Lab Report 1

Biosignals: The Oscilloscope

Objective of the work: To understand the process of measuring changes in voltage over time.

Tasks to be performed:
• Measure the amplitude
• Measure the period
• Calculate the frequency
• Draw the graph

Theory:
Biosignals and oscilloscopes involves measuring and visualizing electrical signals produced by
biological systems. Biosignals are the electrical signals generated by physiological processes in
living organisms, like brain activity , heart activity, and muscle contractions. Oscilloscopes are
devices used to measure and display voltage signals over time, enabling real-time observation
of biosignals. In our case, oscilloscope shows a sinusoidal curve in which we have voltage in
vertical direction and time in horizontal. Sinusoidal voltage is a periodic signal. Main
parameters of periodic signals are: the amplitude, the period and the frequency.
• The amplitude can be defined as the maximum distance between the curve and its mean
position. It signifies the peak value of the wave, indicating its strength or intensity.
• The period is the time it takes for the curve to complete one full cycle. It represents
the duration between consecutive peaks or troughs of the wave.
• The frequency refers to the number of complete cycles the wave undergoes per unit of
time.

Equipment and Materials:

• Oscilloscope

Procedure, Calculations and Results

& Amplitude
66 squares ; A 500mV 66 3300mV = 3'3V

A =
3 = 1165V

② Period
↑'G I sous
416 50
. =
130 15 = 1 . 1s P = 23 .
18 s
23005 = 213
.

pos

③ Frequency= S

period ↳
1
=
4347182H
-

23 . 184
 ·
·

Conclusion:
In summary, the laboratory practice on biosignals and oscilloscope operation offers
hands-on learning in analyzing electrical signals from living organisms. Through this,
students develop skills vital for diagnosing medical conditions and conducting biomedical
research, fostering critical thinking and scientific inquiry for future applications in
healthcare and biotechnology.
 Lab Report 2

THE DIPOLE

Objective:
• Investigate the electrical field created by two electrodes
Tasks:
• Determine the shape of the field created by two electrodes
1.1) Find the equipotential lines
1.2) Draw filed strength lines
• Measure potential difference between 2 chosen points
• Find strength (E), on the electric field in the middle between two electrodes

Theoretical part:
In biophysics, dipoles are the separation of charges within molecules, creating positive and
negative poles. They play crucial roles in molecular interactions, signal transduction, and the
dielectric properties of biological materials. Understanding dipoles is essential for explaining
phenomena like protein-protein interactions, membrane dynamics, and responses to electric
fields. Manipulating dipoles offers opportunities in biotechnology, drug design, and medical
diagnostics.

Formulas: ↳= coeficient of proporcionality

R b =
Kopose k = 9 .
10 m2
C2

p
=
Dipole

En est
moment

q 9 E =
ko .
E

COS0
=
permitivity of medium
:
↑
· (P , E)

10
-
-
g l
10potentialdifereen n
=
E
.

p
=
Equipment and materials:
• DC current source
• Pressed sand
• Electrodes
• Galvanometer
 Procedure:
• The sand is moistened and smoothed
• Connective DC to the poles
• Divide the lines between the poles into 8 equidistant intervals
• Put one arme of the galvanometer to point 1, another in such way that
the pointer would be at its initial place where difference potentials equal
to 0. Draw the line joining the points. All those points have the same
potential so the line is equipotent
• Repeat the operation for the points from 2-7.
• Calculate the electric field strength between electrodes
• Following the scale draw equipotential and electric fields
Results:

d
O
I &
d = 2cm-dozm A912 = 9c-91
Steps
In Po N= 7

A) A912
I = N C
.
= 7 -
187
+
G = 10
Steps
R =
10s = IR =
7157. 18 = 07v

E 1 91 3
=
=-
-
= =

Al
Conclusions:
• The final shape of our electrical shape is similar to the theoretical shape of an electric
field
• The Potential difference between those two chosen points is 0,7V
• The strength on our electric field in the middle between the two electrodes is 35-v/m

In summary, the knowledge of dipole is important in medicine since the electrical field
created by the heart is based on dipoles principle.
 Lab Report 3

Measuring Tissue Impedance

Objective:
• Investigate electrical sensitivity and conductance to determine its quantities.
Tasks:
• Measure threshold voltage (Uth) of the arm tissue at two different frequencies
( 1000Hz, 500Hz)
• Measure impedance of arm tissue at two different frequencies (1000 Hz, 500Hz)
• Determine the threshold current (Ith) of arm tissue at two different frequencies
(1000 Hz, 500Hz)
• Calculate ohmic resistance and electrical capacitance of arm tissue

Theoretical part:
Tissue impedance refers to the opposition that biological tissues present to the flow of
electric current. This impedance is influenced by various factors including the type of
tissue, its hydration level, and its structural composition.

One commonly utilized theory in understanding tissue impedance is the Cole-Cole model.
Proposed by Kenneth Cole and Robert Cole in the 1940s, the Cole-Cole model describes
the impedance of biological tissues as a function of frequency. It assumes that tissues
can be represented as a combination of resistive and capacitive elements.

Formulas:

Ha
(v
> threshoed Votage
Uth-
th =
() capacitance
2- Impedance
↓
Threshold current
(A)
impedace onnic
resistace
grequery
>
- Resistance

- capacitance

Materials:
• Generator G
• Circuit
• Rheostat
• Cloths moisten in Nacl
Calculations:

r
con
=

en

-2600 = 2328 18t

Conclusions:
• Threshold of current sensitivity in human is 4,28 mA at 1000Hz and 2,10mA at 500Hz.
• Threshold of voltage increase when frequency decreases.
• Impedance of human tissue increases when frequency decreases.
• Resistance of Alamin’s arm tissue is
• Capacitance of Alamin’s arm tissue is