KINEMATICS & DYNAMICS STATICS & HYDROSTATICS

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Speed (s) s=d/t m/s or Weight (w) w = mg N or
ms-1 kg ms-2
Velocity (v) v=x/t
Acceleration (a) a = Δv / t a=v–u m/s2or Density (ρ) ρ=m/v kg/m3 or
ms-2 g/cm3
a = F/m t
Relative density RD = ρ(substance) No unit.
Gradient/Slope Of a y2 – y1 y-unit
(RD) ρ(reference)
Graph x-unit
x2 – x1
Archimedes’ The weight of fluid displaced by an
Displacement Area of shape under m Principle immersed object is equal to the fluid’s
(in v-t graph) required portion of given buoyant force.
v-t graph.
Moment of a force M = Fd Nm
Displacement (if ½ (a + b) x h m (M)
trapezium)
Principle of For a system in equilibrium, the sum of
Newton’s 1st Law An object at rest remains at rest, or Moments clockwise and anticlockwise moments
(Law of Inertia) an object in motion remains in about the same point are equal.(F1D1 =
motion at constant velocity, unless F2D2)
acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Hooke’s Law The extension of a spring is directly
Newton’s 2nd Law Acceleration is directly proportional proportional to the force applied to it
to the net force applied to an object until it reaches its limit of
and inversely proportional to its proportionality.
mass.(F = ma or a = F/m)
F = kx (F = Force, k = spring constant,
Newton’s 3rd Law For every action force, there is an x = extension)
equal and opposite reaction force.
Momentum (p) p = mv kg m/s
or Ns PRESSURE MECHANICS
Impulse (Δp) Δp = Ft Ft = mΔv
QUANTITY / LAW FORMULA / WORDING UNIT
Law of Conservation The total momentum in a closed
of Linear system is the same before and after Pressure against a P=F/A Pa or
Momentum collision. surface (P) N/m2
(mv)before= (mv)after Pressure in fluid P =ρhg Pa or
(P) N/m2
Pascal’s Law The pressure exerted at a given point
ENERGETICS in an incompressible fluid is distributed
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Work done (W) W=Fxd J or Nm Boyle’s Law The volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure, given
Power (P) P = E/t or P = W/t W or J/s that temperature is constant.
Kinetic Energy (KE) KE = ½ mv 2
J (P1V1 = P2V2) or PV = k
Gravitational ∆GPE = mg∆h J Charles’ Law The volume of a gas is directly
Potential Energy proportional to its temperature, given
(GPE) that pressure is constant.
Law of Conservation Energy can neither be created nor (V1 / T1 = V2 / T2) or V/T = k
of Energy destroyed, but can only be converted
into different forms. Pressure Law The temperature of a gas is directly
proportional to its pressure, given that
Efficiency Useful energy (Output) % volume is constant.
Totalenergy (Input) (P1 / T1 = P2 / T2) or P/T = k
Velocity (during m/s Complete Gas P1V1 = P2V2(if P, V or T aren’t constant)
GPE🡪 KE Equation T1 T2
conversion)
 THERMODYNAMICS ELECTROMAGNETISM & ELECTRONICS

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Specific Heat The amount of heat 1kg of J/kg K Conv. current Flow of +ve charge from +ve to –ve.
Capacity (c) a substance required to or Electron Flow Flow of –ve charge from -ve to +ve
change its temperature by J kg-1 K-1
1K.(E = mcΔӨ) Derivations 1V = 1 J/C 1A = 1 C/s 1 Ω=1VA-1

Heat Capacity (C) C = mc J/K V and I in Series VT = V1 + V2... I in = I out

Specific Latent The amount of heat 1kg of J/kg Voltage (V) V = IR V = E/Q V
Heat of Fusion (Lf) a substance required to or J kg-1 Power (P) P = IV P = E/t W
convert it from a solid to
liquid without changing its Energy (E) E = IVt E=Pxt J
temperature.(E = mLf) Resistance (series) Rs = R1 + R2... Ω
(Rs)
Specific Latent The amount of heat 1kg of J/kg
Heat of a substance require sto or J kg-1 Resistance 1 = 1 + 1… Ω
Vapourization (Lv) convert it from a liquid to (parallel) (Rp) RpR1R2
gas without changing its
Charge (Q) Q = It C
temperature.(E = mLv)
Ohm’s Law The current through a conductor of constant
Kinetic Theory of Matter is made up of particles in
temperature is directly proportional to itsp.d.
Matter random motion. Adding energy makes
and inversely proportional to resistance. (V = IR)
particles move farther apart.
Faraday’s Law The emf in a coil is proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux.
WAVES & OPTICS Fleming’s Left All three must be 90o
QUANTITY / LAW FORMULA / WORDING UNIT Hand Rule to each other to
generate a turning
Wave velocity (v) v=fλ m/s force in a motor or
Echo speed (s) s = 2d / t m/s current in a
generator.
Frequency (f) f =no. waves f = 1_ Hz or
time elapsed T s-1
Equations for ideal Np / Ns= Vp / Vs
Period (T) T = 1/f s
transformers ...where, N = No. of Turns
Two Laws of 1. The incident ray, reflected ray and normal
Reflection all lie on the same plane. VpIp = VsIs or Pp = Ps
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the …where, p = primary, s = secondary
angle of reflection.(Өi = Өr)
Two Laws of 1. The incident ray, refracted ray and normal
Refraction all lie on the same plane. NUCLEAR PHYSICS
2. The refractive index (n) between two media is Atomic no. (Z) No. of Protons
equal to the ratio of the sines of angles of
incidence and refraction. (Snell’s Law) Nucleon no. (A) A = Z + N (protons + neutrons)
Refractive index (n) n = Speed of light in air (c)__ No Nuclear stability When N : Z = 1 : 1
Speed of light in medium (v) unit. (same no. of protons and neutrons)
n = __ λ in air____
λ in medium Radiation Particles Alpha =42He Beta = o-1e
n = sinӨ1 / sinӨ2 Isotope An element with the same atomic
n = 1/sin c Өi when r = 90o no. of another but different nucleon
Critical angle
no.
Total internal When angle of incidence exceeds the critical Half-Life (t1/2) The time it takes for half of a
reflection angle. (Өi>Өcrit) substance to radioactively decay.
Magnification M = hi/ ho M = di / do Energy gained in a ΔE = Δmc2(Einstein’s formula)
Lens formula 1 = 1 + 1 1 = 1 + 1 nuclear reaction (m = mass, c = speed of light)
f do di f u v