Wrt D .

Even
potential at
given point ,
as the
potential
difference b/w points , point being
a
two one
 ←
RB - ←
← RA → ⑨
&::-

VA=wq÷ VB=wq÷
NOB
VA -
VA =

w%-_ _

To

=
WNA -

WORD

IVAB-VA-tb-a-wg.BA#--9mf-WBA--qoVAB
OR
901¥ -

VIDALIA
 between two
80 Work done to move a
charge go points
the
equal
two
is

(
charge)
Pd b/w the
moved points
then work done -0
Here
if pd b/w two
points
= 0
,

IOV 4"
work done to move a

¥ ¥ % charge of ac
from Atb

VA)
WAB % ( VB

_B=-12
-

( VA B) ✓
-

WAB %
-

ton
=

=
2(- 6)
=
2
(10-4)
/ 6) 12J
(2)
=
=
 work done is
ScalarQly-_
✗ |VAB=WqBA-
potential VAB Scalar
:
difference
-
-

Quantity

Naturally any Qty flows from

a
higher Value to a

dower Value .

%
charge flows from a
higher potential to

Lower
potential "
¥
É←mnum¥
→
Qfioe charge) °
:µA7Tf_
 B*•A
Work done to move

j¥
a +5C
charge from
Ato B and then
pt
Bloc and Atoc
pt

( Va VA ) ✓

5¥ WAB go
-

=9o(k%ik¥)
WAB ⇐ 0

& WAC
Similarly
= 0
WBC = 0

Work done is zero

]
pf¥①
( VA VB Vc %
'

: = =

I
pointsymmetric tf allonge is moved
"

÷ Potential due to
charges is
heroically b/w points having Sauce
boteuhal .
② Work done is
independent of
the
pathfollowed
A-
only depends upon
the
pd b/w endpoints .

③ Any surface
on which the potential

of every point lying on ett

---•
is same
,
then that
surface is

called as ↳
equipotential
Surface
and work done
any charge
to move

on the equipotential surface = 0

\%5µÉ

Elec-toost-atecPF-duetotwochargedpastrcles-ioo.tl#E-
-e -
Wsop =Vp=RQ_
r
%

P
of go was
brought from A to
,
then work will have

to be done
against
electrostatic
force of repulsion ,

and this work

gets stored as
Potenhalfnergy
Hence when too charges are
kept at certain
position
then there well be EPE which well enest

b/w them
 9
:p Wap =
9◦ Vp
+
[
94k¥)
e- =

←µop=kQµ
Electrostatic
µ) PE
b/w the charges _

to dissociate the above

what is the
energy required
charge configuration .

EE KEI
U = -
¥ find out the EP F- of the
following configuration
%

423

at a
body
All the charges 9, , 924 qz -
are
placed
µi=- → brutal
Energy
we need to
formulate
the above charge cayeg .

to the
- we
bring 9, charge from oo
givenpoint
 A
[
ו
WAA

91
= 0

÷
:-¥-÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ and

µ=wt=0+k%I-ksfˢ-ʳhEˢJ
 and -30 placed at
charges
¥wf
point +Q
3 + QQ are
, '
ride a'
equilateral
KABC
of
the vertices
of an
.

Qf these
displaced
charges are
midpoints to the

and É
' '

find the amount

A
,
B
respectively of work
,
location
done
shifting
in the
charges to the new

¥
B☒¥É
.

a)

SRI WABC WA B' U A'b' UABC

' ' '
→ =
c c
-

|Workdme=UA'B'i_UAB#-
 ÷÷¥ÉÉ¥
'
A 42
a
C- Q) )
3Q

'

B C- 201

% :')
"•

|W=Uf-Ui
4- =
0 +
kQa,{ k{ k¥£
_
_
=
-14%0-2

Ui =
=
-72¥
 W =
Uf - Ui

w
-14b¥ [ 7k¥)
=
-

|w--→¥=
-
we EPE means that work must be done
against
the EF in
mooing
the
charges
EPE
9m the above case is - ve .
% Work is done
by
the enterual
force to assemble this
system
E-PF-I
:# -hepses-enceoff-nternalr-leatucfreld-F.is
win
Tical) €1s
÷÷_
Work well
Let q, be
brought from D to
point
A.

have external EF F-
to be
against
done the .

q ,Va ( VA is the
potential
Wq , ( )
NA =

due to Ef E at A)
 to be done
brought from
to B. Work needs
detqg be 0

the EF due to 9 & External EF E

against ,

Wqg (NB) 9243

129%2
= +

|WT=G,Va-9gVB→k9i92_=
 Relationshep.be/wEFandEP-(SuperDuper.9mp)

+ B A E

Ers > Ea VB > VA

①

② Df we consider
points
within the EF of charge
+ Q then ernests at those
Electric
,
potential
points
.

"

③ Electric the direction of F-¥

potential decreases in
 I
÷
,g÷%
^
Harsemrat A A

E A B
Ambani
B
- his -
Simon A A

B
Yuvraaj A
F-a =

¥
F-B-
1%2 Suryaush B B

kashvi A A

-
we
sign
that EF is
radially inwards Manan B A

= Haras B A
Harsheta B A

Potential -
EP toes in the direction Aayan A B
EF
of
_

since RAUB
of VB > VA % value VA >
ve
of ve
- -

Value
OR 9- VB
VA =

-12¥ vB=-- VALVB

?⃝
MISnshepblwf-randf-r.NO Fent - E

:-#% VB=VtdV VA=V

Let us

say
that we want to move
g. ◦
chargefrom
A to B . so we need to
apply
external force
to make this
happen
W = Kent) or cos ◦

Fent go E)
W
@ E) dr ① 1 : = -

= -

W =
% ( VB VA) -
-

②
W =
No ( V+dV -

)
V = 9◦dV -
②
 Hdtv
|E=-%%
F- do =
.

negative gradient of potential

The

value Efatthat
us the
of
point .

( data =

change my wax

gradient
]
→
slope →

% -

dv
dV=

=
Edr

-
Edr
µ,Vmp-
jdv-TE.at#s-va-)---&-E.eT
B
odnteqrateng B

A
A
f- that EP decreases the direction
tells us
in

sign
we

of
F-
f)
¥
①
V =
f- ③ y 2),

z (
F- Vanaken is assumed to
I Y 2
-

constant
,

J Partial
- del →

dyprentateon
constant
Ey %y (
= -
n 2 →
,

Ea =

-812 ( a
, y →
constant
 of potential
the in a
region of space around a

point ( 2 -1
, , 3) misgiven by
the
calculate
V
volt)
=
@ n2+5y2 32J -

3
components of EF attract
point .

SDI V = lost
-15yd -
322

-¥n ga (0×7-5%322)
F- x = = -

gator
-

+[%€yY]i
En = -

202 + 0 + 0

En =
-20ft) = 20 NIC
 -204m
Ey
=

Ez -

+18111m
 lines constant Potential F-F. Out
¥ Fig shows of
man

P Q R where the EF
given pants
is
of the 3 , ,

where
and is it Men
Intensely
Man .
.

¥-7 4 or
30N
%
gov to V

⇐
tunes of constant Potential

( equipotential lines orSurface)

 →
EE ÷
-

EE¥=-¥ /
.

Ep=-÷

uw①%
↑ -

•→q→
,

Potential decrease

→
(Ef exists
foomegt
30N
to
IN Ior

↓↓↓_ "
fight
potential
tises )
times of constant Potential

( equipotential lemesorsusfaa)
ER F- • Ep=
÷ ÷
= - -
=

' "
dr > ar > do
 F-R=
%
-
= -2
( assuming
|%ER7Ea>E#
EQ =
-

¥ ,
= -4 ( assuming
F-P -6 ( assuming
-•÷
= =

R
%
field at is man

field at P is men .

Hence EF decreases m the outward direction and

due to
hence this EF n a toe
charge .
HYATT
Eqyyipotentrgltmfaas
Same Potential
the
potential
When the the then
surface
on is same
,

that
surface is called as
Equipotential Surface .

• c
equipotentialsurface

Vc
VAb=
Derivational →
Eq¥-Hfaa derivation
F-
* "
ᵗᵈʳᵗ°°ᵗʰᵈ^→°

}
anaweneweatest
Charge go .

Uniform
. EF
Work done to move a test

charge go from A to B

( work done is by the electrostatic

force)
#
Fe•Ñ
Welectrostahc
/ Fed cos 90
=
= = O

force a- → B

WA → B)electrostatic = 0

force

90 ( VB -

)
VA = 0
 8oµB
Conclusions
to
① F- f- lines are
always tr
equipotential
surface OR vice versa

the
② Work done to move a
charge on
equipotential
surface in
always aero .

③ On our
equipotential surface every pointlying
,

it has the
on same
potential
 proof F-r-lenesaretrtoeqnipoten-taltuye.ae
Theoretical
of
^

/÷É→
F-Smo
f-Cos 0

equipotential surface .

Let F- F E be not to to the

equipotential Surface .

Hence EF well have

F- &
components
the
En = f- Cost → 11 or
lying on
surface
F-tr -
Enno - to to the
surface .

Since F- Gmo is the to

component ,
%

V90 / ( angle b/w Etr

'

= 0 :
Ew and d = 90°]
 Fd Corso
/
W =
%
E- , ,
=
Go Ed

the

/ displacing
Total work in
WT =

A →☐

go charge from A - B

= WEI + WE 11

=
9oEd

However the work done

by the electrostatic force
the
m
moving
a
charge on
equipotential Surface
is
always aero-CA-viD-w.az
% the Net work done has to zero which means that
EF is to to the Equipotential surface .
f
A
,
B
,
C - 3
equipotential

aesh◦w2Ñ
surfaces

µ
VA = 4N

VB= 3N

Vc = 20 V

,
X .

VA=4oV VB=3oV Vc=2oV

what are the conclusions meters draw

1dg ① Since Potential decreases in the direction

of EF

% Ef is
from Left to
Right ( ie
from surface
A- to
surface c)
 F- F.
② fending out the
Mag of .

F- = - du
AB
Ir

/ EIB / =

⑦ =

402302--103=5 Ym

ftp.c/--daV-g--30-240-=2.s-V/m
.

% EF decreases as we move
from Surface A- toe

not
le EF
strength is
uniform
Uniform field
% it is a Non -
 IN OV

| Ef is

right
actually increasing towards the

÷=
② Ef is
increasing
towards the +2 ares . How do the

look like
equipotential surfaces
.

( EF lines are
straight lines

↑ → ."

tuyaas
to the
to

F- Fumes
 E-quipotentralsusfa-frvanxhagedi.si robotic

1¥
concentric
spheres I

•✓ =
- -

I
-

E →

"
sphereistue
equipotential
-

lisipoeej

gmf(
CBSE)
I
"
rtuyaafornpantchaye
equipotential
L r

I :-. .
.
'

an

surfaces
. .

>
i q
concentric
spheres
.
 the
G- Will
spacing
b/w equipotential
spherepoint
due to
F-
a
charge
decrease Increase
,

OR remain the

dance as we

move
away from
the
point
charge .
Poteutralrnndeallondnctorissanueverywhoie
Random shaped conductor

É¥
.

Yue give toe

charge tontine +
+

charge well move on the

surface + +
+
+

Electric
field inside the conductor 1E=I

two B inside the

consider
points A-
Let us and

conductor
B.

E. die
VB -
VA = -

f B
A

|E- % JE .
et = 0

80 VB -
VA = 0 |VB=V-
 Hence inside the conductor the potential always
value also the same on
domains same ,
and this is

the the conductor

surface of
.

"

Hence a conductor behaves like an

equipotential
"

¥
OR
•
¥ ÷
Ñ
F- = 0 to V is constant
=
?⃝
pofeutialduetochaigedme-taecttol owlsohdsphechai.ge
On is
given
to the
sphere on ±
⊕

Regret & > R)

⇐•P
is
Since the
sphere given adage
Q we can assume that the

!ÉÑatHuCeutreofspa_
point
¥0
Potential due to a

charge

µp=ko÷)
I
Regime (n=R)
Up =

12¥

Regm ②) R

Potential inside the conductor

Vp
R¥ [
=

is constant and bae the

same Value as that on a

tufa a)

¥
✓ÉÑa system of concentrically
Reefs ② R) Q
4
5

Vp 12%+120-2
=
9,23
←

Regex @ =D
↳
HE -1k¥

/
Vp=
REE @ =D

Regions r @< R Vp
-_k% -1k¥
up pygmy
,

pg ,
, Vp
__RIq -1K¥
 Numeric
19105M¥
work has to be done
① Sf
100J
of remarry
from
where
an electric
charge of
4C a
place ,

potential is - iov to another place where

potential
the V
is V Volt
,
find Value
of

we%ed
r-maefauu.ws?,:EaueB#
tofu VA -
V13 =
.
_ ' ou
4C
@ o

V
1%

{
-
to - =

why

%)
VB -

VA =
WAI
=

- ' °" = 25 &

V -

1-10) =

- V =
35

|V=-35# V -110=25

1V=-
 A B

6¥ _
•

you
•

go
•

-35N

well be done
VA > VB →
100J
of work

by
electrostatic
force
( because conservative
of
electrostatic field)
A B
feat
Corset •

work will be
97
•

=
TOV Isv → 100J
of
the external
Vb > VA
done
by
force
 the electric
② Determine
potential at the
surface
Callous 6.6×15 'm
's

of
Gold nucleus .
=

2=791

HE
V
I
=

%
V =
@xio9)7(9✗t6✗Ñ
(6.6×10-15)
✓ =
1 . 72×107 V
 Pduetoa
③ ( is calculate the
potential at a
point charge
6×10-7 located
of away
9cm

obtain the work done in

bringing charge of
a

2×10 -9C to the P

from •
point
Does the work done
depend upon
the
path
d- top
followed to
bring
SDI lil 4×10
"
V
µ=k
↑v=a( (4×107)
¥7 a

§
2×10-92
Vpn Vp V0 w¥
- =
=

•p⇐
• - - -

pot difference
←
final value (4×10-7)
up
-0--19%-9
-
=

-
ohretualvahee
 \
"

w÷ a• ÷s
4×10 =

|W•p=8uJ
Work done does not
depend upon
the
path followed
forces
because Electrostatic
forces OR due to
which
Electric
field are conservative forces only
final and Brutal
depend upon the
position and
not on the
path followed .

Gravitational
Egs of Conservative
forces -
Electrostatic
forces ,

force
/ Storing force
Non conservative
forces - Friction force
, Viscosity II.sienna
/
⑥ A metal were is bent in a circle
of
radius

which
10cm .
It is
given
a
charge of 200 Me

Calculate the electricpotential

uniformly
it
spreads on .

at its centre .

Q = -200M C
Sdm= Potential at the Centre of the
well be the same as

ring i
Potential the
the are
surface
V =

12¥
v= ¥;÷
µ=ioxTf_
⑤ Electric field at B due to a
point charge Q kept
at Bdueto
at
point A is 24
Nlc and
potential
Calculate the distance
the same
charge 1251C is .

AB and also the .

magnitude of Q

SII EB =

k÷ On E=2uNk
2%
Vgj
'
•

VB A
beg
=

the

%% =
¥ % 12 =

ko-
C

2,21=12 H=0r5m Q
,%
=

a ,

§xic
=

Q = 0.67M C
 must
⑥ To what
potential
we
charge an insulated

tpmÑhe surface charge -2

to them
densely
is
equal

sots T =

1M¥
14cm

chLea÷y =
1×10-62 ,

10-6
49%2
=

q = 42 @ 10-72×10-6
✗ C

of ⇐
(4×122) (10-6) C
 v
-_k-

V=kKay¥(,
✓ =
@ 109 @ E) (6×10%10-6)
✗

"
15840N V
V= = 1.584×10
⊕ 27
drops of same size are
charged at 220N each .

And Calculate
form bigger droop
coalesce to
They
a .

the
the
potential of bigger drop .

→ 27 drops
Sotn Let the radius
of each drop 00000000
be = & or qqq qqqq

Let the radius bigger drop be R

of
=

a-
Vsd =
220 Veach

Vbd =
?
Volume
of 27
drops combined = Volume
of bigger drop

27-(4*3) =

¥123
 123 =
27 ie

|R - ①

From Conservation
of charge
charge Bigger
Total
charge drops Total
on 27 =
on

drop
q in the charge on smaller drop & Q is the

charge on
bigger drop
-

②
Potential
bigger drop Vbd
12¥
=
on

=k@7q)_
@ r)
= 9 kg
I
smaller drop)
9 ( potential on
⇐

=
9×220
=
1980 V
⑧ Two
charges
3×10-8 C and -2×10--8 c are located

15cm
apart.AT what
point on the time
joining
electric
the two
charges is the potential hero

sots 9, = 3×10-0 C

92=-2×10-9
WE
•②; 9,

→K\5oÉ
Vp = 0 Vq ,
+ V92 = O

'
+
!¥÷ ,
-
_
◦
 "
LET ::÷÷ ] ◦
-

K =
0.45m OR 45cm

cas¥ •-oP2
9, 92
← 15cm _

|N=30CM=
c- k→

Cas#
Iqa
Pz
µ=9cm#
9,
⑨ Calculate the Electric
potential
-60mL 20th

!!!
at the centre
of the square

now
¥ E- , ,

← T2m→
24105¥21 Ionap±of6mmonPotenhal_
☐
Body
\ Body
Hot

) @c)
×
touch
↑
↓
Rise
fall down
teethe time
is achieved
equilibrium temp
gfwehad
identical ☐ →
Both bodies are

identical
Bodies Bodies
9A 9ps

touch ( connect with a ]

wire

A B

9^-1-291 9A -1GB
2-

→ taken the Bodies were touched redistribution of

charges happen → %
charge well
flow
from 1 body to another body .
Analogously the
charge always flows from a
body

lawerpotential.tn
higher potential
at to
-

the time Common Potential is

achieved

RommmPotential_ → Some
potential of two bodies
 Calculating Commonpotential
-0A ⑨ when the two

EFF
spheres are
t.IT connected
by
meltalecwcre
connecting
a

then
9,
wire
92 charge well@
from higher potential

VB=k÷I
to Lower potential
VA
12%
=

till the time

,
Common Potential
Connection lettuce common Potentialbev
After , is achmed
'
and let 9, & 9£ be the charges on the
spheres after
contact .

VA
'=kµqi- VB'=k9÷a
 '

% Vt = Vb = V

k;÷=k:÷
Katia foot
]
connector
of charges

|q÷,=;±I
→
radii
-
①
is in the ratio
of their
→ v.v .

Imp
from conservation of charge
Charge Before
Connection =
Charge after connection

91+92 =
9,1+921 _

②
 4%194+4 Janae
]
'

a. =

→ "
Relations

%
:-(,¥y&
:
k:÷=¥⑦ *%k¥¥¥-
v =

speculate if 4--1

ai
91%2 aj= 91+291
=
 common Potential
Enuff of -
( when the
spheres are
-
touched

( case
of
concentric
spheres] Internally
the two connected 913
When
spheres are 9A

Internally with the help of a

¥
connecting wire
, charge well
flow /
from tip
sphere to
sphere
LP till the

time common is achieved

potential .

p.efovelonne.ch#
Roya
VA
Kˢ
=
+
I

VB =

K9÷ +

k9¥
 kG
VA
129¥ @ < b)
=
+

>
VB =

129¥ +

k9
↓
Same term

8. µA>V- % when we connect them

charge well

inner
flow from sphere
A- to

Outer B
sphere
?⃝
For Common Potential

VA = VB

k9aA_ +

129b¢ =
129¥ +
1291¢
129¥ RA_
I
=

1a=bI ✗ This is
wrong

Hence for the potentials to be

equal,
that the entire charge
on the inner
sphere will flow to outer sphere .

% Common potential V -
-
k @A -19b)
b-
 Numeiiodsantd
④ 4
charges +
q
,
+ on , -

q
and -

q
are
placed respectively
at corners A
,
B
,
C and D
of a
square of ride
'
a' Calculate Electric at centre
as shown .

potential
- 0 .

the BC and CD
E and F
Jf are
midpoints of sides
in
what well be the work done
respectively , carrying
' '
F
a
charge e
from 0 to F- and
from 0 to

Ii Ear
f-
⇐

• on

c- a →
 ÷¥
¥

"⇐ =
?
"" " =
* + "" " " "°

✗ E- b) =

WqhayeM◦red)
v0
12%+12%-11 ᵗᵈa
=
-

w◦E=q( VE -

)
V0

µ woE=e( VE -9
|WoE=eVE=
 129¥ Kage KII Kay
VE

÷:E¥¥¥:÷
=
+ + + -

µv
J
WOE = e ( o) = O

w of =
?
)

÷
V0
W e
( Vf -

of =

Wof E
e Vf

ur
412 ( Fs )
-

= is

µr-=e(k¥¥Ef