Electric charges and Fields Electric Potential & Capacitance

Coulomb's law • Electric field %=ᵗÉo '

Electric Potential 11=1 Potential •

Axial →
Y=%itE◦r2
9
,•-•9z É=F→ Due to Point charge 41TEur duetodipole
Equatorial → 11--0

F→=
To E-
k9gzk=9xÑNmYi Electric Potential Energy / Fortwo charge] At any point → 11=1%1
1- 9,92 ↑ ↳ dipole
☐ Ueto
0=9191
in 4ñE◦r2
external field
4ÑEoÑ Electric Dipole moment p→=qza→
.

411%72 or U= p→•E→ OF initial

u=pE(coso, Cosoj - _

Electric field due to dipole

q=±ne """ """" " " capacitance G-

"" ""
Gauss's Theorem " " " """"" "" E- = -
did or v= -

/ Édr series combination parallel Comb .

E=2P E- I dr
∅e=§É•d5=QEo ,Iqj}
¢ 4%73 ts-1-q-1-czcp-G-c.rs
Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor
Charge density """"' "Pac""
linear surface volume
Torque É=p→xÉ or E- Pesina Air filled Partially filled with dielectric ÷
F- r=a
A
T=ʰ
✓
Due to
charged conducting sphere G-
EoA_a C=EoA_
d- 1- ( 1- te )
=±↓¥i¥C=4ñEoab_
b- a
% + +
+ #
+

Charge}→É=En^
infinite Completely filled
kʰÉ capacitance of
E.Fdueto
+
'
•F•_•+r filled with isolated sphere
sheet a- 2% Metal
+É¥++ KEoAq
+
G-
, +

E-Fduetoinfinte R
, , + ⇐
↑÷E, ÷ C=4itEor
}→E=1
•

long charged
Ék
l Ja n
E☐=kʰpg,r=R
wire "R E-0 KR

i
21TEur >
,
Energy stored in a capacitor Common Potential

Nonconducting n
Potential due to
Uniformly Charged Sphere
0--1-292={911--120}
sphere 11--94++9,2-2=94+4112
gr
C 1- Cz
,
Su

Outside
"=
9141TEur 4=9/4,tE◦r Energy density Energy 105¥ ,
r> ,
qq.ly -4,2
U=¥=ʰz%É
11=1
41TEur
On the shell
r=R
11=9

11=9-13122-11
47-6-12
a
Force between plates of capacitor F-
2

Q2
¢, # Cz)

"
%ÉqR inside
rape 4µg 2,23 ZAEO

PHYSICS
Current Electricity Velocity
Drift Mobility Resistivity Relation b1wJ&F
P=m_ F- TE Terminal
Electric current density Vd=eE_T=eVI u=1Vd1
current m ml E heft EMF of a cell Potential diff
E- 9-
t
'
=±A ↑
A-
¥ÉÉ Relation b/w i&Vd Ohm 's law conductivity E-
1¥ It *
Hq
↓ " =Aⁿ"ᵈ "= "" =

"¥
r=R1E¥]
E=V+- In
Principle d- Wheatstone R=P1
A
Principle d- potentiometer
I=Eg k=y=i¥ Combination d- identical cells Temp coefficient . Joule's law

Principle of Meter bridge series i=nE a- R Ro

-
H=i2Rt Joule
" ce"
Electric Rtnr
R_g=4(100-4
length d- wire) £ ↳ Rot %) -

•
2

Power Energy Parallel F- ME_ 1-1=-421 Calories

B☐o share & subscribe
" 418

P=Hi=iR=¥ ht-vq-vit-ikt-iifm.ee mR+r §p☒

ñ Mixed i=mne
MR -1hr
☒µ¥↑%☒☒¥¥*☒⑤
Moving charges and Magnetism Biotsavart-slaw-1-mi-atcentred-B-u.io a circular coil
dB=Uµ÷id1s÷no -2A
Magnetic
↑
F→m=qCÑxB→)
Force "

• "
Force blwtwo Current
↳ M Fata Pointon
-

B=U◦_2ñNiI
⊕ ①|r
theaxisotlurrentqtca.tn/3kPitchCP1--2itmVcos0 Carrying parallel straight
,

carrying coil
;B→ Conductor .

913 L
9

Molionotchargein
IF
Uniform Transverse Magnetic field
F=Mo_
At
2¥:L •
Magnetic Force Ona current → É=iÑ×B→)
.

carrying conductor

Fm=9VB=mv2 • Time period •

Ampere's circuital law Magnetic tieldduetoan infinitely long straight wired .

j
F-
2¥12 211M
__
radius ea; current iata
carrying point .

§B→•
di-uoiB-uoi-ircaB-uoi.r-aB-thgi-p.it?ar--MqIpg--
•
Radius d- Circular path 913

¥pg=t=ÑmÑ at
2ña2 Zita
?⃝
 Torque onacurrent Carrying Coil
Moving Coil Galvanometer Sensitivity
Placed uniform
in a
magnetic -1×0 or -1=90
current sensitivity voltage sensitivity
field T=N1ABsinO
Ig== NAB
Y=z= NAI
.

or E- Missin .
where G=k_ galvanometer = F- KR
constant
NAB
.

Magnetic field due to a current

carrying solenoid .

Galvanometer conversion > into Voltmeter

into ↓ Ammeter ;
- - - - - - - -

, Belloni =
@ Nil /l A- "%

Ewn
◦
R I

:¥i ˢ=(÷ig )
.
'

i.
ini-i.gs
i
"
12=1
:-. -1
G
Magnetism & Matter
Bar Magnet as an Equivalent solenoid
-

ig where m
-

magnetic moment
B=U◦2M
_

. ⇐÷ ÷ ⇐
Electromagnetic Induction qtr }
9- solenoid .m=nkUitñaY
Magnetic Flux Notional Emf
∅=B→•Ñ For rod Rod Rotating For Disc Potential Energy of Curie's law
Magnetic dipole
°
BACOSO Fordiaxmx >
✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
w
×
∅= ✗
↑✗ :

a
✗
→

J n
'

✗ × ✗ ✗ ✗

l
✗ ✗ " ✗ × ✗
I →
%# ✗ ✗

i
For Paramagnetic
"
±
"
*
↓× :
✗

Induced emf ✗
✗ ✗ ✗ ×
✗ × #✗
A
U= -

MBCOSO →
✗ ×

n
✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ×

E- Billsino Ñ•B→
{= do
1413¥
U= ✗
minty
-
-

It 1E1=B_wI
0%1=13v1 F- I'M Xm=I_

gr
2
£ ↓ For Ferromagnetic
Su

AC Generator V H →
E- 13%11 10=13%112 G- Eosinwt ✗m✗
'

a
EEAIBAW U=µ◦( I -112m)
T2 T2 T-

Te
Inductance induced in the coil E= Ldi B=UH Milt Gauss's law for
EMF
Magnetism
-

, -

dt No
coefficient of self induction
self inductance of along solenoid ∅=EB→•=0

PHYSICS
µ,= , -112m
1--1%0,3=-1
dildt L=MoMrÑAl =MoUrÑA
all area
elements
1
Mutual Inductance
Coefficient of
Magnetic Field atapointdueto magnetic dipole
17=111202 =
-

Ez = -

£ ..
•
I di, /dt dizldt . 14L 4,tp2lr2_ 61312
,

fo↓rPerfect coupling
,

Baxiai-tk-MORBeq-hoMM-tlollrtri.nl
Mutual inductance d- two long solenoids .
or
4TH 4ñr3
=
.MoMrNiNzA , 15-1 M=Ñ
current
combination d- inductors
ᵗ Alternating
Magnetic Energy Alternating Current R.M.si/a1ued-current&11o1tage
series ↳=L, -1121-13 inductor LIZ
In
UB={ i=%sinwt irms-io-H.ms V1 -

Parallel 45-412-142 Alternating voltage 1--2 1--2

4+12-121-4 In solenoid UB=
{µ,B2Al 11=1/◦ sinwt irms-0.to?-ioVrms-- 0707110
it coils are far away Mean value d- Current & Voltage
Reactance
then 17=0 ,
so
Magnetic energy density MB= ¥3 iai, -
-

2¥ Vai, -0.637110
15-4+12 & 45-41
4-112
UB= 13-2
2Mo
×,=[w
XE-Ywciay-o.637-iovai-0.at "°

• Induced Electric field induced charge flow series LCR Circuit Iissameforr ,
C
NAOIB
§É•dl→= d§B= ADI -1-0 Q=IDt= ,¥ ppi L 8C
-
.
- -

µ
dt dt I "
•

ip.fi/iVcthen
Power in ac Circuit
Pay -_
Erms Irmscoscf
Resonant series LCR Circuit
✗ 5- Xc then 2=12 I. = Maximum .
☐ - in k•
¥1
Ytʰ¥1
frequency
wr=¥g
☒ Resonant if Vik then
par
__E◦I÷cos0 Q Factor
I=I◦sin@t -10)
Eosinwt
E-
ᵗan∅=✗FÉ
-

Power factor 2=1,22+4-4,2

cos∅=R/z Q=ñtI von !¥1
 Transformer ratio step-up Transformer Alternating Voltage Applied to

II Is Resistor only capacitor Inductor only

p=
= =K
Eg > Ep ,Is<Ip&Ns Np >

Is NP
G- Eosinwt E- Eosinwt E- Eosinwt
step down Transformer
y= output power __ Es Is E- Iosinwt F- Iosinlwt -1142) E-
Iosinlwt -174
§< Epg Is Ip&Ns< Np >

input Power EpIp

EM Waves equations
Maxwell 's
Perfectly Reflecting
Gauss's Law For electrostatics E◦=cB◦
±=Ér%¥÷eF=¥+P=¥=2¥jz÷
-

Displacement Current

§ E. I
ds→= c. =
,
Id=Eod0E tu F-
It
.
¥
-

Gauss's Lawton Magnetism c. = 3×108 Mls Radiation Pressure

E. M Halles complete absorption
§ B→.dg→=o
=¥q p=_¥( Perfectly absorbing
]
.

"
E- Eosinckz -
wt) F-
¥ ,
surface

Faraday's Law d- EMI

-

B. =
Bosinckz - wt)
§É•dl→= -
DOB
"

=fµ¥qe
Pressure

p=F=U
P=2I(Perfectly reflecting]
C surface
* em wave
propagating It
,
TATADT
along -12 direction

a
Energy density

J
Maxwell Ampere's circuital Law

n
.
-
-

l
HAVE OPTICS
§B?dF=M◦[ItE◦d¥]
i 43=1-2%7
Eras
⇐
UE={E◦Éfms .ms Interference d- light

n
Brms

RAY OP / ICS
-

Refractive index forums For Prism

KnB=n×Ikn☐=(2n-z¥D d

gr
magnification
¥ 1,3=712 W-wj-I-q-a-ip.D-MBrightn-t.si
µ
Mirror formula
M=§
Su

µ;
µ=sin(At_m)
.

- - -

m=± ,
AÉ

É↓+ʰuu=_µa=s¥;
,
?
I D=(2h
-11¥ Dark n -1121
•

a
-0 " in
- --
.

Thinks formula Prism d- small angle R=taab0

foppyippop since
-

-1¥ I -11,1-21-1,11-200501
"

{ ¥ tu f- ATHA
for mirror - ,
""
.

""" " """

" " ,
" " " " " """
" """""""

PHYSICS-1-1=-1-2--10
"
"""" "" """ """" "
"

Éᵗʰ"(¥¥2) tldenser-tlrarep-tldenser-tlrarepT-min-H-I-t-T-zFA.to/--1Ti3il
simple Microscope
,5ñ - - --

17=1
-1¥
final image at D T Ñ
Power d- lens
R For
Ip=4I◦C0É%

="É É=ʰⁿÑ
combination of lenses
Diffraction
M=D/F " " at .

10--1=101 P=P,tPjdP,Pzifd=0
"mP°Mᵈ " """°" fcml f- Com) P=P, -1Pa 1min HIT FIST__ -

a maxima
M=M◦X Me Reflecting Astronomical Telescope terrestrial telescope
width d- central maximum Ori -12h-1111
image M=fo
14=-4,11+1%1 imageDat Telescope
17=-1%11+4;) 130=213 -2A
att Fe
2127g
=

14--1--0=1212 .

fete to A- fottftfe
M=-¥;¥ imageaaf
Seconda
M= image•at "
[ Maxormin ]
1a
-

Angular fringe width

=

te

[ for mirror] Central Max 271A

Zp=a%
Real & apparent depth .
No -
d- images a . -_

secondary
vi. real depth A- 360°
-0
→
even →
then no d- -

images n -1 Path difference =asinOn=(2n-111112 [ Maxima]

apparent depth ↳ odd → a "
n " "
=asinOn=n7 [ nsninima]
and n -1
,
if object at bisector .

n=1 , 2,3 , - - - -

Dual Nature of Radiation number of photons emitted per second

D$ Do share
•

and Matter of frequency u from a

lamp
& Subscribe
work function
w=h%=h&
§ÑEs
•

•
kma×=e%=lzmvʰma×
.
n=p=p1X=hp=Em
The hc ,

TT☒V⑤GR
.

☒HIY*☒%É⑤
•
kma×=hi % Kinston's Equation]
- • de -

Broglie wavelength
•
Energy of Photon E=hV=hC_ or 7=1 k= kinetic
× energy
• Momentum " "
=P==h{=h, "
=↓÷q
• 4=9"
,
•
moving mass of photon M=E=hd for gas molecule
&A=h/kq
→

C2 C2 → k= Boltzmann
constant .