Sampling

DESIGN AND PROCEDURES

Terminologies
Sample
Population
Population element
Census
Terminologies
Why sample

PRAGMATIC REASONS ACCURATE AND DESTRUCTION OF TEST

REALIZABLE RESULTS UNITS
Practical Sampling Concepts

Defining Target
The sampling frame
population

Sampling frames in
Sampling units
international research
Stages in
the
selection of
a Sample
Sampling unit
During the actual sampling process, the elements of the
population must be selected according to a certain
procedure. The sampling unit is a single element or group of
elements subject to selection
in the sample. A unit selected in the first stage of sampling is
called a primary sampling unit (PSU). A unit selected in a
successive stages of sampling is called a secondary sampling
unit or (if three stages are necessary) tertiary sampling unit.
When there is no list of population elements, the sampling
unit generally is something other than the population
element. In a random-digit dialing study, the sampling unit
will be telephone numbers.
Random sampling errors
Random sampling error is the difference between the sample
result and result of census conducted using identical
procedure
Random sampling error is a function of sample size. As sample
size increases, random sampling error decreases. Of course,
the resources available will influence how large a sample may
be taken. It is possible to estimate the random sampling error
that may be expected with various sample sizes.
Systematic Sampling error
Systematic sampling error results from non sampling factors such
as

Study’s design

Correctness of the execution

Less than perfectly
representative
samples
Random sampling and systematic
errors associated with the
sampling process may combine to
yield a sample that is less than
perfectly representative of the
population.
Probability sampling
A sampling technique in which every member of
the population has a known, non-zero
probability of selection
Non-probability
sampling
A sampling technique in which
units of the sample are selected
on the basis of personal
judgement or convenience : the
probability of any particular
member being chosen is unknown
Convenience
Sampling
The sampling procedure of
obtaining those people or units
that are most conveniently
available
Quick , economical and practical
way of obtaining results.
Examples: Cross Cultural behavior
in organizations
Convenience samples are best
used for exploratory research
Judgement
Sampling
Judgment sampling is a non-
probability sampling technique in
which an experienced individual
selects the sample based on his
personal judgement about some
appropriate characteristics of
sample member
Quota
sampling
A nonprobability sampling
procedure that ensures that
various subgroups of a population
will be represented on pertinent
characteristics to the exact extent
that the investigator desires
Possible sources of
Biases and
advantages
Haphazard selection of the
sources may introduce bias
Advantages
◦ Lower cost
◦ Convenience
◦ Speed
Snowball
sampling
A sampling procedure in which the
initial respondents are selected by
probability methods and
additional respondents are
provided by the initial
respondents
Probability
sampling
Types
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Multistage Area sampling
Simple Random
sampling
A simple random sampling assures
each element in the population
equal chance of being included in
the sample
Systematic
sampling
A probability sampling procedure
in which a staring point is selected
by a random process and then
every nth number on the list is
selected
Stratified sampling
A probability sampling procedure in which the simple random subsamples that are
more or less equal on some characteristics are drawn from within each stratum of
the population

If the number of sampling units drawn from each stratum is in proportion to the
relative population size of the stratum, the sample is a proportional stratified
sample.

In a disproportional stratified sample the sample size for each stratum is not
allocated in proportion to the population size but is dictated by analytical
considerations, such as variability in store sales volume.
 An economically efficient sampling technique in which the
primary sampling unit is not the individual element in the
population but a large cluster of elements; clusters are
selected randomly.
In a cluster sample, the primary sampling unit is no longer
Cluster the individual element in the population (for example,
grocery stores) but a larger cluster of elements located in
Sampling proximity to one another (for example, cities). The area
sample is the most popular type of cluster sample. A grocery
store researcher, for example, may randomly choose several
geographic areas a primary sampling units and then
interview all or a sample of grocery stores within the
geographic clusters. Interviews are confined to these clusters
only.
 Multistage area sampling involves two or more
Multistage area steps that combine some of the probability
techniques already described. Typically,
sampling geographic areas are randomly selected in
progressively smaller (lower-population) units.
 Degree of Accuracy

Resources
What is
appropriate
sample design ?
Time

Advance knowledge of the population

Discuss how to choose
an appropriate sample
design
A researcher who must determine
the most appropriate sampling
design for a specific project will
identify several sampling criteria
and evaluate the relative
importance of each criterion
before selecting a design. The
most common criteria concern
accuracy requirements, available
resources, time constraints,
knowledge availability, and
analytical requirements..