DISASTER RESILIENT HOUSING AT SUNDARBAN,

WEST BENGAL
By - Dakshata Koli

The Sundarbans, the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world, is under threat from historical and
future human exploitation and sea level rise. Limited scientific knowledge on the spatial ecology
of the mangroves in this world heritage ecosystem has been a major impediment to conservation
efforts. Apart from the sea level rise and climate change issue, natural calamities are very much common in this region that
has forced the localites either to settle for minimum or migrate to cities for better opportunities. In order to prevent losing
the civilization in this beauty of nature this thesis will explore disaster resilient housing in detail. In other words to provide
resilient housing which tackles the calamities providing holistic solutions that will improve the chances of survival of
low-income families in time of pre and post disaster events. Design compatible between the ecological resilience of green
veins and the social resilience of the grid.Helping a community prepare in advance for a hazardous event so that it doesn't
become a disaster and if there is damage or hardship they can recover much more quickly and resume their normal lives.

Keywords : Sea level rise; salinity: climate change; flooding, mangrove species. Sustainability, housing, resiliency

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ABSTRACT
Environmental Concern is an integral part of human society which can be traced to the practices of
the old civilization. In old civilization it was believed that the existence of the human race is
Inseparably linked with the grace of the surrounding environment.The Industrial Revolution gradually
brought a change in this perception. Advanced technological knowledge, man started to think that he
can modify the environment according to his command. Now, need based development of the pre -
industrial era has been replaced by greed based development which is marked by the thoughtless
consumption of resources by the society.This resulted in ugly and degraded environment.

This is a crucial moment where in one hand man Is making rapid progress In technological progress
whereas in the other hand the environment is left to degrade at an alarming rate. Nature has been
vanquished at the cost of human progress, thereby putting the very existence of human society at
stake. Forests have become the most vulnerable area on the earth's surface because of human
trespassing In terms of sustainable forest exploitation,clearing the forest for various types of crops,
mining, industry development, construction of dams etc.

The largest intertidal mangrove forest in the world , the home of the majestic Royal Bengal Tiger,
Sundarban is also no exception from this lunatic destruction. This region is criss-crossed by
Innumerable water canals or rivers. Natural Calamities are a part of this region and for this reason the
development is almost zero. Now the disasters like cyclone storms, floods ,earthquakes have reached
the high peak and not to forget the rising sea level, climate change and urbanization. It's high time to
conserve this fragile ecosystem of Sundarban.The local community which depended entirely on the
forests now in utter poverty.Their sustenance will be at stake if conservation on steps fails to create
alternative employment for the local people.

These Tend to resolve the various serious problems related to the local community, conservation of
natural resources and recognition of the strong ethical dimensions and survival spirit of the local
community in a changing world,where a sustainable approach through giving knowledge and training
local people to stand against disasters and to employee themselves through tourism and handicrafts
can prove life supporting apparatus as It works at local scale Incorporate landscape and people-scape.

This research emphasizes on the disaster resilient approach, migration due to occupation Issues,
tourism,issues related to promote local economy,socio·culture changes and lifestyle of the people
settled in and around the tourist locations as well its impact on development of socio economic
regions Also, to provide holistic housing strategic solutions that will greatly help the chances of the
survival of low- income communities to endure in disaster prone areas.

Source - Author

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BACKGROUND

A disaster event can be defined as a “serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a

society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which
exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources” (UNISDR,
2009). Disaster events can originate from a variety of sources, including natural, technological and
civil/political events arising from social unrest and conflict (Coppola, 2007).

Disaster subcategory definition

Geophysical: Events originating from solid earth. Meteorological: Events caused by short
-lived/small to meso- scale atmospheric processes

Hydrological: Events caused by deviations in the normal water cycle and/ or overflow of bodies of
water caused by wind set- up. Climatological: Events caused by long- lived/ meso- to macro- scale
processes.

A disaster event is the realization of a particular hazard: a natural hazard can be defined as “any
natural process that threatens human life or property. The process itself is not a hazard; rather, it
becomes a hazard only when threatening human interests” (Keller, Blodgett, & Clague, 2008, p. 6).

By 2050, 36 million Indians may be at affected by flooding and inundation due to sea level
rise by 2050, according to a new study published this week.That projection is a seven-fold
rise from a previous estimate of 5 million, and the impact is concentrated in Mumbai,
Kolkata, Odisha, coastal Gujarat, as well as Chennai and Kochi.
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Source : Climate central : Parts of India, Sundarban and its surrounding areas that could prone to coastal flooding by 2050.
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INTRODUCTION

Disaster : The word disaster implies a sudden overwhelming and unforeseen event. At the household
level, a disaster could result in a major illness, death, and substantial economic or social misfortune.
At the community level, it could be a flood, a fire, a collapse of buildings in an earthquake, the
destruction of livelihoods, an epidemic or displacement through conflict. When occurring at district or
provincial level, a large number of people can be affected. Most disasters result in the inability of
those affected to cope with outside assistance.

Disasters are often thought of as a cycle. A disaster may occur with or without a warning phase. A
response is made following a disaster. The response may be helped substantially by any preparedness
actions which were made before the disaster occurred. Relief activities occur during the emergency
phase, which follows the impact of the disaster.

Resilience : Life may not come with a map, but everyone will experience twists and turns,
from everyday challenges to traumatic events with more lasting impact, like the death of a
loved one, a life-altering accident, or a serious illness. Each change affects people differently,
bringing a unique flood of thoughts, strong emotions and uncertainty. Yet people generally
adapt well over time to life-changing situations and stressful situations in part thanks to
resilience. Helping a community prepare in advance for a hazardous event so that it doesn't
become a disaster and if there is damage or hardship they can recover much more quickly
and resume their normal lives.

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Housing :

1.Multiple Units - Multiple units always mean to be multiple limit it is not a single house for your
living in your own plot but a collective phenomenal of Housing ,Community facilities,
Infrastructure, Community as a whole.

2.Affordability - The financial capability of the people which determines the capacity to purchase a
house. In India there are different economic groups with various affordability limits. The challenge is
to make the most out of the minimum affordability level.

3.Individuality - as an individual we stay in a house or a housing compass. The relationship between

individual spaces, be it a bedroom or a living room is different from the public space. The parameters
vary as the scale of the project increases.

4.Services - the basic facility of sanitation, water supply, solid waste disposal, electricity. In ancient
times, when people used to live in caves there was no need for electricity, but now in urban and rural
areas all these basic services are an essential part of housing.

5.Community - It is the society, it is the culture, it is community. Housing becomes the method the
process to make a community is to stay together.

6.Livelihood - the most important part of life. While choosing a housing community first we look for
a house near to basic development or say near to our office. The relation between livelihood and work
is very important.

Conceptual representation of Human needs by Socailist Abraham

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Why Sundarban?

The Sundarbans are a part of the world's largest delta, formed by the mighty rivers Ganga,
Brahmaputra and Meghna. Situated on the lower end of Gangetic West Bengal,the Sundarbans is
criss-crossed by hundreds of creeks and tributaries.

It is one of the most attractive and

alluring places remaining on earth and
is truly an undiscovered paradise. The
Sundarbans is the largest single block
of tidal,halophytic mangrove forests in
the world. The name can be literally
translated as beautiful jungle. The name
may have been derived from the
Sundari trees that are found in the
Sunderbans. The Sundarbans is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. It spans
a vast area covering 4.264 sq.km in
India alone. It is the largest Tiger
Reserve and National Park in India.

Architecture is a form of art and an architect can be the artist or the person who enhances the need of
art in different social levels. This project is chosen on the basis of systematic structural needs for
disaster prone areas and so to develop their knowledge and skills to promote the local culture for their
economic stability,and so to generate revenue through different solutions.

Architecture Is more significant when one sees the practical use and Its positive effects on
people,especially people who really need it. That is the sole reason behind choosing this project.
Because people living in rural areas are the ones who need knowledge about making their own house
which can stay against disasters,they don't need a designer to build their house. They are people who
make home with aspirations and dreams but those dreams get washed away because of lack of
knowledge. Basically,this project is derived from the realization of the need to promote architecture in
rural sectors, as an architect to create a greater impact on the rural areas of the country.

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CASE STUDIES -Summary

CASE STUDY - I : Post Disaster Resilient Settlement in Chinnangudi, Tamil Nadu

Chinnangudi is a small fishing village located off the Coromandel

Coast, under Pillaiperumal Nallur panchayat in Nagapattinam
District.It is located 35 kilometres north of Karaikal (a pa1rt of the
Union Territory of Pondicherry).

PROS :1. Use of vernacular material is proven cost effective and

sustainable.

2. Basic 2 roomed plans proved to me multi usage and can easily

be extended according to the need of the used.

3. The external staircase upper storey can easily be accessible.

4. Streets act as an extended living space for meetings and

gatherings. Also daily activities like preparation area before
cooking. Children’s study area, play area. As internal roads are
less accessible through vehicles, resulting in minimal traffic and
multi usage of space.

5. Common community area for gathering of people in the

peripheral road for easy access.

CONS :1.Every house does not have a toilet,as it is not affordable

and lacks maintenance and sanitation issues.

2.Drinking water is provided at the community level, which sometimes leads to scarcity.

CASE STUDY - II : Aranya Housing, Indore, Madhya Pradesh

The urban development boundary of Indore City encompasses an area of 214 square kilometers, out of which 80 square
kilometers is currently developed. Most of the recent growth has been along the Delhi-Bombay national highway, which
runs through the city in the north-south direction. The two main government agencies catering to the city’s housing needs
are the Indore development Authority (IOA) and the Madhya Pradesh Housing Board (MPHB). A study carried out in

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1981 estimated that 51,000 families were homeless or living in illegal settings. A more recent estimate puts this figure at
60,000 & households.

It is important for any township plan to have a strong ideological basis. A sense
of continuity of the fundamental value of society should be the essence of the
approach to plan a good habitat. The board goals of Aranya are:
Vitality:To create a township form which at various levels supports its vital
functions. The biological requirements and capabilities of human beings.
Imageability:To achieve, have a settlement of characters that can be clearly
perceived and mentally differentiated. These dimensions lead to establishing
harmony between the built environment and culture constructions.
Equity:To create a balanced community with a satisfactory level of
environmental quality for all; especially for the disadvantaged groups,
along-with equitable access to resources generated through planning actions.
Efficiency:To evolve a township form that optimizes all resources- physical,
natural, fiscal and human, to the advantage of the community, so as to facilitate
its activity.
Flexibility :To evolve a framework within which progressive development can
occur with ease and efficiency.
Feasibility:To ensure development within a given legal, fiscal and
organizational framework in a realistic time frame.

Prior to execution, various infrastructure systems were walked out in detail;

they were as follows:
1. Roads
2. Water supply and storage
3. Sewerage and treatment
4. Storm water drainage
5. Electricity
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CASE STUDY - III : Wattle and Cob 300- year old house in Mysore

During the times the house was built, the village was self-sustainable. All their
needs were met within the village itself, which they bought from nearby towns and
villages. Different communities involved in different crafts and trades that were
specific to their community. For example, kumbhars, potters specialized in making
clay pots and pans, vishwakarmas were carpenters who developed advanced
carpentry skills and wood work.

Structure and materials: This is a composite house, and has a wooden post beam
system for the large spans, while the bamboo frame inside the thick mud walls
comprises the enclosure of the house. The mud walls evidently taper towards the
bottom, a sensible way of wall construction for proper load distribution and also
for saving material. Above the beams, the walls are thin, made with wattle and
daub. The roof is supported on columns and load bearing walls, while the truss
takes care of the large span. The truss made from teak wood is an interesting
structural design feature and perfectly takes care of the roof load. The country tiles
used for the roof were traditionally the local handmade tiles that kept on bamboo
splits to make the interiors cool.

CASE STUDY - IV : Nepal post disaster housing by - Abari Earth

The earthquake response was primarily transitional, but grew to be more permanent over
the first month’s post- earthquake. With the aid of multiple dedicated volunteers, we
were able to document vernacular housing typologies and respond to its shortcomings by
making minimal changes such as:
●Improving structural stability based on the wooden band system of the traditional style
of building in rural communities
●Enhancing thermal performance by varying solar orientation /varying wall thickness
and size of openings Enforcing longevity of natural walls by calculating necessary
overhang widths
Because of harsh terrain, poor economic conditions and bad infrastructure in Nepal there
is no alternative to using local materials for construction. The two buildings that we built
in Kavre and Gorkha (right at the epicenter of the earthquake) survived unscathed.

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Designs use only 11% foreign materials like concrete and steel and 89% of the money is spent on local labour and
materials. It appropriates local materials like bamboo and earth and its earthquake resistant, promotes local craftsmanship
and it is thermally comfortable.
To optimize the process, we fabricated local brick making machines (Compressed Earth Block machines) and handed
them out to 3 different communities in Nuwakot, Sindhupalchok and Kavre. Using these brick presses, community
members can make their own bricks and thus initiate a local enterprise.
●· Effective use of local materials
o Bamboo
o Earth
●· Promote Local craftsmanship
●· Limited use of manufactured materials

CASE STUDY - V : Traditional floating agricultural practices in wetlands of Bangladesh

• A traditional practice showed potentials to tackle new challenges posed by climate change and climate variability
• Became a ‘global adaptation sensation
•In Bangladesh Some national climate change documents mentioned it as a good option.
•A large project was funded by ‘Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund’ (BCCTF)
• Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) by FAO Remarkable land use systems and landscapes
which are rich in globally significant biological diversity evolving from the co-adaptation of a community with its
environment and its needs and aspirations for sustainable development.

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CASE STUDY - VI : The lake with floating village,Siem Reap, Cambodia

The project is located in Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia’s great lake. The
people in the villages live in houses with floating platforms that are
usually moved seasonally. Their outhouses are made out of simple
wooden plank just above the open water. With this kind of practice,
the villagers’ health is at risk because the water that they use for
drinking and washing is the very same water that they also
contaminate. There are only 16 percent in rural Cambodia which has
proper toilets and data shows that over 11 million Cambodians lack
access to improved sanitation. Not to mention that the number one
cause of sickness and death among children is diarrhea.
House structure:
•There are not stilt houses in this village.
•The houses are totally floated by the plastic containers beneath the house.
•There are no structured houses, except the commune hall, and school.
•Villagers' house moved along the water.
village is getting bigger in rainy season and getting smaller in dry season.
•The village is located on the lake (biosphere of Tonle Sap)
•Same as other floating villages, main livelihoods of the locals are fishing.
•Boat can be transport or houses.
•Everything is on floating on the water, including pharmacies, shops, dairies shops, constructions and mechanic houses
Electricity and clean water:
No electricity, solar and battery is popular here
People are living on uncleaned water, bath, brush teeth, washing dishes and clothes, using the river water - all the same.
Drinking water: boiling water or pure drinking water.

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Key challenges to the project are the following: 1) modifying existing toilets to incorporate the options; 2) ensuring
availability of suitable drying materials for covering feces; and 3) keeping the costs manageable.

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LIVE CASE STUDY - VII :Cattle Farm, Poultry Farm, Small Animal and Stalls at Dahanu, Maharashtra

Small stalls for use by hobbyists and smallholders require careful arrangement and construction if animals are 10 be kept
successfully. They should be well ventilated but draught-free, dry. thermally insulated and easy to clean. Wooden
construction with thermal insulation layers is preferred and the window area should be no more than 10% of the stall floor
area. Discharge. facilities must be provided for removing droppings. Adjacent rooms are needed for feed preparation and
storage.

The design must consider the position of the sun: windows to the south, doors to the east, laying nests in the darkest place.
The stall is divided into a scratching area all with a covering at straw and droppings pit with perches fitted above. Ideally
the outside run will be of an unlimited size but the essentials are a grassy area suitable with a tree for shade, a compost, tea
and sand-bath.

With an unlimited size of run, five birds may be kept per m² at stall, two birds if the run is smaller than four times the
Places for perches, droppings pit, feed are included in the surface areas.

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CASE STUDY - CONCLUSION:

Source - Author

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ARCHITECTURAL INTERVENTION

Architecture is a form of art and an architect can be the artist or the person who enhances the need of
art in different social levels. This project is chosen on the basis of systematic structural needs for
disaster prone areas and so to develop their knowledge and skills to promote the local culture for their
economic stability,and so to generate revenue through different solutions.

Architecture Is more significant when one sees the practical use and Its positive effects on
people,especially people who really need it. That is the sole reason behind choosing this project.
People living in rural areas are the ones who need knowledge about making their own house which
can stay against disasters,they don't need a designer to build their house. They are people who make
home with aspirations and dreams but those dreams get washed away because of lack of knowledge.
Basically,this project is derived from the realization of the need to promote architecture in rural
sectors, as an architect to create a greater impact on the rural areas of the country. This project will
also focus on following :

• To create sustainable homes and build with clean materials for the best quality of life.
• To create homes that would not contribute carbon but could operate pollution-free.
• To build homes and storm resiliency.
• To create new jobs in the process
• [achieving] all of this affordably.
•Emphasizing on the co-existence and penetration of nature and the human (co-evolution of the and
natural system).
•Compatibility between the ecological resilience of green veins and the social resilience of the grid.
•Approach to wastage of resources.

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ABOUT SITE LOCATION

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