Manual for incorporation

version 04.2018
Flooring adhesives

1 Flooring adhesives ................................................. ....................................... 3

1.1 History of adhesives ............................................... .............................. 3
1.2 Gluing or screwing ............................................... .................................. 3
1.3 Bonding and liability ............................................... ...................................... 4
1.4 Definitions bonding and adhesive .............................................. .................. 4
1.5 Adhesive composition ................................................. ......................... 6
1.6 Occupations, process the flooring adhesives ............................................. 8th
1.6.1 "The floor installer" .............................................. ...................................... 8th
1.6.2 "The Parkettleger" .............................................. ..................................... 9
1.6.3 "The Interior" .............................................. ............................. 10
1.6.4 "The painter" .............................................. .............................................. 11
1.7 Building physical factors for flooring work .................................. 12
1.7.1 Relative humidity ................................................ .............................. 12
1.7.2 Moisture in components ............................................... .............................. 13
1.7.3 Substrate temperature ................................................. .......................... 13
1.7.4 Humidity in floor coverings ............................................... ...................... 14
1.7.5 Temperature of the flooring ............................................... ................ 14
1.7.6 Wetting and flatness ............................................... ........................ 15
1.8 Installation Type ................................................. ............................................... 16
1.8.1 Loose laying ................................................ ..................................... 16
1.8.2 Bracing ................................................. .......................................... 18
1.8.3 Fixing ................................................. ................................................ 19
1.8.4 Glue ................................................. .................................................. 20
1.9 Adhesive and laying method .............................................. ......................... 21
1.9.1 Textile coverings adhere or fix ............................................. .......... 21
1.9.2 Elastic coverings adhere or fix ............................................. .... 25
1.9.3 remove coverings of fixed surfaces ............................................. .... 29
1.9.4 Designflooring stick ................................................ ............................ 30
1.9.5 Seam formation ................................................. .................................... 31
1.9.6 Steps demonstrate ................................................ ......................... 33
1.9.7 To lay parquet ................................................ .................................... 36
2 Adhesive types ................................................. .................................................. . 44
2.1 Binder of the adhesives ............................................... ............................. 44
2.1.1 Solvent ................................................. ............................................. 45
2.1.2 Fillers and additives ............................................... ................. 46
2.1.3 Additives ................................................. ................................................ 47
2.2 Adhesive requirements ................................................. .............................. 47
2.3 Adhesive types ................................................. ............................................. 49
2.3.1 Dispersion adhesives ................................................. ........................... 49
2.3.2 Reaction resin adhesives ................................................. ....................... 51
2.3.3 Solvent Adhesives ................................................ .................. 52
2.3.4 Melt adhesives ................................................. ................................ 53
2.4 Bonding process ................................................. ........................................... 53
2.5 Electrically conductive installation ............................................... ................. 56
2.6 Adhesive quantity order ................................................. ............................. 58
3 Care and maintenance ............................................... ........................................... 63
3.1 Resilient floor coverings ................................................ .............................. 63

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 3.1.1 Construction work ................................................. ............................ 63
3.1.2 Initial care ................................................. ............................................. 63
3.1.3 Maintenance cleaning ................................................. .............................. 63
3.1.4 Basic cleaning ................................................. 64 ....................................
3.1.5 Damp methods ................................................. .......................... 64
3.1.6 Wet wiping ................................................. ............................. 64
3.1.7 Mechanical cleaning ................................................ .......................... 64
3.1.8 Disinfection procedures ................................................. ........................ 64
3.1.9 Cleanerverfahren ................................................. ................................. 64
03/01/10 Cleaning machines ................................................. ....................... 65
03/01/11 Cleaning and maintenance advice .............................................. ..... 65
3.1.12 Preventive measures ................................................ ................ 65
3.2 Textile floor coverings ................................................ .................................... 66
3.2.1 Patches on the carpet .............................................. .............. 66
3.2.2 The wet cleaning of carpets .............................................. .... 67
3.2.3 Overview of the cleaning process .............................................. . 68
3.2.4 Protection against re the carpet ......................... 69
3.3 Wood coverings ................................................. ................................................. 69
4 Damage caused by laying ............................................... .................................. 70
4.1 Elastic coverings ................................................ ........................................ 71
4.1.1 Unevenness ................................................. ....................................... 71
4.1.2 Detachments ................................................. .......................................... 71
4.1.3 Discoloration ................................................. ....................................... 71
4.1.4 Dents ................................................. .................................................. 72
4.2 Textile coverings ................................................ .............................................. 72
4.2.1 Unevenness ................................................. ....................................... 72
4.3 Wood coverings ................................................. ................................................. 73
4.3.1 Joint training ................................................. ....................................... 73
4.3.2 Detachment ................................................. .............................................. 73
5 Sustainability and ecology ............................................... ............................... 75
5.1 GISCODE ................................................. .................................................. . 75
5.2 EMICODE ................................................. .................................................. . 78
5.2.1 What does EMICODE? .................................................. ................. 78
5.2.2 Who is the GEV? .................................................. ................................ 78
5.2.3 What does EC1-R? .................................................. ........................ 79
5.3 RAL "Blue Angel" ............................................. ......................................... 79
5.4 Technical Data Sheet ................................................ ................................. 79
5.5 Safety Data ................................................. .................................. 80
6 Standards and notices ............................................... ..................................... 80
6.1 German Institute for Building Technology (DIBt) ........................................... ........... 80
6.2 VOB and covering work ............................................... .................... 81
6.3 BEB leaves ............................................... ........................................... 82
6.4 TKB - leaflets ............................................... ......................................... 83
6.5 Other ................................................. .................................................. ... 84
7 Glossary ................................................. .................................................. ........... 85

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1 flooring adhesives
1.1 History of the adhesives

There are evidence 1, that was won before about 220,000 years from birch bark by dry distillation,
birch tar.

Birch tar both the Neanderthals served before about 45,000 years ago, the "Iceman" before about 5,350
years ago and the modern Homo sapiens to connect stone and wood of their weapons and tools together.

6,500 years ago the Mesopotamians used asphalt for construction purposes.

3000 BC. the Sumerer knew the manufacture of hot glue from animal skins, and about 1,500 BC. the
Egyptians used animal glues for veneer work. Another early use adhesives albumins obtained inter alia
from animal blood or eggs as a binder.

The time immemorial applied tree resins, skin and bone glues and naturally occurring rubber were
replaced over the centuries by synthetic products. Ecological, imputed as well as improved technical
properties of the products synthetically produced are the most common reasons.

In order to impart greater stability of motor vehicles, components with polyurethane adhesives
(PU) are joined together by adhesive bonding. In a modern vehicle 15kg PU are used.

"Bonding" is thus probably one of

the oldest, and one of the most modern joining

techniques!

1.2 gluing or screwing

Bolting or welding seem more durable and trustworthy than adhesive bonds. The fact is that each of
these joining methods is justified.

With the welding has a lot of experience and bolted connections are easy to release. But the sticking has
many advantages. For one thing, very different materials can be connected, which could weld never. On
the other adhesive does not affect the structure of the materials because the adhesive forces indeed act
only on the material surface. However, holes and welds violate the objects to be bonded. In addition,
adhesive to

1 Journal of Archaeological Science 33/9, 2006, pp 1310-1318

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bonded metals can be isolated from each other and thus prevents the so-called contact
corrosion.

There are impressive tests showing that, for example overlapping glued sheets stick together better
than bolted.

The best example was the Fokker F-27 40 years ago. It was and is a milestone in the use of adhesives
in aircraft. And some of the machines are still flying today.

Figure 1 - Fokker F-27 - consists of bonded sheets

1.3 bonding and liability

Since we have to dig deeper again, sometimes a closer look back and question some things or answer,
such as:

• What is an adhesive or an adhesive?

• How does the liability, or why denied a bond or liability?

• Are there different Verklebungsarten?

• What information and values ​I need to make it work?

1.4 Definitions and adhesive bonding

Long before could be screwed, riveted, soldered or welded,

was glued
"as much as possible" .

Bonding is one of the oldest joining techniques known to man.

The first "glue users" there is evidence already in the Neolithic
period about 7,000 years ago. Here arrow and spearheads were
stuck with tree resins (birch pitch) in wooden handles.

Figure 2 - Pfeilspitzenverklebungen

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This was followed by a mixture of rosin and beeswax, which was used through the use of "heated stones".
Soldering iron and hot glue were born. the adhesive development has been strongly influenced by only by
industrialization
1910th

The "Bonding" is one of the "special processes" and is in the ISO 9000. more precisely defined. However,
adhesive techniques can not be described in 100% strength, and bonding can not be guaranteed. Essential
is a basic knowledge of the adhesive user to be aware of the specifics of a bonding process or joining
operations.

To produce a suitable resilient adhesion, it also requires significantly for this reason more considerations
and decisions as the only selecting the right adhesive. Rather, it is essential to consider the entire
adhesive system, the construction and the procedure to ensure sustainable operation and service life of
the addition or bonding and construction.

Under a bonding generally refers to the joining of two joining members by an adhesive.

it quotes the DIN EN 923, is an adhesive, a non-metallic material, the parts being joined by adhesion and
cohesion combines with each other. For sustainable adhesive bonding of the adhesive has to the
adherend surfaces " moisten ".

cohesion originates in the word origin from the Latin word " cohaerere
", Which translates as" related means ". Therefore,
cohesion is also relationship -

or bonding force called. An example of this is the water

drops on the picture, he does not run, but is held
together by the cohesive forces of water in its spherical
drop shape.
Figure 3 - Cohesion illustration

In adhesives cohesion causes the internal cohesion of the adhesive structure. The cohesive forces are
responsible for the resistance (viscosity) of the fresh glue in the processing and for the final strength of the
cured adhesive under stress.

Cohesion is a kind of "entanglement", ie an entanglement of long, thread-like molecular chains.

There are reactive adhesives, in which the atoms chemically combine. The trigger of the reaction
may be in one-component adhesives, heat, light, air or humidity completion. In this two components
are mixed together and react.

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adhesion comes from Latin word "adhaerere" for "adhere".
Therefore, the adhesion is also Notes to the financial or adhesive
force called. In adhesives the adhesion describes the
adhesive forces at the contact surfaces of two different or the
same materials by the mechanical cohesion of the
molecules. The processes involved in the adhesion are not
completely understood, therefore there is

Figure 4 - Adhäsionsveranschaulichung

several theories that make particularly difficult because the dependencies between the adhesive
systems and the various adherend surfaces are very complex. Examples of adhesion would be for
example the liability of chalk on the blackboard surface, or the fly on the window pane.

Gluing is defined as mentioned above, by the wetting of

surfaces. To speak of wetting, adhesive and substrate must
come together "very close" (under 1nm).

1 nanometer [ nm] = 0.000001 millimeters [mm]

wetting is called the behavior of fluids and viscous materials in

contact with the surface of solids. The wettability is the
inherent characteristic of the substances. adhesion is not only
defined by the wetting of the adhesive, but also by the
wettability of the surface.

Figure 5 - wetting species

Depending on the viscosity of the fluid, the mass of the adhesive and the material and the structure
(roughness) of the surface, the liquid wets the surface more or less strongly.

A (on a horizontal planar surface drop of liquid applied image

5) illustrates the wetting and their subdivision. The wettability of the conditions of the surface tensions
involved depends. The smaller it is, the contact angle, the greater the wettability of the surface or of the
material.

1.5 adhesive composition

According to DIN EN 923, an adhesive is defined as "non-metallic material, the parts being joined by
surface adhesion (see adhesion) and internal resistance (see cohesion) can connect". Although, there
are adhesives based on inorganic compounds such as water glass (sodium or potassium silicate), or the
products based on cement, the vast majority of adhesives used today associate the organic compounds.

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The principle of the bonding by adhesion and cohesion:

Figure 6 - difference between adhesion and cohesion

The Strength of a mortar bed is strength in 5 levels dependent:

• the cohesive strength of the flooring material

• of the adhesive strength between adhesive and floor material

• the cohesive strength of the adhesive

• of the adhesion strength between the adhesive and substrate

• the cohesive strength of the substrate

A bed of adhesive may thus fail in five different levels, with the strength of the bond is as large
as the smallest resistance in the five strength levels.

The bond fails in the floor material, cement or underground, it is called a cohesive failure, because the
forces of cohesion for the occurring forces are not enough. Cohesive failure to recognize the fact that on
both sides of the fracture surface a fracture surface of the same substance can be seen.

The bond fails between the adhesive on the one hand and the floor material or substrate on the other
hand, one speaks of an adhesion failure, because the adhesion forces for the occurring forces are not
sufficient. Adhesive failure can be recognized that adhered to one side of the fracture surface of the entire
adhesive while the other side of the fracture surface can be seen an undamaged area of ​the floor material
or the underground.

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 Figure 7 - distinction of adhesive horizons

1.6 Professions that process flooring adhesives

1.6.1 "The floor installer"

The job of a floor layer developed from the job description of linoleum depositor. Linoleum was the first
resilient flooring, which was patented in 1860 by its inventor Frederick Walton. From 1936, the first resilient
floor coverings PVC came on the market. In the early 1960s carpets were first produced on a larger scale.
For a long time there was no craft and who could handle the laying of these newly developed materials.
Several companies that dealt with the designing interiors have taken over as part of the trade union flooring
works with. Primarily the painting, wallpapering and Interior plants are to be mentioned here. unskilled
employees were amplified set, which dealt only with the laying floors. The job of a floor layer was added in
1965 as a craft similar to the commercial craft regulations, but without being accepted as a full craft or
recognized training profession. Since 2002, in Germany the recognized occupation of the floor layer.

Floorers customize the installation of resilient and textile floor coverings, finished parquet and laminate
floors and put these floors repaired. Here, the surface is checked and prepared for the subsequent laying
of floors.

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Finally, install the wall and skirting statements and so create a ready-made floor. The cleaning and
maintenance of new and old floors are also part of the job description as customer service. Parquet flooring
made of real wood not embarrassed floorers it. That's reserved parquet layers.

Floorers lay floor coverings, such as:

• Carpets / Fibrebonded

• PVC / linoleum / rubber

• cork

• laminate

• Engineered flooring

• Coatings for sports halls and tennis halls

1.6.2 "The Parkettleger"

Parquet is considered high-quality floor. It is made of oak, elm, ash, beech, walnut and exotic woods. In
addition, in the 17th and 18th centuries only cabinetmaker parquet have moved into the living rooms rather
wealthy man. With industrialization in the 19th century parquet floor was affordable with better mechanical
manufacturing and machining techniques also for the general population. To meet the increased demand,
now formed the first specialized in parquet craft. The job of a parquet Leger was acquired in 1965 in
Germany in the amendment of the Crafts Code in Annex A, becoming a full craft and apprenticeship.

Parkettleger embarrassed, treat, care for and restore primarily hardwood floors and parquet flooring. In
addition, they take the installation of laminate flooring, as well as textile and resilient floor coverings.

Parkettleger lay floor coverings, such as:

• Parquet (real wood)

• Wood paving blocks

• carpeting

• PVC / linoleum / rubber

• cork

• laminate

• Engineered flooring

• Coatings for sports halls

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make Parkettleger floors, for example, fol constricting hardwood species:

• parquet

• parquetry

• herringbone parquet

• dice parquet

• plank flooring

• Tafelparkett

• Wideboard parquet

1.6.3 "The Interior"

In France, the profession of interior decorator has been known since the Middle Ages, however, under the
name "tapissier-décorateur". The profession has then equipped with castles Fußteppichen, precious wall
coverings and upholstered seat cushions and deck furniture. In Germany there is the Interior since 1965.
This year, the individual occupations upholsterers, decorator and upholsterer were combined into this a
profession. In 2004 there was a reorganization of the profession, the former Mono profession is currently
being trained in the four pillars of the floor, upholstery, wall and ceiling decorations and room decoration
with light, privacy and sun protection systems.

Interior design rooms, single room and upholstered furniture parts according to customer requirements.
They lay textile and resilient floor coverings, upholster and cover seating, dress walls and ceilings. make
Furthermore, manufacture and install them room decorations, lighting, privacy and sun protection
systems.

Interior lay floor coverings, such as:

• carpeting

• PVC / linoleum / rubber

• cork

• laminate

• Engineered flooring

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1.6.4 "The Painter"

The word is derived from Latin: macula "spot, blemish" from stands in relationship to the Middle High
German times "stain" and gothic mela "font". Painting meant, therefore, originally as much as "writing" or
"patch" (stains make).

Previously, the painter was also known as a whitener. This is due to an overlap of different crafts. Mid-19th
century is Tünch the term for a fine layer of plaster (gypsum plaster, lime plaster), which applies the
daubed on ceilings and walls. Rarely, the name is also in some white binder (actually plasterers) used
because until about the middle of the last century by him on the one hand the white color pigments, such
as the lime, with binders - for example with potassium silicate - were bound to paint, or on the other hand
by means of its preliminary work, the applied as white coverage, diluted with water, slaked lime (a
suspension of calcium hydroxide and water) ultimately by the carbon dioxide of the air to be durable white
paint calcium carbonate,

As a painter, painters or painters in the craft skilled workers are referred producing coatings of all kinds and
all visible and invisible pre- and final coatings on walls and ceilings indoors and outdoors. Likewise
surfaces such as doors and windows be primed and painted. These skilled workers also coat surfaces to
impart a protection, for example against corrosion.

For several years, However embarrassed painters and floor coverings as:

• carpeting

• PVC / linoleum / rubber

• cork

• laminate

• Engineered flooring

The official job title is now in Germany Painters. Former Painters - Focus Fahrzeuglackierer is
Fahrzeuglackierer since the new training regulations of 2003, the independent three-year apprenticeship.
In Austria the professional field has two official apprenticeships, painters and decorators and painters. In
Switzerland and Liechtenstein, the official job title is / -in painter. Painter / refinisher in and / in is in South
Tyrol the name.

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1.7 Building physical factors for flooring work s

1.7.1 Relative humidity

The relative humidity is the base size for all calculations relating to the water vapor diffusion.

Air absorbs water in the form of invisible vapor, and stores it there as condensate again. This cycle is not
only in the outside air (such as cloud formation and precipitation) but also indoors, where contained in air
water vapor from about 14 ° C and less condensed (eg at windows or bottle of beer from the refrigerator
becomes).

The storage capacity of the air depends on the air temperature:

"The higher the air temperature, the more Wasserdamp f, the

absorb air or save "

When the temperature drops, the water vapor saturation amount of air is eventually reached, it will also dew
point called. The water vapor condenses back into water.

The Water vapor saturation amount corresponds to a relative humidity of 100% and is dependent on the
air temperature:

At 0 ° C 5 g of water / m³ are sufficient to 100% rel. to achieve humidity = water vapor saturation
amount.

At 30 ° C, the air takes up to 30g water / m³ before 100% rel. Humidity are reached.

On cooling from 30 ° C to 15 ° C, the air can still / store about 12g water m³ only the difference of
18g water / m³ air condenses on cooler component surfaces.

In room size of 12m² and a ceiling height of 2.5 m the volume 30m³ x 18g = 540g condensing water would
be.

Also, if the room air is still recording the resulting moisture from, for example, a drying filler, it can be
used for steam condensation coming (the dew point) on cooler component surfaces (the floor, for
example). That is, in the worst case, the drying of fillers or the setting of the adhesive dramatically
retarded.

For this reason, a room temperature of min. 18 ° C, a bottom temperature of min. 15 ° C and a rel.
Humidity of max. 75% - observed (preferably 50. 65% LF rel.).

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These climatic conditions are 3 days before Begi nn while
the flooring work and up to 6 days after completion endings to keep the work!

1.7.2 moisture in structures

In the case of Bodenbelagsarbeiten common surfaces such as screeds, dry screeds, concrete or
fillers are usually meant.

The moisture content of a screed before and humidity expected to covering relocation are
important criteria for readiness for covering and surface preparation.

Increased moisture under the covering can lead to serious damage (mold, rot, smells and deformations
in court).

Therefore, the moisture content of substrates should be carefully considered with the proven
measurement methods.

1.7.3 Surface temperature

In the bond of flooring chemical processes take place that will work properly only under certain climatic
conditions.

To ensure the operation of the installation materials and Nutzbelages and to ensure the processing of the
products, requirements are also imposed on the temperature and the indoor climate in DIN 18365th

For the substrate at least 15 ° C and heated floor construction 18 to 22 ° C are required. For the indoor
climate at least 18 ° C chamber air temperature and a maximum of 75% relative humidity are considered
to be admissible.

In the processing of moisture-sensitive products, such as dispersion adhesives, more than 65% are
permissible. Primers and fillers for flooring work may not be processed below 15 ° C (dew point).
extend to low temperatures, as indicated for example in the product data sheet, drying and curing
times.

In contrast, for example, covering work performed in direct sunlight can lead to much shorter processing
times. Given in the product data sheets processing, setting and insertion times are at a temperature of 18 -
20 based ° C and a relative humidity of 65%.

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1.7.4 moisture in floor coverings

When humidity in floor coverings you might think primarily of hardwood, which is also understandable
and correct.

For the wood moisture in parquet following values ​apply:

• Engineered Flooring: 6 - 10%

• Solid flooring: 7-11%

The electrical resistance measurement is the most viable method of measurement here.

However, other floor coverings may exhibit measurable moisture contents, such as needle felt or
linoleum.

By the water in dispersion adhesive floor coverings such as needle felt can be stimulated to grow and
shrink by very dry heated air in winter very quickly.

Therefore, the acclimatization of flooring is se hr important!

These climatic conditions are 3 days before Begi nn while the soil
covering work and up to 6 days after stopping de r to keep working!

1.7.5 Temperature of Flooring

Resilient floor coverings made from PVC, polyolefins or elastomer coverings (such as rubber / synthetic
rubber) react to differences in temperature and in this case behave as any other materials, which means
they expand and shrink on temperature increase at lowering the temperature. This may also apply to textile
floor coverings, including needle punch of in strong sunlight literally "dry out" and thus shrink.

Therefore, every conceivable material has a very unique material-specific " CTE ".

Material type, filler content and thickness of the floor covering affect the dimensional properties in
addition. Resilient floor coverings should not be permanently exposed to a temperature of over 40 °
C.

the substrate temperature should not be below 15 ° C, the air temperature is not below 18 ° C and the
humidity is less than 65% found in the relevant specialist technical specifications.

Optimum values ​of substrate and air temperature at least 20 ° C and a relative humidity of at most 55%.

So that it comes during installation to any dimensional changes in the lining, the climate should set the
conditions specified above 3 days before starting the laying work

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become. The floor coverings are to be laid then on the premises " acclimatized "That is the
optimum indoor climate adjusted.

During flooring work and to complete setting of the adhesive, usually 2 or 3 days better than 6
days should be no large temperature fluctuations.

Failure to comply with these rules often leads to "Sti ppnähten "or
"Formation of gaps" in the pavement!

These are then not due to a defective flooring adhesive.

A very important rule on the way to single complaint flooring is:

"V erlegeklima = Terms climate "

1.7.6 wetting and flatness

The Wettability is a very important factor for the proper

Bonding. Also the right adhesive should be used. This depends on the flooring and after underground. The
impurities such as dust, oils, etc. have a great influence on the wetting of the substrate by the adhesive.

Just should flatness of the substrate are observed. The thinner the adhesive bed, the higher is the
strength. However, these conditions can not always be realized at the construction sites.

Figure 8 - wetting failure and its consequences

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 Figure 9 - wetting depending on the surface quality

1.8 Installation Type

1.8.1 Loose laying

The loose laying is the only type of installation in which a carpet backing does not come with a substance
or a mechanism in contact. The application area is reserved for very low traffic areas with small size.

When loose laying the textile floor covering is designed without a positive connection in the space on the
installation surface, and only at the edges or in the door region with an double-sided tape fixed. From a
consumer perspective, this method is the simplest and cheapest solution for laying textile floor coverings,
since as laying aids are required only double-sided tape or Velcro. The one side of the strip is glued to the
subfloor. From the other side of the protective film is peeled off and the pad back pressed. In a new
installation, the tape can not be reused and must be replaced. When laying on double-sided tape must
always be expected a wave formation. The application range is limited to low traffic areas with a size of
about 16-20m². During the removal of the floor covering is simple, the residues of adhesive tape often is
relatively difficult.

The only advantage of the loose-laying is the later easy replacement of the floor covering. In principle,
damage to an existing Nutzbodens can be avoided, so that this installation method offers for the private
sector (eg rent). Depending on the substrate plasticizer poor tapes are to be used (for PVC substrates).

However, this method of installation also brings significant disadvantages. So loosely designed goods
can shrink in temperature or humidity or to expand and thereby waves arise (pitfalls

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faulty optics). Furthermore, can occur by walking and also the stress of the carpet by office chairs in a
greater change in appearance. In addition, goods can only loosely be interpreted if this is done seamlessly.
Must because of space geometry or size of the textile floor covering with sutures are assembled, can not be
interpreted more loosely.

Also it must be remembered that it is the loose interpretation gen a

non-standard processing in accordance with DIN 18365 hand pedals.

Carpet tiles, which are equipped with a heavy coating have, due to their heavy weight suitability as
self-laying goods. The EN 1307 "Textile floor coverings - Classification of pile carpets" stipulates that
carpet tiles must have for loose laying, however, a minimum weight of 3.5 kg / m².

Laying on velcro straps and velcro train

Laying on velcro is similar to the on tape, wherein the upper side is not coated with adhesive but with
microfine tick. On velcro only suitable for this purpose, equipped with appropriate back coverings can be
fixed "Velcro capable". Usually at a new installation the old tape is not destroyed and can be reused.

The field of application is in low traffic areas with a size of about 20-30 square meters. The removal of the
floor covering is simply doing that the Velcro or its residues, however, relatively difficult.

The Velcro train is a broader form of the Velcro tape and is used in the object region, "Velcro capable" to
attach the carpet in the room over the entire surface. Again, the old Velcro web is re-used in a new
installation.

Their range is heavily used rooms. The removal of the floor covering is straightforward that the climbing
rail, however, almost impossible. The tracks must be either sanded or plastered over.

Laid on an adhesive non-woven

Installation on a pressure-sensitive mat takes place on an old textile floor covering, the removal of which
you want to save at least at this time. Here, the both sides adhesive coated nonwoven fabric is unrolled
on the subfloor and pressed firmly. When you remove the protective film, the floor covering is pressed.
The to be occupied old carpeting should not be too deep pile because of its own motion.

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Heavily used rooms in coarse fabric back and under castor wheels, the use is not recommended, since the
wear is too high and may result in wave formation. The removal of the floor covering is relatively simple, the
non-woven adhesive residue rather expensive. Therefore, it is better to use this technique only floor
coverings which are to be used not originally again.

Laying on a SL-Pad

Laying on a SL-base allows a largely suitable bonding without the underbody (Glatt soil exclusively) comes
with adhesive substances in contact. Thus, the sub-floor structure is not damaged. The resumption pad is
only loosely rolled out and the flooring firmly bonded to it. A distance (incl. SL-pad) brings in so far as no
complications. The application range is heavily used rooms, but such documents are not for castor chair
use are suitable as a rule.

Laying with the help of an anti-slip coating

Very often, the anti-slip coating is called a "fixation", which is not true. It is merely intended to remove
shearing forces without taking peel forces. It only prevents the shifting of the floor covering. Their range
extends to heavily coated carpeting and carpet tiles for example ARDEX AF 825th

1.8.2 bracing

The bracing on nail strips ( "smoothing hedge") can only be done with it appropriately suitable covering
assemblies. When clamping the carpet is mounted on round fortified along the walls on the underground
nail strips. can be tensioned woven carpets and tufted carpets with woven textile secondary backing. The
application area is reserved for heavily used rooms.

Should not be fixed or glued a textile floor covering, the hotel provides a bracing as alternative installation
method. This is the gentlest type of installation for a textile covering. The clamping is carried out on an
"underlay" of wool, foam, nonwoven fabric, rubber, etc. The textile floor covering is hooked with this
method at one side of the room to the oblique nails of the nail strip and clamped on the nail strip of the
opposite wall. Upon release of the tension of the textile floor covering a hooked to the inclined nails of the
nail strip fastened there. As an alternative to the nail strips using wide Velcro straps ideal for fleece
backing.

Page 18 of 96
especially woven goods and Tuftingbeläge suitable with textile backing for clamping. Although there this is
one of the oldest installation methods, it is as a Deviation from DIN 18365 to see and to put the client's sole
discretion.

Through the use of underlays, the elasticity of the accessible area is improved and achieved an additional
sound insulation and thermal insulation. The textile floor covering is not fixed in this installation method with
the ground. The bracing has a positive effect on the wear behavior, whereby the life of a textile floor
covering is extended. The application of the PT system is limited to any particular sub-floor. There must be
only one jealous publisher base that is prepared for installation of a floor covering. A publisher jealous
ground (floor) is primed and leveled. In addition, he must be clean, crack-free, firm, dry and free of release
agents. With the cutting method even difficult installation problems can be solved. the future exchange is
also facilitated.

Figure 10 - Technology of tightening

1.8.3 fix

The installation method of fixing is provided between the installation methods "loose laying" and "stick" to
classify. It can be effected over the whole area or only a punctiform manner and results in an increase in
stability of the textile surface facing the loose laying. The use of restraints also allows non-destructive for
the underground recovery of the textile floor covering, if it is to be replaced. are used in this field
double-sided adhesive fabrics, meshes, and liquid films, and fixations. In the case of a liquid fixing a type of
adhesive is used with reduced adhesive properties. be observed in any case, the instruction manual for
these products, in particular the preparation of the installation surface, so that a covering can be resumed
later without any complications.

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Fixations are usually aqueous dispersions, which are applied either to a roll or a notched trowel evenly
on the substrate and then flashed off. Thereafter, the textile floor covering is laid over the entire surface
and rubbed. Normal traffic is given after 24 hours, the setting time to achieve the ultimate bond strength is
approximately 72 hours.

Fixed floors form no wrinkles or bumps from the use or climate change and can be free of damage from
the ground yet.

The water solubility refers to the reactivation of the material by the use of flooring. In this case, tension
water is applied (with the addition of liquid), which causes the destruction of the adhesive substance. After a
short time the fixing can be removed without residue. Such a carpet can be laid relatively firmly yet gently
removed the subfloor. The area of ​application is found wherever the flooring should be removed again
relatively easily such as in rental properties.

1.8.4 Glue

is to be produced a strong and durable connection between the to be laid textile floor covering and the
ground by the use of adhesives in the case of laying. The full-surface bonding is an installation method
that is recommended or even required for certain properties of the carpet, such as the castor wheels.

Adhesives are applied with a trowel evenly on the substrate and then flashed off. After that, the textile floor
covering is inserted into the still wet adhesive bed and across the entire surface.

A load is reached after about 24 hours, the setting time to achieve the ultimate bond strength is
approximately 72 hours. By gluing the carpet receives a cleaning resistance, that is, wet cleaning such as
spray extraction are possible at a later date. Adhesives used should, if possible classified as very low
emissions - (eg EMICODE (class EC 1 PLUS) or TFITÜV). It is desirable that in any case an optimum floor
structure, which extends from a respective the screed surface preparation up to the proper laying of the
Nutzbodens.

The professional installation is in the VOB Part C: General technical specifications in construction
contracts (ATV) Flooring work - described and DIN 18365 set.

These binding rules have to be observed, however, have in terms of bonding a special reason: being
moved by this VOB, then gluing "The only acceptable method of installation"
, Deviations from the DIN
18365 the clients are "clearly and in detail" disclosed as such.

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Compared to a loosely laid offers a full-surface adhesion of coatings
numerous advantages:

• Less walking or room noise

• Design freedom (for example, patterns with bonded TSLA)

• Better heat transfer with underfloor heating because there is no air cushion prev.

• Increased longevity: fewer joints, shafts, bumps; Castor wheels; All cleaning processes

possible

1.9 adhesives and installation methods

1.9.1 Textile coverings adhere or fix

It is important before the actual installation that the surface is dry and the carpet glue or carpet fixing must
be matched to the substrate and the coating. In some cases it may be necessary to prime the installation
surface prior to application of the adhesive.

For the laying of a pressing tool is necessary, instead of an expensive special tool, one can
produce it easy for yourself:

For laying textile coverings PVC, for laying PVC floors carpet stick the day before the laying on the back of a
wooden board with the existing grater for the laying work adhesive.

Images 11 - 13: Anreibewerkzeug produce (LUGATO)

Tool :
Knife with hook blade, Anreibewerkzeug (bottoming
peripheral rear roller, trowel on a PVC covering was
glued stable wallpaper brush Tapetenandrückrolle),
folding rule, trowel, vacuum cleaner.

Figure 14: laying tool (LUGATO)

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laying :

In multi-path routing first notice the pile layer of the carpet. Check with Hammerstiel- or paper or pencil
method:

In the Hammerstiel method provides to the metal weight of the hammer so the carpet that its stem is in
the air. The stem is now overturned transverse to the web length. The direction in which the hammer
shank moves in its impact, is the direction of the pile.

In the Paper or pencil method shall be a sheet of paper on the carpet

ground and then rolling a pencil back and forth. The direction in which the paper moves, the direction of the
pile.

Thereafter, the carpet is ground as designed in the space Cut the long sides to match.
that all paths are "florgleich" and "rough" cut in the web
burden the lining during these activities so that it can
length. The seam direction should be aligned with the
not slip.
main light source because of the visibility of the seam.

The relocation is generally based on the folding method. In this case, the carpet is folded back on the long sides
across the width to be able to apply the adhesive to the subfloor. So that these are not in repelling on the decking

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can move. vacuum the subfloor and the flooring back thoroughly.

bring adhesive from the bucket to the ground, then It is advisable to carry on the surface of the toothed
coated with a toothed trowel the adhesive evenly on the spatula S-shaped, at the edges from the edge to the
ground. surface.

the webs immediately so is put into the fresh cement bed

(within about 10 - 20 minutes) on absorbent substrates in
the processing of a vehicle equipped with a textile fabric
back carpet, that slides from the not folded side the lining
into the adhesive.

Then rub well the carpet or roll in. For this purpose, the fold second side, and working as described
following tools are: above.

Bottoming peripheral rear roller, trowel, to which a PVC

covering was glued, stable wallpaper brush beklebtes
or PVC trowel

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Finally perform cutting in the edge region. Rub again after a short time, particularly important
in the edge and seam area.

Seam: Manufacturer's instructions of the coating to the seam treatment note (with or without necessary
interface!)

Theses

To produce a wall end, there are the following options:

• Arrange self-adhesive Kettelleiste

• Cutting and mounting of a baseboard, sawing or mitred with corner profiles - fixing carpet

Einklebeleiste with carpet strips

• Mounting transition profiles with door thresholds

• Cover plates to the ground implementation of heating pipes

A freshly laid floor carpet has a typical new smell in conjunction with the adhesive. With adequate
ventilation and heating of the room the smell disappears within a few days.

Cropping loops qualities: Again, the tracks must be cut individually.

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1.9.2 elastic coverings adhere or fix preparatory

measures

The installation space is to control the temperature: The room and substrate temperature is at least 15 ° C.
The lining and the adhesive should be acclimatised: For this they should be stored for at least 24 hours under
installation conditions.

The substrate fulfills the requirements of the coating and the properties specified in the TDB of the
adhesive. If the strength is not enough, the ground is to mill, cracks must be sealed with sealing
compounds.

Importantly, the flatness of the floor: Check the flatness with a long straight edge in several directions,
unevenness from 1.5mm are (attach previously Edge insulation strips 5mm thickness) with an at least 2
mm leveling eliminate. coarsely porous surfaces or uneven absorbency or recessed joints in tile coverings
are also to equalize with a leveling. in a balanced area - - The next day, trowel marks and any visible
surface structures are possibly by grinding or Fleckspachtelung remove with steadfast quick filler.

The adhesive is applied using their recommended tools (TKBZahnung or roller). After the flash-off time
of the adhesive has a so-called "tack" in (adhesiveness). The floor covering is then placed and rolled on
or rubbed.

The recommendations of the flooring manufacturers to Verl ath and

Adhesives must be observed!

seam cut

The seam section can be carried out (with joint =), depending on the flooring "dense" (= on collision) or
"on-air". With PVC and rubber flooring tight seam cuts are common in linoleum be carried out "on air"
because of the swelling behavior of Juterückens more seam sections.

Tool :

Knife with hook blade,

Anreibewerkzeug (bottoming peripheral rear roller,

trowel on a textile coating was adhered, stable
wallpaper brush Tapetenandrückrolle)

Folding rule, trowel, vacuum cleaner.

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Lay the linoleum floor wrinkle-free in the room and cut of Cut the PVC using a ruler carpet precisely on the
about 10cm supernatant. can acclimatise 24 hours in longitudinal edge. To press the PVC and leave a
space the PVC then. distance of about 1 mm (expansion) to the wall so that
the PVC can work.

At the outer corners first cut the PVC diagonally from press the seam firmly and cut off the overhangs.
the edge of the corner,

For cutting shock you stack the PVC membranes and fight back after that one half of the covering. Be careful
cut them together: double cut. that the pad not move. Here it is advantageous if one
were to work in pairs. Suction of the laying substrate.

Page 26 of 96
Also vacuum the floor backing thoroughly. Apply adhesive: fixations with a lambskin roller PVC
and Design covering adhesive with the
recommended toothing. It is advisable to keep the
toothed spatula S-shape on the surface, at the
edges from the edge to the surface.

Lay in the covering ... ... and rub.

Apply on the other side of adhesive pad and place Cutting the edge.
and rub.

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 put baseboards.

When using floor covering adhesives of the pad back adhesive which method is used decides. The time when
the adhesive has reached the pressure-sensitive adhesive phase, we see as shown below states:

Allow the glue to dry for. drive depending on the The right time is when the finger is hardly wetted or a
absorbency of the substrate 10 to 15 minutes at regular skin has formed, which can be crushing.
intervals via the adhesive grooves. Is wetted immediately
the fingertip, wait any longer.

Images 15 - 16 - LUGATO

Page 28 of 96
1.9.3 remove coverings of fixed surfaces

On this surface, the fixed carpet to be removed. moisten the carpet fill with water and ...

distribute water and optionally incorporated if the ... after an exposure time (approximately 30 to 60 min.),
carpet is impregnated. Remove the carpet, the carpet optionally cut previously into
stripes.

Carpet with foam backing or PVCBeläge be deducted

dry. Subsequently the fixation should be soaked.

deport carpet fixation with a spatula, if

necessary, moisten again.

Page 29 of 96
1.9.4 Design stick coverings

Tool : Knife blade with hook, Anreibewerkzeug

(bottoming peripheral rear roller, trowel on a textile
coating was adhered, stable wallpaper brush
Tapetenandrückrolle), folding rule, trowel, vacuum
cleaner.

Check the squareness of the room. in the present case. measure width of the adhesive elements.

mark the distance to the wall for 2 rows, so that the Mark Optionally the border with a masking tape.
adhesive application is limited in area.

Adhesive mount and insert design flooring immediately. Measure the length needed for the remaining piece
and transferred to the design flooring plank.

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to length with a cutter knife. Then break the design surface.

Insert this edge hallway. press the topping here.

1.9.5 seam formation

The adhesive must be "confirmed". Initial milling the edges of the

webs.

Subsequently, insertion of a matching color fusible wire in the

joint and welding with a special manual welding device.

Cut off the excess material. So that the soil is completed.

Welding and grouting

In surface regions with hygienic requirements in moisture loads

on the floor (wet areas) and in areas with intensive wet cleaning
a grouting or welding of flooring is always necessary.

For welding of linoleum and rubber a "joint line" is (a special

hot-melt adhesive) used welding rods are offered for PVC
coverings. For use cords with 4 or 5mm diameter.

Figure 17 - Seam welding

Page 31 of 96
Figure 18 - welding and repelling joints

Edge connectors and sockets training

Depending on the technical requirements and design preferences, there are different methods of base
training with resilient flooring. the core baseboard is simply and commonly used. Optionally, as a finished
strip in different colors and designs or with the possibility to glue a floor covering strips.

Finished molded skirting offered for resilient floor coverings also for subsequent installation. Here,
the base will not be placed as soft skirting boards on the floor, but butt cut before the surface coating
and then welded or jointed.

Figure 19 - different base systems

Page 32 of 96
Chamfer u. Hygiene skirting systems

In areas where high demands are placed on hygiene, or in areas where regular is wet cleaned, the use of
sanitary baseboards or cove skirting offers. By moving "trough-shaped" the floor coverings with the
baseboards and also the inner and outer corners of the baseboards are thermally welded to each other
(PVC) or jointed (linoleum, rubber). In the following system, the flooring panels are simply highly placed
directly on the wall and only the outside corners used as a triangle separately.

Figure 20 - Base formation with toppings

1.9.6 demonstrate steps

Elastic or textile floor coverings are well suited by its flexibility for use on stairs. The surfaces on steps and
landings must be prepared. Especially to refurbish a building the tread edges must be checked frequently
and repaired. different, often vendor-related systems are available for the renovation of stair edges and
flooring installation.

The following figure shows an example of steps for receiving repair angle of flooring, both for stone,
concrete and for wooden stairs, either screwed or glued.

Page 33 of 96
 Figure 21 - Step profile

With these systems, a new rounded step edge is provided which is optimal for receiving resilient and
textile floor coverings. The tread is extended and provides increased operating safety.

In the field of PVC flooring systems are also offered in which in a corresponding web materials of the floor
covering PVC stair nosings are factory incorporated into "grooved" surface structure. In particular, this
step edges need a rectangular transition on the forward step edge, so that the stair edge profile and
having fully rests under load no vertical movements and is overstretched.

Are the steps immediately ready to receive floor coverings, is carried out a preparation as described
"stick or fixing elastic coverings" below.

Tools: Knife blade with hook, Anreibewerkzeug (bottoming peripheral rear roller, trowel on a textile
covering or PVC covering was adhered or stable wallpaper brush or Tapetenandrückrolle), folding rule,
brush, roller velor vacuum cleaner.

There are three possible Klebsituationen:

• The tread or parts thereof are occupied

• The tread is completely enclosed with the covering (The seam is to be

located below the step).

• Tread and riser are used (This is done in 2 steps: first the tread to the bottom of the edge,
then the setting step)

Page 34 of 96
The size of the required covering piece measure. Cut the covering.

vacuum the surface. Floor backing suck, apply adhesive, make (up to 2
stages) to dry (with flooring with fleece backing is
Applying the adhesive to the substrate.
recommended that the night before with a trowel thin to
coat the back with the adhesive (previously thoroughly
aspirate).

Wait until the surface of the adhesive becomes Loading and ...
tacky.

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... press on. press coating on the front side or knock. show
next level.

1.9.7 Lay parquet

The following are the installation of engineered flooring in irregular vessel Bodenverband is exemplified.

Preparatory actions

The installation space is to control the temperature: The room and substrate temperature is at least 15 ° C.
The lining and the adhesive should be acclimatised: For this they should be stored for at least 24 hours
under installation conditions. The substrate fulfills the requirements of the coating and the properties
specified in the TDB of the adhesive. The preparation is as "stick or fixing elastic coverings" described
below.

It is to decide whether the parquet elements are laid transversely or longitudinally to the window (usually
transversely). plan the installation over the depth of field. Site underground predetermined movement
joints are congruent to take over. For rooms over 100m² surface with more than 12m in the element
longitudinally or more than 8m in the element transverse direction, an expansion joint must be installed
in about middle of the room. This is covered with a commercially available rail.

The installation should be planned so that the start and end rows wide enough (more than five
centimeters) are. Maybe even the planks in the first row must be adapted for this purpose in its width. As a
rule, the floor of a laying instructions for, if not: The first row must be laid with the tongue side to the wall
(spring cut). have is important, the use of distance wedges to (to ensure even expansion about 10mm
between plank and wall. proven itself adjustable spacer.

Page 36 of 96
The plant of the expansion joint must also be observed at all other non-moving parts such as heating
pipes or metal door frame and transitions to other floor coverings.

Since rigid coverings are not as "simple" change in width, it is necessary to check the squareness of the
room before laying. Here's a simple process:

from the edge of a mark put on one wall 1.2 from the edge put a mark on the other If the distance between
m. wall 1.6m. the marks is exactly 2m,
the space is rectangular.

Otherwise, adjustments must be made.

Are several rooms to measure, the construction of a teaching worthwhile.

It is following tools are required: knee pads, dental spatula,

crowbar, bat, hammer, fitting wedges (adjustable), jig saw or chop
saw, ruler, angle, or bevel, pencil, wood glue, calculator.

Page 37 of 96
The first row specifies the alignment for the entire room. Remove the protective film of the parquet adhesive.
Therefore, it is particularly important to work accurately
and compensate for possible irregularities of the walls.
Finally, no squareness of the walls can be accepted
Tip: Put in work breaks foil and cover!
even in new buildings. Cut the flooring along to match
the wall if need be compensated.

Dry laying out the first two rows, so it can be checked

whether the first row needs to be reduced in width, if
necessary, easily.

mark the end of two rows on the ground. This is

especially helpful if the boards were reduced in
width.

(Up to the mark) aufzahnen the adhesive on the laying comply with the circumferential edge groove wall of about 1
surface. Apply only to as much surface adhesive as cm width.
can be covered in about 30 minutes with parquet. No
longer apply adhesive than is necessary for the
installation of two rows.

Page 38 of 96
With the transfer is started in a corner. The second row of boards with the play start, which is left
over from the first row of floorboards. The hallway offset
should not be less than 20cm.
Here, put spacers.

support lateral fixed assembly with tapping block. repeat the steps.
When the first series are laid, if necessary,
Taping ensures clean working.
additionally complain this, for example with solid plank
packets to prevent a displacement in the further
anarbeiten.

together, the end connections already laid floorboards The distance to the wall with wedges or more secure by
firmly under the use of a crowbar. means of adjustable spacers.

Should adhesive get on the floor, wipe it off

immediately with a dry cloth.

Page 39 of 96
If door frames, such as in the case of renovations, already exist, saw off the wooden frames and slide the floor below.
To create a section of the stalls on the door frame, mark the thickness and saw off the frame down with Japan- or fine
saw.

Mark the position of the pipe in the hall for laying set markers.
around heating pipes.

The points marked with a suitable drill (for example, Mark a V-shaped fitting piece at an angle of 45 degrees and
Forstner bits) (ca. 10 mm larger than the tube ...
diameter) pierce.)

Page 40 of 96
... Saw with jigsaw. Then fit.

The cut out piece with wood glue provided and enter Later, the recesses simple dress with radiator rosette or
it after the heating pipes again close to the element. sealed with acrylic.

connections

Figure 22 - with a profile as a covert version perform open with cork strips or Acrylatfüllung - Image 23

the fitting wedges away - when the entire room is laid out ready to be - after the adhesive has dried. As the
ground has now been working, it may be that they no longer sit as loosely as at the beginning.

The main part of the base installation is now complete. Now the baseboards are still attached.

Page 41 of 96
Following laying patterns are possible:

regular Association

The parquet strips are laid parallel with

staggered joints, such as the "cladding" on a
ship's deck.

Irregular shipdeck Association

The parquet strips are laid in each series. In each row,

the bars are offset a distance. The floor is now similar to
the planks on the deck of a ship. Since the planks are
always moved quite arbitrarily, is this type of installation
also a "random connection".

herringbone

Classic laying pattern with an interesting

play of light. More suitable for large
rooms.

Straw floor

By adjacent parallel attachment of 2-4 bars and right

angle rotation such packages each other a braided
arises. Such as cubes, only shifted from each other.

Cube Pattern

Individual rods are joined together to form squares

whose direction is alternately offset by 90 degrees.
Used only if the length of the rod must be a multiple of
the beam width,

eg 49 x 7cm.

Figure 24 - Selection of possible laying patterns in Parkettverlegung

Page 42 of 96
Digression: calculating the necessary edge joint in Par kettarbeiten

The following example taken from: Literature for parquet layer and floor layers, SN-Verlag,
1996 "Rule of thumb": per meter space
length
Formula for calculating the edge distance:
X ?? /? X

× ×? = a

The width of the edge distance is dependent on the attachment to the substrate and the
laying pattern.

a= Margin width in cm
bR = longest space side transverse to the wood fiber in cm
qt / r = differential shrinkage and swelling of wood used
Δ F = difference from the standard equilibrium moisture content for max. expected

Equilibrium humidity in% 2 = Divider

for two sides of the room T = divider for
source disabilities
1 = nailed association bottom 2 = shear-resistant
glued association bottom
3 = shear-resistant adhesive with patterns from different directions wood

Normal values:
Max. Ambient humidity of living rooms: 12%
Max. Room humidity, from heated rooms: 15%

Differential of shrinkage (individual values: DIN 68100: 2010-07 [Tolerance system for wood and wood
processing - Concepts, series of tolerances, dimensions Schwindund source])

0.25% per% change in moisture content (general)

0.25% per% change in moisture content (oak)
0.30% per% change in moisture content (laminate)

Example of a calculation:
Space: Living 8.01 x 6,67m parquet floor as
dressing relapsing glued to ZE screed max. " Rule of thumb "Per meter space length
expected moisture content: 12% 2mm joint width.

X? ?? x? X? X? = 1.3 cm, the edge distance is 1.3 cm therefore circumferentially.

It suffices as a rule to apply edge joints of 1cm wide circumferential.

This calculation is effective for larger spaces. If there is a value on

2.5cm be determined, are in the To create covering expansion joints.

Page 43 of 96
2 types of adhesive

2.1 binder of the adhesives

The binders are responsible for adhesion to the floor covering and the substrate. They also provide the
necessary strength of the dried adhesive film. Dispersions and resins are today the most common binder
in the base region.

Binder, and their areas of application:

1) Resins

• acrylate ( PMMA) (for UV-sealing, water-based paints and primers, for example AF 2224)

• polyvinyl acetate ( PVAC) (for dispersion adhesives and primers such as wood glue)

• polyolefin ( EVA) for hot melt adhesives and floor coverings

• Styrene-butadiene (SBR) for dispersion adhesives (for example, AF 230)

• polychloroprene ( CR) (for solvent-based adhesives and primers, for example, AF 660)

• polyurethane ( PU) (for reactive adhesives, primers and PUR seal eg AF 495)

• epoxy resin ( EP) (for adhesives, caulks and Primers for example, RG 12, EP

2000)

2) natural resins

• copal for seals

• rosin for adhesives and sealants

• linseed oil for linoleum and oil-resin-seal

The main binder in the bottom region of adhesive are acrylate dispersions,
Latex dispersions, epoxy resins, polyurethanes and quick cements (eg in powder
parquet adhesive).

Due to health risks ARDEX used no more binders in solvents such as: are dissolved mineral spirits,
alcohol, acetone or toluene.

In the house ARDEX be exclusively solvent-free e

water-dispersed adhesives made!

Page 44 of 96
2.1.1 solvents

A solvent (including solvent or "solvent") is a substance which gases, liquids or solids dissolve or can be
diluted, without this resulting in chemical reactions between solute and-dissolving substance. In general,
liquids such as water and liquid organic substances used to dissolve other substances.

Both names can be found for over 200 years in the literature. In research and laboratories, the word
"solvent", however, the term "solvent" has been established in the industrial and technical chemicals
industry. For example, speaks Römpp Lexikon Chemie solvent, while the TRGS prefer solvent.

The most important solvent group are alcohols, such as ethanol, n-butanol, isopropanol and methanol. In
2011, approximately 6.4 million tons thereof were in demand worldwide. An above average increase in
consumption of each year more than 3% is expected in the period 2011-2019 in ethanol and in the ethers.

That, however, best known solvent is ... Water!

In view of paints, varnishes, adhesives, etc. However, we think in the term "solvent" of substances that
unpleasant odors, health and environmental damage can cause or explosive vapors. Meant solvents
according to TRGS 610 are in this case (Technical Regulations for Hazardous Substances), only after the
volatile organic solvent are referred to having a boiling point up to 200 ° C as solvent.

As " high boiler "Designated low-volatile substances with boiling points above 200 ° C are not valid legally
as a solvent. While conventional solvents are completely evaporated because of their volatility within hours
to days after processing, the high boilers substitute contained in some "solvent-free" products will be
issued might still months or years into the ambient air and therefore feel part even more critical
assessment as products with traditional solvents.

The avoidance of toxic and polluting substances is part of the green chemistry Second

2 When green Chemistry refers to the kind of chemistry that attempts to curb pollution, save energy and produce environmentally friendly
as possible. At the same dangers of production and the product should be avoided.

Page 45 of 96
2.1.2 fillers and additives fillers are insoluble additives which are added in a high content to the base
material (the matrix). Fillers have the following tasks within the matrix of binders, solvents and additives:

• to reduce the expensive binder content

• They give the material: hold, volume and stability

• They reduce the loss in declining binder systems

additives are usually solved in the matrix, in contrast, and have levels of less than a few percent.

annually over 53 million tons of fillers with a total value of about 16 billion euros will be used worldwide for
such diverse application areas such as paper, plastics, paints or drugs. Thus include fillers to the most
important raw materials and are available in a variety of everyday items contain.

classified chemically, fillers natural or synthetic his.

• Organic - Natural:

Wood flour, pulp, cork, wheat chaff

• Organic - Synthetic:

Carbon fibers, cellulose derivatives, ground plastics or elastomers

• Inorganic - course:

Rock flour, asbestos, glass fiber, sodium sulfate, silicates (clay, talc, mica, kaolin,
Neuburger silica), carbonates / sulphates (chalk, dolomite, barite (barite)), and oxides /
hydroxides (quartz flour, crystalline silica, aluminum / magnesium hydroxide and
magnesium, zinc or calcium oxides)

• Inorganic-Synthetic:

Silicates, oxides, hydroxides, prepared by either precipitation methods (silica,

chalk, aluminum and magnesium hydroxide) or thermal processes (fumed silica,
carbon black, metal oxides); Glass fibers, glass beads and glass breakage

The most common fillers in adhesives are Chalk, kaolin, barite and
Dolomite.

Page 46 of 96
2.1.3 additives

Additives (additivum lat. "Added, included"), also known as adjuvants or additives are substances
that products be added in small quantities to achieve certain properties or improve.

Additives are used to achieve a positive effect on production, storage, processing or product properties
during and after the use phase. Unlike fillers additives are very finely dispersed in the material (often
solved) and almost always wear only accounts for a few percent of the total volume.

typical additives in our area are:

• dispersants

• Thickeners, emulsifiers

• Defoamers, deaerators

• Light stabilizers

• pigments

• preservative

• leveling agents

• Water retention means (retention means)

2.2 Adhesive Requirements

According to commentary on the DIN 18365 Bodenbelagsarbeiten

"... must be such as adhesives that a fixed and permanent connection is achieved through it. You must not
adversely affect and cause of odor after processing any harassment flooring, underlay and reason ... "

The requirements for flooring adhesives are defined in DIN EN 14259 - Adhesives for floor coverings
described and design as follows:

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 Adhesive for: Test method and corresponding equirements nts
EN 1372 min peel EN 1373 min shear EN 1841 change in EN 1903
strength. N / mm strength. N / mm 2 the dimensions in altering the
transverse
dimensions
direction% max. %
max. %

Polyvinylchloridbodenbeläge 1.0 0.3 not applicable 0.2

(EN 649)

Rubber flooring, smooth (EN 1.2 (2.0) not required not applicable 0.2

1817)

Linoleum flooring 0.5 0.5 0.2 not

(EN 548) applicable

Textile floor coverings (EN 0.5 not required not applicable Not

1307 + EN 1470) applicable

Polyolefinbodenbeläge 1.0 0.3 Not 0.2

applicable

Table 1: Test standards for adhesives for various flooring types

Characteristics of flooring adhesives

Table 2: Flooring adhesive properties

Page 48 of 96
In addition, it is important, after which time a flooring adhesive strength reaches its (Notwithstanding the
above table). In sensitive coverings rapid early strength may be required (28-day value after only 24 days
to 3 reached).

2.3 types of adhesives

After their ingredients can be divided adhesives for floor coverings in three groups:

2.3.1 dispersion adhesives

Dispersions are aqueous solutions in which solid polymers (binders) are contained in very fine distribution.
Technically, almost all tasks are now solved with solvent-free dispersion adhesives.

Dispersion adhesives consist approximately to 20 - 30% of one or more

dispersions, contain around 20% resin shares and 25 - 50% Fillers. water is in the proportion of 9 - 25%
included. additives ( Anti-aging agents, defoamers and wetting agents) form with 1 - 2% the rest.

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today dispersion adhesives are almost all with the environmental label EMICODE EC1 PLUS,
EC1 and the "Blue Angel" according to RAL. In this respect, these are for clean, environmentally
friendly products.

The adhesive principle is simple and physically reasons:

By evaporation of water glue a film adaptation of the resin and dispersion occurs. Together with this
built-filler, the strength of the adhesive is formed.

To achieve this, the water is delivered to an absorbent substrate or into the air. For these reasons, the
filling of substrates and an optimal indoor climate are essential for the setting of dispersion adhesives.

The setting mechanism of a dispersion adhesive :

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2.3.2 reaction resin adhesives

In reaction resin adhesives is chemically reacting and curing products in local pr wet method. Either as
2-component resin and hardener-component combination, or by reaction with atmospheric moisture,
UV-light, atmospheric oxygen or metal ions. Unlike the dispersion adhesives no absorbent base for
setting of the adhesive is needed.

Depending on the raw material base, a distinction following St offe:

• 1-K-PUR Polyurethane adhesive, single component

eg ARDEX PU 30 (primer)

• 1-K hybrid / MS, one-component

eg AF 460/480

• 2-K-PUR Polyurethane adhesive, two-component

for example, AF 495 / ARDEX PU 5 (Rissvergussharz)

• 2-K-EP Epoxy, two-component

eg ARDEX WA (tile adhesive)

The strength of the adhesive is formed by the chemical reaction, the so-called polymerization. (If the
2K-PU for example, polyol and isocyanate would). Such products can be adjusted extremely hard
depending on the requirements or elastic. They are highly durable and resistant to chemicals.

Even reaction resin adhesives represent environmentally friendly products, as no volatile constituents
escape into the environment. They are often marked with the Environmental Label EMICODE EC1 R
PLUS. In this respect, these are for clean, environmentally friendly products.

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2.3.3 Solvent Adhesives

In high solvent content flooring adhesives, binders based on natural or synthetic resins are chemically
dissolved. The solvent thus prevent sticking together binder. After application to the substrate, curing the
adhesive with the evaporation of the volatile organic solvent starts.

Synthetic resin adhesives consist approximately of 14% Resin, containing approximately 14%
treated natural resin and about 50% Fillers. solvent contained to around 22%. The adhesive principle is in
the physical evaporation of the solvent, which then causes a film of the resin particles and the strength
development of the adhesive.

In the case of solvent-free dispersion adhesives, the solvents shown in red were replaced with water and
then would be eg blue, but met the same task.

So stay resins or plastics, which are separated by water or other solvents. Thus, an adhesive does not stick
on their own, which is the case for example in a sealed container.

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2.3.4 melt adhesives

Hot melt adhesives are used as cartridges, pins, powders, granules, nets or films are used. They are
solvent-free, usually no mixing or dosing are needed. Hot melt adhesives are melted by temperature.

This is done either directly in the joint (eg, by ironing of edge bands) or by means of a glue gun, from
which the hot adhesive is applied to the joining parts. Hot melt adhesives melt at temperatures between
110 ° C and about 220 ° C with other systems.

2.4 bonding process

arise depending on the type of adhesive, flooring, climatic conditions and ground, the following four
bonding process:

• Wet method
• Half wet method
• PSA method
• Contact bonding method

2.4.1 "wet method"

The wet method is probably the the most widely used method of adhesion
in the flooring area. Not only dispersion adhesives, but also reaction and powder adhesives are used as a
wet bed adhesives. The Nassbettklebung is used by default in ceramic tiles, parquet and elastischen- and
textile floor coverings today. Wet adhesives are only applied to an adherend and immediately glued onto
the second joining part.

The procedure is simple. The adhesive is applied by means of a toothed spatula uniformly on the substrate.
After a very short airing time the flooring is inserted into the still fresh adhesive bed and immediately rubbed
or knocked to ensure a full-surface wetting of the floor backing. Depending on the type of adhesive and
climatic conditions, the setting time 8-72 hours.

For this purpose, suitable adhesives would be eg: AF 140, AF 230, AF 270, AF 460, AF 495, AF 2224, AF 2270th

A wet bonding is at present the "state of the Tec hnik "

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2.4.2 "Half wet method"

The semi-wet method is used only with certain dispersion adhesives for PVC floor coverings in webs or
larger plate sizes. Mainly if the local circumstances require. When Halbnassklebung a dispersion adhesive
is also applied with a notched trowel on the ground, but then airs about 20 - 30 min. From before the floor
covering is laid and rubbed. In this process, however, no full-surface wetting can be achieved.

2.4.3 "PSA process"

Pressure-sensitive adhesives are products that remain permanently tacky after a flash-off time.
When adhesive bonding process, the adhesive is applied by trowel onto the substrate and flashed
off as long (about 30 - 60 min.) Until the adhesive beads become transparent and sticky. It will stick
when light touch no glue on his finger.

This method is only suitable for PVC flooring and should only in exceptional cases (eg PVC to PVC) are
used. Suitable for this purpose would AF
155. An exception are the so-called "roll Adhesives" here such as AF 185th

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There are "hybrid" adhesives which are initially used as wet adhesive and after a long open time can be
used as adhesive.

2.4.4 "contact bonding method"

Contact adhesives are applied to both joining members. After the airing time the parts to be assembled with
a high contact pressure. The joining parts stick immediately, and use is also given immediately. When
contact bonding of the specially suitable for adhesive (eg AF AF 620 + 660) with roll, brush or teeth is
applied evenly to the substrate and covering the rear side.

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2.5 Electrically conductive installation

Figure 25 - dissipative flooring in the production area

The two different installation modes for the conductivity of flooring are shown below. Here, one must
generally choose one of the two types of installation.

Page 56 of 96
Figure 26 - dissipative coating on a copper band network

Figure 27 - dissipative coating on a conductive layer

Page 57 of 96
 2.6 adhesive quantity order

The absorbency and structure of the Back of the pad determines whether the covering (in Nassklebe- NK)
- or PSA method ( HK) is stuck when working on an absorbent surface.

The adhesive is applied with a trowel or a short pile roller (fixing) is applied (see each container text).
Subsequently, the coating in the fresh adhesive or after a waiting period is inserted. This depends on the
substrate and the floor backing (see each container text).

The following notched trowel used in flooring adhesives:

Table 4: notched trowel sizes for flooring adhesives (TKB 6, 2009)

Legend :

The letters in the table refer to 6.3 nominal dimensions of TKB notched trowels as follows:

a = Tooth width or notch distance

b = Gap width or groove width

c = Gullet depth and notch depth

γ = notch angle

Page 58 of 96
Adhesives with different sets of teeth aufgezog s

A 1 TKB TKB B 2 TKB B 11

Figure 28 - TKB-Zahnungsbild

Various coverings backs and necessary Za hnung

Plaque and associated TKB base patterns Close-up (back)

toothing

Carpet with a smooth

foam backing

Teeth: TKB A2

Carpet with fleece

Teeth: TKB B1 / 2/3

Carpet with fleece

Teeth: TKB B1 / 2/3

Page 59 of 96
Carpet with foam
backing

Teeth: TKB A2

carpet
Waffle foam backing

Teeth: TKB B1 / 2

Carpet with fabric

backing

Teeth: TKB B1 / 2/3

Carpet with fleece or fabric

backing

Teeth: TKB B1 / 2/3

needle felting

Teeth: TKB B2

Page 60 of 96
CV flooring with
foam backing

Teeth: TKB A2

CV flooring with

fleece backing

Teeth: TKB A2

artificial turf

Teeth: TKB B1

cork flooring

roller application

Styrofoam flooring / ceiling

roller application

Page 61 of 96
PVC covering "smooth"

Toothing: TKB A1

cork parquet

Toothing: TKB B11 or

TKB B13

Images 28 - covering backs

Page 62 of 96
3 Care and Maintenance

3.1 Resilient

Resilient floor coverings offer ideal conditions for modern, economical and effective cleaning and care
measures, both large and small areas. Additional surface treatments improve the already good properties
and also protect the base during transport and processing.

The professional and product-specific cleaning and maintenance is not only because of the appearance,
cleanliness and hygiene is of particular importance, it is the basis for maintaining the value and increases
the life of the pavement. Even choosing the right floor covering is of particular note in this context, to
minimize cleaning and maintenance, thus optimizing the efficiency of the measures. Resilient floor
coverings are partially manufactured with surface treatments, often these are PU or PURBeschichtungen.
The advantages of a factory surface finish are undisputed, but the use is not always possible depending on
the flooring and technical requirements. Particularly PVC flooring can look back on a long tradition and
experience of surface treatments.

In any case, the cleaning and maintenance measures must be adapted to the particular surface finish,
in this regard the manufacturer's instructions must be observed.

3.1.1 construction work

The construction work is carried out as a secondary activity at each floor after completion of the laying and
prior to withdrawal of the premises. Here, loose or adhering dirt is removed so that the floor covering can
be passed clean.

3.1.2 Initial care

By the first maintenance or initial care of the floor covering that is protected against contaminants and
prepared for the ongoing maintenance cleaning. Depending on the manufacturer specifications are hard or
soft seals, even if only used cleaning and care. In the factory surface-coated floor coverings initial care is
not necessary.

3.1.3 Maintenance cleaning

Of regular maintenance cleaning, depending on the degree of pollution and traffic levels and requirements
in the object in the moist or wet wiping, are carried out disinfection method Cleanerverfahren or other
special procedures. It is depending on the type of use and degree of pollution daily, weekly or carried out in
other, adapted to local conditions, cycles.

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3.1.4 Basic cleaning

Basic cleaning is required depending on the use, frequenting and flooring at regular intervals. The type of
cleaning and care measures will affect necessity and cycles of basic cleaning measures. Basic cleaning
is required for stubborn stains in care product overlays or damaged seals and surface coatings.

3.1.5 damp methods

Wiping with a damp mop or similar device is used to remove dust and dry, non-adherent dirt.

3.1.6 Wet wiping

For heavy soiling Wipe is useful with an increased water use. The water appropriate cleaner or cleaning
agents may be added. For heavy pollution, the use of a cleaner and in the second stage of a wiper
maintenance is recommended in the usual contaminants combined cleaning and care agents are used.

3.1.7 Mechanical cleaning

This cleaning is carried out using appropriate, conceived for cleaning cleaning machines. The dirty water
is then removed with a wet vacuum. Depending on the floor covering the use of a subsequent wipe care
makes sense to build a care agent film to protect the floor covering.

3.1.8 disinfection procedures

This corresponds to the wet wiping method wherein the fountain solution suitable surface
disinfectants are added.

3.1.9 Cleanerverfahren

This method is used when the floor during cleaning must remain accessible and allow the surfaces, a
machine cleaning. The cleaning agent is applied as a fine mist onto the floor to be cleaned, and then the
machine is conducted immediately through the moist soil. The dirt particles are released and absorbed by
soft pad. The "Cleaner" must be matched to the surface coating. The "cleaners" is a very effective and
optimal cleaning method from the result of resilient flooring.

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3.1.10 Cleaning machines

Machines clean the floor very gently, have a large working width and large surface areas (eg airports)
reserved. They dispense the use of water and detergent very uniform.

However, cleaning machines can not go to work up to the wall and doors, so that a
reworking by hand is required.

Black : Basic cleaning, PVC, tile

brown: Basic cleaning, linoleum

green: wet scrubbing

blue: Maintenance cleaning

red: Maintenance cleaning

Beige : Polishing, general

White: Polishing, mirror effect

in principle :

dark colours ≙ harder pads

Figure 29 - Figure 30 - Cleaning Pads

Einscheibenreinigungsmaschine

01/03/11 cleaning and maintenance advice

The manufacturer of resilient flooring ask for any flooring one specific to the product, the product type /
group and the application range matched cleaning and care instructions or recommendation as
available. For good value maintenance care should follow these recommendations.

3.1.12 Preventive measures

The main share of dirt and moisture passes through the footwear into the building. Contact dirt resulting in
an increased friction on the floor covering and is called a "sandpaper effect". Therefore it is useful to
prevent or the entry of dirt and moisture into the building at least reduce. To this end, appropriate
Abtretersysteme should be installed before the entrances. Due to the different brush systems the footwear
is freed from the "coarse" dirt and moisture before entering the decks. Proceeding textile door mats help
then immediately after the entrance. These provide for a "fine cleaning" of the footwear. Abtretersysteme
and door mats must regularly maintained, cleaned and replaced if necessary.

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3.2 Textile floor coverings

for regular Cleaning should be possible vacuum cleaner used with electrically driven brush rollers. Shaggy,
so carpets with very high pile are to suck with a smooth die.

Are part surfaces dirty, such as in the entrance area or other high traffic areas, we recommend a
cleaning powder. Sling products are not suitable for this cleaning process. There is always use a
thorough cleaning.

In a particularly great degree of pollution and high stress in exceptional cases a thorough cleaning is
required, which is carried out by a skilled person with the corresponding special device.

The carpet should not be committed in the wet cleaning process (spray extraction and combined
procedures) to final drying.

Basically, the spray extraction and the method of combining all carpets that are not glued or clamped on
the total
locked out ! A cleaning in some areas should be carried out with low moisture applications. Fixed floors
should not be cleaned so other ARDEX adhesives are suitable for wet cleaning.

Both in the intermediate cleaning as well as the basic cleaning of wool, make sure that are only products
that have been specially developed for cleaning wool used. It has to pay particular attention to the
pH-neutral products. Other products may cause damage to the fiber.

3.2.1 stains on carpeting

The timely removal of stains is a prerequisite for a long life and a clean appearance of the carpet. For this
purpose, "Fleck water" and though "home remedies" unsuitable. In conventional washing or rinsing you
should avoid in any case. inward dab the stain gently from outside with the soaked with detergent cloth or
press, never try to remove a stain by strong rubbing or brushing!

For difficult to remove stains, it is important to know the cause of the stain to apply the right method for its
removal.

Fresh stains can dabs best with a clean, absorbent cloth immediately. Liquids can be quickly and easily
accommodate with a spoon.

Page 66 of 96
3.2.2 Wet cleaning of carpets

Just like a garment that is allowed now and then cleaned by an expert thoroughly, even the carpet of
time should be cleaned intensively to time. Good carpets are indeed particularly insensitive to soiling,
though one should not wait until the carpet has become unsightly.

In the Spray cleaning / spray extraction = Grundre inigung is under

Pressure spraying the cleaning solution into the nap of the carpet and vacuumed in one step again, so
that dirt, stains and sticky shampoo residues are rinsed out. Water then twice and vacuum again
carefully each.

For this reason, one should this procedure as the shampoo

prefer if possible. Depending on the requirements 1 to 2 x is recommended a year
Basic cleaning.

Figure 31 - spray cleaning

The cleaned surfaces are dry again after a short time and fully hygienic. The life of carpets and rugs is
extended. Spray Extraction you can rent your dealer or floor layers.

Natural fibers such as pure new wool you can also clean the spray extraction.

Coconut and sisal should always not wet - be cleaned - not the spray extraction.

Page 67 of 96
3.2.3 Overview of the cleaning process of cleaning

cleaning process fitness Advantages disadvantages

powder cleaning A wet powder is sprinkled onto the • all carpets with light soiling Advantages:

surface to be cleaned by means of no drying time

brushes and eimassiert. After Disadvantage:
• Carpets that can not be cleaned
complete drying, the dry powder is low detergency and fast neutral
wet
removed by suction. resoiling, powder can not be
completely removed by aspiration
• Not suitable for all high-piled,
high loop fabric and needle felt

Pad - Cleaning A cleaning liquid is sprayed onto the • particularly suitable for short pile Advantages:

carpet and recorded by means of a floors no drying time, low cost

rotating wool pads of dirt. • lightly soiled carpets or in the
maintenance cleaning
Disadvantage:

very strong mechanical forces

which can lead to entanglement

vibratec-clean A cleaning liquid is sprayed onto the • Velor carpeting and carpet with Advantages:

carpet and the dirt in wool or a very short loop very effective cleaning, quiet, gentle on
micro-fiber is driven by means of an fibers, no drying time, suitable for self
• at medium degree of pollution
oscillating mechanism laying and stretched carpeting
and light Auffleckungen

• particularly suitable for regular

cleaning Disadvantage:

not suitable for heavy dirt, loop pile

and needle felting

shampooing By means of brushes of the cleaning • All carpets can be moist to wet Advantages:

foam is incorporated into the carpet. cleaned good cleaning results, cost-effective,
Thereafter, the foam is removed by more Middle drying time
• Carpets with moderate
suction with the attached dirt.
contamination
Disadvantage:

Risk of rapid resoiling by

residual surfactant residues of
the foam in the carpet

spray extraction With a special • all carpets that can be cleaned advantages

Device is sprayed in one with water when the substrate and thorough cleaning at moderate
operation, the cleaning mixture the type of installation permit wet contamination
cleaning
under high pressure into the carpet Disadvantage:

and vacuumed at the same time longer drying time

with the dissolved dirt

Page 68 of 96
Combined cleaning includes at least 2 purification • all carpets that can be cleaned Advantages:

(deep cleaning) procedures such as with water is very dirty, if the almost thorough cleaning deep
for example, shampooing and spray substrate and the type of cleaning
installation permit this
extraction Disadvantage:
purification method
high machine using longer drying
time time-consuming

Table 5: purification processes for textile coverings

3.2.4 Protection against re-carpet the Bode ns

For permanent care, the textile floor coverings, upholstered furniture should be easy einsprüht with a
fiber protective special product after each basic cleaning.

In this way, the fiber is sealed against dirt increased adhesion. Matting and graying is prevented. Traffic
lanes caused so much slower.

3.3 wooden coverings

Remove Regular cleaning dirt and dust before it scratched the surface, leaving behind a matting
veil or damage the floor.

Use a mild, special floor cleaner. Use as little water for cleaning the wooden floor. Do not use all-purpose
cleaner.

When food or drinks were spilled, wipe up immediately to prevent permanent damage or stains. Scratches
or dents can be repaired with special repair kits (run gums).

Possibly. can be exchanged and if the top layer is sufficiently strong, the entire surface can be ground, to
be subsequently re-sealed or oiled individual parquet elements.

Figure 32 - wet cleaning Figure 33 - melt resin application

Page 69 of 96
4 by laying damage

Page 70 of 96
4.1 elastic coverings

4.1.1 irregularities

Figure 34 - Uneven ground Figure 35 - trowel marks in the floor leveling compound

4.1.2 detachments

Figure 36 - the open time / open time exceeded Figure 37 - Lack of edge joint

4.1.3 discoloration

"Original position" of the soil

Figure 38 - Excessive heat in the soil Figure 39 - Storage of chemicals

Page 71 of 96
4.1.4 bumps

Figure 40 - Insufficient amount of adhesive Figure 41 - Break underground

4.2 Textile coverings

4.2.1 irregularities

Figure 42 - Uneven ground, lack of touches

Page 72 of 96
4.3 wooden coverings

4.3.1 Joint Education

Figure 43 - Here it was too moist: when laying (underground) Figure 44 - here by using (water poured)

Figure 45 - It was too dry: when installing / covering not air

conditioned

4.3.2 replacement

Figure 46 - Too little adhesive by false teeth or unevenness

Page 73 of 96
Figure 47 - loaded Too late, too great unevenness: no wetting Figure 48 - No liability due to lack of adhesive
wetting

Damage development it is also the following factors:

• Room climate

• Lack of acclimatization of the building materials prior to installation

• inspection duties

• Lack of surface preparation

• Worn notched trowel

• Insufficient pressing or rubbing

• To early exposure

• Use of the coating

• Exposure to concentrated loads, including unsuitable chair / furniture wheels

Page 74 of 96
5 Sustainability and Ecology
The three most important and most common seal of approval with appropriate market
penetration are:

• the EMICODE of GEV (commercially available)

• the Blue Angel RAL (end users)

• the Ü mark the DIBt. (Legislator)

5.1 GISCODE

The GISCODE is a classification of building materials in terms of their chemical hazardous

ingredients.

GISCODES there are both in the base / floor industry for laying materials (primers, flooring adhesives)
and surface treatment products (paints, oils, waxes). Above all, it comes to the solvent content.

classification is carried out by the GISBAU

( G efahrstoff- I NFORMATION of construction trade association).

In adhesives in communion with the TKB

( T echnical K ommission B auklebstoff of the industry association adhesives).

Spotlight on the health of the processor is during processing. GISBAU developed so-called TRGS (T echnical
R ules for G AAGER S toffe).

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These govern the handling of such substances. applies to the base area here the most important TRGS
610th

The GISCODE consists of a letter-number combination. The letters refer to the binder in the number
solvent content and solvent composition are encrypted.

Page 76 of 96
Page 77 of 96
5.2 EMICODE

Figure 49 - Test equipment GEV to determine the EMICODE classifications

5.2.1 What does EMICODE?

EMICODE is the registered mark of GEV (G ommunity e mission controlled

V erlegewerkstoffe eV). It is the name given to a classification system with which installation materials
can be classified into the following three classes according to their emission behavior:

EMICODE EC 1+ "Very low emission plus" [best rating]

EMICODE EC 1 "Very low emission"

EMICODE EC 2 "Emission"

EMICODE EC 3 "Not low emission"

The classification according to EMICODE based on analytically determined measurement data and specific
classification criteria, as measured by a defined test method.

5.2.2 Who is the GEV?

Renowned manufacturers of flooring adhesives have decided to develop low-emission possible installation
materials and accelerate the market. To this project to give a binding basis, in February 1997, the "Control
of Emissions installation materials eV" (GEV) was founded.

ARDEX, Lugato and WAKOL are members of the GEV.

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5.2.3 What does EC1-R?

Emissions controlled installation products are made generally without the

addition of solvents.

For laying materials that meet the requirements for classification into the
EMICODE classes, however:

• are labeled in accordance with EU directives or

• must carry warnings (R phrases) or

• in the country of use are to be designated as a hazardous preparation and therefore may

require special measures for safety at work,

the emission class designation is determined by the Additional "R" (regulated) added.

5.3 RAL "Blue Angel"

The abbreviation RAL stands for the " R eichs- A CoMMittee for
L ieferbedingungen ", which had been founded in 1925 in Berlin. Since 1980 the organization has the legal
form of an association called RAL German Institute for Quality Assurance and Certification ". RAL is the
sign Vergabestelle environmental label "Blue Angel". The "Blue Angel" is borne by the institutions "Jury
Environmental Label" (decide which products are to be tested), the "Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety" (trademark owner) and the Federal Environment Agency
(develops the professional criteria). The award criteria for RAL-UZ = 113 (UZ U nvironment z oaks) apply eg for
flooring adhesives and other laying materials, adhesives for resilient flooring and parquet, putties. RAL-UZ
120 for flexible floor coverings, rubber and linoleum. RAL-UZ 128 for textile floor coverings.

5.4 Technical Bulletin

In the technical data sheet are all associated with the product technical, physical properties, information
described to risk classes, for use, consumption and much more. These data sheets are based on the
guarantees of the manufacturer. Only if the product has been used in accordance with its provisions,
complaints can be made.

This can be found on our website www.ardex.de in the Service / Downloads.

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5.5 Safety

The issue of safety data sheets is a legal requirement for manufacturers. They are intended to ensure that
the proper safeguards for the processor used. On the other hand, the leaves contain important information
for emergency services and fire if it is, for example, come to an accident during transport of the installation
materials. In addition, the report information on the Waste from residues.

This can be found on our website www.ardex.de in the Service / Downloads.

6 standards and notices

6.1 German Institute for Building Technology (DIBt)

The German Institute for Building Technology (DIBt) is a technical authority

Construction sector. The Institute shall work through a general agreement between the federal and state
agreement. Its most important task is the admission of non-regulated building products and designs. The
Institute is based in Berlin and was founded in 1968 as "Institute for Building Technology". After the
reunification of the former East countries joined in 1993 at the Foundation Agreement. The Institute was
renamed the "German Institute for Building Technology". The abbreviation "DIBt", the Institute is now
known in professional circles far beyond the country's borders.

DIBt
• issued national authorizations ( Technical Approvals ) For construction products and building
elements.
• provides European Technical Assessments for building products according to the
EUBauproduktenverordnung.
• provides the Building Regulations Lists A and B and List C and makes them known on behalf of the
countries.
• is preparing to launch the List of Technical Building in front.
• acts as registrar for energy Performance certificates and inspection reports for air conditioners after Energy
Conservation Act (EnEV 2013). In addition, it is responsible for electronic random checks.

• checked as Bautechnisches Prüfamt Proofs for structures that are to be used in a similar design in
different locations (so-called type test).

• prepares the recognition of testing, inspection and certification bodies that wish to be involved in the
external monitoring of construction. The institute performs the recognition for most states.

• notified independent third bodies (so-called notified bodies), which evaluate the performance
of resistance CE-marked construction products and check.

Page 80 of 96
 • has been a common market surveillance authority of the countries in the market
surveillance CE-marked construction products
• promotes Construction
• created structural engineering report commissioned by federal and state
• actively participates in the development of technical rules (particularly standards) at national,
European and international level

The focus of the work of the DIBt focus is on the protection of public interest, in particular in terms of
stability, fire safety, health and environmental protection, sound and thermal insulation, energy
conservation, sustainability, safety in use and water conservation. The recognition is documented by the
Ü mark and a CE marking.

6.2 VOB and covering work

The VOB (Contract procedures for building works) regulates for the first time since 1926, all forms of
interaction between all parties involved in the construction of a building. Spoken only no longer
citizens but by Owner / Bauausführender, customer / contractor or neujuristisch customer / fulfiller.

The VOB when V ergabe- and contract O rdnung for B auleistungen is divided into 3 parts:

Part A = DIN 1960: General requirements for the award of construction contracts.

In it all rules are summarized, relating to tenders, offer content and award of the works.

Part B = DIN 1961: General provisions for the execution of works.

This part contains in summary form especially basically things that relate to construction work. So the
commitments are there contain, such as working in accordance with state of the subject, has such an
acceptance, as the performance is to be paid and what the claims under warranty.

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Part C = General technical conditions for construction work (ATV)

Part C involves the ATV 41 / DIN standards of excavation up to the roof covering. These standards
are to be understood as an exemplary standards and describe for each trade (including painters,
electricians, floor layers, parquet layers, tilers, etc.) the specific technical details of the execution of
your respective Gewerkes.

For the area of ​the floor must be observed:

The relevantesten here ATVs are:

ATV DIN 18365 Flooring work

ATV DIN 18356 Parkettarbeiten

ATV DIN 18353 Estricharbeiten

ATV DIN 18366 Wallpapering

ATV DIN 18340 Trockenbauarbeiten

DIN standards (note: DIN = D eutsches I nstitut for N styling aid) are purely German (national) standards,
will continue to exist, but train to be adapted to train with European standards and aligned.

These are then called EN standards or simply EN standards, such as the screed DIN EN 13813 or
European standardization for the classification of floor coverings DIN EN 685. A universal standards
(international) carry the designation ISO such as the standard for quality assurance ISO 9001 certified.

6.3 BEB leaves

Also, the Federal Association for Screeds and Coverings

Association deals with floor technical topics and published at
irregular intervals, the so-called BEB leaves. Thus, a considerable
collection has already been done. One of the most important for
flooring technology is the issue "Assessment and preparation of
substrates" as of March, 2014.

Internet Address for subscription: www.beb-online.de

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6.4 TKB - Leaflets

Leaflets typically represent the current state of science and

technology and control of the compartment. They content
meet the requirements of DIN / EN standards, are in the
statements most specific and more precise.

create various industry associations in cooperation with the

crafts representatives leaflets describing the details of
which are not specified by the VOB or can be set.

The T echnical K ommission B auklebstoffe is such a working

committee with representatives of the industry association
chemistry (IVC). This body has published a number of
leaflets, where a fold technically correct, uniform
processing or

Processing of various materials is described:

TKB-1 Bonding of wood flooring

TKB-2 Bonding of laminate flooring

TKB-3 Bonding of elastomer floor coverings

TKB-4 Bonding of linoleum floor coverings

TKB-5 Bonding of cork flooring

TKB-6 Trowel for floor covering, parquet and tile work

TKB-7 Bonding of PVC floor coverings

TKB-8 Assessment and preparation of substrates for floor covering and wood flooring installation

TKB-9 Technical description and processing mineral fillers

TKB-10 Floor covering and wood flooring installation on finished parts strokes, engineered
wood and gypsum fibreboard

TKB-11 Laying of self-laying carpet tiles and slabs

TKB-12 Gluing of flooring with dry adhesives

TKB-13 Bonding of textile floor coverings

TKB-14 Quick cement screed and cement floors with screed additives

TKB-16 Accepted rules of the art in measurement CM-

Internet Address for subscription: www.klebstoffe.com

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6.5 Other

In summary, it must be pointed out at this point that can be above only understand standards referred to
in the German standards jungle when all other relevant standards floor at least once miterwähnt. These
include:

Met Standards (specification)

These include, for example, floor coverings, each have their own standards, such as EN 649-653 PVC
flooring, EN 1470 needle felt, etc.

Classification standards (assessment)

These include, for example, the properties of flooring in terms of property and their classification as EN 685
"Classification of flooring depending frequency of use (residential, commercial, industrial) for resilient and
textile floor coverings and laminate" EN 1081 "Determination of electrical resistance" ,

Test standards

These include standards for which the examination of eg floor coverings and adhesives are described, eg
EN 1373 "Adhesives - Test method for adhesives for floor and wall coverings - Shear test" EN 1372
"Adhesives - Test method for adhesives for floor and wall coverings - peel test "or EN 1903" adhesives -
test method for adhesives for floor and wall coverings made of plastic or rubber - determination of
dimensional changes after accelerated aging. "

Comprehensive information on the subject of floor / parquet in particular from the textbooks "commentary
on the DIN 18365 floor coverings", "Comment to DIN 18356 - Parquet" can be seen as well as the
"reference book for floor layers" and from "textbook for Parkettleger".

Source: SN-Verlag Michael Steinert, Hamburg, www.snfachpresse.de

The associations of other craftsmen are no less idle and create interesting manuals and leaflets, for
example, in cross-trades play a role. This is especially in the installation of a floor heating is important.
Here the trades of floor layers, heating technicians and floor / parquet layers must be coordinated. The
information service panel heating has created this in cooperation with other organizations, a technology
manual entitled "Interface coordination for heated floor constructions".

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7 Glossary

term statement

dissipative Property of a floor covering to derive the electrostatic charges. The

antistatic metal fiber is produced by admixture in the pile yarn. When
applied electrically conductive adhesive should be used.

abrasion resistance The abrasion resistance of carpeting qualities against the commission and
the resistance to abrasion. Feature for a durability rating of carpeting.

adhesion Adhesion (also: Annex force) comprises the adhesive forces at the contact
surfaces of two different or same substances by molecular forces. The
substances can be in solid or liquid state. In the field of

adhesives is meant by adhesion, the adhesion of adhesive films to the

adherend surfaces. The processes involved in the adhesion are not yet
fully understood.

albumins Are globular (spherical) proteins found in milk, eggs or cereal. Give
water-insoluble substances water solubility.

Inorganic In chemistry, so is any carbon-free materials that are not produced by life
force as
for example: metals, salts, minerals, acids and bases.

AntisoilingAusrüstung Chemical treatment of the carpet fibers to protect them against wet,
oily or dry soils, or to facilitate the removal.

broadloom Carpet, which is stored on rolls and used for wall-to-wall installation. Most
widths are 400cm and 500cm for the private and commercial sector.

Berber look Berber carpets are usually robust, natural color and beige / wool color.
Because of the rough yarn they have a rough character, they are usually
thicker and heavier. Sometimes used as a selling point as a Berber look,
but in the tufting methods also made of synthetic fiber produced highly
textured fabric with all-optical wool character.

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coating "Backing" of a tufted carpet of various elements; inter alia, with carrier,
integration and smooth foam or textile backing.

Images / shading Characteristically surface effect of suede /

Schnittpolteppichen. Changeable 3D light / dark shading by a different
light reflection, which in turn is carried by different pile layer. By touch
and vacuuming these shades can be changed.

Bouclé carpet (German: loop pile carpet) The surface of these carpets is of a closed,
flat yarn loops, monochrome or mottled. Through its closed surface
they are resistant and suitable for high traffic rooms.

COC Short for cross-over cut

Cross-over Tuftgemusterter carpeting. The continuous over the entire width of

patterning is carried out by lateral displacement of the needles on the
tufting machine under / or simultaneous arrangement multicolored
yarns. A distinction is made cross-over loop (COL / loop) and the
cross-over cut (COC / suede).

dessin Term for Pattern / Rapport

design Engl. for design

thermosets Will too thermosets called plastics that can not be molded after hardening
by heating or other measures. They contain hard, amorphous, insoluble
polymers. The macromolecules are closely linked by covalent bonds,
causing their lack of softening when heated. The precursors
(pre-polymers) are typically resins that are still fusible and soluble - and
often mixed with fillers and dyes - may be cast or hot-pressed. The
prepolymers are tri- or more functional compounds which polymerize by
means of catalysts (curing agent) or by high temperatures and lead to a
fine-meshed network for example, polyurethanes (PU).

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ETG eV abbreviation for European carpet Community Germany

ETG no. Registration number of a tested quality carpeting

extraction Flushing of carpets with a special cleaning solution (spray

extraction) for the purpose of dissolving-out and suction of dirt
particles.

fastness Resistance of dyeings and prints to various influences such as

light, water, cleaning agents, friction means fumes.

fibers By concentration (spinning) of many fibers produced yarn. Fiber is the

collective name for all fibers, which are processed into textiles.

non-woven fabric - adhesively bonded or thermally

fine suede Identification of Tuftingvelours high pile density. Very fine quality with pile
densities between 300,000 and
700,000 knobs / m².

tiles ( textile) Carpeting in smallest dimensions. Tiles can be easily replaced and
resumed. Common sizes: 40x40, 50x50 and 60x60.

pile wear layer tufted carpets is also referred to as a pole

pile direction Line direction of the pile; when laying the pile to the main light source,
such window can be aligned to achieve a deeper color effect.

Frize Also frizzy; a cut pile / pile carpet from high-twist, fixed under heat pile
yarns. The individual fibers are thus twisted in itself.

fillers Inexpensive material from chemical or natural substances such as chalk,

for admixing to the latex. When disposing of the filler makes the most
problems, which is why more and more filler-back offer (better waste
incineration at high heating value).

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"Underfloor heating" Additional qualification in the assessment of carpeting. Significantly
the thermal resistance, the electrostatic behavior and aging behavior.

On cold inner sides of exterior walls moisture forms, the heating of the
bottom surface reduces the risk of moisture and condensation on walls
and wallpapers and thus also prevents the formation of mold. In addition,
reduced with underfloor heating of dust transport is many times because
distributed by the large radiating heat evenly and without much air flow. In
addition, the heat of the carpet certain allergens deprives the soil. In
rooms with floor heating up to 80% less mites and fungi found in studies
than in those with conventional heating systems.

yarn One differentiates between spun yarns (assembly of staple fibers by

means of rotation) and continuous yarns (composite yarns of filaments =
infinite length).

smooth loop Designation for hard wearing, durable loop pile. The loop height is the
same.

WELL Community eco-friendly carpeting

base fabric Also "primary backing". Scrim for TuftingHerstellung. Used mostly in
the form of woven materials and nonwoven fabrics.

High-low structure In the Tuftingmusterung carpets can be made with different pile heights.
The effect is caused by mechanically or electronically controlled yarn
feed to different speeds of the individual needles of the tufting machine.

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cohesion In adhesives Cohesion is the force that causes the cohesion of the
adhesive. These cohesive forces are on the one hand for the strength
(viscosity) and flow behavior (rheology) of the uncured adhesive at the
processing and the other for the strength of the cured adhesive in its
stress responsible. The cohesive forces in an adhesive can be described
by parameters such as modulus, elongation, temperature resistance or
Shore hardness.

frizzy Surface structure of highly twisted pile yarns Latex An important part of
most types of backings, possible unfilled in dispersions based on natural
latex or synthetic latex, or as a blend of both LIFETEX backing from the
company Durmont verwirktem polyolefin nonwoven. Characterized by
ease of installation, and should be seen as a contribution to
environmentally friendly carpet disposal.

loop English technical term for noose.

Leistigkeit Slight variations in color in a carpet web between the edge and
center of goods

blend Mixture of different fibers in the yarn. Distribution largely uniformly.

The carpet looks from a distance almost monochrome.

needle felting Textile floor covering (or mats) having pile made mechanically solidified by
needling fibrous web - non-adhesive.

Fibrebonded Textile floor covering (or mats) having pile made of mechanically and
chemically solidified, needled nonwoven fabric.

Tufts Number of knobs / m² is critical to the surface image of the carpet.

The use of thick pile yarns requires a lower bubble density. Fine yarn
pile yarns make a denser adjustment necessary.

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object Distinction between the private and commercial sectors. Assignment
to the object region generally from the order of about 200m².

Organic, organic The organic chemistry ( short: OC), often short

Organik, is a branch of chemistry in which the chemical compounds
are treated, the carbon (eg petroleum, coal, carbonates) are based
with the exception of some inorganic

Carbon compounds and the elemental (pure) carbon (eg diamond and
graphite). Carbon compounds form the molecular basis of all life on earth.

pole Wear layer for pile carpets

Pile weight Weight in g / m² of the total processed pile material

pile weight That the pile yarn material forming. A distinction must pile weight and
backing: The weight determined by shearing the wearing surface pile = → Polschichtgewicht.

Polyamide (PA) Plastic for the production of synthetic fibers. Properties of PA: excellent
wear resistance, high tensile strength, excellent coloring properties, but
tendency to electrostatic charge, therefore most appropriate equipment
required.

Polyester (PES) Polyethylene terephthalate: plastic for the production of synthetic fibers.
properties of Polyester fibers:
good elasticity, excellent light resistance, high abrasion resistance,
rot-resistant, easy to clean. Moisture absorption 0.35%. Use as a
secondary backing of carpets and upholstery layers for soft fleece
backing and PVC composite floor coverings.

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Polypropylene (PP) Plastic for the production of synthetic fibers. Starting product: oil.

Properties of PP fibers: Lowest specific gravity (0.9 g / cc), no moisture

absorption, good abrasion resistance, ease of cleaning, rot-proof, good
light resistance, a minor tendency to electrostatic charging. Is almost
exclusively used to needle felt production.

PVC - covering PVC flooring (PVC = polyvinylchloride) are among the resilient floor
coverings.

They occur in different variants: - PVCBeläge with backing layer -

PVCBeläge without support layer - foamed PVCBeläge (Foamed
floorings with underlay = CV coverings (cushioned vinyls) - calendered
(embossed with press roll) PVCBeläge.

backing The following designations apply to the German carpet market: - foam
back (SR) - Smooth Foam (GS) -Prägeschaum (PS) - waffle foam (WS)
- Textile backing (TR) -Schwerbeschichtung (SB) - hardening line (VS)
In addition, after the name the chemical basis are given.

Saxony High-quality and high-pile tufted carpet, even frizzy or Frize. Each single
yarn is visible on the surface. This gives a körnigperlige elegant
appearance; the overall impression is compact. The pile weight should be
at least 800g / m².

shading Florverlagerungen occur in use on at cut pile carpet, leading to an

altered light refraction, giving the impression of color changes. This
velours typical phenomenon does not affect the performance
characteristics of the carpet. On the contrary, just this change in
appearance is often perceived as pleasant and very elegant to the eye.

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foam backing Many carpets are coated with a styrene foam backing. The desired
elasticity that is achieved by vulcanization without plasticizer. After the
integration (precoat) the carpet backing is provided with a foam backing.

loop Loop pile or boucle.

dirt behavior Four factors influence the dirty behavior of textile floor coverings:

• Use related factors such as grunge, dirt lot (of which approximately
20% from the air, 80% by the commission), use, installation,
cleaning.
• Color design / screening; Color and design have a significant
impact on the visual perception of dirt. Fine intensive
Dessinierungen appear very insensitive.

• Design parameters: density, smooth surfaces show dirt stronger

than structured, open structures.

• Fiber-related factors such as the fiber geometry in the form of

different fiber cross-sections requirements for dirt: Frosted fibers
make any dirt less visible than glossy, transparent fibers. existing dirt
with round transparent fibers is enhanced by visible light reflection.
The fiber acts like a magnifying glass. More crimped fibers show less
pollution than smooth. The smaller the fiber surface area (surface
area / gram fiber), the lower the possibility of dirt.

shading English technical term: shadow casting. Florlagerungen produced by

spot-like light / dark differences caused by a change in light reflection at
Schnittpolteppichen. This phenomenon usually occurs shortly after the
laying of the carpet; but it can also occur on fully fashioned and
handmade carpets and can not be removed. The carpet manufacturers
are not to blame because the effect of different carpets - installed at the
same place - equally occurs. Loop structures are not affected by
"shading".

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Shag Rustic deep-pile carpeting with pile heights of 20 - 40mm.

Silicate (also silicates) the salts and esters of orthosilicic acid (Si (OH) 4) and their
condensates. With the exception of alkali metal silicates silicates are
insoluble in water or other solvents. Natural silicates ( silicate minerals) play
a major role in mineralogy, as many minerals this group of substances can
be assigned. The earth's crust consists of more than 90 percent of the
Earth's mantle almost entirely of silicates. The most common silicates in
the earth's crust are with 5060 volume feldspars. Other important
rock-forming minerals are mica, clay minerals, amphibole, pyroxene,
garnet and olivine. The common mineral quartz (SiO 2) is counted in German
literature to the oxides, but in the Anglo-American literature to the silicates.

soft suede Using particularly fine fibers ausgesponnenes tufted yarn for soft,
softige carpets. Requirement is the tufting fine pitch (eg, 1/16 ", and
1/10") with a correspondingly high bubble density. This gives a soft,
voluminous Poldecke; the pile has a writing effect.

Space dyed goods Consists of pile yarns that have been printed multi-colored
before processing.

number of stitches In the Tuftingfertigung the number of stitches per 10cm length, see also
Tufts.

Wear criteria / The on the market large quantities of textile floor coverings, which can be
comfort value very different in the type of fiber and the structural elements, can not be
used arbitrarily in each area of ​application is. Therefore, the International
CoordinierungsComitee (ICC) has developed the carpet-performance
profile "Wear criteria and comfort value." In addition to the pure use
behavior and quality aspects to be included in an overall assessment.
Prerequisite for classification is the fulfillment of certain minimum
requirements that must be guaranteed by the manufacturer.

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Tack Initial adhesion or surface tackiness is immediately perceptible force that
has an adhesive directly after application.

Tannox Rust stabilizer for fast-acting and easy pre-rusted surfaces.

division In the Tuftingherstellung the pitch (needle gauge) expresses the distance from
the needle to the needle and is in English. Inch (2.54 cm) specified. The
distance between the needles determines the fineness of the yarns to be
processed. The smaller the distance, the higher is the number of knots.

carpet tiles rückenbeschwerte self deck tiles are cut from broadloom offered. Tiles are
generally laid loose and can therefore be easily replaced. It is
recommended to stabilize every second row of tiles by an adhesive tape.

carpet scissors The obtained during the production by long fibers and yarn wastes
are sheared to the same level.

Textile back (TR) In the carpet area as TR-coating familiar. Instead of a foam coating a
textile fabric or non-woven is applied. An advantage is that with a
glue-down later resume the carpet replacement is easily possible
because few and easy to be eliminated residues arise.

TFI Abbreviation for German Carpet Research Institute, Aachen.

support material Technical term for the base fabric / non-woven material, in which the pile
yarn is tufted.

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tufting The tufting has its origins in the US, where it was started in early settler
years hence, florhaltige to produce warming textile fabrics. By hand while
a bulky, soft pile yarn has been inserted into a carrier material (tufted) with
a sewing needle. This process was very difficult and took a lot of time.
Later this idea was further developed production technology and ultimately
led to the advanced technology for the production of tufted carpets, which
was introduced at the beginning of the 60's in Europe. Monochrome raw
white tufted is completely dyed in the piece. Suede: The loops are already
cut to the tufting machine and later shaved clean. This gives a flat fabric
with a uniform surface appearance. In addition to classic velor of soft
suede is mentioned.

viscosity The viscosity is a measure of the viscosity a fluid. The reciprocal of the
viscosity is the fluidity, a measure of the flowability a fluid. The greater the
viscosity, the more viscous (less pourable) is the fluid; the lower the
viscosity, the less viscous (flowable), it is, so it can flow more quickly
under the same conditions.

The term viscosity is the typical viscous juice of the berries in the plant
genus mistletoe ( Viscum)
back. For these mistletoes of lime was recovered. "Viscous" so "tough
as lime" means.

Additional suitability The antistatic marked with the additional symbol textile coverings
"antistatic" smoothly even in rooms with PCs. It is ensured through tests that
dangerous discharges both for humans perceptible and the computer are
excluded.

Additional qualification "suitable for The construction of the carpet must be fully synthetic. This will excluded a
damp rooms" rotting, microorganisms received any living conditions. Furthermore, a
minimum stability is required. The specimens must have certain color
fastness, water fastness and rubbing.

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Additional suitability
"floor heating"
Prerequisite is the testing of the thermal resistance, ie thermal insulation of
the carpet should not be too high. This is particularly important in storage
heaters. A TTR of 0,17m² K / W should not be exceeded. In addition, the
carpet must have antistatic properties and it must be resistant to thermal
aging. the carpet must not adversely change its performance
characteristics due to prolonged period of acting below temperatures.

Additional qualification "Suitable A carpet with this Signet requires a full-surface adhesion to prevent
for wheelchairs" flexing of the carpet.

Additional suitability With a Tretradtest is checked whether a carpet additionally fulfills

"stair-suited" corresponding to the stress Wear criteria as stair covering.

secondary backing Instead of a compact foam back an additional second back (double
backed) is laminated to the tufted carpet, which can consist of fibers of a
fabric or a fleece. Such equipped carpet is suitable for clamping or for
adhesive bonding in the object area. Is beneficial later the better recovery
ability when replacing the carpet, because only a few, easy to be
eliminated residue left. Equipped with secondary backing product is well
suited for installation over underfloor heating.

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