MAGNETSATION AND MAGNETic nOTENSIA

DEVELDPED PER UNIT VowME

AS THE MAGNETIc DIPOLE MOMENT
TIS DEfINED IS suBI¬CTED TO
MAGNETISINa FIELD.
MATERIAL
WHEN A MACNETIC MAGNENe DIPOLE MOMENT
MAGNETISATIONI= MAGNENC DIPOLe MOMENT
H6 INTENSITY OF vOLUME
DIRECTIONN of
OHOSE DIRECION S ALOAIG TME
IT 1S A VECTOR QUANTITY
MACEns:NG FELD DIMeANSIOAJS rs MOL-'T°A'
(A/m) AND
AMPERE/METER
TS U N I T IS TO THESUsSTANCE
MAGNETISMON SHOS THE ETENT uOICH
THE INTENSITY 0
ASPoie
IMAGOENSE D. NQGNENS4ToNS ALSO DEFIKeD
INTENSITy o
M2 - M,
T A2 CROSSS¬CTON
sECTION SPEC
SPECIMEN
MEN,
OE CROSS
DEVELOPED
PER UNIT AREA
STRENGTH
AND TEMPERTURE
MATERIAL
DEPENDS ON ASATURE Of OR Tye
IT subSTANCE
CAA MRGAETISE A
TO 0NICH A MAGNETIt fIEID SubsTANCE IS
TME DEAREE MAGNETSE A
fIELD To
CAPABIuTy Of exTERADAL MAGADETIC NACKOSCOPIC CAARGE CARRIER
MAGNETIC INTENSITY,
IT IS DUE To
CALLED
 MAGNETIC PeRME BIUTY
PeRMEB1UTY
OF MACNETie INDUeTiON (8) AN
NVACUUM THE RAmo
o) IS CALED MAGNETSING AELDH
i.e. HE Bo
AMPERE METER (Am-)
UNIT: H: B = TESLA
TESIA METER AMP*
NMT
N
e ( m s ) TmA
2oVAo
H MT
b
OERESTED
UNI7 Bo4M
N CaS
oEREST¬D = 1 GAUSS
lo7
000 A M
MO LTO A1, ITS DIRECTION 1s FROM
ISA veCTOR
QuANTITY TM DINENSION
IT
OUTUOARDS
NORT PoLE
MEDIUM,
INDEPENDENT ON NATURE Of
RELATmve PEAMEASIUT MAGNET¢ INDu CiON PER UNIT AREA
NUMBER OF LINES OF
B IN VACUUM
NuMGER OF uJeS PER UNIT AR¬A
DIMENNSIONLESS QuAITITY.
OHERE Mr s 4
PERMEABIUY_AND SuccEPTIBIUTy
RELATON BETEEN RELANVEMAGNETIC FIELD (4).
().
KEPT INA
MAGNETISING FIELD
MATERIAL IS MATERIAL
WHEN A MAGNeTiC OF FoRce
INSIDE THE
OF MAGNETIc UNES +MACAOETIc UNes of ¢oRCE DuE
THEN ToTaL NUMBER MAGNETISINa
HELD
MAGNETC UNeS OF Fo@cE DUE TO
To MACEnSATION Of sPEINE. UOES
ie.Mdenc wDUCTtN (=8o(o. 04 UNeS of FoRCE DUE TO )+uT (No. 0F
DUE TO MAGNENSATON f SPeCMEA),
OL 8 8o+OT wtuoT uo(H+1)
AS KAIM
B uoH+T)= uou (14* Xai)
8 u uoH (T+) oR A o(a)oR r =1+u,
 INDUCNoN OR NRENEnC
PUx DENSy
MAGNETe
OF MaGNETIC UNES
NUMGER
HE MAGNETIC INDuCnON IS DECINED AS THE
OF INDUCTION (MAGADETIC LINES INSIDE THE MATEeIAL)
CR0SSING PER UNIT
AREA NORMAY THA0uG THE MAGNETICc SUBSTANCE FIELD LLOL
MACNETIG FIELD Bo AND
THE MAGNENC INDUCnON G IS SUM Of
PRODUCED DUE TD MAGNETsOTiON OP SUBSTANCE
ERUIVALEANT To
ArE
(wm). THese
NIT IS TESLA () o& NEBER
NMA OR 34w,
TESLA 10 GAUSS.
uNIT IS
GAuSs (G).
THE CAS
MACNETIE PROPERTIES Of MATERIALS MAGANETE
susCEPTIIUTy OF A
MHCNenc suscEPNOUTy THE MAGNETC MGENS4TioN
INSTENSI y 0F
AS THE RATIO Of TME
SuBSTANCE IS DEFINED
MACAOETIC INTENSITY,
IT HAS NO UNITS.
To
OITM WHICN A MATERIAL CAN Be MAGNETISED
T GveS THE MEAsuRE OF EASE
VAUE OF a DEPEANOS ON NATURE 0f MATeRIAL
BY MAGNETNC FIELD. THE
=I. So MNGAIENE SuScEPTBILITY
AND TEMPERATURE If H» 1,TyEN M WHEN
IN THE SubSTANE
S THE NTENS!TY 0f MAGNENSATT ON DeveLOPED
PLACED NA MAGNENSING FlELD Of UNIT
STRENGTH
 MAGNETIc PERMEABIITY
IS DEFINEb S THE RATmo
MACNETc PERMEABUTY THe
MAGETC
INTENSITY SO = B/H.
Of MAGNENC NDUcnON To OR NELOTON AMPERE2,
WEBER/AMPERE-NETER
OR HERY/METERDEPENDS OAD ASATuRE of
T IS SCALAR AM uwIT IS ALAYS
POSITIvE 'qND
M'UT->A-2 AND
DIMENSIAJS
AND
MATERIAL AND TEMPERATuRE.
Of MAGNETIC
ALOUD PASSAGE
ABuTy OF A MEDIUM TO
IT IS A MeAsuRE Of THE TO OHIM MAGNe ne
fiELD0
OR NEqSuRE OF DEGREG
uNES OF FORCE THROUGH
THROuGH MATERIQL
CAN PENETRATE 2. maGNTTs¬
DIAMANT
3. FEnLo MASNt m
 DIAMAGNETC SuBSTAÑeESs
FEEBUY MAGwETIsED
A MAGNEIC FHELD ARE
PLACED IN
TME SuBSTANCES WHICH OHEN IELD.
MAGAIETNSING
OPPosITE TO THAT OF THE
tNA DIRECTON
SUOSTHOCes MHOse ATOMS AND
PROPERTY OF dIAMAGANENSM Is fouND N
M THE ORBTTAL MOTIos iN
MOUeCuLeS MAVE ¬VEN NUNBER OF ELECTRONs
0PPosITE DIRECnON.
MOMeNT EQUAL TO 2ERo.
EAH ATOM HAS NET DIPOLE MAGNETNe AeD
ARe KEPT IN AN EXTERNAL
NEN DIAMAGNEtic sugSTANCES
6LECTRON AND DECOERmON of THE OTHER IN THE¬
IT CAUSES AceeUER4TmoN OF ONE
PAIR
N THE DIRECNON OPPOSITE To FiED.
NET DIPOUE MONENT PRDDUCED IS
bIAMAGNETIC EFFECTS ARE
VERY ASeAN.
AFFECTED TEMPERAuAe
DIAMAGNENC PRoPe&TIES ARE NOT
Eg. Cu,2m,B, Ag, a,b,y, Ar, Nau, *o, MARLE, SLASS ee.
DTAMAGNETEE
O0- M:ev
MAGNETr2E TN THU oPPaTe
MAGNETI MeMENT
SN
NET
THE 0PPOSS "TE DrLECtNN 6F
TH MAGNETsNG PrguD,
CAUSE- PaseD EKUTeNS
DTAMASNGTTC CPpeT RvRY WgA
dIAMAGNGTmC PAOPEETEs ARE NOT AFFEcTED BY ThE TEMPERATURE D TtG
SuBST ce
5 coPPER, zn, Bi, Ag, Au, Pb Ar ,
Cca) DIAMOND, MARBLE
He, Jau , H%0, SuRERCONIBUCTOR,
, GUAsS ek.
 PROPERTIES
NON UNIfoRM f1ELD, THe
FiELD, THEY
REPEULED BY THE fELD , SO INA
DIAMAGNENC SUBSTANCES ARE AJEAKLY FIELD.
HAVE A TENDEJcY TO MOVe FROM
STRODG TO OEAK
TO fIELD BECuse
2. ROD SETs ITSEF PERPENDIUuAR
A DIAMAGNENc
FIELD LS STRoNGEST AT POLEes.
uaup INA U-TuBE DEPRESS IN THE UMB
3. A DAMAGMetic
Is BETJEEN POLEs Of MMGANET.
THe MAGNens Nc
WHICH AND PROPORtOsAL To
T s VERY SMALL , NeGAnVE
MAGNETsATION
INTENSITY OF
fELD IS SMALL AND NEGATIve to-)
S MACNETLC SuscEPmBlUTy X
fIELS
IS suGHTt LESs THqN usy. THE
6. THE ReuATIve PERNEABIUTY|='A 1 HAVe TENDEJc To
ExPEL UNES
B Is LEss THAN MAGOETISIAJG FELD H. THEY
NSIDE TE MATER1qt
OF FoRCEs.
OPPOSTE TO MAGNETIS ING
AELD H .
. M IS SMau AAJD
AJOT OBEY (uRIE'S LA Two
TwO Mue
buE PECES
AECES WHICH
8. DO A WATUH GLASS PACED
ON
IQurd 1S PLACED IN
ACCuNuLATES ATHE SIDES
DIAMACADETIE
9. if A uauID
Ae QurE uDse
To eqi otyee, THe
 I

T
PARANAGNENC SueSTAKICES
THE SuBSTNCES OHICH O HEN PLACED IN A MAGAJETL fIELD ARE FEEBty MAGNETISED I THe
DIRECNON Of MAGNETISING FieLD
FouND IN SuBSTANCES WHOSE ATONS OR MOLECuLES HAVE ANN EKCESS of ELEcrkoN
SPINNING IN THE SAME DiRECNON.
ATOMS Of PARAMAGANETNC Su8STANCES Possess A PERNONENT MAGDETIc
MOMENT AND BEHAVE UKE ASMAL BAR MACHET, CAUeD 4TOMIC MAGNErS.uPoLe
pROPERTIEs:
EAK ATTRQaed BY THE FIELD So Ins NON UNIfoRM fIELD,THEY HOUE TEJDENe
To NOUE eOM STRONG To AJEAK HELDS.
.A PARANACNETIC ROD SETS ITSELF PARA UEL TO1ME I¬L B¬CAUsE FiELDIS
STRONGEST AT POLES
A PARAMAGNETIC uQUID N AU-TUBE ASCENDs iN THE
UNB UHIu 8eTEEN POLES
THE of THe MAGOET.
NTEASIT o£ MAGIIet2ANON 1 iS VEPW swpu , PosITIVE AJD
1RECTUY PROPORTIONAL 70 M4GNEDSING QCUD I
ssMAu AND PocITIVE(~10 To 10
H
6 y = IS SuGHTUNN GREqTER THAN O0¬. f1ELD B INCIDET¬ MATERAL
TEDDEO TO AUu uwes
8IS GeeATER THAN NAGDETISINCG flELD .THeN HAVE
. M IS SMAL AND PARAUELTO H.
3.PaRAMeGnETISM IS DuETO PARTAL AUCADNENT
Of RANDOMY ORIENTED ATOMIC DPoES ALOAG Tye FIetb.
4.TyEY O8EY CuRtE'S
T-
ie UNPAIRED SPM.
0.ATOMS HAVE PERNANENT DIPOLE MOMENT ON
SUGSTA NEE S PLACed AWATCH GLASS PLAKED
D.IF APARAMAGNEnC uQUIDS
TO EqH oTHER THEN
Two POLE PIECES wwICM AeE QuTE UOSE
ACOUMUUATE IN Te MODLE FIeLD 1S STeONGEsT,
WHELE
ERROMAADENSM ARISES DUE TO SPIN ORBIT INTERqCTION. DuE
F ELECTRONS OF ONE ATOM TH TO INTERACTmON O¢ SPIN
GIONS CAuED DOMAINS NEIGHBOUROG ATOM, MATERIAL GETS DVIDED IÖTO SMA
WHICH ARE MAGNETISED.
TOMS HAVE PERMANENT DIPOLe MoMENT
PRESEDT IJ DOMAINS.
KHIBITEd BY CRYSTALLIOE soUDs.
A FeRROMAGOETIC POusDER IS PLACED INA OATCn GLASS ON TWO
OLE PLECES KEPT CLoSE TO EACH OTHER , THEN POUOER ACCUMULATK T
aICKLY N MIBOE HERE FIELD
IS STRONGeST.
N N
 FERROMAGNENC suaSTANCES
SuBSTAANCES WHUH ARE STRONOGLY MAGNEnsed iN THE DIRECTios OF MAGNEISG
HELD ARe CAuED FERROMAGNETIC
EACH ATOM PossEs PERMANENT MAANETLE DIPOLE BERORE APPLICAno
OF eLTERDAL M.C.
UNPAIRED ELECTRON OF ONE ATOM NTERAaS ITH ELECTRONSof NEGHDOuRINC
ATOM THRouan QUANTUM MECHNIC ECHANGE AND AUGN INA
COMMON
cOMMON
DIRETION OvER A SMALL VoLU ME OF MATEeLat
THEGE MAL voWues OF UJFORM MAGOETSATON ARE CALED DOMAIOS
AJHICH ARE SNAU I si2¬IoM8ur COATAIN LARGE NuMBER O
ATOMIC DIPLes (o")
THE DOMAINS BE RANDOMLY OeieNTED
MAY
IN ABSEACE OF EXTERNAL FIELD
MAGNENC DIPoUE IS ZeRo IN AAN DIRECetios.
So THAT MER THEIR RESUTANT
1s 2¬R0.
f1ELS IS REMOVED SUBSTANICE IS NOT TOTALLY
AJHEA ETeRNAL MAGNETNc
SOME MACNEISM1S LEFT IN SPECIME.
bEMAGNENSED AND
ON HETNG,IT 0SES PROREeF, OF FERROMAGANETSM ATA CERTAIN TEMAERATURE
CAUED CuRie TEMPER9TURE) AND GECoMES PARHACNENC.
ON COOING IT GEcoMES fERROMACdTNC AGAIAS.
 PROPERTES
ATTRACI B E FIELD 50, IN NON UNFORM FIELD THEY HAVe
THE SuBSTANCES ARe STROGIY
TeNDENCY TO STUK ON THE POLES OHERE FIELD 5 STRONcEST.
FIELD IMMEDIATELY.
PaRALLeL TO THE
2. THE FERROMAGAJENC ROD SETS
ITSeLF FERROMOSAETIC
PROPERTIeS
Is uguENED IT OSGS
FERROMAGNENC suASTANce
3.WEN A
DuE TO HIGH TEMPERATUR AND VARIES NON UneARUY
MAGANENSATON IS vERY
LARQE,POSITVE DEPCNas
4. INTENSITY 0F SATURANON
MAGNENSATiONN &ONIUH
MAGIOENSING PIELD. Is IS
WITH
ON NATURE OF MATERIAL A9D PoSiRvE
IS veR LARGE i0)
MAGNENC suscEPTEIUTY ADD
S THE S vERY LA RE (~10-1o5)
6. THEREATVE PERME BIUTY y= u
FoRCES
VARIES NON UNEARUY OITH . Df I E S Of
To PULL ALARSE NUMBER
HeY HAVE A TENDENY
NATERIAL FIELDH.
ANd IN DIRENON OF MAGNENSING
7. M IS ARGE
ELSS LAw u= C (FoR T>Te)
8. THEY 08eY CuRIe -
T-Te
T CuRIE TEMPeRATURE , wHIH DERexDDS O»MATEKIA
TOF 1&OAJ= I043K 770°c
 HYSTERESIS
THE LAGGdG Of INTENSITY OF MASNETsATON I OF MACGNETNC INDUCnON (B) BEHIND
THE MAGNEnSING FIELD (H) DUANG THE PROCESS OfMAGMETISATON AND
DEMAGDETISATION OF FERROMAG NETIC MATERIA IS CAULED MYSTERESIS.
RETeNTIVIy: THE vAWE OFI (0e Ot AMATERIAL OHEDTHE MAGNETS
FLELD IS REDUCED TO 2ERo IS CAUED RErENTuy/RESIWAL MAGNETISM
CAN BE EqsURED 8 09.
COERCITvITy: THE VAWE oOF REVERSE NAGNETsING B
MAGNENCeLD REQUIeED To REDUCE
Ho
RESIDUAL MAGUSTISM To 2620.
Mesues Y OC. H
E AREA OF HYSTE«ESIS Lo0f IS A NEQSURE OL
ENERY DISSIDATED Pee CILe Pee uDIT vouNe*
IN SI SYSTEM AREA oF- LOOP uo
P'ARA MAGNETE CUSG UN PATRed ELETeens
(M )piy
THE SUGSTANCE WHUA NHEN PLACED IN A MACNETC FIELD ARE
feeBLy
MAGNET2ED N THE DIRECTION 0F MAGNENSINNK FGUD ARE CAUED PARA MAGNET
SUBSTADCES.
Mat
T