Professional Documents
Culture Documents
8
Hazards arising from whole-body
and hand-arm vibrations
Identification and Evaluation of Hazards; Taking Measures
2
Introduction
This brochure is to meet the demand for into national law shall be complied
risk assessment and exposure reduction with (see page 23).
in connection with vibration exposure at This brochure does not deal with the
work and to serve the purpose of imple- documentation of risk assessment, as
menting, at national level, the Directive the relevant provisions vary considerab-
“Vibrations” (2002/44/EC) in small and ly from member state to member state.
medium-sized enterprises.
In addition to the present brochure,
The brochure is structured as follows: guidelines on the following subjects are
1. Fundamentals being planned or already available:
2. Risk Assessment 䡵 Noise
3. Annex 1 and 2 䡵 Chemical hazards
3
1. Fundamentals
● Whole-body vibrations
on mobile machinery and equipment
such as (construction site) lorries, for-
4
Hand-arm vibrations (HAV) are me- Avoid such hazards!
chanical vibrations transmitted via the
The strain to which individuals are
hands and affect only or mainly the hand-
exposed depend on
arm system.
● intensity of vibrations,
Hand-arm vibrations are for instance
caused by hand-held electrical or pneu- ● frequency,
matic tools including hedge trimmers and ● duration of exposure,
the like.
● working techniques and
● type of activity.
Hand-arm vibrations
Hand-arm vibrations impair subjective
perception, fine motor skills and perform-
ance, and may, after years of exposure,
cause
Vibrations and health ● circulation disorders,
As in the case of sound, a number of ● nerve function disorders,
parameters and effects on human health
are known with regard to mechanical ● muscular tissue changes and
vibrations. ● bone and joint damage.
Health hazards depend on the site of Exposure to high-frequency vibrations
impact, the intensity of exposure and over years may lead to circulation dis-
daily recurrence of exposure over orders in the fingers: workers may suffer
years. periodic attacks in which the fingers be-
5
come white and numb (white finger or Whole-body vibrations may
hand-arm vibration syndrome). The con-
● impair the senses and may lead
dition is also known as vibration-induced
to balance disorders, kinetoses
vasospastic syndrome.
or visual disturbances,
Intense low-frequency hand-arm vibra-
● impair fine motor skills or reduce
tions may also cause degenerative
performance,
changes of the hand bones, finger joints
and wrists as well as the elbow and ● cause stomach troubles or
shoulder regions. The condition is painful
● affect the spine.
and may impair mobility.
6
weighted and the values determined In some cases an individual assessment
converted by means of procedures out- and evaluation will be necessary.
lined in national standards. Depending on the action values/ex-
posure limit values the following steps
Attention: shall be taken
In recent years the weighting filters for
whole-body vibrations have been adapt- ● Appropriate determination
ed to the latest scientific findings so that and assessment of risks
in some cases new measurements or ● Implementation of technological
measurement series may be useful. and organisational measures
● Elaboration and implementation
The European Directive (2002/44/EC) of a programme to reduce vibrations
defines exposure limit and action values ● Information and instruction
as follows: of the workers
Hand-arm vibrations ● Health monitoring
● Exposure limit value A(8) = 5 m/s2 ● Provision of additional equipment
● Action value A(8) = 2.5 m/s2 (e.g. handles)
Whole-body vibrations ● Personal protective equipment
● Exposure limit value for all directions (e.g. special anti-vibration gloves)
A(8) = 1.15 m/s2
● Action value for all directions
A(8) = 0.5 m/s2
Note:
Implementation shall respect country-
specific differences (see page 23).
7
2. Risk Assessment
8
Checklists for Risk Assessment of outdoor work or work in a cold
environment) and are they actually
Checklists are a useful tool for risk
used?
assessment.
11. Are preventive medical checkups
Check list:
offered to workers exposed to ex-
Hand-arm-vibrations (HAV)
treme vibrations?
1. Has it been checked whether hand-
held or hand-guided machinery and Check list:
tools that might have harmful effects Whole-body vibrations (WBV)
on the joints can be replaced by
1. Have measures been taken to
other tools?
avoid the maximum daily vibra-
2. Has it been checked whether high- tion exposure (effective value of
speed machinery and tools (frequen- the frequency-weighted accelera-
cy range 20 to 1000 Hz) that might tion standardised to an 8-hour
have harmful effects on the hands period) from exceeding the value
can be replaced by other tools? A(8) = 0.5 m/s2?
3. Have measures been taken to pre- 2. Has information on action and
vent the daily vibration exposure exposure limit values been passed
(total value related to an eight-hour on?
period) from exceeding the value
3. Can driving in an unfavourable or
A(8) = 2.5 m/s2?
twisted body position be avoided?
4. Has information on action and ex-
posure limit values been passed on? 4. Has care been taken to ensure that
road surfaces are smooth and are
5. Are low-vibration machinery and potholes or other road surface dam-
equipment (e.g. sanding disks) being age prevented?
used?
5. Has it been checked whether work
6. Have the grips been fitted with damp- can be organised in a way that per-
ing or cushioning elements? mits a reduction of the duration
7. Have methods to reduce or elimi- of driving periods (duration of ex-
nate excessive vibrations been posure)?
checked? 6. When procuring new vehicles, is suf-
8. When procuring new equipment, is ficient care taken to choose only
sufficient care taken to choose only low-vibration vehicles (on the basis
low-vibration tools (on the basis of of the data the manufacturers are
the data the manufacturers are obliged to supply)?
obliged to supply)? 7. Have low-vibration seats been in-
9. Are high grip and pressing forces stalled, properly adjusted and are
avoided by the use of suitable equip- they regularly serviced?
ment and tools? 8. Are preventive medical checkups
10. Have special anti-vibration gloves being offered to workers exposed
been tested (in particular in the case to extreme high vibrations?
9
Step 2: Step 3:
Estimation and evaluation Reduction of risks and taking
of risks measures
10
Daily exposure value A(8) > 2.5 m/s2 are those which effect a reduction of
● Draw up and implement a programme vibrations at source.
to reduce vibrations These primary measures reduce all other
● Offer your workers preventive medical harmful effects regardless of the place and
check-ups time of their occurrence and other action
mechanisms.
Daily exposure value A(8) > 5 m/s2
● Measures have to be taken immedi- Reduction of
ately to avoid such excessive ex- hand-arm vibrations (HAV)
posures! A few practical examples will illustrate
● Take care to ensure regular preven- how HAV can be reduced on tools and
tive medical check-ups! machinery:
● Reduction of the coupling intensity
3. Measures against (e.g. reduction of grip force)
whole-body vibrations (WBV)
● Use of compression riveters or recoil-
In the case of whole-body vibrations the reduced rivet hammers for the pro-
following measures shall be taken: duction of riveted joints
Daily exposure value A(8) = 0.5 m/s2 ● Use of torque screwdrivers instead of
● Inform your workers and instruct them impact wrenches when assembling
as to the risks of vibration exposure bolted connections
Daily exposure value A(8) > 0.5 m/s2 ● Use of drill hammers rather than
widely used impact drills in plumbing
● Draw up and implement a programme
jobs
to reduce vibrations
● Use of low-vibration paving breakers
● Offer your workers preventive medical
in road construction and mining
check-ups
● Use of chipping hammers in stone
Daily exposure value A(8) > 0.8 m/s2
and steel working with low-vibration
and 1.15 m/s2*), respectively
handle sleeves for chisel guides
● Measures have to be taken immedi-
● Use of power chainsaws with low-
ately to avoid such excessive ex-
vibration handles in forestry
posures!
● Exclusive use of sharp tools and
● Take care to ensure regular preven-
correction of unbalances at regular
tive medical check-ups!
intervals
4. Measures to be taken at source ● Use of adhesives instead of riveting
In order to reduce exposure at the work- ● Design of foundry moulds requiring
place, the generation, transmission and little cleaning effort
impact of vibrations have to be avoided. ● Use of multiple screwdrivers
The most important protective measures
Generally speaking, preference should
*) Note: See national regulations be given to low-vibration technologies.
11
Grip vibrations of hand-held machines The springing must be adjustable – and
should be kept at a minimum by the actually adjusted! – to different body
manufacturer by appropriate design weights.
measures.
Drivers are particularly exposed to
Further advantages of low-vibration ma- whole-body vibrations. Vehicle design,
chinery are reduced wear and tear and road conditions and driving speed
lower noise generation. In most cases, are important factors influencing vibra-
their products will show greater dimen- tion exposure, and the seat as the
sional stability and precision. element of transmission from the
vehicle to the driver. This means that
Reduction of vibration reduction can be effected
whole-body vibrations (WBV) through appropriate action in all these
areas.
Road irregularities, e.g. on unsurfaced
tracks, construction sites, factory access Technological measures to reduce vibra-
roads, driveways etc. should be reduced tions include:
or eliminated. Road ramps, bumps and ● elastic coupling of loading devices
potholes should be repaired. In the case such as shovels and lifting arms
of rail vehicles (cranes etc.), rail joints of wheel-loaders or agricultural ma-
that might induce vibrations should be chinery mounted on the rear of
eliminated by welding or levelled, and tractors,
construction site roads should be le-
● hydraulic axle suspension with level
velled at regular intervals.
adjustment,
Depending on operating conditions and ● cushioned driver’s cabs and
vehicle types preference should be given
to spring-mounted driver’s seats or ● installation of driver’s seats with
cabs. This might require consultation adjustable damping.
with experts, who will, if necessary, per- In the case of fork lift trucks the chassis
form vibration measurements. is not spring-suspended for technical
The seat suspension travel should reasons, so that the vehicle is only cush-
be reasonably limited in order not to ioned by the tyres. Accordingly, choice
unduly change the distance between of the right type of tyres is of particular
the driver, the steering wheel, controls importance. Solid tyres transmit vibra-
and pedals. Rubber cushions should tions directly without damping them.
be mounted at the upper and lower ends For this reason tyres with integrated
of the suspension travel to avoid inten- air chambers are being increasingly
sive shocks! used.
The driver’s seat can also contribute For all types of vehicles vibration re-
to vibration damping: The spring damp- duction largely depends on the right
ing system of the seat substructure choice and adjustment of the seat. The
should be designed so as to keep the spring damping system of the seat
vibrations passed on to the driver at a substructure should be designed so as
minimum. to keep the vibrations passed on to
12
the driver at a minimum. In no case costs for the foundation can be saved
should the frequency of the seat be and the location of the machines can
the same as the excitation frequency, be changed at will.
otherwise the vibrations would be in- Low-vibration machines are less noisy
creased. For this reason the seat must and more wear-resistant and their pro-
be adjustable to the driver’s body ducts will show greater dimensional
weight. stability.
Only tested seats should be used in
vehicles, and the cushioning, damping 5. Technological and organisational
and upholstery of vehicle seats must measures
be regularly serviced.
Vibration hazards can also be diminished
Alongside the most effective primary by reducing exposure times through
measures applied at the source of vibra- changes in work organisation. Work
tions, secondary measures may also should be organised in such a way as
help reduce vibration transmission and to keep the daily exposure period
propagation and in this way reduce below the recommended level so that
vibration exposure effectively. they remain below the critical daily
dose.
In stationary machines the transmission
of vibrations to the human being can
be reduced by appropriate vibration in- 6. Personal protection
sulation of the machine or the workplace It may be pointed out that the protec-
as a whole. Vibration insulation serves tion of human beings from mechanical
to reduce the transmission of machine vibrations can be achieved by an appro-
forces to the supporting structures (e. g. priate posture and by keeping grip and
floors and ceilings). For this purpose ma- pressing forces as low as possible. This
chines are mounted on an oscillating form of behaviour can be highly effec-
foundation which, in turn, sits on insulat- tive, but requires considerable time for
ing materials. training and presupposes constant self-
In addition, the machine must be iso- observation.
lated from all parts of the building High-frequency vibration exposures (e. g.
or other machines by elastic connec- when working with grinding machi-
tions such as pipe clamps, hoses, tex- nes) can be reduced by anti-vibration
tile connections, flexible boots or elastic gloves. Such gloves, however, require
pipe compensators to prevent transmis- the worker to apply more grip force
sion of vibrations which may also be to guide the hand tool with precision.
propagated in the form of structure-borne On account of the large amplitude of
sound. low-frequency vibrations such as occur
In the case of heavy machines (e. g. in the operation of breakers, vibration
eccentric presses) the oscillation founda- reduction by means of anti-vibration
tion can be replaced by a load-distri- gloves is not particularly effective.
buting steel plate mounted on vibration Laboratory tests have shown that vibra-
insulators. In this way construction tions may even be increased when such
13
gloves with air-filled damping cushions
● Choice of appropriate measures
on the palms are used. It is there-
fore advisable to check the data on ● Drawing up a vibration reduction
the damping properties provided by programme with list of priorities
the manufacturer (Look for the CE sym- and timetable
bol).
Cold hands should be avoided during
exposure to vibrations, e. g. by means 7.1 Hand-arm vibration (HAV)
of gloves or through warming-up pe- reduction programme
riods.
If the action value A(8) = 2.5 m/s2 for
hand-arm vibrations is exceeded the
7. Vibration reduction employer has to prepare and implement
programme a programme of technological and
organisational measures for the reduc-
Following the transposition of the EC
tion of vibration exposures.
directives into national legislation employ-
ers have to adopt state-of-the-art protec- The following steps are recommended:
tion measures to exclude vibration haz-
ards or reduce them to a minimum. In so Step 1:
doing, vibrations must be prevented or Determination of vibration
reduced as far as possible at source. exposures (HAV)
Technological measures to reduce vibra-
● Can relevant information
tions take priority over organisational
be obtained from manufacturers?
ones.
The reduction programme aims at de- ● Are data available in data
termining exposures, analysing their bases?
causes and defining appropriate meas- ● Can comparable job descriptions
ures. yield useful information?
14
Step 2: ● Are there no adequate decoupling
Comparison with action or cushioning systems?
and exposure limit values (HAV) ● Is the equipment serviced at regular
● Is the action value for hand-arm intervals?
vibrations lower than A(8) = 2.5 m/s2? ● Does the job require high grip and
● Is the measured value higher than pressing forces?
the action value and lower than the Step 5:
exposure limit value? Comparison with state-of-the-art
● Is the exposure limit value of technology (HAV)
A(8) = 5 m/s2 exceeded?
● Is the equipment up to current
Step 3: standards?
Determination of the main sources ● Is there more modern equipment
of vibrations (HAV) that would result in lower vibration
exposures?
● Are there any particularly important
sources of vibration, i. e. individual ● Are there any attachments available
jobs that cause particularly intensive that would reduce the vibrations
vibrations (e.g. work with breakers)? transmitted to the operators?
● Do certain tools or pieces of ● Are there any handles or ergonomi-
equipment cause more intensive cal handle designs (e.g. spring-
vibrations than others? loaded handles) that would improve
working conditions?
● Do they require high grip and
pressing forces? ● Are the grips decoupled from
the machine casing and/or is it
● Are certain jobs performed in un-
possible to correct unbalances?
favourable body postures (e.g. hands
held at unphysiological angles)? ● Is it possible to use grips with
cushioning such as rubber sleeves?
● Are there any other environmental
factors to be taken into consideration ● Are low-vibration tools such as
such as working in a cold environ- special sanding discs used?
ment? ● Can process alterations result
in reducing exposures?
Step 4:
Cause analysis (HAV) ● Is it possible to reduce the
extent of manual work with vibrating
● What are the causes of the high equipment?
vibration values?
Step 6:
● Is the equipment old and possibly Selection of suitable measures (HAV)
worn down (e.g. defective gear
mechanisms)? ● What measure would be capable of
● Are the tools used blunt or reducing vibrations most effectively?
worn down? ● Can it be implemented?
15
● If this is impossible, what measure Step 9:
would be second best? Checking the results (HAV)
● Can this measure be implemented? ● Have the measures been
● How many workers would benefit implemented correctly?
from these reduction measures? ● What degree of vibration reduction
● Would certain jobs or groups of work- has been achieved?
ers be excluded from these benefits?
● Has the predicted reduction been
● Will it be necessary to inform and/or achieved?
train workers specifically for the
● Are the values achieved below
implementation of these measures?
the exposure limit value?
Step 7: ● Are the values achieved below
Prognosis (HAV) the action value?
● Will it be necessary to make further
● What is the expected effect of the
improvements?
reduction measures?
● Are subsequent measurements
● Will the measures result in values
required for checking?
lower than the action value?
● Would additional vibration
● Will the measures result in values
reduction measures make sense
lower than the exposure limit value?
or be necessary?
● Will it be necessary to resort to
additional measures side by side with
the measure in question?
7.2 Whole-body vibration (WBV)
● Will it be necessary to take further reduction programme
measures?
Following the transposition of the EC
Step 8: directives into national legislation em-
Drawing up the programme with a list ployers have to adopt state-of-the-art
of priorities and timetable (HAV) protection measures to exclude vibra-
tion hazards or reduce them to a mini-
● What steps have to be taken? mum. In so doing, vibrations must be
● How much time will it take to prevented or reduced as far as possible
implement the individual measures? at source. Technological measures to
● When can the first interim results reduce vibrations take priority over orga-
be expected? nisational ones.
● Who is responsible for which If the action value A(8) = 0.5 m/s2 for
implementation step? whole-body vibrations is exceeded the
● By what deadline ought all measures employer has to prepare and imple-
to be implemented? ment a programme of technological and
organisational measures for the reduc-
● Is it possible to use anti-vibration
tion of vibration exposures.
gloves in addition to the implemented
measures? The following steps are recommended:
16
Step 1: ● Do certain machines or vehicles
Determination of vibration cause more intensive vibrations than
exposures (WBV) others?
● Can relevant information be obtained ● Where are vibrations fairly low?
from manufacturers?
Step 4:
● Are data available in data bases? Cause analysis (WBV)
● Can comparable job descriptions
yield useful information? ● What are the causes of the
high vibration values?
● Are there any data for the equipment
in question available in the literature ● Are the roads bumpy?
(data bases) and do the conditions of ● Are there any kerbs, potholes
use in the enterprise correspond to etc. that have to be negotiated
those prevailing when the measure- by the vehicle?
ments were made?
● Are the seats equipped with
● Are any daily exposure values appropriate cushioning or damping
known or can they be calculated systems?
from vibration intensity data
and individual exposure times? ● Are the seats adjusted to the drivers’
individual body weights?
● Is there any need for additional
measurements? ● Are the vehicles serviced at regular
intervals?
Step 2:
● Can driving times be reduced?
Comparison with action
and exposure limit values (WBV) Step 5:
● Is the measured value for WBV Comparison with state-of-the-art
lower than the action value? technology (WBV)
● Is the measured value higher ● Are the vehicles and equipment
than the action value and lower than up to current standards?
the exposure limit value? ● Are there any more modern
● Is the exposure limit value vehicles or equipment that would
exceeded? result in lower vibration
exposures?
Step 3:
Determination of the main sources ● Are there any attachments available
of vibrations (WBV) that would reduce the vibrations
transmitted to the operators?
● Are there any particularly important
● Are there any seats that would
sources of vibration, i.e. individual
reduce vibrations more effectively
jobs that cause particularly intensive
than the current ones?
vibrations (e.g. high percentage of
driving on cobblestone pavements, ● Can road conditions be improved
bumpy roads etc.)? by appropriate repairs?
17
Step 6: Step 8:
Selection of suitable measures (WBV) Drawing up the programme with a list
of priorities and timetable (WBV)
● What measure would be
capable of reducing vibrations most ● What steps have to be taken?
effectively? ● How much time will it take to
● Can it be implemented? implement the individual measures?
● If this is impossible, what measure ● When can the first interim results
would be second best? be expected?
● Can this measure be implemented? ● Who is responsible for which
implementation step?
● How many workers would benefit
from these reduction measures? ● By what deadline ought all measures
to be implemented?
● Would certain jobs or groups
of workers be excluded from these
Step 9:
benefits?
Checking the results (WBV)
● Will it be necessary to inform and/or
train workers specifically for the ● Have the measures been implement-
implementation of these measures? ed correctly?
● What degree of vibration reduction
Step 7: has been achieved?
Prognosis (WBV)
● Has the predicted reduction been
● What is the expected effect of the achieved?
reduction measures? ● Are the values achieved below
● Will the measures result in values the exposure limit value?
lower than the action value? ● Are the values achieved below the
● Will the measures result in action value?
values lower than the exposure limit ● Will it be necessary to make further
value? improvements?
● Will it be necessary to resort to ● Are subsequent measurements
additional measures side by side with required for checking?
the measure in question?
● Would additional vibration
● Will it be necessary to take further reduction measures make sense or
measures? be necessary?
18
Annex 1
19
operation of the vehicle and/or the type of Exposure parameter calculators
activity in question and its “repetitive-
A number of exposure parameter calcu-
ness”, but should in no case be less than
lators are available on the Internet. They
15 minutes. Measurements should be
are helpful for calculating averages
performed in the course of normal opera-
and presenting the results graphically,
tions so that they are representative of the
e. g. in the form of the “traffic-light rat-
activity under consideration. All three ac-
ing system“, where the green area stands
celeration values are recorded in the
for results below the action value and
three directions indicated above.
the red area for results that exceed the
Whole-body vibrations are evaluated on exposure limit value.
the basis of the highest effective value Evaluations and graphic presenta-
of the frequency-weighted accelerations tions may also take the form of expo-
in the three directions of measure- sure points, but the final result is not
ment. Please note that the horizontal affected by the method of presentation
acceleration values have first to be chosen.
multiplied by a correction factor of 1.4.
Since the exposure limit values are differ- Exposure parameter calculators are
ent for the vertical and horizontal direc- available from Ministries, supervisory
tions, the measurements have to be authorities and equipment manufac-
assessed separately. turers.
20
Annex 2
10.0
m/s2 Zone of increased health hazard in case of long-term exposure
5.0 ➀ Assessed acceleration aw(8) = 0.45 m/s2
➁ Assessed acceleration aw(8) = 0.80 m/s2
公僓8h僓T
aw(8) = aw(e) e
acceleration awaw
Beschleunigung
2.5
1.6
1.13
0.90
0.80
Frequency-weighted
Frequenzbewertete
0.64
0.45
0.25
0.1
0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 16.0 24.0
Daily
Tgliche exposure Te in hours
Einwirkungsdauer Te in Stunden
21
Assessment of hand-arm vibrations vibration total value ahv. Details will
(HAV) be found in ISO 5349. Practical guidance
Hand-arm vibrations are assessed on and exposure parameter calculators are
the basis of the vibration total value available on the Internet.
for the frequency-weighted accelerations
of all three directions of vibration and Fig. 4 shows the vibration total value
the vector calculated from these data, plotted against daily exposure.
100
m/s2
Vibration total value aw ahv
Schwingungsgesamtwert
10
1
10 30 50 100 300 480 1000
Daily exposure
Tgliche time T in minutes
Einwirkungsdauer T in min
Note: The curve shown represents a daily exposure of ahv(8) of 2.5m/s2 for the purpose
of prevention.
22
National Aspects
23
National Contact Persons
24
The following ISSA International Sections on Prevention elaborated the brochure.
They are also available for further information:
www.issa.int
Click on “Prevention Sections” under “Quick Links”
ISBN 978-3-941441-52-1