Chapter 1

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Asexual and Sexual

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Reproduction
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JUHI MISHRA 12
CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Hello!
I am JUHI MISHRA
I will be teaching you about

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
today.
Let’s get started!

Topics Covered
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
01 Binary Fission
02 Sporulation
03 Budding
04 Gemmule
05 Fragmentation
06 Vegetative Propagation in Plants

Introduction
• Sexual and Asexual

reproduction are two modes of
reproduction.
• Sexual reproduction involves

two parents.
• Asexual reproduction involves

one individual organism.

Asexual Reproduction
• A single individual (parent) produces a new offspring. The

offspring thus produced is genetically identical to the
parent.
• Along with genetic similarity, the offspring shows

morphological similarity too. This similarity is described as
cloning, and the offspring is the clone of the parent.
• Can be seen in both plants and animals. It is commonly

found in unicellular organisms and simple animals and
plants.

Binary Fission
For the organisms that belong to kingdoms

Protista and Monera, cell division is the mode
Binary fission
of reproduction. In some cases, mitosis divides
the parent cell into two daughter cells.
Single-celled organisms without a clear

nucleus, the eukaryotes and sometimes
Mitosis
prokaryotes like amoeba or paramecium,
divide by binary fission.

Sporulation
In unfavourable conditions,
These minute amoebae are Then the cyst bursts open to
an amoeba goes through
called the release these spores-
encystation and
pseudopodiospores. Sporulation.
sporulation.
In favourable conditions, the

It creates three layers of
amoeba goes through These will develop into
hard cyst-like covering
multiple fission inside the multiple mature amoebae.
through its secretions.
cyst.
It withdraws its pseudopodia This process is called

inside this cyst. encystation.

Budding
A small protuberance It has all the genetic It later gets separated

Budding in yeast or bud grows on the material of the parent and grows into a
parent body. cell. mature organism.
It comes out as an
The bud forms due
outgrowth and
Budding in Hydra to repeated mitotic
separates from the
division at one site.
parent body later on.

Q1
Plasmodium vivax enters human
bloodstream after a mosquito bite. It
releases a lot of cloned Plasmodium at the
same time in the human body. Can you
guess the reproduction method it uses? Plasmodium vivax

A1
Multiple Fission!
The Plasmodium takes the protein from human blood and reproduces asexually.
It releases many similar organisms at fixed intervals into the bloodstream, which
causes Malaria.

Zoospores and Conidia
Some fungi and simple plants such as algae

reproduce asexually through zoospores. Zoospores
are microscopic motile structures that have flagella
to move around. Example: Chlamydomonas.
Another similar reproductive structure, found in fungi

like Penicillium is the conidia. The conidia are non-
motile and remain stuck with the parent organism.

Gemmules
• When freshwater sponges reproduce

asexually, they produce gemmules.
• Gemmules: Cluster of dormant embryonic

cell encased in a hard coat.
• They can survive extreme condition and

oxygen depletion. When conditions are
favourable, gemmules can grow into new
sponges. A Gemmule of Spongillia

Fragmentation
Fragmentation (asexual reproduction): Example -

Hydra. Its body breaks into distinct pieces, and then
each fragment regenerates into a mature organism.
This process of growing back into a separate adult

organism is called regeneration.

Vegetative Propagation in Plants
Eye of Tuber
Vegetative propagation: asexual reproduction in plants with more

complex organisation. Thus, the term vegetative reproduction is
commonly used.
Node of Rhizome
The units or parts contributing to vegetative propagation are bulb,
tuber, rhizome, sucker, offset, runner etc. The process does not require
two parents. They are called vegetative propagules and can give rise
to a new plant.

The ‘water hyacinth’ also called the It grows at a phenomenal rate and
The vegetative structure or propagule
‘terror of Bengal’, can propagate covers the surface of water bodies. It
of agave, dahlia, tulip or onion is a
vegetatively using the propagule depletes oxygen in water, and that
bulb.
called ‘offset’. kills the fish.
Bulb Water Hyacinth

Plants such as ginger, sugarcane,
banana, potato and dahlia
flower show vegetative
propagation.
New plants emerge from the

When the nodes are exposed to
eye of the potato tuber, the
moisture and soil, they produce
rhizome of ginger and
roots and new plants form.
sugarcane.
The new plants come out from

the nodes of these modified
Bamboo Growth
stems.

Q1
Name the popular flowering
garden plant that reproduces
through 4 methods – seeds,
grafting, cutting and layering.

A1
A Rose plant
For seeding, a rose plant takes the maximum time, almost four
months. It is a natural method of propagation.
The cultured methods of rose plant propagation are cutting,
grafting and layering. The gardener may choose the right process
depending on the facilities available and the final result needed.

The margins of the leaves

These buds are the
of a Bryophyllum have
source of reproduction of
notches which give rise to
the plant.
adventitious buds.
Asexual reproduction is Some of them shift to

most common in sexual reproduction only
organisms with a simple before any adverse
organisation. condition.

Bryophyllum is a group of almost forty
plant species under the genus
Kalanchoe. Its fleshy leaves with
scalloped edges characterise it. These
edges help the plant in vegetative
reproduction, though it can reproduce via
seeds. This phenomenon is mostly
observed if the leaf breaks off or the stem
is damaged for some reason.

Sexual Reproduction
• Participation of two parents of the opposite sex.
• The method involves a fusion of gametes to form

a zygote.
• It is also called syngenesis.
• It is a complex, slow and elaborate process with

many advantages.
• Genetic diversity and better adaptations are

possible due to this mode of reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction
Phases of Growth in Organisms
Plants Animals
Vegetative phase Juvenile phase
Reproductive phase Reproductive phase
Senescent phase Senescent phase

Sexual Reproduction in Plants
The phases of development are clear in annual and

biennial plants.
The phases are not clearly defined in perennial

plants.
Some plants show unusual flowering patterns.

Angiosperms –
Sexuality in plants
flowering plants
Monoecious or Dioecious or
Unisexual flowers Bisexual flowers
homothallic heterothallic
Male and female

Male and female parts Contains either Contains both stamen
structures in the same
in separate plants stamen or pistil and pistil
plant

Wall of ovule The ovary Pericarp and

The zygote is All parts The zygote
hardens to develops into fruit disperse
formed inside except pistil divides to form
become a fruit with as the seed
the ovule. fall off. the embryo.
seed. pericarp (wall). matures.

Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Reproduction according to
Reproduction organ division
according to
breeding phase
Bisexual Unisexual
Continuous breeders Seasonal breeders

Contains both Contains either
male and female male or female
organs organs

Primates Menstrual cycle
Hormonal cycle in
mammals
Non-primates Oestrous cycle

Gametogenesis Gamete transfer Fertilisation Zygote formation Embryogenesis

Gametogenesis
The process of formation of gametes is called gametogenesis.
Homogametes Similar looking

/isogametes male and female
gametes
Gamete types
Antherozoid/
sperm
Heterogametes
Egg/ovum

Gametogenesis
Cell Division –
Gamete Formation
Monerans, algae, fungi, Pteridophytes, gymnosperms,

bryophytes angiosperms, animals
Haploid parent body Diploid parent body
Gamete formed by mitosis Gamete formed by meiosis

Gamete Transfer
The massive production of

For algae, bryophytes and
Most male gametes are male gametes
Physical proximity helps pteridophytes, male
motile while female compensates the loss of
gamete transfer. gamete transfer uses
gametes are stationary. male gametes during
water as a medium.
transfer.
In bisexual plants, male

For cross-pollination, Unisexual animals evolve
gametes pollinate the
agents are required for special mechanism and
female gametes or ovules
transfer for gametes. organs for gamete transfer.
in flower.

Fertilisation
The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote is called fertilisation.
External fertilisation Algae, fish and amphibians
Types of fertilisation
Fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes,

Internal fertilisation gymnosperms, angiosperms, reptiles, birds
and mammals

Zygote Formation
Haplo-diplontic life cycle:
Zygote: The single diploid cell
formed from fertilisation of the Mitosis in
zygote
two haploid gametes.
Haplontic life cycle: Zygote divides Mitosis produces haploid

Diploid sporophyte
gametes.
meiotically to form haploid
individuals.
Meiosis forms haploid
Haploid gametophyte
spores.
Diplontic life cycle: Zygote divides
mitotically to form diploid
individuals.
Mitosis of haploid spores

Embryogenesis
Process of forming embryo

from the zygote.
Increasing the
Cell division
number of cells
Two processes of
embryogenesis
Development of
Cell differentiation
tissues and organs

Embryogenesis
Types of animals based on place of embryogenesis
Oviparous Viviparous Ovoviviparous
Retaining eggs in the body

Egg-laying Birthing young ones
till hatching time
Development of zygote Embryonic development

Shelter from predators
outside parent body inside the parent body

Q1
Rotifers, turkey and some
lizards form new young ones
without fertilisation. What is
the process called?

A1
Parthenogenesis
The female gamete (ovum) of these

organisms are capable of forming a
new individual. Honeybees and hens
also show this phenomenon.

Summary
• The methods of reproduction are of two types – sexual and asexual.
• Sexual reproduction needs the participation of two parents.
• Asexual reproduction is the process of formation of offspring from one parent.
• Asexual reproduction is further divided into various types.
• Binary fission is the division of the parent body into two equal parts.
• Fragmentation is breaking of parent body into fragments that grow back to a new organism.
• Sporulation is the formation of spores that give rise to individual organisms.

Summary
• Budding is the process of making a new individual from the outgrowth on the parent body.
• Vegetative propagation is a method of new plants growing from various parts of the parent plant.
• Organisms go through various growth phases, with one being the reproductive phase.
• Sexual reproduction in plants occurs through pollination of male and female gametes.
• The reproductive gametes are found in flowers in angiosperms.
• Sexual reproduction in animals needs a hormonal preparation – menstrual cycle or oestrus cycle.
• The main reproduction stages are – gamete formation, gamete transfer, fertilisation, zygote formation and
embryogenesis.

The 2-min Test
Let’s Crack IT!
Question 1: What is the term used for vegetative parts such as tubers, runners and rhizomes?
Question 2: How do freshwater sponges reproduce in extremely unfavourable conditions?
Question 3: How is budding in Hydra different from budding in fungi?
Question 4: What is the name of the cell where life for all animals begins?
Question 5: What is the order of reproductive events in plants?

The 2-min Test
Let’s Crack IT!
Question 1: What is the term used for vegetative parts such as tubers, runners and rhizomes?
Answer: Vegetative propagules.
Question 2: How do freshwater sponges reproduce in extremely unfavourable conditions?
Answer: Freshwater sponges produce gemmules that survive unfavourable conditions.
Question 3: How is budding in Hydra different from budding in fungi?
Answer: The bud of fungi is a protuberance on the cell. The bud on the Hydra is formed by multiple
mitotic division as an outgrowth on the body.

The 2-min Test
Let’s Crack IT!
Question 4: What is the name of the cell where life for all animals begins?
Answer: Zygote is the cell where life begins.
Question 5: What is the order of reproductive events in plants?
Answer: The correct order of reproductive events are – gametogenesis, pollination, fertilisation and
embryogenesis.

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C

Asexual and Sexual

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

I will be teaching you about

Let’s get started!

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

06 Vegetative Propagation in Plants

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

• Sexual and Asexual

• Sexual reproduction involves

• Asexual reproduction involves

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

• A single individual (parent) produces a new offspring. The

• Along with genetic similarity, the offspring shows

• Can be seen in both plants and animals. It is commonly

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

For the organisms that belong to kingdoms

Single-celled organisms without a clear

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

In favourable conditions, the

It withdraws its pseudopodia This process is called

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

A small protuberance It has all the genetic It later gets separated

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Some fungi and simple plants such as algae

Another similar reproductive structure, found in fungi

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

• When freshwater sponges reproduce

• Gemmules: Cluster of dormant embryonic

• They can survive extreme condition and

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Fragmentation (asexual reproduction): Example -

This process of growing back into a separate adult

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Vegetative propagation: asexual reproduction in plants with more

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Bulb Water Hyacinth

New plants emerge from the

The new plants come out from

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

The margins of the leaves

Asexual reproduction is Some of them shift to

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

plant species under the genus

Kalanchoe. Its fleshy leaves with

scalloped edges characterise it. These

edges help the plant in vegetative

reproduction, though it can reproduce via

seeds. This phenomenon is mostly

observed if the leaf breaks off or the stem

is damaged for some reason.

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

• Participation of two parents of the opposite sex.

• The method involves a fusion of gametes to form

• It is also called syngenesis.

• It is a complex, slow and elaborate process with

• Genetic diversity and better adaptations are

CBSE Biology Class 12 I Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Phases of Growth in Organisms