Evaluasi Drainase Perkotaan

International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. ……, No. ……, 20..
| …… − ……
Evaluation of Urban Drainage Channels on Jalan Taud,

Medan City
Hugo S.V. Pasaribu1, Muhammad Hakka2 & Nur Sakinah3*
Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Bangunan, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri
Medan, Medan, Indonesia
Abstract. Urban drainage is the main channel used for the water disposal process, the aim is
to avoid the occurrence of puddles in urban areas that hinder residents' activities. Population
growth is increasing every year also affects the ability of the channel to drain domestic liquid
waste. This study aims to determine the existing condition of good drainage from the next
10, 20 and 50 years. The data used in this study is drainage condition data such as drainage
dimensions, population around the drainage, rainfall data and temperature of the city of
Medan. With the following drainage conditions, the drainage walls and floors are made of
concrete with a thickness of 150 mm, which means that the process of infiltration of water
into the soil does not occur in this drainage. From the observations, it was found that the
current drainage has sedimentation with an average thickness of 180 mm which results in a
reduced volume of water that can be drained by drainage, with the total volume of drainage,
it is concluded that the current drainage is still capable of being used to drain domestic
wastewater within a period of time, 10, 20, 50 years from now.
Keyword: Urban Drainage, Domestic Liquid Waste, Rainfall, Evapotranspiration,

Infiltration
Received date month year. | Revised date month year | Accepted date month year
1 Introduction
Along with the rapid development of Medan City in North Sumatra, urban drainage problems are
also increasing. One of the factors that influence the development of Medan City is the total
population of 2,440,624 consisting of 507,205 households and it is estimated that this number
will continue to increase. Medan City is located at coordinates 3°30'- 3°43'N 98°35'-98°44'BT,
with an area of 265.10 km², most of which are lowlands with an altitude between 2.5 - 37.5 masl.
[4], [19], [22]. Viewed from the other side, Medan City is also classified as a tropical area with
an average annual temperature and humidity from observations recorded at Belawan station
around 26.12⁰C-27.76⁰C with air humidity reaching 85.2% and a maximum rainfall rate. rain.
which in the last year of 2021 was around 124 mm/year [3].
*Corresponding author at: Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Bangunan,
Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia
E-mail address: nur815039@gmail.com
Copyright © 2018 Published by Talenta Publisher,

ISSN: 2622-0008 e-ISSN: 2622-1640 | DOI: ………………………
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. ……, No. ……, 20.. 2
The main condition to worry about from the data is the problem of flooding. According to Richard
(1995) and Suherlan (2001) Floods are divided into 2 meanings, namely: 1) overflow of river
water caused by river discharge that exceeds the capacity of the river in conditions of high rainfall,
2) inundation in flat low land areas which usually not flooded [21]. The city of Medan is listed as
one of the areas classified as very high risk of flooding from 12 regencies/cities in North Sumatra
Province [15]. In the last year of 2021, floods in the Medan City area occurred 13 times [6].
Based on several theoretical studies that have been evaluated, the flooding that occurred in several
big cities in Indonesia was caused by several factors including spatial changes and the impact on
natural changes, then caused by high rainfall in certain months so that the water level both sea
and land experienced an increase and also caused by environmental degradation factors, one of
which is the water absorption capacity which has begun to be limited in most urban environments
[1]. The occurrence of flooding due to poor drainage system and rapid population growth as well
as increasing residential and industrial development as well as other supporting facilities are not
matched by the development of the drainage system [16].
The drainage system in general can be defined as a series of water structures that function to
reduce or remove excess water from an area or land, so that the land can be used optimally, so the
drainage system is the engineering of infrastructure in an area to cope with flood inundation [23].
The existence of drainage channels is actually an environmental disaster adaptation strategy. High
rainfall and regional characteristics should be anticipated with adequate drainage [3]. It will
remain in a flat topography, urban development in floodplains, high rainfall rates from extensive
impermeability, and damage / loss of shelter areas urban drainage development is sometimes
difficult [20].
In this study, researchers will focus on evaluating the drainage system in Medan City, precisely
on Jalan Taud with a review location limitation of ± 1 Km from the current condition until the
next 50 years which aims to determine whether the drainage channel is still able to accommodate
the volume of existing drainage and domestic wastewater. , and provide suggestions in the form
of problem solving with technological strategies in the event of inundation or flooding during the
rainy season around the review location area. The method used by researchers in this study is the
method of calculating population growth, calculating the volume of existing drainage,
hydrological analysis to identification of evaporation factors.
In the same research study on the evaluation of the urban drainage system that has been carried
out by (Sibagariang & Saputra, 2021) only evaluates the 10-year condition with a limit of 2005
to 2014 in a 5-year return period in the Medan Baru area, Medan City [23] ; (Nusantara, 2020)
examines the evaluation of the capacity of drainage channels to cope with flooding, not to predict
certain return times in the evaluation of drainage channels [8]; (Putri, Suprapto & Rachmawati
2019) evaluated the urban drainage system with only a 5 year return period [13]. According to
the researchers, the methods used in previous studies were deemed to be less extensive. Therefore,
the researcher conducts research on evaluating the evaluation of urban drainage channels
regularly and systematically which is more comprehensive so that at least it can reduce damage
or prevent dangers that will occur in the future, especially in the city of Medan.
2 Literature Review
2.1 Definition of Evaluation
Evaluation comes from English 'Evaluation' which means assessment or assessment (Jhon M.
Echols and Hasan Shadily: 1983). Evaluation is an activity of the assessment process. The
evaluation of the intended evaluation can be neutral, positive, negative and or a combination of
the two. When conducting an evaluation, in general, it will determine and produce an idea or
decision regarding the results of the evaluation carried out, either in the form of value or benefits.
2.2 Urban Drainage
Drainage has the meaning of draining, draining, throwing or diverting water. In general, drainage
is defined as a series of water structures that function to reduce and or remove excess water from
an area or land, so that the land can be used optimally (Suripin, 2004). Based on the goals and
objectives, drainage is divided into several parts, one of which is urban drainage. Urban drainage
focuses on draining or draining water from urban areas to rivers that cross urban areas (Wesli,
2008).
According to Edisono (1997), urban drainage is a drainage science that specializes in the study of
urban areas which are closely related to the conditions of the physical environment and the socio-
cultural environment in the city area. Drainage is a system of draining and draining water from
urban areas. The drainage created must be able to meet aspects that can affect the drainage, such
as the feasibility of the drainage being built and the drainage age plan. the drainage.
2.3 Population Project

The population in the study area in the year when planning begins and in the years to come must
be taken into account to calculate the water needs of each population. From the water needs of
each resident can be known the amount of dirty water (waste) due to households. This population
needs to be projected to find out the total population until the end of the design period. To project
the population in the planning area compared to the projection methods. Then, from the method
selected the most suitable for the characteristics of the area under review. The methods used in
projecting the population for comparison include: [7].
1. Geometry Method
If the method used is the geometric method, then population growth can be calculated by the
formula:
Pn = P (1 + r) ⁿ
Description:
Pn = total population in year n
Po = base year population
Pt = total population at the end of the year
R = population growth rate
N = number of intervals
2. Exponential Method
If the method used is the exponential method, then population growth can be calculated by
the formula:
Pt = Po x e r x n
Description:
Pt = population of the plan year
Po = population base year
N = time period
e = exponential number: 2.7182812
2.4 Hydrological Analysis
The hydrological analysis process is basically a process of processing rainfall data, data on the
area and shape of the catchment area, land slope/height difference data, and land use data, all of
which have directions to determine the amount of average rainfall, flow coefficient, time of day.
concentration, rainfall intensity, and planned flood discharge. So that through this analysis an
evaluation process can also be carried out on the existing (existing) drainage channels [14].
A. Frequency of Rainfall
Analysis of the frequency of rainfall in the next 10, 20, and 30 years using various methods,
namely the Gumbel method, the Log Normal method, and the Log Person III distribution method
[2].
a) Gumbel Method
The calculation of rainfall using the Gumbel method is as follows:
i. Standard Deviation
√(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋𝑟 )2
𝑆𝑥 =
𝑛−1
Description:
𝑆𝑥 = Standard deviation
𝑋𝑖 = Average rainfall
𝑋𝑟 = Average price
n = Amount of data
ii. Frequency Factor (K)
𝑌𝑡 − 𝑌𝑛
𝐾=
𝑆𝑛
Description:
K = Frequency factor
𝑌𝑡 = Reduce variate
𝑌𝑛 = Average Price reduce variate
𝑆𝑛 = Reduce standard deviation
iii. Rain in the T year birthday period
𝑋𝑡 = 𝑋𝑟 + (𝐾 ∙ 𝑆𝑥 )
Description:
𝑋𝑡 = Rain in the birthday period
𝑋𝑟 = Average price
𝐾 = Frequency factor
b) Normal Log Method
The Log Normal distribution is the result of the transformation of the normal distribution, namely
by changing the value of the X variable to the logarithmic value of the X variable. The calculation
of rainfall using the Log Normal method is as follows:
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑋𝑟 + (𝐾𝑡 ∙ 𝑆𝑥 )
Description:
𝑅𝑡 = Possible rainfall in the T year return period
𝑋𝑟 = Average rainfall
𝐾𝑡 = Standard variable for birthday period
c) Pearson III Log Distribution Method
The Log Person III distribution will be a Log Normal distribution if the slope coefficient CS =
0.00. The calculation of rainfall using the Log Person III Distribution method is as follows:
i. The logarithm of all values of the X variable
ii. Average Value
log 𝑋𝑖
log 𝑥 =
𝑛
iii. Log standard deviation value X
∑(log 𝑋 − log 𝑋𝑖 )2
𝑆 log 𝑋 = √
𝑛−1
iv. Swelling coefficient value

∑𝑛𝑖=1(log 𝑋 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑋𝑖)3
𝐶𝑠 =
(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑆 log 𝑋)3
v. Rainfall plan
log 𝑅𝑡 = log 𝑋 + 𝐺𝑡 ∙ 𝑆 log 𝑋
B. Distribution Fit Test

The suitability test was carried out to select the distribution of the planned rainfall calculation.
The Chi Square test is carried out to test the deviation of the distribution of the observation data
by measuring mathematically the closeness between the observation data and all parts of the line
of the theoretical distribution equation.
(𝐸𝑓 − 𝑂𝑓)2
𝑋2 = ∑ [ ]
𝑂𝑓
Description:
𝑋 2 = Price of chi square
Ef = Observed value
Of = Expected value
C. Rainfall Intensity
Rainfall intensity is rainfall per unit time. The method used is the Mononobe method with the
formula:
𝑅24 24 2/3
𝐼= ( )
24 𝑡
Description:
I = Rainfall intensity (mm/hour)
R = Design rainfall (mm)
t = Length of rainfall (hours)
D. Rainfall Discharge
The planned rainfall discharge is sought using the rational method because this method is suitable
for the condition of the drainage area which is not too wide and the rainfall is considered uniform
[18].
𝑄𝑐ℎ = 0,278 𝐶𝐼𝐴
Description:
𝑄𝑐ℎ = Rainfall discharge (m3/second)
0,0278 = Correction factor
C = Surface runoff coefficient (0 ≤ C ≤ 1)
I = Rain intensity (mm/hour)
A = Watershed area (km2)
E. Dirty Water Discharge
Dirty water discharge is the amount of dirty water resulting from human activities that is
channeled into the drainage channel. According to (Sutjahjo, Anggraini, & Pamekas, 2011)
consumption of clean water for the category of simple house type-1 is 135-140 liters/person/day.
Domestic liquid waste generated is 80% of clean water consumption [17].
Tabel 2. 1 Clean Water Needs [17]
The population density scenario in the city of Medan is 4 people/house (Sutjahjo, Anggraini, &
Pamekas, 2011)
Tabel 2. 2 Population Density Scenario [17].
𝑃𝑛 ∙ 𝑞
𝑄𝑎𝑘 =
𝐴
Description:
𝑄𝑎𝑘 = Dirty water discharge (m3/second/km2)
𝑃𝑛 = Total population (people)
q = Amount of waste water (m3/person/second)
A = Area (km2)
F. Planned Flood Discharge
The planned flood discharge is used to calculate the capacity of the drainage channel (Andana,
Arisanty, & Adyatma, 2016).
𝑄𝑟 = 𝑄𝑐ℎ +𝑄𝑎𝑘
Description:
𝑄𝑟 = Design flood discharge (m3/second)
𝑄𝑐ℎ = Rainfall discharge (m3/second)
𝑄𝑎𝑘 = Discharge of dirty water (m3/second)
G. Drainage Discharge
Drainage channel discharge is the flow of water flowing in the drainage channel in the form of
the product of the cross-sectional area of the drainage channel with the average flow velocity.
𝑄𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 ∙ 𝑉
atau
1 2 1
𝑄𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 ( ∙ 𝑅 3 ∙ 𝑆 2 )
𝑛
Description:
𝑄𝑠 = Drainage channel discharge (m3/second)
V = Speed (m/second)
𝐴𝑠 = Channel cross-sectional area (m2)
n = Manning roughness coefficient
R = Hydraulic radius
S = Channel longitudinal slope
H. Capacity of Drainage System
The capacity of the drainage system is the ability of the drainage channel to drain and
accommodate water. If the drainage channel discharge is greater than the planned flood discharge,
the channel is able to accommodate the discharge that occurs and no runoff occurs.
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠 − 𝑄𝑟
Description:
Q = Channel capacity (m3/second)
𝑄𝑠 = Drainage channel discharge (m3/second)
𝑄𝑟 = Design flood discharge (m3/second)
I. Water Infiltration In Drainage
According to Asdak (2010), infiltration is the flow of water into the soil as a result of capillary
forces (water movement laterally) and gravity (water movement in a vertical direction). After the
topsoil is saturated, the excess water flows into deeper soil as a result of the earth's gravity and is
known as the percolation process. The maximum rate of movement of water into the soil is called
the infiltration capacity. Infiltration capacity occurs when the intensity of rain exceeds the ability
of the soil to absorb soil moisture. On the other hand, if the rainfall intensity is less than the
infiltration capacity, then the infiltration rate is the same as the rainfall rate. The infiltration rate
is generally expressed in the same unit as the rainfall intensity unit, namely millimeters per hour
(mm/hour) (Asdak, 2010:229).
J. Evapotranspiration
In the catchment area with plants growing in it, evaporation will also occur, either evaporation
from plants (transpiration) or evaporation from the soil surface. Both of the above are included in
the definition of evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration is defined as evaporation from a
watershed as a result of plant growth in it (Schulz, 1976). Climatic data required for this
calculation are related to: Temperature (daily maximum, minimum and average), Relative
humidity, Sunlight (length in a day), Wind (speed and direction).
2.5 Hydraulic Analysis
1. Channel Cross
The channel cross section is designed to be a rectangular open channel as shown in the following
figure: (Buta, 2018)
Wet cross-sectional area: A = B x h
Wet circumference: P = B + 2h
b
Figure 2. 1 Rectangular Open Channel [10].
3 Research Methodology
In this study, researchers analyzed the drainage channels on Jalan Taud, Medan City in stages.
Starting at the observation stage, the direct location review of the drainage channel on Jalan Taud,
Sidorejo Village, Medan Tembung District, Medan City, North Sumatra Province. Then collect
the results of primary data in the form of dimensions of drainage and sedimentation channels
obtained directly from the field. And in the last stage collecting secondary data obtained from
local agencies in the form of monthly maximum rainfall data from 2012-2021 from BMKG
Sampali Medan as well as population data along Jalan Taud, Medan City. Then the data that has
been obtained will be analyzed by means of mathematical or statistical calculations, both primary
data and secondary data.
4 Results & Discussion
4.1 General Condition of Research Area

In this research, the location of the case study is on Jalan Taud, Sidorejo Village, Medan Tembung
District, Deli Serdang Regency, Pancing - North Sumatra. Site selection is determined based on
the drainage conditions in the area. This area is one of the areas that has a dense population,
located on the outskirts of the city of Medan, in a strategic location close to many public and
private universities, one of which is the State University of Medan. The fishing area is a residential
area on the outskirts of the city of Medan with very dense building conditions and almost the
entire area is built up land.
So that it can be ascertained that this area is crowded with residents because it is filled by students
from the city of Medan and from outside the city of Medan, with busy conditions and high activity
density it is important to evaluate or investigate the drainage conditions in this area. After
conducting an investigation of the location of the case study, the following data were obtained:
10
Jl. Taud
Figure 4. 1 Location of Drainage Channel Evaluation on Jl. Taud [12].
4.2 Existing Drainage Volume Data

1) From the results of the review of the location of the drainage channel on Jalan Taud, the
dimensions of the Existing Drainage can be illustrated as follows:
Figure 4. 2 Sketch and Dimensions of the Drainage Channel Jl. Taud, Medan (Field Data)
From the picture above, the following data is known:
It is known that drainage length = 1000 m
Drainage width = 0.82 m
Drainage depth = 0.90 m
11
Then the total drainage volume is P x L x T
𝑉=𝑃𝑥𝐿𝑥𝑇
𝑉 = 1000𝑚 𝑥 0,82𝑚 𝑥 0,90 𝑚
𝑉 = 738 𝑚³
So the existing drainage volume based on the drainage dimensions is 738 m³
2) Volume of sediment in drainage.
After checking the drainage, it was found that there was mud at the bottom of the drainage, after
measuring the thickness of the mud was 0.18m, so the volume of sediment in the drainage was as
follows:
𝑉 =𝑃𝑥𝐿𝑥𝑇
𝑉 = 1000𝑚 𝑥 0,82𝑚 𝑥 0,18 𝑚
𝑉 = 147,6 𝑚³
So the volume of sediment in the drainage is 147.6 m³
3) The volume of drainage (at a certain point) that was damaged, after an investigation was
carried out on the condition of the drainage, there was no damage to the drainage.
The conclusion of the existing Drainage Volume is as follows:
Drainage volume – Volume of sediment in drainage
= 738m³ - 147,6m³
= 590,4m³
4.3 Population Growth Estimation Data
Based on data obtained from the Sidorejo sub-district office, the number of houses located on Jl.
The 1000 m long Taud on the left side is estimated to be 50 houses with a scenario of 1 house
consisting of 4 people. It is assumed that the population in 2022 is 200 people. To find out the
population in the next 10, 20, 50 years, the calculation is carried out using the following method
approach:
1. Calculation of the population using the Geometric Method
The results obtained from the calculation of the population using the Geometric Method can be
seen in the following table:
Table 4. 1 Population Projection of Jl. Taud Geometry Method
Projected population in the

Total
Population growth rate coming year (Persons)
Year population of
in 2013-2022 (%)
Jl. Taud
2032 2042 2072
2013 178
1,30 228 259 382
2014 180
12
2015 183
2016 185
2017 188
2018 190
2019 193
2020 195
2021 198
2022 200
2. Calculation of the population using the Exponential Method

The results obtained from the calculation of the population using the Exponential Method can be
seen in the following table:
Table 4. 2 Projected Population of Jl. Taud Exponential Method
Projected population in the

Total population Population growth rate coming year (Persons)
Year
of Jl. Taud in 2013-2022 (%)
2032 2042 2072
2013 178
2014 180
2015 183
2016 185
2017 188
1,30 228 260 384
2018 190
2019 193
2020 195
2021 198
2022 200
13
4.4 Liquid Waste Discharge Data

Based on the results of field data, the house located on Jl. The 1000 m long Taud on the left side
is on average a medium-sized house with type-1. For this type of building, the amount of drinking
water used based on the table of clean water needs according to (Sutjahjo, Anggraini, & Pamekas,
2011) is 150 liters/person/day. And 80% of the total consumption of clean water is domestic liquid
waste discharge. The following is the result of calculating the amount of domestic liquid waste
discharge in the next 10, 20, 50 years.
Table 4. 3 Domestic Liquid Waste Data
Birthday Number of Amount of dirty

period population in year water requirement Area (km2) Q (m3/s/ha)
(T) (person) (m3/s/ha)
10 228 0,386181951
1,3889 x 10-6 0,00082

20 260 0,440382927
50 384 0,650411707
4.5 Estimated Data on the Number of KK and Population

The following is a table of the number of households and the number of residents on Jl. Taud is
1000 m long on the left side with a scenario of 4 people/HH:
Table 4. 4 Data on Number of KK and Number of Population
Total population
Number of Family
Year of Jl. Taud
Heads Jl. Taud
(Person)
2013 178 44
2014 180 45
2015 183 46
2016 185 47
2017 188 47
2018 190 48
2019 193 48
14
2020 195 49
2021 198 49
2022 200 50
2032 228 57
2052 260 65
2072 384 96
4.6 Rain Frequency

The rainfall data obtained is sourced from the Sampali Climatology Station in Medan for the last
10 years from 2012-2021. Sampali Climatology Station Medan is the closest station to the
research location. The rainfall data obtained are as follows:
Table 4. 5 Rainfall Data (Climatology Station Sampali Medan)
Rainfall data
Month
Year
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Agu Sep Oct Nov Dec
2012 40 50 42 57 83 65 65 46 60 75 60 33
2013 29 66 53 63 27 39 58 33 32 70 21 111
2014 20 22 35 31 46 49 34 91 66 41 57 165
2015 42 46 10 12 39 11 86 50 52 76 90 43
2016 23 71 9 9 40 41 49 54 84 47 57 34
2017 37 6 40 44 22 64 32 82 34 84 65 135
2018 29 40 18 68 35 42 62 33 56 147 76 106
2019 27 20 9 46 159 21 31 65 102 70 50 54

15
2020 146 57 16 68 85 58 79 92 79 45 27 74
2021 103 12 19 26 36 45 52 104 80 89 124 53
Based on the rainfall data obtained, the maximum rainfall occurred in December 2014 of
165 mm, while the minimum rainfall occurred in February 2017 of 6 mm, the following table
shows the maximum rainfall data.
Table 4. 6 Maximum Rainfall Data
Maximum Rainfall Data
No. Year Month Rainfall (mm)
1 2012 Mei 83
2 2013 Desember 111
3 2014 Desember 165
4 2015 November 90
5 2016 September 84
6 2017 Desember 135
7 2018 Oktober 147
8 2019 Mei 159
9 2020 Januari 146
10 2021 November 124
Total 1244
Maximum Rainfall 165
1. Gumbel Method
The process of calculating the rainfall plan using the Gumbel Method is as follows:
a) Calculation of standard deviation
For the calculation of the standard deviation of rainfall taken, it can be seen in the following table:
Table 4. 7 Calculation of the Standard Deviation of Rainfall

16
Year Xi (Xi-Xr) (Xi-Xr)
2012 56,33333 1,416667 2,006944
2013 50,16667 -4,75 22,5625
2014 54,75 -0,16667 0,027778
2015 46,41667 -8,5 72,25
2016 43,16667 -11,75 138,0625
2017 53,75 -1,16667 1,361111
2018 59,33333 4,416667 19,50694
2019 54,5 -0,41667 0,173611
2020 68,83333 13,91667 193,6736
2021 61,91667 7 49
Xr
54,91667
amount
498,625
Sx 2,481101
b) Calculation of the value of the frequency factor

The amount of data in the calculation of the planned rainfall for the T year return period is 10, 20,
50, years, so that the K data is obtained as follows:
Table 4. 8 Calculation of Rainfall for the T-Year Anniversary Period
Birthday Period (T) Yn Sn Yt K
10 0,4952 0,9496 2,251 1,84898905

17
20 0,5236 1,0628 2,971 2,3027851
50 0,5485 1,1607 3,9019 2,88911864
c) Calculation of rain in the return period T years

For the calculation of the planned rainfall for the T-year return period, namely 10, 20, 50 years
with the above rainfall, the following data are obtained:
Table 4. 9 Rainfall Plan for the T-Year Anniversary Period using the Gumbel Method
Birthday
Yt K Xr Sx Xt
Period (T)
10 2,251 1,848989 54,91667 2,481101 59,5041985
20 2,971 2,302785 54,91667 2,481101 60,6301122
50 3,9019 2,88911864 54,91667 2,481101 62,0848651
2. Normal Log Method

For the calculation of the planned rainfall for the T-year return period, namely 10, 20, 50 years
with the above rainfall, the data obtained using the Log Normal Method are as follows:
Table 4. 10 Calculation of Planned Rainfall Method Log Normal
Birthday Period (T) Xr Kt Sx Rt
10 54,91667 1,26 2,481101 58,0428573
20 54,91667 1,89 2,481101 59,6059509
50 54,91667 2,75 2,481101 61,7396978
3. Pearson Type III Log Distribution Method

For the calculation of the planned rainfall for the T year return period, namely 10, 20, 50 years
with the above rainfall, the data obtained using the Pearson Log Distribution Method are as
follows:
a. Calculation of the coefficient of slope (Cs)
For the calculation of the coefficient of the slope can be obtained from the following table.
18
Table 4. 11 Pearson Type III Log Calculations
(Log X-Log
Year Xi Log Xi (Log X-Log Xi) (Log X-Log Xi)3
Xi)2
2012 56,33333 1,750765 -0,014658424 0,000214869 -3,14965E-06
2013 50,16667 1,700415 0,035691726 0,001273899 4,54677E-05
2014 54,75 1,738384 -0,002277124 5,18529E-06 -1,18075E-08
2015 46,41667 1,666674 0,06943302 0,004820944 0,000334733
2016 43,16667 1,635149 0,100958453 0,010192609 0,00102903
2017 53,75 1,730378 0,005728531 3,28161E-05 1,87988E-07
2018 59,33333 1,773299 -0,037191723 0,001383224 -5,14445E-05
2019 54,5 1,736397 -0,000289502 8,38116E-08 -2,42636E-11
2020 68,83333 1,837799 -0,10169178 0,010341218 -0,001051617
2021 61,91667 1,791808 -0,055700591 0,003102556 -0,000172814
Jumlah 549,1667 2,58529E-06 0,031367406 0,000130381

17,36107
Log X
1,736107
S Log
X 0,059036
Cs 0,088009
b. Calculation of planned rainfall

For the calculation of the planned rainfall can be obtained from the following table:
19
Table 4. 12 Calculation Results of Pearson Type III Logs
Borthday
Gt S Log X Log X Log Rt Rt (mm)
Period (T)
10 1,2908 0,059036 1,736107 1,812310669 64,90985946
20 1,49326 0,059036 1,736107 1,824263097 66,72108458
50 2,10064 0,059036 1,736107 1,860120383 72,46367959
c. Distribution fit test

Based on the methods used for the calculation of rainfall, the distribution suitability test was
carried out. The Chi Square test is carried out to test the deviation of the distribution of the
observation data by measuring mathematically the closeness between the observation data and all
parts of the line of the theoretical distribution equation. From the calculations obtained the type
of chi squared test data are presented in the table as follows.
Table 4. 13 Types of Chi Square Test
No Distribution Type Condition Count result Conclusion
Cs ≤ 1,1396 Cs = -7,111978
1 not eligible
Gumbel Method Ck ≤ 5,4002 Ck = 340,79016
Cs ≈ 3 Cs = -7,111978
2 not eligible
Cv + Cv3 ≈ Cv + Cv3 =
Normal Log Method
0,758 0,045271605
Pearson III Log

3 Cs ≠ 0 Cs = -7,111978 qualify
Method
Of the three methods, for the calculation of rainfall the plan used is the Log Pearson Type III
method.
20
Table 4. 14 Recapitulation of Planned Rainfall Calculation Results
Birthday Rt (mm)
Period (T) Gumbel Log Normal Log Pearson Type III
10 59,5041985 58,0428573 64,90985946
20 60,6301122 59,6059509 66,72108458
50 62,0848651 61,7396978 72,46367959
4.7 Rain Intensity Analysis

To determine the amount of rain intensity can be calculated using the equation mononobe method
as follows:
R24 24 2
I= 24
( t )3
165 24 2
I= ( )3 = 3,73232 mm
24 60
Description:
I = rain intensity (mm/hour)
t = duration of rain (hours)
R24 = daily maximum rainfall (mm)
So that the maximum rainfall intensity in 2014 is 3.73232 mm.
After testing Chi Square, the return period used is Log Pearson Type III. Rainfall data obtained on
a daily basis, the method used to obtain data in 1-2 hours can use the Mononobe method and the
data obtained in the following table.
Table 4. 15 Calculation of Rainfall Intensity
r (10) r (20) r (50)

t/R24
64,90985946 66,72108458 72,46367959
1 519,2788757 23,13090812 25,12175461
2 129,8197189 14,57155902 15,82571372
3 57,69765285 11,12018076 12,07727993
4 32,45492973 9,179506969 9,969574925
5 20,77115503 7,9106593 8,591519225

21
6 14,42441321 7,005274911 7,608209606
7 10,59752808 6,321119346 6,865169681
8 8,113732433 5,782727029 6,280438653
9 6,410850317 5,346025309 5,806150597
10 5,192788757 4,983403086 5,412317961
11 4,291560956 4,676607193 5,079116554
12 3,606103303 4,41304666 4,792871717
13 3,072656069 4,183731278 4,543819464
14 2,649382019 3,982055661 4,324785896
15 2,307906114 3,803048326 4,130371637
16 2,028433108 3,642889755 3,956428431
17 1,796812719 3,498592836 3,799712068
18 1,602712579 3,36778491 3,657645678
19 1,438445639 3,24855544 3,528154286
20 1,298197189 3,139347224 3,409546664
21 1,177503119 3,03887722 3,300429341
22 1,072890239 2,946077922 3,199642931
23 0,981623584 2,860053296 3,106214279
24 0,901525826 2,780045191 3,019319983
4.8 Rainfall Discharge

Rainfall discharge calculation data with the Rational Method can be obtained in the following
table.
Table 4. 16 Calculation of Rainfall
Birthday Period (T) Qch (m3/second)
10
0,000475
20 0,000082
22
50 0,000089
4.9 Planned Flood Discharge

The data for calculating the planned flood discharge can be obtained in the following table.
Table 4. 17 Calculation of Planned Flood Discharge
Birthday period (T) Qch (m3/second) Qak (m3/ second) Qr (m3/ second)
10 0,000475 0,386181951 0,386656951
20 0,000082 0,440382927 0,440464927
50 0,000089 0,650411707 0,650500707
4.10 Drainage Discharge

Based on the calculation of the drainage channel discharge in the calculation of the existing
drainage volume, it can be found that the drainage channel discharge is 3.69 m3/second.
4.11 Capacity of Drainage System
The capacity of the drainage system or the ability of the drainage channel to drain and
accommodate water can be obtained from the data in the following table
Table 4. 18 Analysis of Drainage Capacity
Birthday Period (T) Qs (m3/second) Qr (m3/second) Q (m3/second)
10 3,69 0,386656951 3,30334305
20 3,69 0,440464927 3,24953507
50 3,69 0,650500707 3,03949929
From the calculation of the data above, it can be concluded that the discharge capacity of the
drainage channel is greater than the planned flood discharge, so the drainage channel is still able
to accommodate the discharge that occurs and no runoff occurs in the next 10, 20, 50 year
anniversary period.
4.12 Calculation of Evapotranspiration & Infiltration
a) Evapotranspiration
The following is the monthly average temperature data for the city of Medan in 2021 from NOAA
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).
Table 4.19 Monthly Temperature Temperature Data in 2021 (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 2021).
23
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Agu Sep Oct Nov Dec
Temperature 31 32 32 32 33 33 32 32 31 31 31 30
(C)
The calculation of evapotranspiration is carried out using the table below, for that first the value
of I is calculated for all months and then the results are added up to obtain: using the Thornthwaite
formula.
10.𝑇𝑚 a
𝐸𝑇 = 1,62 ( 𝐼
)
𝑇𝑚 1,514
𝐼 = ∑12
𝑚=1 ( )
5
a = 675.10-9 I3 – 771.10-7 I2 + 179.10-4 I + 492.10-3
Description:
ET = Monthly potential evapotranspiration,
I = Annual heat index
Tm = average temperature in month to m
a = Constant
𝑇𝑚 1,514
𝐼 = ∑12
𝑚=1 ( 5
) = 150,11
Then calculated the value of a based on the value of I which has been obtained as follows:
a = 675.10-9 I3 – 771.10-7 I2 + 179.10-4 I + 492.10-3
a = 3,725
From the values of a and I that have been obtained and for each value of Tm, ET is calculated
every month:
10.𝑇𝑚 3,735
𝐸𝑇 = 1,62( )
150,11
Table 4.20 Table of evapotranporation calculation results
Month Tm (C) I ET (cm)
Jan 31 12,56 18,44
Feb 32 12,92 19,08
Mar 32 12,7 19,3
Apr 32 13,07 18,93
May 33 12,78 20,22

24
Jun 33 12,35 20,65
Jul 32 11,99 20,01
Agt 32 12,06 19,94
Sep 31 12,35 18,65
Oct 31 12,63 18,37
Nov 31 12,42 18,58
Dec 30 12,28 17,72
Amount 150,11 229,89
b) Estimated water loss in drainage due to water infiltration into the soil
The process of water infiltration into the soil in the drainage is strongly influenced by drainage
conditions, in this study the drainage structure is made of concrete, both the bottom floor of the
drainage and the right and left walls of the drainage, so that the process of infiltration of water
into the soil does not exist, the water in the drainage is channeled through the river gravity process.
. The drainage that is the case in this study is made of cast concrete which functions as a drainage
wall and floor so that there is no infiltration of water into the soil in this drainage.
5 Conclusions & Suggestions
5.1 Conclusions
The total drainage volume at the research case study location on Jalan Taud, Medan City is
738 m3. After identification of drainage conditions, sedimentation was found in the form of
mud on the drainage floor, with an average thickness of 180 mm, so that the drainage
sedimentation volume was 147.6 m and the existing drainage/water volume could be 590.4 m3.
Estimated population growth is 228 people in 2032, 260 people in 2042 and 384 people in
2072
The results of the analysis of rainfall and rainfall intensity from the evaluation of drainage
channels at the location of the review on Jalan Taud, Medan City, North Sumatra using the
Log Pearson Type III distribution, the data obtained in the next 10 years is 64.909 mm, in the
next 20 years is 66,721 mm, and in the next 50 years is 72.463 mm. Meanwhile, for the greatest
rainfall intensity, data obtained in the next 10 years is 519.278 mm/hour, in the next 20 years
it is 23,130mm/hour, and in the next 50 years it is 25,121 mm/hour.
The discharge of liquid waste produced from domestic activities in the next 10 years is
0.386 m3/s/ha, in the next 20 years it is 0.44038 m3/s/ha, and in the next 50 years it is 0.650
m3/s/ha.
25
In this study the drainage structure is made of concrete, both the bottom floor of the drainage
is also the right and left side walls of the drainage, so that there is no infiltration of water into
the soil, the water in the drainage is channeled through the river gravity process.. From the
results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the discharge capacity of the drainage channel
is greater than the planned flood discharge, so the drainage channel is still able to accommodate
the discharge that occurs and no runoff occurs in the next 10, 20, 50 year anniversary period.
5.2 Suggestions
Considering the condition of the drainage that is open and right on the side of the road so
that it allows the entry of natural materials and so on, it is therefore important to clean or
normalize the drainage, so that the volume of drainage remains within the planned volume
and does not decrease.
The concrete construction structure is a structure that undergoes an aging process for the
age of the concrete and due to environmental factors, in the investigation carried out on the
drainage on Jalan Taud, it was found that the potential for damage to the concrete wall in the
drainage could collapse over time and damage the drainage wall, therefore it is important to
carry out renovations and reinforcement of the drainage, such as reinforcement beams and
clearing of vegetation on the drainage walls.
The problem of puddles that often arise during the rainy season is a problem that cannot
be underestimated, because it will cause puddles of water that can create holes and damage
to the road structure, for that the application of infiltration holes is very important to do,
infiltration holes are a technology effective for reducing standing water. Especially in
residential areas, among others, to reduce the level of puddles in the yard if it is made en
masse in environmental parks, then this hole can also reduce puddles in residential areas,
including overcoming flooding because it increases water absorption. Rainwater does not
have to come from gutters or drains that are still clean, but water mixed with soil can be
added, eliminating puddles is also a solution to overcome the problem of puddles that cause
dengue fever and malaria.
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International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. ……, No. ……, 20..

Evaluation of Urban Drainage Channels on Jalan Taud,

Keyword: Urban Drainage, Domestic Liquid Waste, Rainfall, Evapotranspiration,

E-mail address: nur815039@gmail.com

Copyright © 2018 Published by Talenta Publisher,

2.1 Definition of Evaluation

2.2 Urban Drainage

2.3 Population Project

2.4 Hydrological Analysis

iv. Swelling coefficient value

B. Distribution Fit Test

Tabel 2. 1 Clean Water Needs [17]

4 Results & Discussion

4.1 General Condition of Research Area

Figure 4. 1 Location of Drainage Channel Evaluation on Jl. Taud [12].

4.2 Existing Drainage Volume Data

Projected population in the

2. Calculation of the population using the Exponential Method

Projected population in the

4.4 Liquid Waste Discharge Data

Birthday Number of Amount of dirty

1,3889 x 10-6 0,00082

4.5 Estimated Data on the Number of KK and Population

4.6 Rain Frequency

Table 4. 5 Rainfall Data (Climatology Station Sampali Medan)

2018 29 40 18 68 35 42 62 33 56 147 76 106

2019 27 20 9 46 159 21 31 65 102 70 50 54

2021 103 12 19 26 36 45 52 104 80 89 124 53

Maximum Rainfall Data

No. Year Month Rainfall (mm)

2 2013 Desember 111

3 2014 Desember 165

6 2017 Desember 135

7 2018 Oktober 147

8 2019 Mei 159

9 2020 Januari 146

10 2021 November 124

Maximum Rainfall 165

a) Calculation of standard deviation

Table 4. 7 Calculation of the Standard Deviation of Rainfall

2012 56,33333 1,416667 2,006944

2013 50,16667 -4,75 22,5625

2014 54,75 -0,16667 0,027778

2015 46,41667 -8,5 72,25

2016 43,16667 -11,75 138,0625

2017 53,75 -1,16667 1,361111

2018 59,33333 4,416667 19,50694

2019 54,5 -0,41667 0,173611

2020 68,83333 13,91667 193,6736

b) Calculation of the value of the frequency factor

50, years, so that the K data is obtained as follows:

Table 4. 8 Calculation of Rainfall for the T-Year Anniversary Period

Birthday Period (T) Yn Sn Yt K

10 0,4952 0,9496 2,251 1,84898905

50 0,5485 1,1607 3,9019 2,88911864

c) Calculation of rain in the return period T years

with the above rainfall, the following data are obtained:

10 2,251 1,848989 54,91667 2,481101 59,5041985

20 2,971 2,302785 54,91667 2,481101 60,6301122

50 3,9019 2,88911864 54,91667 2,481101 62,0848651

2. Normal Log Method

Table 4. 10 Calculation of Planned Rainfall Method Log Normal

Birthday Period (T) Xr Kt Sx Rt

10 54,91667 1,26 2,481101 58,0428573