COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING ENGINEERING

APPLICATION OF SURVEYING SOFTWARE (Seng 4085)

IN ROAD ASSGINMENT PAPER WORK BY GROUP 8

NAME ID No

1. yedilget yemaneberhan ………………………….. 1013

2. Birtukan Ebabu………………………………….. 0243

3. Cherie Alemu …………………………………… 0272

Sub to instructor: mikir and fikade

Sub date: 1/08/2013

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Tables of contents

Contents page

List of figure………………………………………………………………… 5

List of table…………………………………………………………………. 4

Acknowledgments....................................................................................... 5

Abstract……………………………………………………………………… 6

ACRONOMYS…………………………………………………………………… 7

CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................... 8

1. Introduction................................................................................................. 8

1.1 Background of the Study…....................................................................... 8

1.2 Statement of the Problem………………................................................... 10

1.3 Objectives.................................................................................................. 11

1.3.1 General objectives............................................................................... 11

1.3.2 Specific objectives............................................................................... 11

1.4 Significance of the project............................................................................ 11

1.5 Scope of the project...................................................................................... 11

1.6 Limitations of the project............................................................................... 12

CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................... 12

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 Review of Literature……….................................................................................... 12

2.1 Over view of the project.......................................................................................... 13

2.2 The role of inroad software .................................................................................... 14

2.3Criteria to be considered in geometric design of the road........................................... 14

2.4 Road classification……………………………………………………………….… 15

2.5Terrain classification………………………………………………………………….. 17

CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................... 18

Description of the Study Area....................................................................................... 18

3.1 Location of the project area……………………………................................................ 18

3.2 Demography of project area......................................................................................... 18

3.3 Climate condition of the project area………………..................................................... 19

CHAPTER FOUR…………………….……………………………….............................. 19

4.1 Material used............................................................................................................... 19

4.2 Methods………………………………………………………………………………… 19

4.2.1 Primary data collection.............................................................................................. 20

4.2.2 Secondary data collection......................................................................................... 20

4.2.3 Design flow chart of the project................................................................................ 21

CHAPTER FIVE…………………………...……….…………………………………….. 22

5. Data analysis and result of the project………………………………………………….... 22

5.1. Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………... 22

5.1.1Create Boundary and Triangulation …………………………………………………… 22

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5.1.2 Horizontal alignment of the project …………………………………………………. 23

5.1.3 Extract Cross section of the project ………………………………………………….. 25

5.1.4 Vertical alignment of the project ……………………………………………………. 26

5.1.5 Construct typical section of the project ………………………………………………. 27

5.2 Result…………………………………………………………………………………….. 29

5.2.1 Plan and profile sheet of the project……………………………………………………. 29

CHAPTER SIX………………………………………………………………………………. 30

6 Conclusion & Recommendation ……………………………………………….………….... 30

6.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…………… 30

6.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………... 30

Reference………………………………………………………………….……………………. 30

List of table

TABLE PAGE

Table:1 Design standard vs. Road classification and AADT…………………16

Table:2 terrain classification……………………………………………………17

Table:3 geometric design parameters for design class DC 4 (unpaved)………20

Table:4 Horizontal curves and their terrain classification………………………24

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 Lists of figure

FIGURE PAGE

Fig 1: Location of project……………………………………………………………………18

Fig 2: Triangulation………………………………………………………………………….23
Fig 3: Horizontal alignment design…………………………………………………………24
Fig 4: Road design………………………………………………………………………….24
Fig.5: Cross section of the rout…………………………………………………………….26
Fig 6.Vertical alignment…………………………………………………………………….27
Fig 7:Typical section ………………………………………………………………………28
Fig 8: Plan and profile sheet (0+000-1+125)………………………………………………29

Acknowledgments
Acknowledgment First of all thank you God for your help in every part our life. We would like
to thank Instructor Fikade and Instructor mikir for his unlimited support from software training
to provision of the n we would like to thank to DBU and department of surveying engineering
for their permission of this precious opportunity to study in Debre birhan town. And then we
would thank to all people who supports us and contribution to our thesis project work and to
writing of this final documentation necessary skills during the outcome of this project, without
him it was impossible to achieve it.

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 ABSTRACT
High way design is one of the recent developments in inroad software Auto CAD Software,
where survey data(x, y, z) can be accessed as well as analyzed and designed over inroad
software. This thesis project work presents the high way design using inroad software Auto CAD
Software. DEBRBRHANE town, district in has been taken as study area. Road data can be
collected by using survey instrument such as kinematics GPS. The primary data such as: - survey
data (x,y,z) and secondary data such as:-parameters of the geometry design element like;
horizontal alignment element, vertical alignment element, design speed and different referenced
ERA Manual data has been integrated in inroad software Auto CAD Software. The database
developed in inroad software has been converted in to geometry of the road. Finally, analysis of
the inroad software such as the Mass Haul Diagram, complete geometry design which is consist
of road profile, template or cross-sections are results of these software. These thesis project work
high way design of the road will be use full for road authorities, policy makers, private
organization undertaking road development activities, general public to know the status of road
geometry design can be carried out easily with the inroad software Auto CAD Software

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 ACRONOMYS
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ADT Average Daily Traffic
BVC Beginning of Vertical Curve
DC Design standard
DTN Design traffic number
EF Equivalent factor
EWL Equivalent wheel load
ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority
EVC End of Vertical Curve
GPS Global Positioning System
HAL Horizontal Alignment Listing
PC Point of Curvature
PI Point of Intersection
PSD Passing Sight Distance
PT Point of Tangency
PVI Point of Vertical Intersection
TAC Transportation Association of Canada
FHWA Federal Highway Administration (
CSV Comma delimited

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
For rapid economic, industrial and cultural growth of any country, a good system of
transportation is very essential. One of the transportation systems that are economical for
developing countries like Ethiopia is road. A well – designed road network plays an important
role in transporting people and other industrial products to any direction with in short time.
Roads, to satisfy their intended purpose, must be constructed to be safe, easy, and economical
environmentally friendly and must full fill the needs of inhabitants. Being safe, the number of
accidents that can occur will be minimized.

A country should have adequately designed enough number of roads connecting its main parts
helps the sufficient mobility of products, raw materials and labour as well as it has a far reaching
effects embracing administration convenience and creating national integration and cohesion,
which enhance for a better economic achievement of the country, it is this and unmentioned needs
which motivate us to do our final year project on High way.

The design of this road comprises geometric design like Horizontal and vertical alignment, Earth
work, drainage design, and pavement design of the road to a design standard DC 4.

The project design is done using all important standards and followed the manuals especially
ERA manuals (2013) and speculator consideration is made and each necessary steps is followed
to make our project the best of all.

Background of the project

The main aim of every project work is to fulfill the need of people who is served and the country.

In high way design, even though the best route is selected, without proper design of the road

geometric alignments, the function, time and the use of that road its comfort is limited. In other

ways maintenance and operation costs is higher than construction cost for the designed time.

Here it is better to focus on best design and best construction rather than looking for maintenance

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and operation costs which happened because of improper design in the function period.

Transportation assumes a huge part in our regular day to day existences. Every one of us voyages

some place relatively consistently, regardless of whether it is to get the chance to work or school,

to go shopping, or for excitement purposes. Also, nearly all that we devour or utilize has been

transported from some point. There are such huge numbers of methods for transportation, yet in

this record we worry on street transportation. Expressways are the imperative piece of our life,

the economy of the general public and also it is Part of the framework. The development of a

great street organize straightforwardly builds a country's monetary yield by lessening venture

times and costs, making an area more appealing monetarily. The better of this structure is the

quicker, more powerful and less expensive, can be the limits of the general public utilized. The

improvement of viable street transport framework is essential need of any creating nation.

Additionally redesigning of existing street organize is basic for created nations to complete its

transportation capacities easily similarly as with expanding movement volume urban and non-

urban streets reach to their immersion level in section of time. The outline of course arrangement

and asphalt structure choose cost of task which absolutely rely upon time taken for same. So for

this activity the best accessible Highway Geometric Design Software must be conveyed.

Keeping this in see we have utilized INROAD Software for the geometric plan to enhance its

geometric highlights and updating it from two paths to four paths. The Software utilizes 3D

string displaying innovation and gives the coveted estimations of various segments of geometric

plan, for example, Horizontal and Vertical Curves, Super height, Shoulder, and so on.

Geometric design of high way deals with proper design of horizontal and vertical alignments and

to fit the required dimensions of the road ways.

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The INROADS software for road design followed the following procedures:

1. Folder creation for necessary design data and reporting

2. Preference and CSV comma delimited format data was import to INROADS

3. Surface created

4. Geometric components (Horizontal and vertical alignments) are digitized

5. Cross-section is defined

6. Report is generated

Statement of the Problem

Deberberhan is one of the interesting towns in different investment sectors, because it has
naturally fertile soil & climate which is better for production of agricultural crops. It is also one
of major cash crop producing area, such as coffee, ginger, timber and etc, these are the products
that are going to be exported and some other types are used for consumptive and selling purpose.
But inhabitants of the area living far away from centre of town, rural village so they have
greatest problem with the road access .as some data observed from the society most of the
community living outside of the town dealing greatest problem related to road access, such as:
To transport the agricultural products in to exchanging media or market, In getting hospital
services, Problem for school going students and Lack of security are appearing troubles of the
area.
The topography or the terrain feature of the area is in some were it is rolling and in other place it
is rolling. This affects peoples who are travelling long distance by their feet to reach the place of
public services, therefore the road that we propose is believed to reduce the problems mentioned
above and it will lead urbanization of society.

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 1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General objectives

The main objective of this project is to design high way from road design by using Inroad
AutoCAD software.
1.3.2 Specific objectives

 To develop the skills of designing highway by applying all related courses such as
highway engineering one and two, route surveying, transportation engineering, soil
mechanics and others

 To Design safe and appropriate road.

 To Minimize construction costs by balancing the cut and fill volumes.

 To illuminate traffic problems by avoiding sharp horizontal curvatures and vertical
curves.
 To Design an appropriate pavement structures this resists the traffic load moving on
it..
1.4 Significance of the project

The main aim of every project work is to fulfil the need of people who is served and the
country. In high way design, even though the best route is selected, without proper design of
the road geometric alignments, the function, time and the use of that road its comfort is
limited. In other ways maintenance and operation costs is higher than construction cost for
the designed time. Here it is better to focus on best design and best construction rather than
looking for maintenance and operation
Costs which happened because of improper design in the function period.

1.5 Scope of the project

The scope of this project is to design road in debre berhan which located in Ethiopia, amhara
region, north shewa zone.

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1.6 Limitations of the project

Limitation of this project was that we didn’t know the area which was given to us so in designing
of our project we were giving some guessed numbers to determine our vertical curve alignment
b/c we cant determine if it is very low area or its grouch we don’tknow if we have to us bridges
and so on.

CHAPTER TWO

2 Review of Literature

Geometric design for transportation facilities includes the design of geometric cross sections,
horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, intersections, and various design details. These basic
elements are common to all linear facilities, such as roadways, railways, and airport runways and
taxiways. Although the details of design standards vary with the mode and the class of facility,
most of the issues involved in geometric design are similar for all modes. In all cases, the goals
of geometric design are to maximize the comfort, safety, and economy of facilities, while
minimizing their environmental impacts. This chapter focuses on the fundamental of geometric
design, and presents standards and examples from different modes. The order of presentation of
material in this chapter is to consider geometric cross sections first, then vertical alignment,
horizontal, super elevation, intersections, and various design details. For purposes of exposition,
the order of the topics is not very important. In a typical design project, on the other hand, there
is a definite order of tasks, in which the establishment of a tentative horizontal centerline usually
precedes establishment of vertical alignment. This is because the elevation of the existing ground
along the centerline is an important consideration in establishing the vertical alignment. The
process of designing the vertical alignment begins with plotting a profile of the existing terrain,
and a tentative horizontal centerline must already be established in order to do this. Geometric
design of highways refers to the design of the visible dimensions of such features as horizontal
and vertical alignments, cross sections, intersections, and bicycle and pedestrian facilities. The

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main objective of geometric design is to produce a highway with safe, efficient, and economic
traffic operations while maintaining esthetic and environmental quality. Geometric design is
influenced by the vehicle, driver, and traffic characteristics. The temporal changes of these
characteristics make geometric design a dynamic field where design guidelines are periodically
updated to provide more satisfactory design. Policies on highway geometric design in the United
States are developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO). These policies represent design guidelines agreed to by the state highway and
transportation departments and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Guidelines for
highway geometric design are presented in A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and
Streets [AASHTO, 2001], which is based on many years of experience and research. Repeated
citation to AASHTO throughout this chapter refers to this policy. In Canada, geometric design
guidelines are presented in the Geometric Design Guide for Canadian Roads [TAC, 1999],
which is published by the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC). This chapter discusses
the fundamentals of highway geometric design and their applications and is divided into four
main sections: fundamentals of geometric design, basic design applications, special design
applications, and emerging design concepts. It draws information mostly from the AASHTO
policy and TAC guide and provides supplementary information on more recent developments.
Since geometric design is a major component in both the preliminary location study and the final
design of a proposed highway, it is useful to describe first the highway design process. (Easa,
2003)
2.1 Over view of the project

Road infrastructure is essential part of infrastructure services provided to the society among
other technical structures, such as railways, bridges, tunnels, water supply, electric grids, and
telecommunications. Therefore, it has been of great importance to build and improve high-
quality road systems in order to accommodate the needs of society. By combination of well-
designed traffic system, proper road structure and geometric design, the optimal highway can be
built. Improvements in road systems are achieved in various sectors of the road design, such as
safer intersections, more durable road pavements, better understanding of vehicles performance,
etc.

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Transportation network is an important tie binding our economy together. Transportation system
provides businesses with access to materials and markets, and provides people with access to
goods, services, recreation, jobs, and other people. Transportation touches each one of us every
day in all aspects of our lives. Most jobs throughout the economy are directly linked to
transportation. Each day, long distance buses transport many people from one part of the country
to the other. Generally speaking without transportation network there will be no social and
Economic growth

2.2 The role of inroad software

Enhance the efficiency and safety of the road structure. A special heed is given to the output
quality, neatness and the composition of structure. This plays a significant role in carrying out
the design with efficiency. Object corners can be precisely joined. Automated dimensioning
enables consistent dimension styles. It enables consistency in drawing appearance and
readability. There are steps involved which constantly flow down throughout the whole
procedure. It makes possible to tightly control semiology settings.

2.3Criteria to be considered in geometric design of the road

Geometric design is an essential component in the design development of a highway. It refers to

the calculations and analysis made by transportation engineers to fit the highway to the
topography of the site while meeting the safety, service and performance standards. It mainly
concerned with the elements of highways that are visible to the drivers and users. However, the
designers must also take in to consideration the social and environmental impacts of the highway
geometry on the surrounding facilities.The following design criteria based on the Geometric
design standards were assigned to the horizontal geometry of the center line and also to the
profile and cross section of the roadway.

A. Design speed
B. Super elevation rate
C. Coefficient of Friction
D. Minimum K for sag curves
E. Minimum K for crest curves

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 F. Roadway width
G. Carriageway width
H. Shoulder width

2.4 Road classification

The hierarchy of roads categorizes roads according to their functions and capacities. They are

like, freeways, arterials, collectors, and local roads. Generally, the functional hierarchy can more
or less correspond to the hierarchy of roads by their owner or administrator.

The Project road is designated as a Link Road. Link roads generally connect centers of national
or international importance, such as principal towns and urban centers to each other and to higher
functional class of roads and thereby address both access and mobility demands of the society. 6
This road is designated as the link road which was gravel road and now the government plans to
upgrade to Asphalt with a major modification and the data are collected accordingly and
presented in the following sections According to ERA manual 2013, the road functional
classification in Ethiopia includes five functional classes. The following are the functional
classes with their description.

A. Trunk Roads (Class I)

Centers of international importance and roads terminating at international boundaries are linked
with Addis Ababa by trunk roads. Trunk roads have a present AADT ≥1000, although they can
have volumes as low as 100 AADT

B. Link Roads (Class II)

Centers of national or international importance, such as principal towns and urban centers must
be linked between each other by link roads. A typical link road has over 400 - 1000 first year
AADT, although values can range between 50-10,000 AADT.

C. Main Access Roads (Class III)

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Centers of provincial importance must be linked between each other by main access roads. First
year AADTs are between 30 - 1000.

D. Collector Roads (Class IV)

Roads linking locally important centers to each other, to a more important center, or to higher
class roads must be linked by a collector road. First year AADTs are between 25-400.

E. Feeder Roads (Class V)

Any road link to a minor center such as market and local locations is served by a feeder road.
Roads of the highest classes, trunk and link roads have, as their major function to provide
mobility, while the primary function of lower class roads is to provide access.

Generally from those types of high way classes, the appropriate classes for this project are feeder
road.

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Table 1 Design standard vs. Road classification and AADT

Terrain classification

There are four terrain types depending on traverse terrain slope. These are:

Flat: flat or gently rolling country, which offers few obstacles to the constructions of a road,

having continuously unrestricted horizontal and vertical alignment (traverse terrain slope up to 5

percent).

Rolling: rolling hilly or foothill country where the slopes generally rise and fall moderately and

where occasional steep slopes are encountered, resulting in some restrictions in alignment

17
(traverse terrain slope from 5 percent to 25 percent).

Mountainous: rugged, hilly and mountainous country river gorges. This class of terrain imposes

define restrictions on the standard of alignment obtainable and often involves long steep grades

and limited sight distance (traverse terrain slope from 25 percent to 50 percent).

Escarpment: in addition to the terrain classes given above, a fourth class is added to cater to

those situations whereby the standards associated with each of the above terrain types cannot be

met. We refer to escarpment situations inclusive of switchback roadway sections, or side hill

transverse sections where earthwork quantities are considerable, with transverse terrain slope in

excess of 50 percent.

Table 2 Terrain classes based on ERA 2013

CHAPTER THREE

Description of the Study Area

3.1 Location of the project area

Debre Berhan is a city in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Located in the Semien Shewa Zone of
the Amhara Region, about 120 kilometers north east of Addis Ababa on Ethiopian highway

2, the town has an elevation of 2,840 meters, which makes it the highest town of this size in
Africa.

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Fig 1: location of project

3.2 Demography of project area

Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia
(CSA), this town has a total population of 65,231, of whom 31,668 are men and 33,563 women.
The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 94.12%
reporting that as their religion, while 3.32% of the population said they were Muslim and 2.15%
were Protestants.[13]
The 1994 national census reported a total population for Debre Berhan of 38,717 in 8,906
households, of whom 17,918 were men and 20,799 were women. The five largest ethnic groups
reported in the town were the Amhara (90.12%), the Oromo (3.94%), the Tigrayan (1.81%),
the Gurage (1.6%), and the Argobba (1.2%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.33% of the
population. Amharic was spoken as a first language by 93.81%, Oromiffa was spoken by 3.04%,
and 1.5% spoke Tigrinya; the remaining 1.65% spoke all other primary languages reported. The
majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 94.59% reporting that
as their religion, while 4.05% were Muslim, and 1.02% Protestant.[14]
3.3 Climate condition of the project area

Debre Berhan is one of the coolest cities found in the subtropical zone of Ethiopia. The city has a
typical subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb). The average annual temperature of the city
during day and night hour is 20.7 °C and 8.2 °C respectively with precipitation 964mm.[15

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Material used

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In this project we used some materials to produce a good quality and suitable road design

 Computer
 Inroad software
 Ms-Excel software
 Auto CAD
 In this project we didn’t collect the data’s so we just used the collected data’s to design
roadway design.
4.2 Methods

1. Then develop three alternative roads; from those proposed alternatives we select the best route
by various criteria according to ERA manual of geometric Design ERA 2013

2. The traffic volumes are counted, then from this counted volume we gain AADT, and it is used
to decide the design standard and functional classification of the road according to ERA manual.

3. The raw survey data(x, y, z) are collected, and use as an input for the geometric design of the
high way by using eagle point software. These soft ware’s are used to design curves (both
horizontal and vertical) composition of earth work and it generates cross section sheets, plane
and profile sheets and mass hull diagrams.

4.2.1 Primary data collection

The primary data has been collected from field along the route using necessary equipment such
as kinematics, GPS, photo camera and note book.

4.2.2 Secondary data collection

The secondary and other design data which are required to the geometry of the road is taken
from ERA 2013 manual and other related deign standard.

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Table 3 design class paved DC4

4.2.3 Design flow chart of the project

Data collection

TRAFFIC
21 DATA
Cross
sectional
 Data analysis in road
software

Geometric design
Earth work area computation
Horizontal alignment cross sectional
layout Volume computation

Pavement design

Traffic class subgrade class

CHAPTER FIVE

5. Data analysis and result of the project

5.1. Data Analysis

This thesis project is done by the applying the principle of Eagle point Auto CAD software
to combine primary and secondary data. The secondary data are taken from ERA manual 2002

22
and other related standard design manuals and the primary data has been collected from field
along the route using the necessary equipment such as kinematics GPS, compass, photo camera
and note book along the selected route.
5.1.1Create Boundary and Triangulation
Triangulation is the division of an area in to a series of triangulates to determine distances and
relative positions. It’s also used for contour generation. the triangulation process creates a
network of triangles that made up the surface model. During triangulation the following steps
should be encountered:

 Defining the imported data by boundary line

 Pre defining the boundary

 Triangulation of surface model

Fig 2 triangulation

5.1.2 Horizontal alignment of the project

Horizontal alignment has two components. These are tangents and curves. The intersection
between two tangents is called PI. The horizontal alignment design should be consistence to the
topography, provide good drainage system and minimize earth work. The alignment selected for
particular project should run without sudden changes from easy to sharp curves.

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The following steps are done in horizontal alignment:

 Creating horizontal tangents and point of intersection

 Creating horizontal curves

 Annotating the horizontal alignment

Fig 3 : horizontal alignment design

24
Fig 4 road design

25
Table 4 horizontal elements report

5.1.2.1Extract Cross section of the project

A cross section is the component across the road that consists of the carriage way, shoulders, or
curbs, drainage features and earth work profiles.

The first steps in determining the amount of earth work that is required on high way project is to
establish the physical characteristics the capability. This is done by setting out line or “cross—
section template “for the high way. The template will determine the road width, the depth of
ditched, the slopes, the back slope, guide rail locations, shoulder widths; etc. the template will

26
show the different treatment for excavation areas and embankment areas.

Fig 5 : cross section

5.1.3Vertical alignment of the project

Vertical alignment of a road is generally governed by the terrain nature of the area and desired
level of service. The two major aspects of vertical alignment are vertical curvature, which is
governed by sight distance criteria; and gradient, which is related to vehicle performance and
level of service. The natural ground profile for road is generated by the INROADS software
using the data provided or imported and appropriate gradients curves has been selected based on
design control criteria and earthwork economy.

27
Fig 6 : vertical alignment

5.1.4 Construct typical section of the project

A template section is overlaid on cross-section of the existing grade along the proposed
alignment to define the final grade offsets and elevations and the cut/fill slopes. The elevation of
the road surface in the template is set by the predetermined alignment profile of the highway: this
cross section allows determining the area of cut and filling in the cross section. The volume of
cut and fill can then be calculated between successive cross-sections.

28
Fig 7 typical section

29
5.2 Result

5.2.2 Plan and profile sheet of the project

Plan and Profile sheets are intended to convey a general overview of the project by showing how
the project interacts with existing features. They contain information concerning
alignments, profiles, and ditching.

Fig 8: plan and profile

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CHAPTER SIX

6 Conclusion & Recommendation

6.1 Conclusion

From this project it can be concluded that

 Using design manuals and engineering judgments proper design is adopted.

 The best route is amended to full fill the geometric requirements and site specific conditions

 Safe and economical geometric alignment design is provided based on the limits set by ERA2013
manual and engineering judgments which are related to the condition of the project. Survey data and
hydrological data are the basic to do the design.

 Providing appropriate gradients, which is the basic factor which controls economy and aesthetic as
well as drainage of the highway.

6.2 Recommendation

From the project we recommend  Speed is the decisive factor in our design but the speed limit is not
applicable for the driver behavior and their personal character are not in line with the rule hence, ERA
should modify or revise the design criteria not to depend on the speed limit only.  While selecting
alternative routes taking data only from map may results in misleading judgment. So there should be site
visit to identify some changes.  During detail design the designer should try to use local specific design
manuals with good engineering judgment rather than using only higher standards.

Reference

http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/civil/banks/graphics/ch4

AASHTO the Green Book, 2001 2.

Ethiopian Road Authority Geometric Design Manual 2013

Simon G., 2015. Lecture note on High Way Engineering I and Lecture note on Transport Engineering

31