MAGNETOSTRICTION

Observations

Magnetostriction

Nickel

“Invar alloys” (f.i. Fe70Ni30)

α = 0 for a small range of T

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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 MAGNETOSTRICTION
Magnetostriction
-Strain depends on the magnetization direction
∆ℓ
ℓ
λS → Saturation magnetostriction
λS → from 0 to ±10-4 to 10-3

3d metals and alloys 4f metals, intermetallic

compounds

Stress induced anisotropy

Any local change in M direction,

accumulates mechanical energy on
magnetostrictive materials

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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 MAGNETOSTRICTION
Origin of magnetostriction
Strong spin-orbit coupling

Elongation by one orbital in a given direction,

And in a 3D body,

Z   e cos 2   probability of being at angle  

All  z

1  /2 
  sin  d d  sin d
4
 /8 0

Area of 1 / 8 of sphere
φ
 /2 e 2 3
Z   e cos 2  sin  d  And at saturation S  e  Z  e e S
3 2
3
0 3
3 1
For any direction   e cos 2   Z  S (cos 2   )
2 3

Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials

 MAGNETOSTRICTION
Field dependence, isotropic material
Strain o magnetostriction λ

∆ℓ 3 1
ℓ 2 3
In a linear M-H loop,
⁄
≡ ⁄ ⁄ ≡

And because, ≡ ⁄
3 1
2 3
Magnetostrictive strain for an uniaxial material is proportional to H2
3 1 3 1
∥ 1 0
2 3 2 3 2
Therefore, for an uniaxial material,
2
3 ∥
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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 MAGNETOSTRICTION
Field dependence, isotropic material
Magnetostrictive strain is the same for each of the 2 domains separated by a 180º Domain Wall

A Domain Wall accumulates elastic energy

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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 MAGNETOSTRICTION
Selected Magnetostriction constants
In Parts per Million (ppm) = *10-6

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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 MAGNETOSTRICTION
Magnetostriction in 3d-alloys

Crystalline

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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 MAGNETOSTRICTION
Magnetostriction in 3d-alloys

Polycrystalline

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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 MAGNETOSTRICTION
Contribution of Magnetostriction to the anisotropy
Change of size caused by H ↔ Elastic energy ∆ℓ ℓ
F Δℓ
Δℓ
Energy/Volume M ℓ
ℓ
Hook’s law
For any rotation of the magnetization,
3 1
2 3

3 The mechanical stress

2 induces an anisotropy

Effect of stress
on Ni68Fe32

Stress alone (H=0) can cause DW displacement if 9

the movement keeps the same demagnetized state

Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials

 MAGNETIZATION PROCESS
Uniaxial magnetization
Hard-axis magnetization.
θ is the angle of Ms with direction of H
0
Minimizing the energy density with θ,

2 0 Trivial solutions, θ=0, only if H>2Ku/MS

θ=π, only if H<-2Ku/MS
And the second derivative must be >0 for minimum,
The other solution:
2 2 0
2
For 2 / 2 ⁄

Remembering the definition of anisotropy field ⁄2

and defining /

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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 MAGNETIZATION PROCESS
Uniaxial magnetization
Easy-axis magnetization.
θ is the angle of Ms with direction of H
0
Dashed magnetization curve

Solid magnetization curve

Minimizing the energy density with θ,
θ=0, for any H>-2Ku/MS
2 0
And the second derivative must be >0, θ=π, for any H<2Ku/MS
2 2 0
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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 MAGNETIZATION PROCESS
Domain Wall Pinning and Coercivity

(d) ↔(c) reversible rotation

(c) →(f) Irreversible domain wall

motion

Barkhausen jumps
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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 PROBLEMS
1.- What is the stress that needs to be applied to Ni in order to equal its crystalline anisotropy? K1=-0.5·104 J/m3
and λS=-35·10-6
2.- A Fe80B20 amorphous ribbon of dimensions (x=100)×(y=3)×(z=0.02) mm, has a positive magnetostriction
λS=32ppm, zero crystalline anisotropy and μ0MS=1.6T. The ribbon is hanging along its length from a fixed end
and we hang different weights from the other end. Express the anisotropy field in the transversal (y-axis)
magnetization as a function of the weight (Demagnetizing constant Ny=0.002). If the Yield Strength for this
material (stress at which a material begins to deform plastically) is 7·108 N/m2, what is the maximum anisotropy
field you can achieve while the materials behaves elastically?
3.- A material of uniaxial anisotropy in the y-axis Ky=105 J/m3, saturation magnetization
μ0MS=2T and saturation magnetostriction S=+2·10-5, is subject to a mechanical stress
x in the x-axis and a magnetic field in the x-axis of value Hx= 103 A/m. In these
circumstances calculate the minimum value of x so the magnetization points towards
the x-axis (Ignore any magnetostatic contributions)
4.- A very thin plate like the one in the figure is irradiated with ions and, as a
result, the magnetization varies as M(x)=MS·x/L for 0<x<L, while exchange and
anisotropy remain constant in all the material. A magnetic domain wall sits
somewhere in the middle as the figure shows. Ignoring magnetostatic energy,
calculate the pressure that an external field H exerts on the magnetic domain wall.
5.-A ferromagnetic material is in the magnetic configuration (a). A mechanical
stress is applied in a given direction and the magnetic configuration goes to (b).
Argue the direction of the stress applied and the sign of the magnetostriction.

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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials
 PROBLEMS
6- Two materials shaped as a rod, have different values of saturation magnetostriction λS but they are
otherwise the same. When we measure their magnetization process with the field applied along the axis of the
rod and without any stress applied to them, they show the same magnetization curve (Solid line in the figure
labelled as σ=0). Upon applying a positive stress σ>0, the magnetization curve of both materials become quite
different (see dashed and dotted curves in the figure). Comment on the magnetostriction of both materials
(magnitude and/or sign) and include in your argument how you reached your conclusions.

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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Materials