mekiq - oeinc ,miinvr mixehwe ,miinvr mikxr

(zireaix dvixhn An×n xear) :zexcbd

`xwp λ .Av = λv miniiwnd v 6= 0 mixehwe md dly r"ed ,A ozpida :A dvixhn ly (r"e) miinvr mixehwe ,(r"r) miinvr mikxr .1
.mi`znd r"rd

.(λ dpzyna mepilet) |λI − A| aeyigdn lawznd mepiletd :(`"t) ipiite` mepilet .2

.A ly ipiite`d mepiletd ly miyxeyd weica md A ly r"rd .3

.`"ta (λ − λi ) mxebd ly dwfgd :λi r"r ly (`"x) ixabl` ieaix .4

.λi -l mini`znd zix`pil miielz izla miinvr mixehwe ly ilniqwnd xtqnd :λi r"r ly (b"x) ixhne`b ieaix .5

b"x(λ) = dim (ker (λI − A)) = n − r (λI − A) okle .ker (λI − A)-a mixehwed weica md λ r"rl mini`znd r"ed .6

−1
.P AP = B -y jk P dkitd dvixhn zniiw m` zenec dp`xwz A, B zevixhn izy :oeinc .7

P -l .P −1 AP = D-y jk zipeqkl` D-e dkitd P zniiw m` ,xnelk .zipeqkl` dvixhnl dnec `id m` dpiqkl A :zepiqkl .8
.A ly zpqkln dvixhn mi`xew

T ly r"ed ly qiqa didi `ed ,B dfk miiw m`) zipeqkl` [T ]B -y jk B qiqa miiw m` dpiqkl z`xwp l"h T : V → V .9
.(r"rd eritei [T ]B ly oeqkl`ae

:r"ee r"r aeyig ialy

.|λI − A| aeyig ici lr ipiite`d mepiletd z` milawn :`"t aeyig .1

.`"td iyxey z` mi`ven :r"r aeyig .2

agxnd `xwp l"pd zkxrnd ly zepexztd agxn .(λi I − A) x = 0 :ze`eeynd zkxrn z` xeztl yi λi invr jxr lkl :r"e aeyig .3
jxrl mi`znd invr xehwe `ed df agxna qt`n dpey xehwe lke λi ly ixhne`bd ieaixl deey df agxn ly ecnin .λi ly invrd
.λi invrd

:mihtyn

.zix`pil miielz izla md mipey r"rl mikiiyy r"e .1

.(n × n dvixhn `id A) r"r lkl 1 ≤ b"x ≤ `"x≤ n .2

P
. λi = tr (A) :r"rd lk mi`vnp ea dcyl lrn .3
Q
. λi = det (A) :r"rd lk mi`vnp ea dcyl lrn .4

eniy) zix`pil miielz izla r"e n yi -l ⇐⇒ df dcya dly r"rd lke r"r lkl b"x = `"x ⇐⇒ dcy lrn dpiqkl An×n
An×n .5

0 −1
lrn dpiqkl ok j` R lrn dpiqkl `l A = 1 0 :dnbec .xg` dcy lrn `l j` miieqn dcy lrn dpiqkl A-y okzii :al

.(C

mr A = λI ,dnbecl - igxkd `l j` witqn i`pz edf) .df dcy lrn dpiqkl A f` dcya mi`vnpy mipey r"r n yi An×n -l m` .6
.(dpiqkl A-y xexa la` (n `ed λ ly `"xd) ,λ cigi r"r

akxen D ly iy`xd oeqkl`de ,miinvr mixehwe ly dielz izla dveaw od P zpqkln dvixhn ly zecenrd f` dpiqkl A m` .7
.A ly miinvrd mikxrdn

: f` ,zenec B -e A m` .8

.`"t eze` odl yi (`)

.(b"x mbe `"x mb) miieaix llek r"r mze` odl yi (a)

.dhppinxhc dze` odl yi (b)

 .dawr dze` odl yi (c)

.dbxc dze` odl yi (d)

`l lirly zepekzd yng meiw :al eniy

.zenec A, B -y xxeb

.zenec od f` `"t eze` odizyl yie zepiqkl odizy ,xcqd eze`n A, B m` :la`

:zeaeyg zepekz
n n
.A ly mi`zn r"e v -e r"r epid λ f` A ly mi`zn r"r v -e r"rλ m` .1

.dkitd `l A ⇐⇒ |A| = 0 ⇐⇒ A ly r"r 0 .2

.v r"e mr A−1 -l mi`zny r"r epid λ−1 f` ,v mi`zn r"e mr A ly r"r λ-e dkitd A m` .3

.A ly mi`zn r"e v -e r"r epid λ f` ,ziynn A ly mi`zn r"e v -e akexn r"r λ m` .4

mr B ly r"r epid f (λ) if` ;B = f (A)-y jk dvixhn B idze ,el mi`znd r"e v -e A ly r"r λ idie ,edylk mepilet f (x) oezp .5
.v mi`zn r"e
   
0 0 2 0 0
ok f (A) = la` ,f (x) = x ,dpiqkl `l A= :oekp epi` jtdd j`) dpiqkl f (A) f` dpiqkl A m` ,o`kn .6
0 0 1 0
.(dpiqkl

.(r"e cer epkzi) (1, 1, . . . , 1) xehwed epid mi`zn r"ee r"r epid k f` ,k reaw xtqn epid A dvixhn ly dxey ixa` mekq m` .7

(r"ed in reci `l df dxwna j`) r"r epid k f` ,k reaw xtqn epid A dvixhn ly dcenr ixa` mekq m` .8

.dly `"td z` zqt`n A :oehlind-iliiw htyn .9