AIR 121

Unit 1
Heat and Pressure

Long is not forever.

German Proverb

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   1

 Objectives

• Temperature measurement
• Heat transfer
• Types of heat
• Pressure

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   2

 Heat Measurements

• Temperature
– A measurement of heat intensity
 Fahrenheit (°F)
 Celsius (°C)
 Rankine (°R)
 Kelvin (°K)

• BTU (British Thermal Unit)

– A measurement of the heat quantity
 1 Btu will raise 1 pound of water 1° F

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   3

 Temperature Measurement
Celsius Fahrenheit

100°C Water boils 212°F

0°C Water freezes 32°F

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   4
 Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
Celsius Fahrenheit

Water boils
100°C 212°F
°F = (9/5 x °C) + 32
°F = (1.8 x °C) + 32
°F = (1.8 x 100) + 32
°F = (180) + 32
°F = 212
0°C 32°F
Water freezes

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   5
 Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
Celsius Fahrenheit

Water boils
100°C 212°F
°C = 5/9 x (°F – 32)
°C = .55 x (°F – 32)
°C = .55 x (212 – 32)
°C = .55 x 180
°C = 100

0°C 32°F
Water freezes

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   6
Temperature Effect on Molecular Motion

• Temperature increase:
– Molecules move faster
• Temperature decrease:
– Molecules move slower
• Absolute Zero:
– No molecular motion
 0° Rankine
 0° Kelvin

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   7

 Absolute Temperatures
Water boils 212 F 672 R 100 C 373 K

FAHRENHEIT RANKINE CELCIUS KELVIN

Water freezes 32 F 492 R 0 C 273 K

0 F 460 R

Molecular
-460 F 0 R -273 C 0 K
motion stops

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   8
 Thermodynamic Principles
• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
– Refrigeration moves heat
 From inside the house to outside the house
• Heat flows to colder temperatures
– Indoor heat is absorbed by the indoor coil
 Cold refrigerant absorbs heat from the warm air
– Outdoor air absorbs heat from the outdoor coil
 Cooler air absorbs heat from the warm refrigerant
• The greater the temperature difference:
– The faster the heat transfer

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   9

 Facts about Heat and Cold

• Cold is the absence of heat.

• Heat migrates to cold.
• Insulation slows the transfer of heat,
– But, does not stop it.

© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   10

Summer Heat Gain

90
85
80
75 Heat Transfer
70

95
65
60
55

Heat flows to cold

© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   11

 Winter Heat Loss

90
85
80
75 Heat
70 Transfer

0
65
60
55

Heat flows to cold

© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   12
 Heat Rises - Cold Falls

• Example in a multistory townhouse:

– the warm air tends to rise upstairs,
– the cooler air tends to fall downstairs.

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   13

 Summer in a 3-StoryTownhouse

75
75 95
75
Fan running
© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   14
 Summer in a 3-StoryTownhouse
Cold air falls

75
80
75 95
75
70
Fanrunning
Fan stops
© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   15
 Heat Transfer Explained
• Convection
– Heat transfer through fluid flow
 Most common transfer in HVACR
• Conduction
– Heat transfer from molecule to molecule
• Radiation
– Heat transfer through heat rays

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   16

 Heat Transfer Illustrated

Radiation:
Heat transfer by
means of heat rays

Ouch!

Conduction:
Heat transfer from
molecule to molecule
Convection:
Heat transfer
through fluids
(liquids & gases)
© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   17
 Let’s Review

• If your furnace fails on a cold day, which of the

following best describes what will happen?
A. The cold from outside will migrate to the inside.
B. The warmth inside will migrate outside.
C. Nothing will happen if the walls have enough
insulation.
And the answer is…

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   18

 Sensible and Latent Heat
• Sensible Heat
– Causes a change in temperature
– No change of state
• Latent Heat
– Causes a change of state
– No temperature change

Note, sensible heat can be measured with a thermometer,

latent heat cannot.

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   19
 Notes about the Next Few Slides

• Water
– 1 Btu raises the temperature of water 1° F
 Ice has a specific heat of 1
• Ice
– 1 Btu raised the temperature of water 2° F
 Ice has a specific heat of .5, which means
 Ice is less dense than water

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   20
 Sensible Heat
Heating Ice from 0ºF to 32ºF
212º

32º

0º

16 160 340 1310

16 Btu x 1lb. Ice = 32ºF

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   21
 “Latent Heat” and Ice
• Latent heat changes the state of a substance
– “Heat of fusion” is required to change ice to water
– 144 Btu will change 1 lb of 32° ice to 32° water

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   22
 Latent Heat
Heating Ice from 32ºF to Water @ 32ºF
212º

Latent Heat of Fusion

32º

0º

16 160 340 1310

144 Btu x 1lb. Ice = 1 lb. Water

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   23
 “Sensible Heat” and Water
• 1 Btu raises 1 lb water 1°F
– Every Btu adds 1° to existing temperature of water
– It does not change it’s state
– Sensible heat is measured with a thermometer

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   24
 Sensible Heat
Heating Water from 32ºF to 212ºF
212º

Latent Heat of Fusion

32º

0º

16 160 340 1310

1 Btu x 1 lb of water = 1°F rise
180 Btu x 1 lb = 180° rise from 32° = 212°F water

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   25
 Changing Water to Steam
• “Heat of Vaporization”:
– 970 Btu changes 1 lb of 212° water to 212° steam

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   26
 Latent Heat
Heating 212ºF Water to 212ºF Steam
Latent Heat of Vaporization
212º

Latent Heat of Fusion

32º

0º

16 160 340 1310

970 Btu x 1lb of water (212°) = 1lb of steam (212°)

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   27
 Understanding Latent & Sensible Heat

Latent Heat of Vaporization

212º

Latent Heat of Fusion

32º

0º

16 160 340 1310

1. Sensible heat changes temperature; latent changes state.
2. Why does a 32° ice cube cool liquid better than 32° water?
3. Why does 212° boiling water cook things better than 212°
water that is not boiling?
© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   28
 Why is this Important?
• Utilizing latent heat is the basis of refrigeration
• In the evaporator liquid refrigerant evaporates
– Vaporizing absorbs nearly 1000 times more heat
 Than just raising the temperature of refrigerant
• In the condenser refrigerant vapor condenses
– Condensing rejects nearly 1000 times more heat
 Than just lowering the temperature of refrigerant

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   29
 Latent Heat in Refrigeration
• In the evaporator:
– Heat is absorbed as refrigerant vaporizes
• In the condenser:
– Heat is rejected as refrigerant is condensed

Following are more illustrations of latent and

sensible heat.

© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   30

 More on Latent & Sensible Heat
• The following slides use different descriptions
– They help introduce two new concepts:
 Superheat
 Subcooling

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature,

Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   31
 Latent Heat of Fusion
Sensible heat Latent heat changes state;
changes temperature not the temperature

1 lb.
32
30 ice 1 lb.
32 32 water

1 match = 1 Btuh

144 matches = 144 Btuh

1 Btuh raises the temperature 144 Btuh is needed to melt 1

of 1 pound of ICE by 2° pound of 32° ice into 32° water

© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   32

 Latent Heat of Vaporization
Latent heat changes state; Sensible heat
not the temperature changes temperature
212 vapor 212

212 water 32 212

32 water
water

970 matches = 970 Btuh 180 matches = 180 Btuh

1 Btuh raises the temperature
970 Btuh is needed to change a
of a pound of WATER by 1°,
pound of 212° water into 212° vapor
and 180 Btuh raises it 180°
© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   33
 Review of Latent & Sensible Heat
Sensible Latent
Heat Heat
30
32 32

1 match = 1 Btuh

144 matches = 144 Btuh

212 vapor Latent Sensible

Heat Heat
212
212 32
212

970 matches = 970 Btuh 180 matches = 180 Btuh

© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   34
 Condensing
• Getting vapor back to a liquid
– Latent heat must be removed from the vapor
• In the refrigeration condenser:
– The outdoor air cools hot refrigerant vapor
 The heat is rejected into the cooler air
– If vapor is cooled to it’s condensing temperature,
 The vapor condenses to a liquid

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   35
 Condensing
Assume cool air removes exactly 970 Btuh

212 vapor

212 water

Vapor condenses back to a liquid

This is what happens in refrigeration condensers.

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   36
 Subcooling
Assume cool air removes an additional 1 Btuh

212
211 water

Water is subcooled 1

Condensers also subcool liquid refrigerant.

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   37
 The Importance of Sensible Heat
Temperature indicates the state of a refrigerant:
1. Below it’s boiling point?
 Subcooled
• All liquid
2. At it’s boiling point?
 Saturated
• Part liquid and part vapor
3. Above it’s boiling point?
 Superheated
• All vapor

© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   38

 Temperature Below its Boiling Point?

Water is now . . . Thermometer

F

Vapor?

Vapor & Liquid?

Liquid
Liquid? (Subcooled)

© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   39

 Temperature At its Boiling Point

Water is now . . . Thermometer

F

Vapor?

Vapor & Liquid?

Vapor & Liquid
Liquid? (Saturated)

© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   40

 Temperature Above its Boiling Point

Water is now . . . Thermometer

F

Vapor?

Vapor & Liquid?

Liquid?

© Dick Wirz – Refrigeration Training Services   41

 Using Ice to Refrigerate

Temperature
drops in the
Ice melts by space
absorbing heat
from surrounding air

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   42
 Refrigeration Effect of Ice
Ton of refrigeration* = 12,000 Btu/hr
*The amount of heat required to melt one ton of ice
Calculations:
2000 lbs. (ton of ice) x 144 BTU (latent heat of ice) =
288,000 Btu (heat to melt a ton of ice in 24 hours) =
288,000 Btu ÷ 24 hours =
Latent Heat of Fusion
12,000 Btu per hour (Btuh)
Remember this?
1lb. ice X 144 BTU (Latent heat of fusion) = 1 lb of water

So . . . heat required to change 2000lb. of 32ºF ice to 32ºF water in 24 hours?

2000 lb. ice X 144 Btu = 288,000 Btu
288,000 Btu  24 hours = 12,000 Btuh
© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   43
 Barometric Pressure
• Atmospheric pressure at sea level:
– Downward pressure will support a column of mercury (Hg)
29.92” high
• Measured in “inches of mercury” or “in. Hg”
– Hg is the chemical symbol for mercury (Hydrargyrum)
 Hydr- meaning watery or runny
 Argyros meaning silver

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   44
 Diagram of Barometric Pressure
Inches

30

PUSHES DOWN
25

ATMOSPHERE
20
29.92
15 In. Hg

10

Mercury (Hg)

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   45
 Pressure and Boiling Points
• Water boils at 212°F at sea level.
– “Sea level” is 0 psig or 29.92 in. Hg
• Lowering pressure lowers the boiling point.
– HVACR example:
 Lower refrigerant pressure = lower temperature

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   46
 Higher Elevation = Lower Pressure

1.0 in.
25.0 in.

29.9
25.0 in.
in.
At 30,000’ water boils at 100 F

At 5000’ elevation water boils at 203 F

The lower the pressure,

the lower the boiling point
29.9 in.

At sea level water boils at 212 F

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   47
 Lowering Pressure with a Pump
• A vacuum pump can lower pressure
– Next slide: Boiling water at only 80°

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   48
 Evacuation & Boiling Points In.Hg
in. Hg Microns Boil Point 30
29.92 760,000 212°F 80 25
10.00 258,000 162°F
2.00 52,000 102°F 20
1.00 25,000 80°F
15

10

Water Mercury

Vacuum
Pump

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   49
 Raising the Boiling Point
• Increased pressure increases the boiling point
– Illustration on the next slide:
 At 0 psig water will not go above 212°
 However, a pressure cooker will

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   50
 Pressure and Boiling Points

30 psig
0 psig

212° 271°

212° 212°
212°

At 0 psig water boils at 212° At 30 psig water boils at 271°

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   51
 Why is this important?
• If increasing pressure increases the boiling
point, then…
– HVACR examples:
Increased evaporator pressure = higher evaporator temperature

Increased condenser pressure = higher condensing temperature

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   52
 PSIA
• Pounds per Square Inch Absolute (PSIA)
– Absolute vacuum = 0 psia
– Sea level = 14.7 psia
• The next slide compares PSIA to in. Hg.

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   53
Absolute (psia) vs. Barometric (In. Hg)

PSI Absolute In. Hg.

PUSHES DOWN
15 30

ATMOSPHERE
12.5 25

10 20
14.7 29.92
7.5 PSIA In. Hg 15

5 10

2.5 5

0 Mercury (Hg) 0

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   54
 Compound Gauge
• Measures two pressure ranges:
1. Positive pressure
• PSIG (Pounds per square inch gauge)
2. Vacuum
• Inches of mercury
Note: PSIA = psig + 14.7

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   55
 Low Side Gauge (Compound Gauge)

30 psig
44.7 psia

0 psig
14.7 psia 7.4 psia
29.92 in. Hg 15 in. Hg 0 psia
0 in. Hg

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   56
 Low Side & High Side Gauges
• “Low Side” (suction) gauge
– Blue for cold
– It is called a Compound Gauge
 Shows both positive pressure and vacuum
• “High Side” (discharge) gauge
– Red for hot

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   57
 Pressure Gauges
Low Side High Side

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   58
 Low Side Gauge
• Read suction pressure
• Read suction temperature
• Read vacuum

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   59
 Reading the Low Side Gauge
49 psig 69 psig
25º (R22)
40º (R22)

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   60
 High Side Gauge
• Read condensing pressure
• Read condensing temperature

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   61
 Reading the High Side Gauge
278 psig

210 psig 125º (R22)

105º (R22)

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   62
 Bourdon Tube Gage

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   63

 Gage Manifold

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   64

 The End

Unit 1
Heat and Pressure

Following are some Review Questions

© Dick Wirz - Refrigeration Training Services   65

 Review Question #1

If your furnace fails on a cold day, which of the

following best describes what will happen?
a) The cold outside will migrate to the inside.
b) The heat inside will migrate to the outside.
c) Nothing will happen if the walls
have enough insulation.

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   66
 Review Question #2

When the blower shuts off in a 3 story home,

what temperature changes happen?
a) The top floor gets warmer than
the others
b) The middle floor gets colder than
the ground floor

air rises
c) The ground floor gets warmer

Warm
than the top floor

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   67
 Review Question #3

In degrees Celsius what is

Boiling 100°C
the boiling point of water?
a) 0°
b) 100°
c) 212°

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   68
 Review Question #4

What type of heat transfer occurs in an air

conditioning evaporator coil?
a) Convection
b) Conduction
c) Radiation

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   69
 Review Question #5

Raising the pressure of a refrigerant will do

what to its boiling point?
a) Lower the boiling point
b) Raise the boiling point
c) It depends on the refrigerant used

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   70
 Review Question #6

What is the absolute pressure of a refrigerant

at 60 psig?
a) 45.3 psia
b) 60.0 psia Remember . . .
PSIA = psig + 14.7
c) 74.7 psia

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   71
 Review Question #7

What is a compound gage?

a) The high side gage
b) The low side gage
c) The two gages,
low and high side

Measures two pressure ranges:

And the answer is… •Positive pressure
•Vacuum

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   72
 Review Question #8

What is the saturation temperature of R22 at

69 psig? Temp. Pressure
F 22R22 R410A
404A
a) 118° F 24 48 86
b) 69° F 26 50 89
28 52 93
c) 40° F 30 55 97
32 58 101
34 60 105
36 63 110
38 66 114
40 69 118
And the answer is… 42 72 123
44 75 128
46 78 133
© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   73
 Review Question #9

What is latent heat?

a) Heat that is not dynamic
b) Heat measured by a thermometer
c) Heat that causes a change in state, not
temperature

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   74
 Review Question #10

What type of heat raises water from

70° to 71° F?
a) Latent heat
b) Sensible heat

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   75
 Review Question #11

In what state would the water in a pot be for

each of the following temperatures?
a) 212° F 1. Superheated
b) 213° F 2. Boiling
c) 211° F 3. Subcooled

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   76
 Review Question #12

Dalton’s Law could apply to which statement?

a) Mixing refrigerants would lower the total pressure.
b) Mixing refrigerants would raise the total pressure.
c) Mixing refrigerants does not affect pressure.

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   77
 Review Question #13

Pascal’s Law could apply to which statement?

a) Vapor has a greater pressure at the top of the
container.
b) A confined fluid exerts the same pressure in all
directions.
c) Liquid in an open tank exerts pressure only on the
bottom.

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   78
 Review Question #14

Specific gravity is the density of a substance

compared to the density of __________ ?
a) Iron
b) Wood
c) Water

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   79
 Review Question #15

If the specific gravity of a substance is above

1 it will ____ ?
a) Vaporize
b) Float
c) Sink

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   80
 Review Question #16

What is the Btuh capacity of a 3-Ton Air

Conditioning system?
a) 12,000 Btuh
b) 36,000 Btuh
c) 48,000 Btuh

And the answer is…

© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   81
© 2011 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 3 Temperature, Pressure & Heat Transfer v2   82