An

s DAOSTFfeS
STUDY THEME 2

1. Y
H DR 0 S Ta T 1c PR - S S U R

Air pressure (Pair)

& At sea level P = 101325Pa

*
Higher atmospheric pressure below sea level

Hydrostatic pressure:

~
Pressure present within a fluid when at rest

~
Acts equally in all directions

&

on:
=
acts 90 angle to w.
contact fluid
"Ill'/III/
a sur face in
~
at
any

ΔP 098h
=

-.
pressure at the house

-P pgΔh
=

#Il
xw

1
Pgauge (1000) (9.81) (54m)
=

5.29x10
=
pa

Ptotal 529000pa+ Patm

=

som

. .

P1 PC
=

Fl = F2
B
A
I A2

Ah
 PF
S C C
A E
S P R N C / P I S
C

Manometers:

P
S
R E s s UR E 3 DE P T H

~
Pressure is a function of depth

~
cross-sectional a re a of liquid column irrelevant
=

~
Forces in equilibrium at rest

~
Actions reaction forces are +

only force supporting column of fluid: upwards force

↳ Due to pressure on base

~
Equilibrium upwards force: weight force downwards

B ASIC HY DR O S T A T C (AW:

Ww
pgV
~
Downward force:
=

~v Ay
=

..WW
p9y*)
=

upward force: F pH=

3 PA =
pGYA

:.
p 09y
=

~
Fluid incompressible pg
->
= constant

y
linearly depth
~
Pressure increases we

<p pgy >

v
=
 P R E
S S U R v
=
S P R E s UR H
C A
E D

# *

~
Pressure p
=
~
pressure head = h

·
·
Measured in Pa Measured in metres

·
p on p
09y
= =

09

A T M 0 S P H E
R I C PR E S S U R E

At sea level:PA=101300Pa ( 1 =

atmosphere

·
Measured w a barometer

height
=
a column of water will rise in a vacuum

water
If is used:

101300Pa p9h 1000 9.81

=
=
x x h

: n 10.33m
=

Reduce the height of the column

:size the
of barometer mercury
->
used instead

SG 13.6 =
:
p4g 13600kg/m3
=

101.3kPa n 10.33m
Ow
=

| a+ m = x
<)
019
I bar 100kPa 10.33m
100000
= =
x

=
10m of water 0.76m =
of Ng =
0.759m

PR= s S U R E sc * 2 E S

Patmospheric
If PaDs = 0+ vacuum

V
exists

If 0 < Pabs < PA:

pgauge
↳
Negative pressure

V occurs
 PRcS S U R E m t A S U R E M E N T

De
V l ctS

↓/ v
I

piezometer Bordon
gauge Manometer

......
xxxx M A N0 M T
C R
t sh

① set datum (x-x) at fluid interface

pressure from the right:< >Pressure from the left:

PX PBgRp
PX-XR P+pagy xc
= =
-

PX-XR PX =
-
XL

p+Ongy 0BgRP
=
:

: P PBgRp pAgy
-
=

DIF Ft RENTIAL MANO ME T E R

PX1 p1 +Ongy PX2 Pe+Ongye PBgRp

=

+
= =

:P1-P2 PBgRP-
=

Ong(y1 -ye)
2. H Y D0S -T
+
I C S O N S U B M + R
a & D

B 0 D I - S

~
Forces 1 to boundary surface

~
Actions reaction forces equal

at point acts directions

~

pressure any equally in all

PRESS URE ON PLANt SUR FACES

~
Immersed body is subject to pressures provide reaction for equilibrium

↳
Generally calculate total force (not pressure

S r B Mt R G E D H ORI z
0N F & LP L AT E

↑
water sur face # uniform pressure over plate:

P =
#

<
h

L F PA OghA
=
=

1
/ 2

--------------- - -

< C
L

S U B M & R G E D W ② R T1c L
A Ph A- + E

V
A - -

If width is known 4 starting @ sur face:

<
PB p9L
=

<
L
<

- -

centroid-------- F A
pA
PA
:Force PB
= =
=
X

+
5 B
F 0R C E
S O N S U B M R
E a - D BOD It S

⑪ C-
R 1 v & T 1 0 N

~
Force acting on a small a re a on

on a
submerged plane:

P p9y
=

OF PON 0gy.dA
=
=

Total force:

F
=
p9/y dA

BUT
------
-...
y Lsin O
=
SLOA 1st
= moment area
of

where

:F pg/IsinOOA
=
> =
AT

I
=
Ogsino/ In distance
=

to centroid of

body
&
>inclination ofhate
F pgIsino.
=

where does the force act?

~
Forces on element DA: =
&
↳
Produce moment OFL about the origin

Moment 0F
=
X 1 0gySA.L
=

-> when angle of orientation (a) is included

=
09(Isind) DAL

F1 0g (sino)
=
LOA

where:
=> ·
JIOA =
and of
moment 1
a re a :
=

10 AT*
+
(parallel axis theorem)

· =
I distance from origin to point of action F

nF2
is:I Moment
ogsinot
=
: Distance = =

Force

① e:i
FATE Io second moment the sur face about
=

+
0 =
of a re a of the

axis through its centroid

 ME T H 0 DS T 0 ( A
L C U L & T E F0 R C = 5

① principles
F i rst ② Projected forces method weight of water above the

cintegration) sur face is horizontal forces

&

a
 3. I
I 0 a T a
+ 1 0 N

B W Y - N CY F 0 R C S
E

~
Downwards force:PIA pgyA =

1)
~

Upwards force:PaA (y A
=

0g +

Total upthrust:F B pet-pit

~ =

pg(y 1) A -OgyA
=

FB
:
pGLA
=

~
L.A =

vo l u m e of cylinder
·
center o gravity
B= f of displaced fluid

·
~
upthrust acts through center of bouyancy Ford floating body:

↳ FBb
equilibrium between weight of body

F LO A T ING B 0 D

FB Wdisplaced
Nbody:
=

Woody Obodyxgx Vbody

~ =

Al ~

Pfluid
wdisplaced= x9 x Udisplaced

P =
Pfluid xg y
x

FB PA
=

P fluid
=
x
9 x
y x A

Vdisplaced
=

P fluid x9x

U
Archimedes:EB Wdisplaced
=

Natural bouyancy:obody =
pfluid

U displaced
Vbody:
 S T BL
A =
E 10
+
0F 1 0 N

~
pressure distribution

~
resultant force

~
Bl

~
Metacenter, M

BB=MB'sinQ

~
Both BB'3 MBare unknown

~
Force:p=pg (Y + asina) ar
OF p(da
=

pg (Y Asino)
+
L5a

OFB =
pg/y asina)
+ 10a (cosa)

moment about
B:pg (Y + asina) Lda(cosa) a

~
moment og(sino) (coso)
=
(**) og(sino) (coso)
=

I
DA
* Due to change in position of center of bouyancy

Moment MBsin0 0g (sin0)(cosO) I

->
FB p9V FBX
= =
=

(I)
=
MB COSO 0 0:cosO=1
=

MB
E
:. =

SE l R
F I a H T ING A
B 1 ( I TY OF A B 0 D Y

~
Mabove 9:
body is stable (self-righting)

~
Mcoincides w. G: body is
neutrally stable neither capsizes nor
self-rights

~
Mower than G: body is unstable i will capsize

FB
moment = X MGO
Righting